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Dr. Niranjan Murthy H.

L
Assistant Professor
Dept of Physiology
SSMC
Atmosphere

Alveoli

Blood

Tissues
Transport of oxygen
• Oxygen is carried by blood in two forms:
(i) dissolved in plasma
(ii) combined with hemoglobin
PO2 mm Hg PCO2 mm Hg

Alveolus 104 45

Arterial blood 95 40

Venous Blood 40 45

Tissue 40 46
Uptake of oxygen by pulmonary
blood
O2 uptake during exercise
• Resting O2 requirement: 250ml/min
• O2 requirement increases by 20 times
during strenuous exercise
• Increased cardiac output reduces blood
exposure time to alveolar O2
• Blood is still almost saturated because:
(i) increased diffusing capacity for O2
(ii) safety period for O2 diffusion
O2 transport in arterial blood
• Pulmonary venous blood has PO2 of 104
mm Hg
• Aortic blood has PO2 of 95 mm Hg
• Admixture of deoxygenated blood from
bronchial circulation
Diffusion of O2 into tissue fluids
• Concentration gradient of 55 mm Hg
• Tissue PO2 depends on:
(i) rate of oxygen transport to tissues by
blood
(ii) rate of tissue metabolism
• Intracellular PO2 ranges from 5 to 40 mm
Hg
• 1 to 3mm Hg of tissue PO2 is adequate to
support chemical reactions of the cells
Transport of oxygen in blood
• Chemical combination with hemoglobin-
oxygenation- reversible- 97%
• Dissolved in plasma- 3%
Hemoglobin
• Pigment present in RBCs
• Iron-protoporphyrin-globin
• Iron is in ferrous form
• Fe2+ binds 4 pyrrole rings, a polypeptide
chain and a molecule of oxygen
• Adult hemoglobin- HbA
• Fetal hemoglobin- HbF
Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation
curve
• Loose and reversible combination of oxygen
molecule with heme

• 4 molecules of oxygen can be carried by each


hemoglobin molecule

• Each gram of Hb binds 1.34 ml of O2

• Each 100ml of blood carries 20.1ml of O2

• Arterial blood is having PO2 of 95mm Hg,


saturation of 97 percent and O2 carrying
capacity of 19.4ml/100ml of blood
• In venous blood, PO2 is 40 mm Hg,
percentage saturation is 75% and O2
carrying capacity is 14.4ml/100ml

• 5ml of O2 is transported from lungs to


tissues under normal resting conditions

• Utilization coefficient- percentage of blood


that gives up O2 during tissue capillary
passage- 25% at rest
• During strenuous exercise tissue PO2 may
fall to 15 mm Hg thus increasing O2
delivery upto 15ml/100ml

• Cardiac output may increase 7 fold thus


giving an overall 20 times increase in O2
delivery

• Utilization coefficient increases to 75-85%


Tissue oxygen buffer system
• Hb is responsible for stabilizing oxygen
pressure in tissues
• Tissue pressure is held tightly between 15
and 40 mm Hg.
• Buffer effect maintains tissue PO2 even
when there is marked changes in
atmospheric [O2]
Physiological significance of O2-Hb
dissociation curve
• Significance of flat top part- amount of O2
carried will not change significantly even if
PO2 drops to 60mm Hg. This of advantage
in high altitudes
• Significance of steep part- small reduction
in tissue PO2 will increase more release of
O2 thus preventing tissue hypoxia
Significance of P50
• It is PO2 at which Hb is half saturated with
O2 .
• Normal P50 is 26mm Hg at PCO2 40mm Hg,
pH 7.4 and body temperature 37°C
• Hb affinity for O2 is inverse function of P50
Factors affecting O2-Hb dissociation curve
• Effect of pH- the bohr effect:
CO2 entry to tissue capillaries

Reduced pH

Increased delivery of O2 to tissues


(shift to right)

Vice-versa in pulmonary capillaries (shift


to left)
• Effect of 2,3-
diphosphoglycerate
(DPG):
Shifts curve to right
Doesn’t bind to
γ chain of HbF
Increased levels in
chronic hypoxia
decreased levels in
stored blood
• Shift to left

Carbon monoxide
Myoglobin
HbF
Transport of O2 in dissolved form

• At normal PO2 of 95 mm Hg, 0.29ml of O2


is dissolved in 100ml of plasma
• At venous PO2 of 40mm Hg, 0.12ml of O2
is dissolved
Uptake of CO2 from tissues
Excretion of CO2 from the lung
Transport of CO2
• Normally, 4ml of CO2/100ml of blood is
transported each minute to lungs
• Forms of CO2 transport:
(i) dissolved form- 0.3ml/100ml- 7% of
CO2 transport
(ii) bicarbonate ion form- 70% of total CO2
transport
(iii) in combination with Hb-
carbaminohemoglobin- 20 to 30% of total
CO2 transport
Transport of CO2 in HCO3 form ¯

• RBCs are rich in carbonic anhydrase


• CO2 from plasma diffuses into RBC
• CO2+H2O=H2CO3=H++HCO3¯
• HCO3¯ is exchanged for Cl¯
• Chloride shift- Hamburger phenomenon
• Acetazolamide- carbonic anhydrase
inhibitor- diuretic
Transport of CO2 in
carbaminohemoglobin form
• Combination with Hb and other plasma
proteins
• Combination with plasma proteins is less
significant
Carbon dioxide dissociation curve

• Total quantity of CO2 in blood in all forms


depends on PCO2
• PaCO2 is 40mm Hg and PvCO2 is 45mm Hg
• [CO2] in veins is 52 volumes percent and
in arterial blood is 48 volumes percent
Haldane effect
• Binding of O2 to Hb will tend to displace
CO2
• OxyHb is a stronger acid
• Highly acidic Hb has less tendency to
combine with CO2 to form
carbaminohemoglobin
• Increased acidity of Hb will displace H+
from Hb
• It doubles the pickup of CO2 at tissues and
release in the lungs
Respiratory quotient
• R= rate of CO2 output
rate of O2 uptake
• R for carbohydrates is 1, fats is 0.7
• R for a person on normal diet is 0.825

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