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Radial load

a a a

b
b

a: raceway

b: lip

The radial load bearing capacity of a rolling bearing depends on the length of the contact line between rolling element and ring

Axial load

The axial load bearing capacity of a rolling bearing can be judged from its contact angle

Speed

The larger the rolling elements and the higher the speed of the bearing the higher is the centrifugal force pressing the rolling elements against the outer ring raceway. This means an extra load on the oil film and on the raceways.

Static misalignment

Static misalignment can arise from the processing of the bearing seatings from a shaft or a housing, especially if the seatings are manufactured not in one setting

Dynamic misalignment

Dynamic misalignment is caused by shaft deflection as a result of operating loads.

Dynamic-Static misalignment

Cage design

- it keeps the rolling elements apart to prevent mutual contact - it keeps the rolling elements evenly spaced to ensure a more even load distribution - it guides the rolling elements in the unloaded bearing zones - it prevents the rolling elements from falling out of separable and slewable bearings, thereby facilitating bearing mounting.

Cage design

Pressed cages are usually made from sheet steel, but sometimes also from brass sheet. They offer the advantages of a light weight and low material cost. If manufactured in large numbers, they are economic in spite of the expensive manufacturing tools. Solid cages are made from brass, steel, light metal or textile-laminated phenolic resin. They are manufactured either by machining, by injection moulding of plastic materials or by sintering metals.

Cage design
Pressed cage J Pressed cage JN Machined cage M Machined cage MP Machined cage M

Pressed cage JPA

Machined cage M1

Machined cage TV

Machined cage TVP

Machined cage TVP

Temperature

Suitability for higher temperatures is a matter of the material of the rings, rolling elements and cages. Therefore it cannot be judged simply from the design of a bearing.

Temperature Permissible operating temperatures for Rolling bearings and their components Bearing steel Cages Brass/Steel Cages Polyamide Cages Phenolic 150C 300C 120C 110C

Seals NBR (RSR)


Shields (ZR)

110C
300C

Bearing types
RadialBall Bearings
Deep groove ball bearing Ancular contact ball bearing Single row douple row Four point ball bearing Self aligning ball bearing

RadialRoller Bearings
Cylindrical roller bearing Tapered roller bearing Barrel roller bearing Spherical roller bearing

Thrust ball bearing

Thrust ancular contact ball bearing

Thrust cylindrical roller bearing

Thrust spherical roller bearing

Rolling Bearing Clearance

The clearance defines the way which a bearing ring can move in radial or in axial direction against to the other ring.

Gr Ga

Rolling Bearing Clearance

We distinguish the clearance between a nonmounted bearing and a mounted bearing. The clearance of a mounted bearing should be small as possible that the shaft is guided well. The clearance of a non mounted bearing will reduce during mounting because of the tight fits. It also reduce during operation if the inner ring is warmer than the outer ring. For this the clearance of a non mounted bearing should be bigger.

Rolling Bearing Clearance Radial Clearance influences the Bearing load zone (Radial clearance optimized for high load zone)

Rolling Bearing Clearance Radial Clearance influences the Bearing load zone (to high radial clearance - small load zone)

Designing of Rolling Bearing arrangements

Rolling Bearing arrangements

In order to guide and support a rotating shaft, at least two bearings are required which are arranged at a certain distance from each other. Depending on the application, a bearing arrangement with locating and floating bearing, with adjusted bearings or with floating bearings can be selected.

Locating-floating arrangement

Due to machining tolerances the centre distances between the shaft seats and the housing seats are often not exactly the same with a shaft which is supported by two radial bearings. Warming- up during operation also causes the distances to change. These differences in distance are compensated for in the floating bearing. The locating bearing guides the shaft axially and transmit external axial forces.

Locating-floating arrangement

Locating-floating arrangement

Locating-floating arrangement

Locating-floating arrangement

Floating bearing arrangement

The floating bearing arrangement is an economical solution where close axial guidance of the shaft is not required. The shaft can shift by the axial clearance s relative to the housing. The value s is determined depending on the guiding accuracy in such a way that detrimental axial preloading of the bearings is prevented even under unfavourable thermal conditions.

Floating bearing arrangement

With NJ cylindrical roller bearings, length is compensated in the bearings. Inner and outer rings can be fitted tightly.

Floating bearing arrangement

In non seperable bearings one ring is fitted loosely to allow displacement.

Floating bearing arrangement

Elastic adjustment of deep-groove ball bearings

Fatigue failure
Fatigue failure - usually referred to as spalling - is a fracture of the running surfaces and subsequent removal of small discrete particles of material. Spalling can occur on the inner ring, outer ring, or balls. This type of failure is progressive and once initiated will spread as a result of further operation. It will always be accompanied by a marked increase in vibration. The remedy is to replace the bearing or consider redesigning to use a bearing having a greater calculated fatigue life.

Causes and Remedies


Flaking and pitting occur early in a bearing's service life under the following conditions: During operation, bearing internal clearance becomes narrower than specified. Bearing ring is mounted at an inclination by mistake. Flaw is created during mounting, or brinelling, nicks, rust,etc. occur on the raceway surface or rolling surface. Inaccurate shape of shaft or housing

Martensite decay

Metallurgical transformations

DER (Dark etch region) Along rolling direction

General causes -Excessive Loads


Excessive loads usually cause premature fatigue. Tight fits, brinelling and improper preloading can also bring about early fatigue failure. The solution is to reduce the load or redesign using a bearing with greater capacity

Brineling

General causes -Overheating


Symptoms are discoloration of the rings, balls, and cages from gold to blue. Temperature in excess of 400F (205 C)can anneal the ring and ball materials. The resulting loss in hardness reduces the bearing capacity causing early failure. In extreme cases, balls and rings will deform. The temperature rise can also degrade or destroy lubricant.

General causes External vibration


False Brinelling - elliptical wear marks in an axial direction at each ball position with a bright finish and sharp demarcation, often surrounded by a ring of brown debris indicates excessive external vibration. Correct by isolating bearings from external vibration, and using greases containing anti-wear additives.

General Causes-Contamination
Contamination is one of the leading causes of bearing failure. Contamination symptoms are denting of the bearing raceways and balls resulting in high vibration and wear. Clean work areas, tools, fixtures, and hands help reduce contamination failures. Keep grinding operations away from bearing assembly areas and keep bearings in their original packaging until you are ready to install them.

General Cause-Bearing current


Electric pitting is a phenomena in which the bearing surface is partially melted by sparks generated when electric current enters the bearing and passes through an extremely thin oil film at the rolling contact point Electric pitting can be classified into pitting or ridge marks, which the rolling contact surface propagates. Depressions like craters can be observed when pitting is magnified, indicating that the surface has been melted by sparks.

Improvement of grounding or improvement of grounding maintenance. Provision of insulation for bearings or for the section near bearings.

Life calculation as per ISO 281-2007


Material strength, Hardness, fatigue limit , Lubricant viscosity , Lubricant contamination level

ALL ARE INTERDEPENDENT!

[ L10 ]ISO = aISO * L10


Contamination factor Load corresp. to fatigue limit (mostly 1500 Mpa) Viscosity factor Actual Eqt. load

Chart for

iso

factor

aiso

Required viscosity

k = v1/v

Actual viscosity

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