Christchurch was described as a swamp with sandy rdiges with a deep stream running in between and banks made of ax and scrub 16 dec1850. Early settlers arrived facing problems with obtaining freshwater and drainage Drainage Christchurch had too much contaminated water causing health problems and too little water for safe domestic use. HYDROCITY daniel yang sophia kim natalee tan history of water Supply Natural waterways: river, lakes, stream and
Christchurch was described as a swamp with sandy rdiges with a deep stream running in between and banks made of ax and scrub 16 dec1850. Early settlers arrived facing problems with obtaining freshwater and drainage Drainage Christchurch had too much contaminated water causing health problems and too little water for safe domestic use. HYDROCITY daniel yang sophia kim natalee tan history of water Supply Natural waterways: river, lakes, stream and
Christchurch was described as a swamp with sandy rdiges with a deep stream running in between and banks made of ax and scrub 16 dec1850. Early settlers arrived facing problems with obtaining freshwater and drainage Drainage Christchurch had too much contaminated water causing health problems and too little water for safe domestic use. HYDROCITY daniel yang sophia kim natalee tan history of water Supply Natural waterways: river, lakes, stream and
FUTURE CHRISTCHURCH // DESIGN 6 // 29.07.2012 research team course HYDROCITY daniel yang sophia kim natalee tan history of water Christchurch was described as a swamp with sandy rdiges with a deep stream running in between and banks made of ax and scrub 16 dec1850 : Early settlers arrived facing problems with obtaining freshwater and drainage Drainage Christchurch had too much contaminated water causing health problems and too little water for safe domestic use. 1862 Sanitary Commission constructed: - underground sewers - side channels - lled hollows and gullies - open drains and piped drains the removal of lth and surface water... lowering the level of saturation of the subsiol beanth the city... ensure greater depth of dry soil over its entire surface -W Clark, Consulting engineer for Drainage Board Roads and buildings help rain run os Flooding 1859 Overowing of Waimakariri river. A.Beetham (engineer) constructed weirs to divert river away from the south bank of Halkett. 1868 The Great Flood. Waimakariri river overowed into Avon river, reaching Cathedral Square. 1922 Extensive system of stopbanksand groynes were constructed to control the river Wrights Cut River was shortened & had some branches closed o The Beginning HYDROCITY daniel yang sophia kim natalee tan history of water Supply Natural waterways: river, lakes, stream & springs. Shallow wells where water was raised manually. Deeper wells w/ artesian water , hydraulic ramps & windmills. High pressure reticulated water system Pre 1850 1850 1858 1877-now Present Water Supply System HYDROCITY daniel yang sophia kim natalee tan artesian water near the coast is free ow Aquifers > Wells> Pump Stations > Hilltop Reservoirs> Industries & Households artesian water in the citys west needs pumping how christchurch water supply works? 25-180m long bores 800km networked piping 2012 INDUSTRY HOUSEHOLDS HOUSEHOLDS ON PORT HILLS PUMP STATION WELLHEADS PUMP STATION WELLHEADS PUMP STATION PUMP STATION RESERVOIR RESERVOIR AQUIFER AQUFER Cities around rivers HYDROCITY daniel yang sophia kim natalee tan
S
Saudi Arabia. - Riyadh. Serbia. - Belgrade. - River Danube. Scotland - Edinburgh - Firth of Forth. Sierra Leone. - Freetown. - Freetown River. Slovakia. - Bratislava. - River Danube. Slovenia - Ljubljana - River Ljublanica. Spain. - Madrid. - River Manzanares. South Korea. - Seoul. - Han River. Swaziland - Mbabane - Mbabne River Sweden. - Stockholm. - River Norrstrom. Switzerland. - Bern. - River Aare. Sudan. - Khartoum. - River Nile. Suriname - Paramaribo - Suriname River Syria. - Damascus. - River Barada.
T
Taiwan. - Taipei. - River Danshui and River Xindian. Tajikstan. - Dushanbe. - River Varzob. Thailand. - Bangkok. - River Chao Phraya. Tunisia. - Tunis. - Lake of Tunis. Turkey. - Ankara. - River Ankara.
U
Uganda. - Kampala. - Lake Victoria. Ukraine. - Kiev. - River Dnieper. Uruguay. - Montivideo. - River Plate. United Arab Emirates - Abu Dhabi - Al Ain Oasis. United Kingdom. - London. - River Thames United States. - Washington D.C. - River Patomac Uzbekistan - Tashkent - River Chirchik.
V
Venezuela. - Caracas, - River Guaire. Vietman.- Hanoi. - Red River.
W
Wales - Cardi - Rivers Ta and Ely.
Z
Zambia. - Lusaka. - River Chongwe. Zimbabwe. - Harare. - River Limpopo and River Zambesi. L
Laos. - Vientiane. - River Mekong. Latvia. - Riga. - River Daugava. Leichtenstein - Vaduz - River Rhine. Lesotho. - Maseru. - River Mohokare. Libya. - Tripoli. - River Abu Ali. Lithuania - Vilnius - Rivers Neris and Vilnia. Luxembourg - Luxembourg City- Rivers Alzette & Pretusse.
M
Macedonia. - Skopje. - River Vardar. Madagascar. - Antanarivo. - River Ikoro. Malawi - Lilongwe - River Lilongwe. Malaysia. - Kuala Lumpur. - River Klamp. Mali - Bamako - River Niger. Malta - Valletta Mauritius. - Port Louis. - Black River. Mexico. - Mexico City. - River Coatzacoalcos. Mongolia. - Ulan Bator. - River Tuul. Moldova - Chisinau - River Bic. Morocco. - Rabat. - River Bou Regreg. Myanmar. - Mandalay. - Irriwady River.
N
Nepal. - Kathmandu. - River Bagmati. Netherlands. - Amsterdam. - River Amstel. New Zealand. - Wellington. - River Hutt. Nicaragua. - Managua. - River San Juan. Niger. - Niamey. - River Niger. North Korea. - Pyongyang. - River Taedong. Northern Ireland - Belfast - River Lagan. Norway. - Oslo. - River Akerselva.
P
Panama. - Panama City. - River Caloosahatchee. Papua New Guinea. - Port Moresby. - Brown River. Paraguay. - Asuncion. - River Paraguay. Peru. - Lima. - River Rimac. Philippines - Manilla - Pasig River. Poland. - Warsaw. - River Vistula. Portugal. - Lisbon. - River Tejo.
R
Republic of Ireland - Dublin - River Liey. Republic of South Sudan - Juba - River White Nile. Russia. - Moscow. - River Moskva. Rwanda. - Kigali. - River Ruganwa. E
Ethiopia. - Addis Ababa. - River Chankelia. Ecuador. - Quito. - River Guayllabamba. England - London - River Thames. Egypt. - Cairo. - River Nile. Estonia. - Tallinn. - River Pirita.
F
Finland. - Helsinki. - River Vantaa. France. - Paris. - River Seine. French Guyana. - Cayenne. - River Cayenne.
G
Gabon. - Libreville. - River Komo. Gambia. - Banjul. - River Gambia. Georgia - Tblisi - River Kura. Germany. - Berlin. - River Spree. and River Havel. Ghana. - Accra. - River Odaw. Greece. - Athens. - River Kissos. Greenland. - Nuuk. - Nuup Kangerlua Fjord. Guinea Bissau - Bissau - River Geba. Guyana - Georgetown - River Demerara.
H
Honduras. - Tegucigalpa. - River Choluteca. Hungary. - Budapest. - River Danube.
I
Iceland. - Reykjavik. - River Ellioaa. India. - Delhi. - River Yamuna. Indonesia. - Jakarta. - River Ciliwung. Iran. - Tehran. - River Hableh Rood. Iraq. - Baghdad. - River Tigris. Isle of Man - Douglas - Rivers Dhoo and Glass. Italy. - Rome. - River Tiber.
J
Japan. - Tokyo. - River Sumida.
K
Kazakstan. - Astana. - River Ishim. Kenya. - Nairobi. - River Nairobi. Kyrgyzstan. - Bishtek. - River Chu.
A
Afghanistan. - Kabul. - River Kabul. Albania. - Tirana. - The Rivers Ishem, Tirane and Lane Andorra - Andorra La Vella - Gran Valira. Argentina. - Buenos Aries. - River Plate. Armenia - Yerevan - Hrazdan River. Australia. - Canberra. - River Molonglo. Austria. - Vienna. - River Danube. Autonomous Region of Tibet - Lhasa - Kyi River.
B
Barbados - Bridgetown - River Careenage . Bangladesh. - Dhaka. - River Buriganga. Belize - Belmopan - Belize River. Belgium. - Brussels. - River Zenne. Bhutan. - Thimpu. - River Wong Chhu. Bolivia. - La Paz. - River Choqueapu. Bosnia and Herzogovenia - Sarajevo - River Miljacka. Botswana - Gaborone - Notowahe River. Brunei - Bandar Seri Begawan - Brunei River. Bulgaria. - Soa. - The Rivers Vladaiska and Perlovska. Burundi - Bujumbura - Lake Tanganyika.
C
Cambodia. - Phnom. Penh. - Rivers Bassac & Mekong & Lake Tonle Sap. Canada. - Ottawa. - River Ottawa. Chad. - N'djamena. - River Chari. China. - Beijing. - Yellow River. Chile - Santiago. - River Mapocho Colombia. - Bogota. - River Bogota. Congo. - Brazzaville. - River Congo. Croatia - Zagreb - River Sava. Cuba - Havana - River Almendares. Cyprus. - Nicosia. - River Pedieos. Czech Republic. - Prague. - River Vltava.
D
Democratic Republic of Congo. - Kinshasa. - River Congo. Dominica. - Roseau. - River Roseau. Dominican Republic. - Santa Domingo. - River Ozama.
RIVERS turned into cities around the world Majority of world's major cities are built around areas of freshwater. In the past, people chose to settle near rivers as a means of supplying drinking water, food supply, irrigation for crops, to service washing needs, and transport to aid commerce. Congo Nile Genges Yangtze volga Irtysh Lena Amur Yenisey Darling K o l y m a M e k o n g Danube Indus Niger Amazon Danube Danube San Francisco Parana Missouri Mississippi Mackenzie Yukon Christchurch rivers HYDROCITY daniel yang sophia kim natalee tan Christchurch was described as a swamp with sandy rdiges with a deep stream running in between and banks made of ax and scrub 16 dec1850 : Early settlers arrived facing problems with obtaining freshwater and drainage Drainage Christchurch had too much contaminated water causing health problems and too little water for safe domestic use. 1862 Sanitary Commission constructed: - underground sewers - side channels - lled hollows and gullies - open drains and piped drains the removal of lth and surface water... lowering the level of saturation of the subsiol beanth the city... ensure greater depth of dry soil over its entire surface -W Clark, Consulting engineer for Drainage Board Roads and buildings help rain run os Flooding 1859 Overowing of Waimakariri river. A.Beetham (engineer) constructed weirs to divert river away from the south bank of Halkett. 1868 The Great Flood. Waimakariri river overowed into Avon river, reaching Cathedral Square. 1922 Extensive system of stopbanksand groynes were constructed to control the river Wrights Cut River was shortened & had some branches closed o The Beginning 1 3 4 9 14 10 15 16 17 18 19 2 8 5 7 11 12 13 6 RANGIORA BURNHAM KAIAPOI BELFAST LYTTELTON DARFIELD SHEFFIELD OXFORD ROLLESTON SPRINGFIELD CHRISTCHURCH CITY WAIMAKARIRI RIVER HOMEBUSH WAIMAKARIRI GORGE AKAROA LAKE ELLESMERE SOUTHBRIDGE LEESTON RAKAIA DUNSANDEL TEMPLETON LINCOLN HALSWELL TAITAPU MOTUKARARA OLD WEST COAST ROAD WOODEND 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 13 14 15 16 17 10 12 Ashley River Cust River Cam River Styx River Kaiapoi River Waimakariri River - see separate brochure Otukaikino River Avon Heathcote River Okana River (Little River) Lake Forsyth Kaituna River Halswell River Lake Ellesmere LII River Selwyn River Irwell River Harts Creek Rakaia River 18 19 uknown very poor poor good HEATHCOTE pawaho AVON RIVER (tkaro) "the place of a game" Avon river orginates from a spring source in Avonhead and exits to the river through the estuary. ln Lhe pasL, Avon rlver was a place for early maorl seulemenL for lL's abundance of resources such as ounder, eels,ducks,whlLebalL. Cver Lhe years, Avon rlver has been an lmporLanL naLural recreauonal slLe wlLhln an urban conLexL, wlLh lL's banks llned wlLh many bulldlngs LhaL are now classled aL herlLage slLes. Aer Lhe earLhquake, Avon rlver had been classled as belng ln Lhe red zone and many proposals have been Lhrown Lo resLore Lhe park and make lL beuer Lhan before. 1he Avon 8lver ark" group envlslons Lhe Lransformauon of Lhls red zoned area lnLo a park compomlslng of rlver walks, blrd sancLuarles, 8Mx and horse rldlng Lracks, sporLs eld, plcnlc grounds, naLural swamps and punung. PeaLhcoLe rlver ls Lhe less auracuve counLerparL compared Lo Avon rlver due Lo Lhe lndusLrlal wasLe dlschargedlnLo lLs waLers ln Lhe pasL causlng Lhe waLer Lo be polluLed. 8esldes belng a Maorl seulemenL ln Lhe pasL,european seulers used PeaLhcoLe for LransporL. 1oday, noL much has changed, PeaLhcoLe rlver funcuons more as an urban draln rather than a natural waterway. Waimakariri River llows ln a souLheasLward dlrecuon from Lhe SouLhern Alps across Lhe CanLerbury lalns Lo Lhe aclc Ccean. 1he rlver ls bralded, wlLh wlde shlngle beds. ln 1923,Lhe rlver had poLenual supply elecLrlclLy Lo ChrlsLchurch wlLh a hydroelecLrlc dam, buL was never reallzed. lL's rlver mouLh ls very moblle has been known Lo cause oods ln Lhe pasL. !eLboamng ls a popular acuvlLy aL Lhls rlver. Christchurch rivers HYDROCITY daniel yang sophia kim natalee tan Maori settlement (pre 1850s) avon heathcote styx Otukaikino Ngi Tahu, Ngti Mamoe and Waitaha had a number of kinga and p randomly placed through the length of the Avon river where there was an abundancy of natural resources sourced from springs, waterways, wetlands, grasslands and forest. avon heathcote styx Otukaikino Colonial settlement (1850-1960) Canterbury Association laid Christchurch out as a rectangular grid on drier land up the Avon River. The uniform grid was relieved by open river banks, two diagonal streets and four open squares. Present (2012) 11 14 5 6 15 4 5 5 4 4 4 Much of the city had built buildings Around avon river, many of which are heritage buildings that had to be demolished due to the earthquakes damage to the riverbanks. Avon-Otakaro Network (AvON) is campaigning to turn the red zoned river into a park shared by the community and also one that connects the city to the estuary. avon heathcote styx Otukaikino Sections of aquifers acroses major locations in Christchurch HYDROCITY daniel yang sophia kim natalee tan avon heathcote styx Otukaikino 4742 1233 194.4 748.8 3888 2786.4 1036.8 2565 180m 959m 97m 542 1708 822 736 1510 372 3888 2786.4 1036.8 2565 180m 736 Pressure main & waste overow status 12 800 km pipe damaged estimated daily outow volume m3/day pump overow updated length of pressure main renewal (m) pressure main renewal land status: land repair would be prolonged and uneconomic A A 10.76km total length of pressure main renewals 18,778 m3/day total estimated daily outow volume majority of overow is located outside CBD, closer to the estuary 250% increase Water main breakage rate 13 reservoirs damaged 20% loss in pumping capacity 20 174 wells lost 80 174 wells damaged EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE Sections of aquifers acroses major locations in Christchurch HYDROCITY daniel yang sophia kim natalee tan 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9 / 8 / 2 0 1 1 9 / 1 0 / 2 0 1 1 9 / 1 2 / 2 0 1 1 9 / 1 4 / 2 0 1 1 9 / 1 6 / 2 0 1 1 9 / 1 8 / 2 0 1 1 9 / 2 0 / 2 0 1 1 9 / 2 2 / 2 0 1 1 9 / 2 4 / 2 0 1 1 9 / 2 6 / 2 0 1 1 9 / 2 8 / 2 0 1 1 9 / 3 0 / 2 0 1 1 1 0 / 2 / 2 0 1 1 1 0 / 4 / 2 0 1 1 1 0 / 6 / 2 0 1 1 1 0 / 8 / 2 0 1 1 1 0 / 1 0 / 2 0 1 1 1 0 / 1 2 / 2 0 1 1 1 0 / 1 4 / 2 0 1 1 1 0 / 1 6 / 2 0 1 1 1 0 / 1 8 / 2 0 1 1 1 0 / 2 0 / 2 0 1 1 1 0 / 2 2 / 2 0 1 1 1 0 / 2 4 / 2 0 1 1 1 0 / 2 6 / 2 0 1 1 1 0 / 2 8 / 2 0 1 1 1 0 / 3 0 / 2 0 1 1 1 1 / 1 / 2 0 1 1 1 1 / 3 / 2 0 1 1 1 1 / 5 / 2 0 1 1 1 1 / 7 / 2 0 1 1 1 Avon River at Anugua Street 2 Avon River near Manchester Street 3 Avon River at Dallington 4 Avon River at Kerrs Reach 5 Avon River at Pages Road 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 9 / 8 / 2 0 1 1 9 / 1 0 / 2 0 1 1 9 / 1 2 / 2 0 1 1 9 / 1 4 / 2 0 1 1 9 / 1 6 / 2 0 1 1 9 / 1 8 / 2 0 1 1 9 / 2 0 / 2 0 1 1 9 / 2 2 / 2 0 1 1 9 / 2 4 / 2 0 1 1 9 / 2 6 / 2 0 1 1 9 / 2 8 / 2 0 1 1 9 / 3 0 / 2 0 1 1 1 0 / 2 / 2 0 1 1 1 0 / 4 / 2 0 1 1 1 0 / 6 / 2 0 1 1 1 0 / 8 / 2 0 1 1 1 0 / 1 0 / 2 0 1 1 1 0 / 1 2 / 2 0 1 1 1 0 / 1 4 / 2 0 1 1 1 0 / 1 6 / 2 0 1 1 1 0 / 1 8 / 2 0 1 1 1 0 / 2 0 / 2 0 1 1 1 0 / 2 2 / 2 0 1 1 1 0 / 2 4 / 2 0 1 1 1 0 / 2 6 / 2 0 1 1 1 0 / 2 8 / 2 0 1 1 1 0 / 3 0 / 2 0 1 1 1 1 / 1 / 2 0 1 1 1 1 / 3 / 2 0 1 1 1 1 / 5 / 2 0 1 1 1 1 / 7 / 2 0 1 1 1 Heathcote River at Bowenvale 2 Heathcote River at Opawa Road 3 Heathcote River at Catherine Street 4 Heathcote River at Tunnel Road HEATHCOTE RIVER AVON RIVER E.COLI in Christchurch city rivers alert triggers are at a value of 260 MPN/100ml. values higher will instigate health risks. data compiled is after the February earthquake. E.Coli levels are now under control except for Dallington St and at Bowenwale. 260 260 E . c o l i
( M P N / 1 0 0 m L ) E . c o l i
( M P N / 1 0 0 m L ) avon heathcote styx Otukaikino 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 3D Section of aquifer distribution under Christchurch region HYDROCITY daniel yang sophia kim natalee tan Identication of Aquifers Aquifers are water-bearing layers which yield water in sucient quantities to be a practical source of water supply. In Canterbury Plains, aquifers are composed primarily of gravels with small proportions of ner material such as sands and silts. The less amount of ne grain results in layers that are relatively less permeable, and these layers are called aquitards. Sections of aquifers acroses major locations in Christchurch HYDROCITY daniel yang sophia kim natalee tan Section1 Section2 Section1 Section2 Section3 Section4 Performance of the aquifers The section diagram summarises the abstractive performance of the aquifers that have been identied and presents piezometric level (the level that water stands in a bore) which has been measured in a network of bores to provide information about the response to river ows, climatic variations, ocean tidal loading near the coast, earth tide, earthquakes, and the eects of abstractions via production bores. Sections of aquifers acroses major locations in Christchurch HYDROCITY daniel yang sophia kim natalee tan Section3 Section4 Distribution of Aquifers in Christhurch Region Layers of aquifers acrosses west to east consists of more layers and are more densely-distributed compared to from North to South. This conrmed that the owing direction of the aquifers in Christchurch region is mainly from west to east. As they reach the East coast, there are more conned aquifers and the water within are referred as artesian water. Aquifer discharge/recharge cycle HYDROCITY daniel yang sophia kim natalee tan Water ow direction and conned aquifer zones HYDROCITY daniel yang sophia kim natalee tan Water quality of the Christchurch aquifers HYDROCITY daniel yang sophia kim natalee tan HYDROCITY daniel yang sophia kim natalee tan Existing Water systems in Christchurch HYDROCITY daniel yang sophia kim natalee tan Christchurch water supply system HYDROCITY daniel yang sophia kim natalee tan New Zealand is in the midst of a growing concern for ecosystem protection. The more frequent use for recreational purposes of waterways, and impor- tantly, a rising respect for Maori religious beliefs in regard to letting human wastewater into waterways, has led to an ever widening scope into the search for a more holistic approach to water management. e choke point came in early 2011 when the centralised wastewater system failed hazardously. Quake-crippled Bromley Treatment Plant at its low was only process- ing 30 percent of its normal level. at had forced the council to release more untreated water into the 230 hectares of oxidation ponds and there was a 50 per cent chance that the oxygen level would drop below functional levels, turning the placid lakes into a vast cesspit. Post Earthquake HYDROCITY daniel yang sophia kim natalee tan Mechanical Oxidation ditch Extended aeration Sequencing batch reactor Trickling lter- SCP Acid neutralisation Activated carbon ltration Ozonization Settling Reverse Osmosis Distillation Chlorination Water softener Ultraltration Nanoltration Microltration Ion exchange resins Ultraviolet radiation Boiling Septic tanks DE ltration Aquatic Facultative Aerated Free water surface Constructed wetlands Aquaculture Water Hyacinths Duckweed Intermittent Recirculating Sand lters Land Treatment Overland ow Rapid inltration Subsurface inltration Subsurface ow Slow-rate Sediment ltration Slow Sand ltration Fast Sand ltration Water treatment methods