Dr.

Debendra Kumar Das

Mr. Devdatta P. Kulkarni
Mr. Praveen K. Namburu
Mr. Ravikanth Vajjha
Mr. Bhaskar C. Sahoo
Mechanical Engineering Department
University of Alaska Fairbanks
USA

Fluid Dynamics & Thermal Performance of
Nanofluids
Topics of Discussion
Introduction
Example of nano and micro scales
Advantages of Nanofluid
Rheology of Nanofluids
Copper oxide (CuO) in water (5 to 15% Volume)
Copper oxide in propylene glycol/water (1 to 6% Volume)
Effect on the Prandtl Number
Figure of Merit: Mouromtseff Number
Heat Transfer and Fluid Dynamic Performance of SiO
2
,
CuO and Al
2
O
3
nanofluid
Case I: Application of Nanofluid in Building Heating
Case II: Application of Nanofluid as Coolant in Diesel
Electric Generator (DEG)
Acknowledgements 2
What is Nanofluid?
The concept was proposed by Choi, U.S., Argonne National Lab, 1999
Dispersion of metallic nanometer sized particles (<100nm) in liquid
Source: Boutin, C., 2001
Significance of Nanoparticles
Microparticles settle at the bottom due to
gravity, leading to clogging and wear
Nanoparticles are permanently
suspended by Brownian motion and when
there is no flow they are distributed in
balance between buoyant weight and
thermal agitation.

3
Nanoscience - Scale
1 Micron=millionth of a m, Red Blood cell
100 Micron=Human Hair
1 Nanometer=millionth of a pinhead
=10 H
2
Atoms = dia. of water molecule
= billionth of a meter (10
-9
)
Miniaturization : Richard Feynman, 1959
micromachine

Aids virus 100 nm
DNA dia <3 nm
3
Carbon Nanotube
Single wall 6-membered rings cylindrical tube of diameter 0.5 nm to
100 nm. Thermal conductivity 3000 W/m.K, Copper (400 W/m.K).
Schematic diagram of a cooling arrangement for
electronic chips using nanofluids

Source: Incropera and Dewitt
24
Application in the Shell and Tube
Heat Exchanger
This heat exchanger for the chemical industry contains over 17
kilometers of tubing. Nanofluids will reduce the size.
Application in Automobile Radiators
Advantages of Nanofluid
Source: Eastman, 2001
Dramatic Increase in thermal
conductivity of base liquid
Material

Thermal
conductiv
ity
(W/mK)

Material

Thermal
Conductiv
ity
(W/mK)

Nonmetallic
Liquid
Water
Engine Oil
Ethylene Glycol



0.613
0.145
0.253

Metallic
Solids
Silver
Copper
Aluminum



429
401
237

]
) ( ) 1 (
) ( ) 1 ( ) 1 (
[
p f f p
p f f p
f nf
k k k n k
k k n k n k
k k
+ +
+
=
|
|
Hamilton & Crossers Equation for Thermal
Conductivity of Nanofluid
Source: Hamilton &
Crosser, 1962
4
Theory of Nanofluid
4 . 0
2 1
Pr Re ) 0 . 1 (
3 2 1
nf
m
nf
m
d
m
nf
Pe c c Nu | + =
Nusselt Number
nf
p m
d
d u
Pe
o
= Particle Peclet Number
4 . 0 333 . 0 218 . 0 754 . 0
Pr Re ) 285 . 11 0 . 1 ( 4328 . 0
nf nf d nf
Pe Nu | + =
4 . 0 9238 . 0 001 . 0 6886 . 0
Pr Re ) 6286 . 7 0 . 1 ( 0059 . 0
nf nf d nf
Pe Nu | + =
Laminar Flow
Turbulent Flow
D k Nu h
nf nf nf
/ ) ( =
Heat Transfer Coefficient
Source: Li and Xuan,
2002
5
Topic of Discussion

Rheology of Nanofluids
Copper oxide (CuO) in water (5 to 15% Volume)

6
Rheology of Nanofluids
Einsteins Correlation: ) 5 . 2 1 ( | + =
f s
Batchelors s Correlation:
) 25 . 6 5 . 2 1 (
2
| | + + =
f s
Brinkman s Correlation:
5 . 2
) 1 (
1
|

=
f s
= suspension viscosity, = viscosity of base fluid and
is volume fraction of nanoparticles
s

|
White Correlation:
2 0 0
0
) ( ) ( ln
T
T
c
T
T
b a
f
+ + ~

7
Viscosity Measurement Setup

Sample
Chamber
Brookfield LV
DV-II
Viscometer
Julabo
Temperature
Control Bath
Spindle
8
Temperature Control for Nanofluids

9
Shear Rate Vs Shear Stress
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Shear Rate (1/sec)
S
h
e
a
r

S
t
r
e
s
s

(
N
/
m
2
)
278K
283K
288K
293K
298K
303K
308K
313K
318K
323K
For 15% Vol. CuO in water
n
K t =
10
n<1, Pseudoplastic and time independent
Viscosity Vs Shear Rate

0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0 20 40 60 80 100
Shear Rate (1/sec)
S
u
s
p
e
n
s
i
o
n

V
i
s
c
o
s
i
t
y

(
m
.
P
a
.
s
)
278K
283K
288K
293K
298K
303K
308K
313K
318K
323K
15% Volume CuO
11
Viscosity Vs Particle Loading

0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16
Volumetric Solids Loading
S
u
s
p
e
n
s
i
o
n

V
i
s
c
o
s
i
t
y

(
m
.
P
a
.
s
)
278K
283K
288 K
293K
298K
303K
308K
313K
318K
323K
12
Nanofluid Viscosity (Function of Temp & Concentration)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
270 280 290 300 310 320 330
Temperature (K)
S
u
s
p
e
n
s
i
o
n

V
i
s
c
o
s
i
t
y

(
m
.
P
a
.
s
)
5% EXPT
5% Calc
8% Expt
8% Calc
10% Expt
10% Calc
13% Expt
13% Calc
15% Expt
15% Calc
B
T
A
s
= )
1
( ln
3 . 1078 15857 20587
2
+ + = | | A
8715 . 2 548 . 53 12 . 107
2
+ + = | | B
R
2
= 0.99
R
2
= 0.97
T is temperature in Kelvin and | ranging from 0.05 to 0.15
13
Topic of Discussion

Rheology of Nanofluids
Copper oxide in propylene glycol/water (1 to 6% Volume)

14
Rheology of CuO-PG/Water
y = 0.1063x
R
2
= 0.9998
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
0.0 50.0 100.0 150.0 200.0 250.0 300.0
Shear Rate (1/sec)
S
h
e
a
r

S
t
r
e
s
s

(
D
/
c
m
2
)
5.9% CuO Loading at 50 Deg C
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
-40 -20 0 20 40 60
Temperature (Deg C)
V
i
s
c
o
s
i
t
y

(
c
P
)
Experimetal
ASHRAE
.
t =
Constitutive Equation
of Newtonian Fluid
Benchmark Test
Case
15
Viscosity Vs Temperature

1
10
100
1000
10000
-40 -20 0 20 40 60
Temperature (Deg C)
V
i
s
c
o
s
i
t
y

o
f

N
a
n
o
f
l
u
i
d

(
c
P
)
0% CuO
1% CuO
2% CuO
3% CuO
4%CuO
5% Cuo
5.9% CuO
16
Relative Viscosity of Nanofluid

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
-40 -20 0 20 40 60
Temperature (Deg C)
M
u
r

(
M
u
s
/
M
u
f
)
1% CuO
2% CuO
3% CuO
4% Cuo
5% CuO
5.9% Cuo
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
Volume Fraction
M
u
r
Experimental
Batchelor Equation
Relative Viscosity as a
Function of Temperature
Comparison of
Experiments with
Batchelors Equation
17
Viscosity of Nanofluid (CuO-PG/Water)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
230 250 270 290 310 330
Temperature (Kelvin)
V
i
s
c
o
s
i
t
y

(
m
.
P
a
S
)
E(0%)
C(0%)
E(1%)
C(1%)
E(5.9%)
C(5.9%)
E(4%)
C(4%)
|

B
s
Ae =
T
e A
0199 . 0
9 . 736 ) ln(

=
B = 44.794 - 0.0765T with R
2
= 0.98
with R
2
= 0.99
T is temperature in Kelvin and | ranging from 0 to 0.06
18
Conclusions: Rheology I

For CuO-Water
Nanofluids with 5 to 15% vol. concentration behaved
as time-independent, shear thinning, pseudoplastic fluid.
The viscosity was found to be a strong function of
temperature and the volumetric concentration.
A new correlation for viscosity of these nanofluids as
a function of temperature and volumetric concentration
was developed.
The curve fit correlation of viscosity verses
temperature agrees within 10% of the experimental
measurements.
19
Conclusions: Rheology II

For CuO-PG/Water
Viscosity measurement for a 60:40 propylene glycol/water mixture
without any nanoparticle suspension shows excellent agreement with the
ASHRAE data.
The viscosity of a CuO nanofluid in propylene glycol and water solution
is an exponential function of volume percentage and temperature.
The behavior of this nanofluid up to a volume percentage of 5.9% is
Newtonian in nature.
The deviation from Batchelors classical equation is observed to be
substantial for nanofluids.
Relative viscosity curves display higher slopes at low temperatures.
A new correlation has been developed for this type of nanofluid. The
deviation between experimental data and values given by this correlation is
within 10%.
20
Topic of Discussion

Effect on the Prandtl Number

21
Effect on Prandtl Number (In EG/Water)
Pr) (Re, f Nu =
4 . 0 333 . 0 218 . 0 754 . 0
Pr Re ) 285 . 11 0 . 1 ( 4328 . 0
nf nf d nf
Pe Nu | + =
4 . 0 9238 . 0 001 . 0 6886 . 0
Pr Re ) 6286 . 7 0 . 1 ( 0059 . 0
nf nf d nf
Pe Nu | + =
(For laminar flow)
(For turbulent flow)
(Source: Li & Xuan, 2002)
k
c
p

= Pr
Nusselt Number
Prandtl Number
]
) ( ) 1 (
) ( ) 1 ( ) 1 (
[
p f f p
p f f p
f nf
k k k n k
k k n k n k
k k
+ +
+
=
|
|
Thermal
Conductivity
n is a function of shape; for spherical particles n is 3
22
Density and Specific Heat of Nanofluid
p f nf
| | + = ) 1 (
Density of Nanofluid
Source: Pak & Cho, 1998
1000
1050
1100
1150
1200
1250
1300
1350
1400
1450
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Volumetric Nanoparticle Concentration (%)
D
e
n
s
i
t
y

(
k
g
/
m
^
3
)
SiO2
Al2O3
CuO
2300
2400
2500
2600
2700
2800
2900
3000
3100
3200
3300
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Particle Volume Concentration (%)
S
p
e
c
i
f
i
c

H
e
a
t

o
f

N
a
n
o
f
l
u
i
d

(
J
/
k
g
-
K
)
SiO2
Al2O3
CuO
Specific Heat of Nanofluid
nf
pf f ps s
pnf
C C
C

| | ) 1 ( +
=
Source:Buongiorno, 2006
23
Viscosity and Thermal Conductivity

0.39
0.41
0.43
0.45
0.47
0.49
0.51
0.53
0.55
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Nanoparticle Volume Concentration (%)
T
h
e
r
m
a
l

C
o
n
d
u
c
t
i
v
i
t
y

(
W
/
m
K
)
SiO2
Al2O3
CuO
24
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Tempearture (C)
V
i
s
c
o
s
i
t
y

(
c
P
)
SiO2 (10%)
SiO2 (8%)
SiO2 (6%)
SiO2 (4%)
SiO2 (2%)
EG/Water
Prandtl Number Vs Particle Loading
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Volume Percentage (%)
P
r
a
n
d
t
l

N
u
m
b
e
r

(
P
r
)
SiO2
Al2O3
CuO
25
Temperature Effect on Prandtl effect

0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Temperature (Deg C)
P
r
a
n
d
t
l

N
u
m
b
e
r

(
P
r
)
2 % SiO2
4 % SiO2
6% SiO2
8 % SiO2
10 % SiO2
26
50 nm diameter particles
Particle Size Effect on Prandtl Number

35
37
39
41
43
45
47
49
51
53
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Particle Volume Percentage (%)
P
r
a
n
d
t
l

N
u
m
b
e
r

(
P
r
)
SiO2 20 nm
SiO2 50 nm
SiO2 100 nm
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Volume Concentration (%)
V
i
s
c
o
s
i
t
y

o
f

N
a
n
o
f
l
u
i
d

(
c
P
)
20 nm SiO2
50 nm SiO2
100 nm SiO2
27
Conclusions: Prandtl Number

Nanofluid density increases as volume concentration increases. It increases
rapidly for higher density particles.
Adding nanoparticles to a base fluid reduces the specific heat of the
nanofluid.
Viscosity is a strong function of volume concentration, temperature and
particle diameter of nanoparticles.
Prandtl number increases rapidly as particle volume concentration increases.
Among the three fluids analyzed, it is highest for copper oxide nanofluids
and lowest for silicon dioxide nanofluids.
The Prandtl number also changes with particle diameter. The smaller the
diameter, the higher is the Prandtl number.
The Prandtl number increases exponentially as the nanofluid is cooled below
sub zero temperatures.
28
Topic of Discussion



Figure of Merit: Mouromtseff Number

29
Comparison of Heat Transfer Rates of Nanofluids
Comparison on the basis of Mouromtseff number (Mo)
The Mouromtseff number is a Figure of Merit (FOM) for heat
transfer fluids.
e
d
p
b a
C k
Mo

=
Mouromtseff
Number
k, , C
p
and are thermal conductivity,
density, specific heat and dynamic
viscosity of the fluid respectively

The exponents a, b, d, and e take on values appropriate to the heat transfer mode of
interest and the corresponding heat transfer correlation
]
) ( ) 1 (
) ( ) 1 ( ) 1 (
[
p f f p
p f f p
f nf
k k k n k
k k n k n k
k k
+ +
+
=
|
|
s f nf
| | + = ) 1 (
B
T
A
s
= )
1
( ln
nf
pf f ps s
pnf
C C
C

| | ) 1 ( +
=
Thermal Conductivity Density
Viscosity
Specific Heat
30
Derivation of Mo Number
4 . 0 333 . 0 218 . 0 754 . 0
Pr Re ) 285 . 11 0 . 1 ( 4328 . 0
nf nf d nf
Pe Nu | + =
4 . 0 9238 . 0 001 . 0 6886 . 0
Pr Re ) 6286 . 7 0 . 1 ( 0059 . 0
nf nf d nf
Pe Nu | + =
(For laminar flow)
(For turbulent flow)
(Source: Li & Xuan, 2002)
D k Nu h
nf nf nf
/ ) ( =
07 . 0
6 . 0 4 . 0 333 . 0
218 . 0 754 . 0
)] ) ( 285 . 11 ( 1 [

+ =
nf
nf pnf nf
nf
p
k C d
Mo

o
|
5238 . 0
6 . 0 4 . 0 9238 . 0
001 . 0 6886 . 0
)] ) ( 6286 . 7 ( 1 [
nf
nf pnf nf
nf
p
k C d
Mo

o
| + =
(For laminar flow)
(For turbulent flow)
(Source: Kulkarni et al., 2007)
31
Mo Number for Water
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
water 5 8 10 13 15
% of CuO Particles in Water
R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e

H
e
a
t

T
r
a
n
s
f
e
r

r
a
t
e
Laminar
Turbulent
32
Mo Number for
Laminar Flow
Laminar
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
60:40 EG/Water + CuO
Nanoparticles
60:40 PG/water + CuO
Nanoparticles
R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e

H
e
a
t

T
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
Water
0%
1%
2%
3%
4%
5%
6%
Turbulent
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
60:40 EG/Water + CuO
Nanoparticles
60:40 PG/water + CuO
Nanoparticles
R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e

H
e
a
t

T
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
Water
0%
1%
2%
3%
4%
5%
6%
Mo Number for
Turbulent Flow
33
Conclusions: Mo Number
For internal laminar flow, the FOM of copper
oxide nanofluids is much superior to pure base
fluids (water, EG/water, PG/water).
For the CuO nanofluids, the optimal volume
percentage appears to be 5% in internal turbulent
flows.
Ethylene glycol based nanofluids have better
FOM than propylene glycol based nanofluids.

34
Topic of Discussion


Heat Transfer and Fluid Dynamic Performance of SiO
2
,
CuO and Al
2
O
3
nanofluid
35
Heat Transfer and Fluid Dynamic
Performance of SiO
2
Nanofluids
Rheology of SiO
2
-EG/Water
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330
Temperature (K)
V
i s
c
o
s
i t
y
(
c
P
)
Experiment
ASHRAE
50nm
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Temperature (C)
v
i
s
c
o
s
i
t
y

(
c
P
)
sio2(10%)
sio2(8%)
sio2(6%)
sio2(4%)
sio2(2%)
Benchmark Test Case
Viscosity Vs Temperature for
Various Concentrations of SiO
2
BT
nf
Ae

= ) log(
06 . 155 1232 . 7 8943 . 3 2339 . 0
2 3
+ + = | | | A
0192 . 0 0004 . 0 06 7
2
+ = | | E B
36
Experimental Setup
37
Determination of Heat Transfer Coefficient
f w
nf
T T
q
h

=
"
f p
T C m q A =
.
4 . 0 8 . 0
Pr Re 023 . 0 = Nu
1
10
100
100 1000 10000 100000
Reynolds Number
N
u
/
P
r
^
0
.
4
Experiment
Dittus Boelter for EG/Water
Benchmark Case
Dittus Boelter Equation
for EG/water
Heat gained by fluid
Heat transfer coefficient
of nanofluid
38
Heat Transfer Coefficient Vs Reynolds Number
5000
7000
9000
11000
13000
15000
17000
19000
3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 11000 12000 13000
Reynolds Number (Red)
H
e
a
t

T
r
a
n
s
f
e
r

C
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
,

h

(
W
/
m
2
K
)
10% SiO2
8% SiO2
6% SiO2
4% SiO2
2% SiO2
Ethylene Glycol/Water
39
Effect of Particle Size on Heat Transfer Coefficient
6%SiO2 NF
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000
22000
3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 11000 12000 13000
Reynolds Number (Re)
H
e
a
t

T
r
a
n
s
f
e
r

C
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t

h

(
W
/
m
2
K
)
20 nm
50 nm
100 nm
4%SiO2
5000
7000
9000
11000
13000
15000
17000
19000
21000
3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 11000 12000 13000
Reynolds Number (Re)
H
e
a
t

T
r
a
n
s
f
e
r

C
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t

h

(
W
/
m
2
K
)
20 nm
50 nm
100 nm
Heat Transfer Coefficient
For 6% SiO
2
nanofluid
Heat Transfer Coefficient
For 4% SiO
2
nanofluid
40
Pressure Loss Measurement
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
0.045
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000
Reynolds Number (Red)
D
a
r
c
y

F
r
i
c
t
i
o
n

F
a
c
t
o
r

(
f
)
Blasius
Experimental
) Re 0791 . 0 ( 4 4
4
1

= =
f
C f
Darcy Friction Factor
by Blasius Equation
Benchmark Test Case
41
Pressure Loss with Varying Concentration
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000
Reynolds Number
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

L
o
s
s

(
k
P
a
)
6%
4%
2%
60:40 EG/Water
42
Friction Factor with Varying Concentration
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000
Reynolds Number
D
a
r
c
y

F
r
i
c
t
i
o
n

F
a
c
t
o
r

(
f
)
2%
4%
6%
Blasius
0%
2
) 2 (
LV
d P
f

A
=
Friction Factor
43
Effect of Particle Size on Pressure Loss
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Velocity (m/s)
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

L
o
s
s

(
k
P
a
)
20 nm B 20 nm E
50 nm B 50 nm E
100 nm B 100 nm E
0% B 0% E
44
Conclusions
Viscosity of a nanofluid is a function of nanoparticle
concentration, increasing as the concentration increases.
As particle size increases, the viscosity of nanofluids decreases.
Heat transfer coefficients of nanofluids increase with volume
concentration. A typical enhancement of heat transfer coefficient is
about 16% at a concentration of 10% with 20 nm particle diameter
at Re = 10,000.
Particle size influences the heat transfer coefficient. The larger
the diameter, the higher the heat transfer coefficient.
Pressure loss is a function of the concentration, increasing with
increasing concentration. This is because the viscosity increases
with concentration.
No appreciable change in pressure loss was observed with
different particle diameters.
45
Topic of Discussion

Case I: Application of Nanofluid in Building Heating

46
Application of Nanofluids in Heating Buildings
Three nanofluids were considered.
1) SiO
2
in EG/water, 2) Al
2
O
3
in EG/water, 3) CuO in EG/water

Objectives of Study:
Determine the rheology and heat transfer coefficient of various nanofluids
Effect of nanofluids on volumetric flow rate, mass flow rate and pumping
power for same thermal performance compared to base fluid
Effect on size of heat exchanger required
pump
nf
P V
W
q
A
=
.
.
v A V
i P
nf
,
.
=
Volumetric flow rate of nanofluid
Pumping power required for nanofluid
47
Viscosity of Various Nanofluids
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Temperature (Deg C)
V
i
s
c
o
s
i
t
y

o
f

N
a
n
o
f
l
u
i
d

(
m
P
a
.
S
)
EG/Water
6% Cuo
6% Al2O3
6% SiO2
48
Heat Transfer Enhancement of Nanofluids
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
Reynolds Number, Re
H
e
a
t

T
r
a
n
s
f
e
r

C
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
,

h

(
W
/
m
2
K
)
6% CuO
6% Al2O3
6% SiO2
EG/Water
49
Pressure Loss of Various Nanofluids
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 11000 12000 13000
Reynolds Number (Re)
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

L
o
s
s

(
k
P
a
)
EG/Water
6% CuO
6% Al2O3
6% SiO2
50
Performance of Nanofluids
Type of Fluid 60/40 6% 6% 6%
Parameters Eg/Water Copper Oxide Aluminum Oxide Silicon Dioxide
Heat Transfer
Coefficient 14,400 14,400 14,400 14,400
(W/m2K)
Reynolds Number (Re) 8,000 3,600 4,500 6,290
Pressure Loss (kPa) 346 430 340 322
Viscosity (mPa.s) 1.1 2.27 1.41 1.17
Density (kg/m3) 1038 1366 1192 1116
Specific Heat (J/kgK) 3120 2339 2718 2821
Velocity (m/s) 2.12 1.5 1.33 1.65
Volumetric Flow Rate 2.66 1.89 1.67 2.07
(10E+5 m3/s)
Reduction in Volumetric 28.95 37.22 22.18
Flow Rate (%)
Power (W) 11.5 10.16 7.1 8.33
Power Advantage (W) 1.34 4.4 3.17
Power Advantage (%) 11.65 38.26 27.57
Mass Flow Rate (kg/s) 0.028 0.0258 0.0199 0.023
Reduction in Mass . 6.495 27.904 16.333
Flow Rate (%)
51
Nanofluids in Air Heat Exchanger
m o o
t A U Q A =
.
) (
, ,
.
i P f i P i
t t A h Q =
P
o P i P m P P
x
t t A k
Q
) (
, , ,
.

=
) )( (
, , ,
.
t t A A h Q
o P F o P o c
+ = q
o c F o P o c P m P
P o
i i P
o
o
h A A h k A
x A
h A
A
U
, , , , ,
1
) / (
1
1
+
+

+ +
=
q
q
Heat transfer rate from a heating coil circulating
nanofluid to air
Rate of heat transfer from the nanofluid to the pipe
Rate of heat transfer through the pipe wall
Rate of heat transfer from the pipe and fin to the air
Overall heat transfer coefficient
Typical Data for Heat Exchanger:
i P
A
,
o P
A
,
m P
A
,
F
A
o
A
o c
h
,
q
= 0.03536 m
2
= 0.03658 m
2
= 0. 0.0375 m
2
= 0.948 m
2
= 0.09845 m
2
= 57 W/m
2
K

= 0.75

52
Reduction in Surface Area with Nanofluids
53
Conclusions
The CuO nanofluid has the highest viscosity followed by the Al
2
O
3
nanofluid
and then by the SiO
2
nanofluid.

The CuO nanofluid has the highest heat transfer coefficient followed by the
Al
2
O
3
nanofluid and the SiO
2
nanofluid.

Pressure loss is highest for the CuO nanofluid, followed by the Al
2
O
3

nanofluid and the SiO
2
nanofluid.

Use of nanofluids can reduce the volumetric flow rate, mass flow rate and the
pumping power for the same heat transfer rate.

Using nanofluids to heat buildings can reduce the size of the heat exchanger
and reduce the accompanying pressure loss.

Similar benefits can be derived by considering nanofluids in place of chilled
water in building cooling coils.

Using nanofluids will reduce material volume and thus reduce environmental
pollution.
54
Topic of Discussion

Case II: Application of Nanofluid as Coolant in Diesel
Electric Generator (DEG)

55
Application of Nanofluids in Diesel Electric Generator
56
Cogeneration Efficiency
cogen
q
= (Electrical Power + Rate of Heat Recovered)/ Fuel
Consumption energy rate
Cogeneration
Efficiency
V
f
H
H V Q
. .
=
Heat rate from diesel fuel
H
JW
el
cogen
Q
Q W
.
. .
+
= q
JW
nf JW
V m
. .
=
) (
. .
out JW in JW pJW JW JW
T T C m Q

=
) (
. .
in SW out SW pSW SW SW
T T C m Q

=
s f nf
| | + = ) 1 (
Mass flow rate of jacket water
Density of jacket water/nanofluid
Heat transfer from jacket water
Heat transfer from shop water
57
Measurement of Specific Heat of Nanofluids
Benchmark Test for Water

Schematic of
Experimental Setup
T MC Q
Pnf s
A =
58
Heating Time for Nanofluids
Heat Input = 35.5 W
59
Specific Heat of Nanofluids
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Tempearture of Nanofluid [Deg C]
S
p
e
c
i
f
i
c

H
e
a
t

o
f

N
a
n
o
f
l
u
i
d

[
J
/
k
g
-
K
]
2000
2200
2400
2600
2800
3000
3200
3400
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Aluminum Oxide Nanoparticle Concentration
S
p
e
c
i
f
i
c

H
e
a
t

o
f

N
a
n
o
f
l
u
i
d
(
J
/
k
g
.
K
)
Buongiorno Eqn
Pak & Cho Eqn
Experiment
Specific Heat Variation with
Temperature

Specific Heat Variation with
Volume Concentration
60
Electrical Load on DEG
2% Al2O3 Electrical Load [kW] vs Time [sec]
0.000
5.000
10.000
15.000
20.000
25.000
30.000
35.000
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
Time [sec]
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l

O
u
t
p
u
t

[
k
W
]
61
Jacket and Shop Water Flow Rate
Jacket and Shop Water
Flow Rate

Jacket Water
Temperature
62
Fuel Flow Measurement
6% Al2O3 Fuel Volume [gal] vs. Time [sec]
y = -6.369409E-04x + 8.848424E+00
R
2
= 9.988593E-01
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.5
7.7
7.9
8.1
8.3
8.5
1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Time [sec]
V
o
l
u
m
e

F
u
e
l

R
e
m
a
i
n
i
n
g

[
g
a
l
l
o
n
s
]
63
Cogeneration Efficiency
Cogeneration Efficiencies vs Fluid )
50-50 2% Al2O3
4% Al2O3
6% Al2O3
74.50%
75.00%
75.50%
76.00%
76.50%
77.00%
77.50%
78.00%
78.50%
79.00%
79.50%
1
Type of Nanofluid
C
o
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n

E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y

50-50
2% Al2O3
4% Al2O3
6% Al2O3
Cogenration Efficiency Considering Shop Water Heat
65.65
65.7
65.75
65.8
65.85
65.9
65.95
66
66.05
66.1
66.15
1
Type of Fluid
C
o
g
e
n
r
a
t
i
o
n

E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y

[
%
]
50/50 EG/Water
2%Al2O3
4% Al2O3
6% Al2O3
Using Shop Water Heat
Recovery

Using Jacket Water
Heat Recovery
64
Heat Exchanger Efficiency in DEG
76.5
77
77.5
78
78.5
79
79.5
80
80.5
81
81.5
1
Type of Nanofluid
H
e
a
t

E
x
c
a
h
n
g
e
r

E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y

[
%
]
50/50-EG/Water
2%Al2O3
4% Al2O3
6% Al2O3
65
Conclusions
The specific heat of nanofluids decreases as nanoparticle
concentration increases. The specific heat of nanofluids
increases with temperature.

The heating time for nanofluids decreases as nanoparticles
concentration in the base fluid increases. However, when the
heat rate is quite large, the time difference for heating is very
minimal.

The cogeneration efficiency of diesel generator decreases as
nanoparticle concentration increases because the specific
heat decreases as particle concentration increases.

Heat exchanger efficiency increases as particle
concentration increases because of the higher heat transfer
coefficients of nanofluids.
66
Acknowledgements

Sarah Hall, Sandra Boatwright, Kala Hansen, Eric Johansen
Ned Manning, Tom McCarty & Gary Porter
Financial Support: Arctic Region Supercomputing Center, UAF
Graduate School, University of Alaska Fairbanks
Department of Mechanical Engineering, UAF
Center for Nanosensor Technology (DMEA), UAF
Petroleum Development Lab, UAF
Family & Friends
67