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Pulse Amplitude Modulation

dan
Pulse Code Modulation
oleh
Risanuri Hidayat
28/06/55
PAM-PCM
2
Pulse Amplitude Modulation
( ) t f
t
t
t
t
t
( ) ( )

=
=
n
imp
nT t t f o
( ) ( ) ( ) t f t f t f
imp s
=
( ) ( )

=
=
n
nT t nT f o
T
( )
|
.
|

\
|
=
T
t
rect t r
2 T 2 T
( ) ( ) ( ) t r t f t
s PAM
=
( ) ( )

=
=
n
nT t r nT f
( )
( )
t
e
e
2
sinc
T
T R =
( )

=
|
.
|

\
|
=
n
imp
T
n
T
F
t
e o
t
e
2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) e e
t
e
imp s
F F F =
2
1

=
|
.
|

\
|
=
n
T
n
F
T
t
e
2 1
e
0
e
0
( ) e F
B t 2 B t 2
e
0
B t 2
e
0
B t 2 B t 2
T
t 2
T
t 2
T
t 2
T
t 2
T
e
0
( ) ( ) ( ) e e e R F F
s PAM
=
( )

=

|
.
|

\
|
=
n
R
T
n
F
T
e
t
e
2 1

28/06/55
PAM-PCM
3
Demodulation of PAM
0
Low Pass Band Pass
( )

=
|
.
|

\
|
=
n
s
T
n
F
T
F
t
e e
2 1
( ) ( ) Lowpass n F
T
0 ;
1
= = e
0
T
t
T
t
( ) ( ) ( ) e e e R F F
s PAM
=
( )

=

|
.
|

\
|
=
n
R
T
n
F
T
e
t
e
2 1
( ) ( ) e e R F
T
n = =
1
; 0
By using very narrow 1 . 0 s
|
.
|

\
|
T
t
T
t
rect *make sure that Sinc function
is big and flat by reduce time

28/06/55
PAM-PCM
4
Multiplexing PAM-TDM
LPF
LPF
LPF
Clock
Pulse
generator
Pulse
generator

Sampler
Sampler
switch
( ) t f
1
( ) t f
2
PAM1
PAM2
PAM-TDM before filtering
PAM-TDM to the
transmission line
Switch : determining the synchronization and sequence of the channels
Clock : determine the timing of the overall system
Pulse generator : produces narrow rectangular pulses to drive the sampler
28/06/55
PAM-PCM
5
Nyquist Sampling
T
2
T
T
x
= Two signal are sampled equally
T
x
=the time interval between adjacent channels or samples
For n channel
n
T
T
x
=
Nyquist interval
for one signal
28/06/55
PAM-PCM
6
Bandwidth Requirement
S1 S2 S3 S4
( ) t o
T
x

B
F
-B
F

0
T
x

With condition of equal BW and sampling equally
therefore the Total BW Requirement is n x BW

If BW of each channel is not equal
Therefore the Total BW Requirement is n x largest BW
F
x
B
T
2
1
=
x
F
T
B
2
1
=
28/06/55
PAM-PCM
7
Transmitting Analog
signal in Digital format
Advantages
- Immunity to noise : with some amount of noise digital can
withstand while analog failed to provide virtually error free
transmission.
- Reduce signal to noise ratio
- Error control coding ; parity check, Hamming code make
more reliable
- Signal can be completely regenerated at intermediate
regenerator for long haul system.
- More compatible with computer system for signal processing
and digital memories for data storage.
- More elaborate code can be used.
- Ideal for integrated services digital network (ISDN)
28/06/55
PAM-PCM
8
Pulse Code Modulation
m(t) is sampled, each sample value is rounded off to
the nearest allowable value. This value is digitally
encoded as a sequence of binary digits
There are three process of Digitization
1. Sampling
2. Quantization (devide into level of voltage)
The approximation of amplitude value of sinal m(t)
into one of M discrete quantized values
3. Encoding
Each quantization level is encoded into N binary
digits
N
M 2 s
M N
2
log =
Where N is the number of binary digit per code word
M is the number of quantization level
28/06/55
PAM-PCM
9
Quantization
0
-V
V
t
v A
}
M Steps
Sampling Signal
v
V
M
A
=
2 Where M = no. of steps
= quantization step
v A
28/06/55
PAM-PCM
10
Encoding
0
-V
V
t
000
001
010
011
100
101
110
111
N
M 2 =
1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1
28/06/55
PAM-PCM
11
Quantization Error
0
2
v A
2
v A
2
v A
}
Quantization Noise
2
v A
2
v A
v A
v A
1
Uniform distribution
( ) ( ) ( ) t f t f t e
Q
=
( )
2 2
v
t e
v A
s s
A
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PAM-PCM
12
Signal to Noise Ratio
lPower ErrorSigna
r SignalPowe
SNR
Q
=
( )
}



= dt t f
T
P
T
2
1
lim
( ) ( )
}

=
2
2
2 2
1
T
T
dt t e
T
t e
( )
}


= dv v p v
2
2
v A
2
v A
v A
v A
1
The average power
Time average
Continuous RV
time
28/06/55
PAM-PCM
13
Signal to Noise Ratio[1]
( )
2
2
2
2
3
2 2
3
1 1
v
v
v
v
v
v
dv
v
v t e
A
A
A
A
}
(

A
=
A
=
(

A
+
A
A
=
8 8 3
1
3 3
v v
v
12
2
v A
=
( )
( )
( )
M
V
v t f
v
t e
t f
SNR
Q
2
;
12
2
2
2
2
= A
A
= =
( ) t f M
V
2 2
2
4
12
=
( )
o
2
2
2 2
3 3 M
V
t f M
= =
( )
AvgPower
PeakPower
t f
V
= =
2
2
o
where
28/06/55
PAM-PCM
14
Signal to Noise Ratio[2]
o
2
3M
SNR
Q
=
In dB
) ( log 10 log 20 3 log 10
10 10 10
dB M SNR
Q
o + =
) ( log 10 log 20 77 . 4
10 10
dB M o + =
Encoding : each quantization level is encoded into N binary digit
N
M 2 =
M N
2
log =
No.of level
No.of binary digit
per code word
b
a
a
b
10
10
log
log
log =
28/06/55
PAM-PCM
15
TDM-PCM (E1 standard)
300 3.4k
3.1k
voice time
0 500 800 300 3.4k
MAN WOMAN
kHz F
s
8 > (2x3.4k=6.8k)
Nyquist
Each sample is quantized and encoded into 8 bits
sec 125
8
1
8 = = =
kHz
T kHz F
s
s
F
Bit rate = x 8 = 64kbps ; with 32 channels sec 25 . 488
64 32
1
n
k
T =

=
1channel = 8 bits therefore 8 x 488.25nsec = 3.9 sec
Total bit length = 8 bit x 32 channels = 256 bits
Mbps DataRate 048 . 2
sec 125
256
nTime Propagatio
Length Bit
= = =

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