ELECTRIC VEHICLES & HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES

INTRODUCTION
An Electric vehicle, or EV, is a vehicle with one or more electric motors for propulsion. The motion may be provided either by wheels or propellers driven by rotary motors, or in the case of tracked vehicles, by linear motors. The energy used to propel the vehicle may be obtained from several sources: from chemical energy stored on the vehicle in on-board batteries: Battery electric vehicle (BEV) . from both an on-board rechargeable energy storage system (RESS) and a fueled propulsion power source: hybrid vehicle.

 generated on-board using a combustion engine, as in a diesel-electric locomotive generated on-board using a fuel cell: fuel cell vehicle generated on-board using nuclear energy, on nuclear submarines and aircraft carriers from more esoteric sources such as flywheels, wind and solar from a direct connection to land-based generation plants, as is common in electric trains and trolley buses

TYPES
When it comes to electric vehicles, 3 main kinds exist; There are those that are directly powered from an external power source There are those that are powered by stored electricity originally from an external power source, and There are those that are powered by an on-board electrical generator; e.g. an internal combustion engine (as with a hybrid electric vehicle) or a hydrogen fuel cell.

Electric vehicles include:

Electric cars Electric trains Electric lorries Electric aeroplanes Electric boats and Electric motorcycles and scooters

Electric cars
There are two commonly available electric vehicle designs for automobiles: Battery Electric Vehicles or BEVs, which convert chemical energy to electrical energy in batteries Hybrid vehicles, which convert chemical energy to electrical energy via an internal combustion engine and a generator.

A third, less established form, is the 'plug-in hybrid' which attempts to combine the benefits of both these designs. It allows the moderate capacity batteries of a hybrid vehicle to be recharged not only from the internal combustion engine and generator, but alternatively from an external source of electricity (such as a domestic electricity supply).

BATTERY ELECTRIC VEHICLE

A battery electric vehicle, or BEV, is a type of electric vehicle (EV) that uses chemical energy stored in rechargeable battery packs. BEVs use electric motors and motor controllers instead of internal combustion engines (ICEs) for propulsion. BEVs include automobiles, light trucks, and neighborhood electric vehicles

Technology
Motors Electric cars have traditionally used series wound DC motors, a form of brushed DC electric motor. More recent electric vehicles have made use of a variety of AC motor types, as these are simpler to build and have no brushes that can wear out. These are usually induction motors or brushless AC electric motors which use permanent magnets. There are several variations of the permanent magnet motor which offer simpler drive schemes and/or lower cost including the brushless DC electric motor. Eg: Traction motor refers to an electric motor providing the primary rotational torque of a machine, usually for conversion into linear motion (traction).

 Motor controller A motor controller is a device or group of devices that serves to govern in some predetermined manner the performance of an electric motor. A motor controller might include a manual or automatic means for starting and stopping the motor, selecting forward or reverse rotation, selecting and regulating the speed, regulating or limiting the torque, and protecting against overloads and faults. The motor controller regulates the power to the motor, supplying either variable pulse width DC or variable frequency variable amplitude AC, depending on the motor type, DC or AC. Note. There are different types of DC and AC motors.

 Electric vehicle battery An electric vehicle battery (EVB) or traction battery is a rechargeable battery used for propulsion of battery electric vehicles (BEVs). Traction batteries are used in forklifts, electric Golf carts, riding floor scrubbers, electric motorcycles, full-size electric cars, trucks, and vans, and other electric vehicles. EXAMPLES: Lead-acid Nickel metal hydride Lithium ion

HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES

Any vehicle that combines 2 or more sources of power is said to be hybrid. For example, a moped (a motorized pedal bike), diesel-electric hybrid locomotives Relies not Any vehicle that combines 2 or more sources of power is said to be hybrid. For example, a moped (a motorized pedal bike), diesel-electric hybrid locomotives
Relies

not only on batteries but also on an internal combustion engine which drives a generator to provide electricity and may also drive a wheel.

Alternative

power unit to supply the power required by the vehicle, to recharge the batteries, and to power accessories like the air conditioner and heater.
Only

on batteries but also on an internal combustion engine which drives a generator to provide electricity and may also drive a wheel.
Alternative

power unit to supply the power required by the vehicle, to recharge the batteries, and to power accessories like the

This technology has three essential components: power units, energy storage systems and propulsion units. Power units could include fuel cells, conventional internal combustion engines and turbine engines. Energy storage devices could be batteries or flywheel systems, and propulsion units can come in the form of electric motors. Hybrids can play a significant role in solving major problems faced by the world: 1. Climate change 2. Air pollution 3. Oil dependence.

Why we are going for Hybrid vehicles?

Regenerative braking .
Fuel efficiency is greatly increased (twice).

Emissions are greatly decreased.

Dependency on fossils fuels can be decreased. Hybrids can be run on alternative fuels as well. New materials can be implemented

 Electricity Compressed or liquefied natural gas Solar Waste heat from internal combustion engine. This can be converted to steam or electricity (eg. via Stirling engine or Thermo generator) to increase vehicle propulsion. Coal, wood, Biochar or other solid combustibles Electromagnetic fields, Radio waves

How these Hybrid vehicles friendly to Environment:

The two types of hybrids:

Electric hybrids: Electric hybrids use the electric motor as their alternative energy source. Hydrogen hybrids: Hydrogen hybrids extract the element from water and add the hydrogen to the fuel-air mixture of the vehicle.

 Emissions of harmful gases are very less.

The fuel economy are achieved is through stop/start technology that is fitted to the vehicle. Emissions of carbon dioxide are very less. Regenerative braking systems allow the energy that is normally wasted during the braking of the vehicle to be captured and stored so that it can be reused. It produce less noise pollution. The oil fuels and gasoline consumption is less.

Depending on their construction:

Two types of hybrid vehicle configurations Parallel Hybrids Series Hybrids

Parallel Hybrid
Fuel tank, which supplies gasoline to the engine. Set of batteries that supplies power to an electric motor. Both the engine and the electric motor can turn the transmission at the same time, and the transmission then turns the wheels.

Parallel Hybrid Electric Car

Fuel (batteries) Power Unit (motor/controller) Regenerative Brakes Transmission

Auxiliary Unit Fuel

Auxiliary Power Unit

Parallel(contd.)
When the Auxiliary power unit(APU) is on, the controller divides energy between the drive train (propulsion) and the batteries (energy storage). When the APU is off, the parallel hybrid runs like an electric vehicle Under acceleration, more power is allocated to the drive train than to the batteries. During periods of idle or low speeds, more power goes to the batteries than the drive train. The batteries also provide additional power to the drive train when the APU is not producing enough and also to power auxiliary systems such as the air conditioner and heater.

Series Hybrid
Similar to an electric vehicle with an on-board generator The vehicle runs on battery power like a pure electric vehicle until the batteries reach a predetermined discharged level. At that point the APU turns on and begins recharging the battery. The APU operates until the batteries are charged to a predetermined level. APU never directly powers the vehicle

Series (contd.)
The length of time the APU is on depends on the size of the batteries and the APU itself. Since the APU is not directly connected to the drive train, it can be run at its optimal operating condition; hence, fuel economy is increased and emissions are reduced relative to a pure IC engine vehicle.

Series Hybrid Electric Car

Fuel (batteries) Generator

Power Unit (motor/controller)

Transmission

Auxiliary Unit Fuel

Auxiliary Power Unit

Regenerative Brakes

Components of HEV
Electric drive motors to provide the power for propulsion converts electric energy to mechanical energy (motion) to drive the hybrid vehicle. Direct Current Motors, Alternating Current Motors The two possible configurations of electric drive motors in a hybrid vehicle single electric motor connected to the wheels through a drive train and multiple electric motors, one located at each wheel.

Generators to convert the mechanical power into electrical power when used in a series hybrid.

Components (Contd.)
Auxiliary Power Units Supplies the baseline power required to the vehicle, recharges the batteries and powers accessories such as the air conditioner and heater. The APU can consist of a mechanical type engine or a fuel cell. Spark Ignition Engine, Compression Ignition Engines, Fuel Cells Energy Storage Systems Peak power required in hybrid vehicles is met by devices like batteries, capacitors or a flywheel. store energy and readily release it when needed.

Components (Contd.)
Regenerative Braking some of the energy is converted into electrical energy and stored. rotational energy of the braking mechanism generates electrical power and stores it in the batteries. Control Systems contains two main components-command and power components. command component manages and processes the drivers instructions. power component chops power flows to control the motors power intake.

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Thank You

pvkrishh & FRIENDS