Bahir Dar University School of Civil and Water Resource Engineering

Chapter six Control Surveying

 Control Surveying

Control surveying is that part of surveying in which high precision instruments and techniques are employed to locate points for subsequent surveying operations. Because it is used as a base for further work, it needs to be performed with more care and

greater accuracy. Control is used for many

purposes. Photogrammetric and topographic mapping require control, as does construction

Cont...
Generally the most economical method of providing a higher standard of accuracy of control in terms of time and money is the traverse survey. Traverse survey relies on a chain of connected lines rather than a network of triangles, with both lengths and angles measured, and co-ordinates can be computed for the stations at the end of each line.

Cont...
Control networks provide a reference framework of points for:
(1) Topographic mapping and large-scale plan production. (2) Dimensional control of construction work. (3) Deformation surveys for all manner of structures, both new and old. (4) The extension and densification of existing control networks. The methods of establishing the vertical control is dealt with leveling and two-dimensional horizontal control will be dealt with here.

Traversing and Area Computation

Traverse is measuring a connected series of straight lines, each line joining two points on the ground. The points on the ground is called traverse stations. The straight line, between two consecutive stations, is called traverse legs. The angle at any station between two consecutive traverse legs is known as traverse angle. A traverse in which the traverse leg are measured by changing on the ground and the traverse angle at every traverse station are measured with theodolite, is known as theodolite traverse.

Cont...
According to the nature of the starting and closing station, the traverses are classified as under.
Closed traverse
Open traverse

1) Closed traverse:-a traverse which either emanates from station and close the same station, or runs between two stations co- ordinates are known in term of common system of co- ordinate, as a closed traverse.

in a closed traverse accuracy of linear as well as angular measurement may be ascertained.

Cont...
2) Open traverse: - A traverse which does not returns to its starting station nor ends on another known station, is known as open traverse or unclose traverse. In open traverse, accuracy of linear as well as angular measurement not be checked. In open traverse, accuracy of linear as well as angular measurement not be checked.

General Principle of the Theodolite Traverse

According to the accuracy Legs are measured directly on the ground either by chaining or taping of the traverse. Angles, the angle between consecutive traverse legs are measured with a theodolite by setting up the instrument at each station in turn. If the co- ordinate of one station and the true bearing of the traverse legs connected to it are known, the co- ordinate of the other traverse station may be calculated with the following formula.

Cont...
1- X co- ordinates of B = X co- ordinates of A + L sin 2- Y co-ordinates of B = Y co-ordinate of A + L cos

Method of theodolite traversing Based on measuring the relative direction of the traverse legs By measuring the angles between the two consecutive traverse legs By measuring the direct bearing traverse legs

Cont...
By measuring the angles between the two consecutive traverse leg In this method the angle between the relative directions of legs are directly measuring with theodolite. The bearing of in tail line being either observed from astronomical observation or assumed arbitrarily, the bearing of the remaining traverse legs may be easily calculated from the bearing of initial traverse line and measured traverse angle. Direct angle measured at different traverse station may either include angles or deflection angles.

Cont...

Fig Traverse by measuring the include angles

Fig 6.5 Traverse by measuring deflection angles

Cont...
By measuring the direct bearing if each traverse legs observed directly by a theodolite in the field and no calculation are necessary for deducing the same in direct angles.

Fieldwork of theodolite traversing In theodolite traversing, field work is carried out in the following stage Reconnaissance Selection and making of station Measurement of traverse legs Measurement of traverse angle Booking of field notes Traverse computation The errors in closed traversing are of two kinds Linear Angular

Checking Angular Measurement in a Closed Traverse

Traverse including angles The sum of measured interior angles should be equal to (2n-4)*90, where n= the number of sides of traverse. If the exterior angle are measured, their sum should be equal to (2n+4)*90where n=number of side traverse legs. error =true value measured value Traverse by deflection angle The algebraic sum of the deflection angles should equal to 360, taking right hand deflection as positive and left hand as negative. Traverse by direct observations of bearing The fore bearing of the last line should be equal to its back bearing 1800 measured at the initial station.

Checking Linear Measurement in a Closed Traverse

The latitude of a survey line may be defined as its coordinate length measured parallel to an assumed meridian direction (i.e. true north or magnetic north or any other reference direction). The latitude (L) of a line is positive when measured northward (or upward) and is termed as northing; the latitude is negative when measured southward (downward) and is termed as southing.

The departure of a survey lines may be defined as its

co- ordinate length measured at right angles to the meridian direction. the departure (D) of the line is positive when measure eastward direction and is termed as easting, the

Cont...

D= + L sin and L = +L cos

Cont...
To calculate the latitude and the departture of the traverse lines, therefore, it is essential to reduce the bearing in the quadrantal system. the sign of latitude and departure will depend up on the reduced bearing of a line. The following table gives the sign for latitude and departure.

Closing error
If a closed traverse is plotted according to the field measurement, the end of the traverse will not coincides exactly with the starting point, owing to the error in the field measurement of angles and distance. Such error is known as closing error . In a closed traverse, the algebraic sum of latitude (i.e. L) should be zero and the algebraic sum of departure (i.e. D) should be zero. The error of closure for such traverse may be ascertained by finding L and D, both of these being the components of the error parallel and perpendicular to the meridian.

Cont...

Closing error e = (D) 2 + (D) 2 The direction of closing error is given by

tan D L

Note: - Before calculating latitudes and departure, traverse angles should be adjusted to satisfy geometric conditions and if there is angular Misclosure, the angular misclosure should be distributed equally to all angles depending up on the limit of the angular miscolure

Balancing the Traverse:

Bowditchs Method
Transit Rule

Bowditchs Method
Correction to an easting difference EAB = dE X Length of side AB

Perimeter of the Traverse

Correction to an Northing difference NAB = dN X Length of side AB

Perimeter of
the Traverse
Transit Rule

Area Calculation
The area of a closed traverse from the field notes may be calculated by on of the following methods: Areas from coordinates (x and y) Areas from latitudes and double distances

Areas from coordinates

Or you can calculate by arranging the coordinates in to the f

Areas from latitudes and double meridian distance (D.M

The following definitions may be clearly understood before discussing the method
The meridian distance of a line or longitude: - It is the

perpendicular distance of the mid point of the line from the reference meridian. The double meridian distance (D.M.D): - it is the sum of meridian distances of the two ends of the lines. The departure of a line: - It is the abscissa of the consecutive coordinates

Cont
Rules for finding out the D.M.D
The D.M.D of the first line is equal to the departure of that line The D.M.D of each succeeding line = D.M.D and departure of the

preceding line + Departure of the line itself The D.M.D of the last line = departure of the last line with the opposite sign

For example for the above figure D.M.D of line AB = departure of the line = x2 D.M.D of line BC = x2+x2+(x3-x2) = (x2+x3) D.M.D of line CD = (x2+x3) + (x3 -x2) + (x4-x3) = x3+x4 D.M.D of line DE = x3+x4+(x4-x3) + (x5-x4) = x4 +x5 D.M.D of line EA = x4+ x5+(x5-x4) x5 = x5
*Hence area of a closed traverse = Half the algebraic sum of the product of the latitude of each line by its

Triangulation and trilateration

A triangulation survey consists of a network of triangles in which one side length and all the angles are measured, the length of all other sides being computed without further measurement. Triangulation surveys are carried out 1. to establish accurate control for plane and geodetic surveys covering large areas, 2. to establish accurate control for photogrammetric surveys for large areas, 3. to assist in the determination of the size and shape of the earth, 4. to determine accurate locations for setting out of engineering works

Cont...
Classification of Triangulation system Based on the accuracy desired for the work it is divided in to three

First order or primary, second order or secondary third order or tertiary. First order triangulation is used to determine the shape and size of the earth or to cover a whole country with lowest point density. * maximum triangle closing error not greater than 3 Second order triangulation system consists of a network with in a first order triangulation.

Cont...
A third order triangulation is a framework fixed within
and connected to a second order triangulation system that provide denser and less accurate networks. * maximum triangle closing error not greater than 12

Triangulation figures and layouts

Triangulation figures can be simple triangle, braced quadrilateral or polygon with central station and the triangles again can be arranged in number of ways. .All of these figures should fulfil the rigid geometric conditions given as follows. The sum of the interior angles should be (2n-4)*90 If all angles are measured at a station, their sum should be 360.

Common used layouts are discussed below.

Chain of Triangles is very rapid and economical when a narrow strip of terrain is to be surveyed, e.g. highway, river, valley, etc.

Single chain of triangles

Cont...

Double chain triangles

Triangulation and trilateration

Braced Quadrilaterals consists of overlapping triangles, which afford an excellent system since the various combinations of sides and angles can be used to compute the lengths of the required sides and checks can be made frequently.

Cont
Centred triangles and Polygons is triangulation system which consists of figures containing interior stations in triangle and polygon.

Triangulation and trilateration

Criteria for Selection of the Layout are mentioned as Simple triangle should be preferably equilateral, Braced quadrilateral should be preferably approximate square, Centred polygon should be regular. The arrangement should be such the computation can be done through two or more independent routes and at least one of the routes should have well- conditioned triangles. The selected figure should yield maximum progress with minimum field work and effort. No angle of the figure, opposite a known sides should be small, whichever end of the series is used for computation.

Trilateration

When all the sides of a triangulation system are measured it is known as the trilateration system The technique has been made possible by the development of EDM, and may quite often be used instead of, or in combination with, traverse survey. quite often be used instead of traverse survey
A combined triangulation and trilateration

(Triangulateration) system in which all the angles by theodolite and all the sides are measured by EDM

Location of points by intersection and resection The points located by observing directions from the points of known locations, are known as the intersected points. When a point is established by taking observations from the point to the points of known locations, such points are known as the resected points . The resected points are the additional stations which are established when the main triangulation stations have been completed and it is found necessary to locate some additional stations for subsequent use as instrument stations as in topographic surveys.

Intersection

When coordinates of a point are given and the azimuth and distance to a second point are also known, it is possible to compute the coordinates of the second point. Similarly, if the coordinates are given for the two ends of a line and directions are observed from each end of this line to a third point not on the line, then coordinates of that third point can be calculated. This procedure is called location by intersection.

Triangulation and trilateration

Triangulation and trilateration

Triangulation and trilateration

Triangulation and trilateration