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Todays Lecture
Section 17.1, 17.2, 17.3
Next Lecture
Read Sec. 17.3, 17.4, 17.5 In Silberberg
H+ + In- HIn
blue-green
Bromocresol green structure is abbreviated HIn.
yellow
HIn
Determination of K
H+ + In HIn
[HIn] K= + [H ][In ]
Determine [HIn] and [In-] using spectrophotometry at 2 s. Determine [H+] using pH meter. pH = -log[H+]
Lab Preparation
Chapter 7 Read the ENTIRE lab
Review Appendices C (Volumetric Measurement) and D (Spectroscopy)
Attend recitation.
Kinetics applies to the speed of a reaction, the concentration of product that appears (or of reactant that disappears) per unit time
A system at equilibrium is dynamic on the molecular level; no further net change in concentration is observed because the rate of formation = the rate of disappearance of each reactant and product.
MgO + CO2
MgCO3
Demo
Reversible Reactions
2 NO2(g) N2O4(g) Brown Colorless
Equilibrium is reached at fixed temp (room temp), in closed system
Forward rxn
Backward rxn
rewarmed
Equilibrium
After the temperature stops changing in the 2 NO2 N2O4 reaction
The amounts of reactants and products stop changing. Equilibrium has been reached. Equilibrium: the condition at which the amount, concentration, and/or pressure of reactants and products in a closed system do not change, no matter how long the wait
Equilibrium
Equilibrium achieved
Product conc. increases and then becomes constant at equilibrium Reactant conc. declines and then becomes constant at equilibrium
What is rateforward when [H2] stops changing? Rate = k[H2][I2] if elementary rxn
Equilibrium
Five important ideas about equilibrium:
1. Both reactants and products are present and the system must be closed 2. Constant conditions (constant T, constant P no delta E, etc.)
3. Amounts of reactants and products stop changing, but the reactions do not stop! 4. Reactants and products continue to interconvert
5. sometimes it takes a very long time to reach equilibrium (ex. Rusting metal)
Raterev = krev[N2O4]
rateforward = ratereverse
kfwd[NO2 = krev[N2O4]
]2
= Keq
Keq the equilibrium constant. This is a particular ratio of equilibrium concentrations of products and reactants at a particular temperature.
small K K<<1
large K K>>1
intermediate K K = ~1
1) Small K
2) Large K
N2 (g) + O2 (g)
2 CO(g) + O2 (g)
2 NO(g)
2 CO2 (g)
K = 1 x 10 -30
K = 2.2 x 1022
3) Intermediate K
2 BrCl(g)
K=5
Qp =
PCy x PDz
PAw x PBx
Reaction Quotients
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b.
Qp =
PCy x PDz
PAw x PBx
K in Terms of Pressure
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Kp = Kc(RT)n
n = coeff prod coeff react (If the total # of moles of gas do not change, then n = 0 and Kp = Kc)
A consequence of the gas law:
n P = RT V
Partial pressure Concentration (mol/L)
1 mole/0.018 L = 56 M
What is the concentration of H2O (M.Wt. 18 g/mole) in 1,800 mL of water (mass 1,800 g)? 100 mole/1.8 L = 56 M
The concentration of water does not change as the volume of water changes. The concentration of a solid, a liquid, or a solvent does not change even if its volume changes. So leave out of Q & K equations!
c. NH3(g) + HCl(g)
NH4Cl(s)
Qp =
1
Qc(fwd)
The equilibrium expression for a reaction written in reverse is the reciprocal of that for the original reaction.