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Introduction to ATM Meir Leshem

May 2009

Seminar Contents
Introduction

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to ATM

Adaptation
Traffic ATM OAM

Layers

Management

Signaling

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ATM Fundamental Concept

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All communications are bursty

Speaking Pause Pause Speaking Listening

Voice Energy

Therefore, a high performance packet switching network can carry all communications
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Time

ATM Vision: The Ultimate Integrated Services Network

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Voice
Voice Voice Data Video

ATM Network
Video Video

Data Data

ATM network moves (fixed length packets) with low delay and low delay variation at high speeds Devices at ends translate (e.g., segment and reassemble) between cells and original traffic
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TDM
TDM - Time Division Multiplexing A circuit switching technology Each channel has a fixed Time Slot (basic unit 64 kbit/s) ( for example: 30 TDM channels on one E1 trunk) Suitable for Circuit Switching technology A circuit is established between the talks for the entire duration of the call Fixed bit rate for any service

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ATM
ATM - Asynchronous Transfer Mode

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A fast packet switching technology (cell = small packet, 48 bytes) Statistical multiplexing of several connections on the same link

ATM Switch routes the user data (cells) to the next switch
using the VP, VC in the cell header Connection oriented

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ATM Cell Structure

(it all started with a single cell)
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Header
4 1

Payload
48 bytes

NNI
VPI
VPI VCI CLP VCI GFC VPI

UNI
VPI VCI

VCI PTI
VCI HEC
PTI - Payload Type Identifier CLP - Cell Loss Priority HEC - Header Error Check
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VCI
HEC

PTI

VPI - Virtual Path Identifier VCI - Virtual Channel Identifier GFC - Generic Flow Control

CLP

ATM Basic Features

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Connection oriented mode No control flow or error protection for connections Limited functionality of cell header Small and fixed payload size

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Combinations of reserved VPI, VCI and PTI values

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A - 0 or 1 depending on the specific function,Confidential C - Transmitted as 0, may be changed to 1 by the network

ATM Connection Identifiers

A
VC1
VC2 VC1 VC2

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Network and Switches

Link 1 Link 1

E
VC1
VC2 VC1 VC2

VP1

VP1

VP2
Link 2 Link 2

VP2

C
VC1 VC2

VP1 VP2

VP1 VP2

VC1 VC2 VC1 VC2

VC1 VC2

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Examples of VP and VCI Operations

VPI=4 VCI=10 VPI=5 VCI=13 VPI=9 VCI=27

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ATM Switch

ATM Switch
VPI=8 VCI=56

VPI=20 VCI=33

VPI=2 VCI=14

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VP and VC Switching

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VC Switch

VCI 1 VPI 1 VC1 VC2

VCI 2

VCI 3

VCI 4
VPI 2 VPI 3

VPI 1 1

VPI 3

VC4 VC3

VC1 VC2

VPI 4

VPI 5

VC1 VC2

VP Switch

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Examples of VP and VC Switching

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Reserved VCIs at a UNI

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VPI=0 VCI=35 Example of two VC services on VPI=0 Only VCIs 35 and 45 are used for user data

VCI=45

}
VPI=20

Reserved VCIs: VCI=5 for signaling, VCI=16 for ILMI VCI=3 and VCI=4 for F4 OAM

Active Example of VP service VCIs Network knows nothing of which unknown VCIs are used for user data

Standard VCIs that come with a VPI VCI=3 and VCI=4 for F4 OAM

VCIs 0-15 reserved for ITU-T VCIs 16-31 reserved for ATM Forum

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Virtual Path and Channel Connections

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Virtual Channel Connections

VCL ATM NE VCLs VPL

VCL ATM NE

VCL

VCI = Virtual Channel Identifier VCL = Virtual Channel Link VCC = Virtual Channel Connection VPI = Virtual Path Identifier VPL = Virtual Path Link VPC = Virtual Path Connection

Virtual Path Connections

VPL VCCs ATM NE VPL ATM NE VPL

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The ATM Layered Model

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B-ISDN Reference Model

SSCS CPS

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Convergence Layer SAR Layer AAL ATM

CELL VPI/VCI translation CELL multiplex/demultiplex CELL HDR generation/extraction CELL rate decoupling (idle cells) Cell delineation HDR HEC sequence (generation/recovery)

TC

Physical Layer

BIT Timing Physical Medium

PM

TC - Transmission Convergence SSCS - Service Specific Sub Layer PM - Physical Medium CPS - Common Part Sublayer SAR - Segmentation And Reassembly Confidential

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B-ISCN/ATM Layer and Sublayer Model

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Layer name
Higher layers A A L Convergence Sublayer (CS) SAR Sublayer

Functions performed
Higher layer functions Service Specific Sub Layer (SSCS) Common Part Sublayer (CPS) Segmentation and Reassembly Generic flow control Call header generation/extraction Cell VCI/VPI translation Cell multiplexing Cell rate decoupling (unassigned Cells) Cell rate decoupling (idle cells) Cell delineation Transmission frame adaptation Transmission frame generation/ recovery Bit timing Physical medium L A Y E R

ATM

P H Y S I C A L

Transmission Convergence (TC) Sublayer

Physical medium Dependent (PMD)

M A N A G E M E N T

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ATM Protocol Reference Model

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B-ISDN Protocol Reference Model

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Control Plane Management Plane VBR Services

Signaling CO CL Other VBR Services CBR Services

User Plane

Plane Management

Convergence Sublayer (CS)

Layer Management

AAL
Segmentation and Reasssembly Sublayer (SAR) ATM

PHY

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ATM Application Program Interfaces

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Overall management data

ATM OAM data

Signaling AAL message mode AAL CBR/VBR AAL CBR stream mode, mode mode control ILMI access

ATM cell access

ATM API

Q.2931

Q.2130
F4, F5 OAM Q.2120 AAL5 AAL2 AAL1

MIBs

ATM
PHY
Plane Layer management management

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User plane higher-layer protocols for voice, video and WAN data

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Voice & Circuit telephony Emulation over Service ATM (CES) (VTOA)

Video Frame Frame ATM on relay relay DXI and network service demand FUNI (VOD) interworkinginterworking
FR-SSCS

ATM access to SMDS

AAL1

AAL2

AAL5

AAL3/4

ATM layer

Physical layers

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ATM Protocol Support for Voice and Video

Circuit Emulation Service af-vtoa-0078 Voice & Voice telephony Trunking over over ATM using AAL2 ATM af-vtoa-113.000 af-vtoa-0089 I. 366.2 Residential Broadband (RBB) Video on Demand (VOD)

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AAL1
I.363.1

AAL2
I.363.2

AAL5
I.363.5

ATM layer I.361

Physical layers G.804, I.432, UNI 3.1, T1.646

Other principle standards UNI Signaling : Q.2931, UNI 3.1, UNI 4.0 (af-sig-0061.000) Signaling AAL: Q.2110, Q2130 Traffic Management: I.371, af-tm-0056.000 OAM: I.610 NE Management: GR-CORE-1248
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Relationship of User and Network Layers

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User
ULP AAL ATM Physical UNI ATM Physical NNI

ATM Network

User ULP AAL ATM Physical UNI

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ATM Physical NNI

ATM Physical

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Functional division of WAN ATM PDH

access system within ATM switch
SWITCHING ATM LAYER PMD LAYER
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SWITCH CORE

Address translate

ATM CELL

Vendor specific: Shared memory Bus switch Banyan, input OR output buffered

Policing & UPC

MUX &

Traffic shaping

DEMUX

ATM cell delin. + HEC gen. ITU I.432

OFF-THE-SHELF T1 FRAMERS TX Conv. ITU G.804

OFF-THE-SHELF E1 FRAMERS

OFF-THE-SHELF T3/E3 FRAMERS

OAM Dynamic switching Traffic handling and signaling Traffic distribution

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Mapping

Transmission

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Multiservice ATM Multiplexer

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Direct Hec Mapping for E1

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State diagram for cell synchronization (Direct HEC)

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Bit by bit HUNT n consecutive incorrect HEC Incorrect HEC PRE SYNC Correct HEC

SYNC Cell by cell

m consecutive correct HEC

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Automatic HEC model for ATM switching equipment

Multiple bit error - Cell is deleted

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No error - No action

Correction mode

No bit error - No action

Detection mode

Error detected - Cell is deleted

Single bit error - Error correction

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ATM Multiplexing Function - the Chopper and the Postman

Chopper Postman

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VP1=0, VCI=51 Data 48 B 48 B 48 B H 48 B

VP1=0, VCI=52 Voice 48 B 48 B 48 B H 48 B

VP1=0, VCI=53 Video 48 B 48 B 48 B H 48 B

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ATM Multiplexing Function Cell Scheduling by a Gatekeeper at the UNI

Gatekeeper

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Data VC1=51

Lowest priority

Voice VC1=52

Highest priority

Video VC1=53

Next highest priority

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Illustration of Virtual Channels Supporting Multimedia Application

User = Network Interface (UNI)
Non real time variable bit rate (nrt-VBR) Virtual Channel VPI=0, Vci=51 (Data) Data

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H P

H P

H P

H P

Constant bit rate (CBR) Virtual Channel VPI=0, Vci=52 (Voice) Voice

H P

H P

H P

Real time variable bit rate (VBR) Virtual Channel VPI=0, Vci=53 (Video) Video ATM Multiplexing Function

H P H P H P H P H P

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IUB ATM

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User Plane
DCH, PCH, RACH, FACH

AAL2

VC 39 VP 1

Active VCs

Q.2630 NBAP-Common NBAP-Dedicated Mub-A Synch-A

AAL5 AAL5 AAL5 AAL5 AAL0

VC38 VC36 VC37 VC32 VC34

Stand by VCs

Q.2630 NBAP-Common NBAP-Dedicated Mub-B Sync-B

AAL5 AAL5 AAL5 AAL5 AAL0

VC45 VC43 VC44 VC33 VC41

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Thank You