Giao An Day Them Toan 8

Gio n BDHSG ton 8 - GV: Nguyn Tin Thun
Bui 1 : hng ng thc

a. mc tiu:
* Cng c v nng cao kin thc v php nhn a thc hng ng
thc
* Tip tc rn luyn k nng gii cc bi ton v php nhn a thc
hng ng thc
* To hng th cho HS trong qu trnh hc nng cao mn ton
b. hot ng dy hc:
I. Nhc li ni dung bi hc:
1. Nhn a thc vi a thc:
A( B + C + D) = AB + AC + AD
(A + B + C) (D + E) = AD + AE + BD + BE + CD + CE
2.Nhng hng ng thc ng nh:
Bnh phng mt tng: ( A + B)
2
= A
2
+ 2AB + B
2
(1)
Bnh phng mt hiu: ( A - B)
2
= A
2
- 2AB + B
2
(2)
Hiu hai bnh phng: A
2
B
2
= (A + B)(A B) (3)
II. Bi tp p dng:
Hot ng ca GV Hot ng ca HS
1. Bi 1: Rt gn biu thc
a) (x + 1) (x
2
+ 2x + 4)
Thc hin php nhn ri rt gn
b) (x
2
+ x + 1)(x
5
x
4
+ x
2
x + 1)
c) (3x + 1)
2
2(3x + 1)(3x + 5) +
(3x + 5)
2
Bi 2: Tm x bit:
3(x + 2)
2
+ (2x 1)
2
7(x + 3)(x -
3) = 172
p dng cc H.ng thc no
gii
Bin i, rt gn v tri
Bi 3:
Cho x + y = a; xy = b. tnh gi tr
cc biu thc sau theo a v b:
x
2
+ y
2
; x
4
+ y
4
HS ghi , thc hin theo nhm
HS cng GV thc hin li gii
a) (x + 1) (x
2
+ 2x + 4) =x
3
+ 2x
2
+ 4x + x
2
+ 2x + 4 = x
3
+ 3x
2
+ 6x
+ 4
b) (x
2
+ x + 1)(x
5
x
4
+ x
2
x + 1)
= = x
7
+ x
2
+ 1
c) (3x + 1)
2
2(3x + 1)(3x + 5) +
(3x + 5)
2
= [(3x + 1) (3x + 5)]
2
= (3x + 1
3x 5)
2
= (- 4)
2
= 16
HS ghi bi
gii theo nhm t pht
p dng cc H.ng thc (1), (2),
(3)
3(x + 2)
2
+ (2x 1)
2
7(x + 3)(x -
3) = 172
3(x
2
+ 4x + 4) + 4x
2
4x + 1
7(x
2
9) = 172
8x = 96
x = 12
1
Bi 4: chng minh rng
a) (x + y)(x
3
x
2
y + xy
2
y
3
) = x
4

y
4
b) Nu: (a + b)
2
= 2(a
2
+ b
2
) th: a
= b
T (a + b)
2
= 2(a
2
+ b
2
) suy ra
iu g?
c) Nu: x + y + z = 0 v
xy + yz + zx = 0 th x = y = z
T : x + y + z = 0
(x + y + z)
2
=?
T o ta c iu g?
d) cho a + b + c = 0 v a
2
+ b
2
+
c
2
= 2
c/m: a
4
+ b
4
+ c
4
= 2
HD cch gii tng t
Bi 5:
So snh:
a) A = 1997 . 1999 v B = 1998
2
b)A = 4(3
2
+ 1)(3
4
+ 1)(3
64
+ 1)
v B = 3
128
- 1
Tnh 4 theo 3
2
1?
Khi A = ?
p dng hng ng thc no lin
tip so snh A v B
HS ghi bi, tin hnh bi gii
Ta c x
2
+ y
2
= (x + y)
2
2xy = a
2
2b
x
4
+ y
4
= (x
2
+ y
2
)
2
2(xy)
2

= (a
2
2b)
2
2b
2
= a
4
- 4a
2
b + 2b
2

HS ghi , tin hnh gii cng vi
GV
a)VT = (x + y)(x
3
x
2
y + xy
2
y
3
)
= x
4
x
3
y + x
2
y
2
xy
3
+x
3
y - x
2
y
2
+ xy
3
- y
4
= x
4
y
4
= VP (pcm)
b) T (a + b)
2
= 2(a
2
+ b
2
) suy ra
a
2
+ 2ab + b
2
= 2a
2
+ 2b
2

a
2
-
2ab + b
2
= 0
(a b)
2
= 0
a b = 0
a = b
(pcm)
c) T : x + y + z = 0
(x + y + z)
2
= 0
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
+ 2(xy + yz + zx) =
0
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 0 ( v xy + yz +
zx = 0)
x = y = z
d) T a + b + c = 0
(a + b + c )
2
= 0
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ 2(ab + bc + ca) =
0
ab + bc + ca = -1 (1)
Ta li c:
(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
2
= a
4
+ b
4
+ c
4
+
2( a
2
b
2
+ b
2
c
2
+ c
2
a
2
) = 4 (2)
T (1)
(ab + bc + ca)
2
= 1
a
2
b
2
+ b
2
c
2
+ c
2
a
2
= 1 (3)
T (2) v (3) suy ra a
4
+ b
4
+ c
4
=
2
a) A = 1997 . 1999 = (1998 1)
(1998 + 1)
= 1998
2
1 < 1998
2

A < B
b) V 4 =
2
3 1
2
nn
A = 4(3
2
+ 1)(3
4
+ 1)(3
8
+ 1)(3
64
2
Bi 6:
a) Cho a = 111( co n ch s 1)
b = 10005( c n 1 ch s 0)
Cmr: ab + 1 l s chnh phng
b) Cho U
n
= 111555 (c n ch
s 1 v n ch s 5)
Cmr: U
n
+ 1 l s chnh phng
+ 1)
=
2
3 1
2
(3
2
+ 1)(3
4
+ 1)(3
8
+ 1)(3
64
+ 1)
=
1
2
(3
4
- 1) (3
4
+ 1)(3
8
+ 1)(3
64
+
1)
=
1
2
(3
8
- 1)(3
8
+ 1)(3
64
+ 1)
=
1
2
(3
16
- 1)(3
16
+ 1)(3
32
+ 1)(3
64
+
1)
=
1
2
(3
32
- 1)(3
32
+ 1)(3
64
+ 1)
=
1
2
(3
64
- 1)(3
64
+ 1) =
1
2
(3
128
- 1) =
1
2
B
Vy: A < B
Ta c: b = 10
n
+ 5 = 9.9 + 6
= 9(11) + 6 = 9a + 6
ab + 1 = a(9a + 6) + 1 = 9a
2
+
6a +1
= (3a + 1)
2
l mt s chnh phng
Ta vit:
=
= 111.10
n
+ 5. 111
t: a = 111 th 9a + 1 = 10
n
Do : U
n
+ 1 = 9a
2
+ 6a +1 =(3a
+ 1)
2

III. Bi tp v nh:
Bi 1:
cho x + y = 3. Tnh gi tr biu thc: x
2
+ y
2
+ 2xy 4x 4y + 1
Bi 2:
Chng minh rng: x
4
+ y
4
+ (x + y)
4
= 2(x
2
+ xy + y
2
)
2
Bi 3:
Cho (a + b + c)
2
= 3(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
). Cmr: a = b = c
3
3
U
U
n
n
=
n s 11 n s 55
++
n s 00 n s 11
n s 5
Bi 4: Chng minh rng:
Nu n l tng ca hai s chnh phng th 2n v n
2
cng l tng ca
hai s chnh
phng
Bi 5: So snh:
A =
x y
x y
+
vi B =
2 2
2 2
x y
x y
+
(Vi 0 < y < x )
Bui 2 : hng ng thc ( Tip)
a. mc tiu:
* Cng c v nng cao kin thc v hng ng thc
* Tip tc rn luyn k nng gii cc bi ton v hng ng thc
* To hng th cho HS trong qu trnh hc nng cao mn ton
b. hot ng dy hc:
I. Nhc li ni dung bi hc:
Nhng hng ng thc ng nh:
4
Bnh phng mt tng: ( A + B)
2
= A
2
+ 2AB + B
2
(1)
Bnh phng mt hiu: ( A - B)
2
= A
2
- 2AB + B
2
(2)
Hiu hai bnh phng: A
2
B
2
= (A + B)(A B) (3)
Lp phng mt tng: (A + B)
3
= a
3
+ 3a
2
b + 3ab
2
+ b
3
(4)
Lp phng mt hiu: (A - B)
3
= a
3
- 3a
2
b + 3ab
2
- b
3
(5)
Tng hai lp phng: a
3
+ b
3
= ( a + b )( a
2
ab + b
2
) (6)
Hiu hai lp phng: a
3
b
3
= ( a b )( a
2
+ ab + b
2
) (7)
Bnh phng tng ba hng t: (A + B + C)
2
= A
2
+ B
2
+ C
2
+ 2(AB + AC
+ BC)
II. Bi tp p dng:
Bi 1: Rt gn biu thc:
a) (x - 2)
3
- x(x + 1)(x - 1) + 6x(x
- 3)
Cho HS ghi , tin hnh bi
gii
Ta thc hin php tnh nh th
no?
b) (x - 2)(x
2
- 2x + 4)(x + 2)(x
2
+
2x + 4)
Ta nn thc hin php tnh nh
th no?
Bi 2: Tm x bit
(x - 3)(x
2
+ 3x + 9) + x(x + 2)(2
- x) = 1
tm x ta lm th no?
Bi 3: Vit biu thc sau di
dng tng ca ba bnh phng:
A = (a + b + c)
2
+ a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
Cho HS suy ngh, tm cch gii
Nu HS cha gii c th gi :
Hy trin khai, tch tng trn
thnh ba tng c dng: A
2
+
2AB + B
2

HS ghi , tin hnh bi gii
1HS ln gii
a) (x - 2)
3
- x(x + 1)(x - 1) + 6x(x - 3)
= ...= 5x - 8
HS thc hin, 1HS ln gii
b) (x - 2)(x
2
- 2x + 4)(x + 2)(x
2
+ 2x +
4)
= (x - 2)(x
2
+ 2x + 4)(x + 2)(x
2
- 2x +
4)
= (x
3
- 8)(x
3
+ 8) = x
6
- 64
HS ghi , tin hnh bi gii
Thc hin php tnh, rt gn v tri
1HS ln bng gii
(x - 3)(x
2
+ 3x + 9) + x(x + 2)(2 - x)
= 1
x
3
- 27 - x(x + 2)(x - 2) = 1
x
3
- 27 - x(x
2
- 4) = 1
x
3
- 27 - x
3
+ 4x = 1
4x = 28
x = 7
HS ghi , tm cch gii
i din HS ln trnh by( Nu khng
gii c th theo Hd ca GV)
A = a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+2ab+2bc+ 2 ca+
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
= (a
2
+ 2ab+ b
2
) + (a
2
+2ac+ c
2
) +
(b
2
+ 2bc+ c
2
)
= (a + b)
2
+ (a + c)
2
+ (b + c)
2

5
Bi 4: Tnh gi tr Bt khi bit
gi tri Bt khc
a) Cho x + y = 2; x
2
+ y
2
= 10.
Tnh gi tr ca Bt A = x
3
+ y
3
Cho HS gii
Vit A thnh tch
tnh gi tr ca A ta cn tnh
xy.
Tnh xy nh th no?
T : x + y = 2; x
2
+ y
2
= 10. Hy
tm cch tnh xy
b) Cho a + b + c = 0 ; a
2
+ b
2
+
c
2
= 1
Tnh gi tr ca Bt: B = a
4
+ b
4
+
c
4
?
c a
4
+ b
4
+ c
4
ta lm th
no?
Nhim v by gi l lm g?
c (a
2
b
2
+ b
2
c
2
+ c
2
a
2
) ta phi
lm g?
Khi ab + bc + ca = ?
a
2
b
2
+ b
2
c
2
+ c
2
a
2
= ?
T y, lm th no tnh
gi tr ca Bt B
Bi 5:
Cho a =
{
2n
1....1
; b =
{
n 1
1....1
+
v c =
{
n
6....6
Chng minh rng: A = a + b + c
+ 8 l mt s chnh phng
chng minh mt tng l mt
s chnh phng, ta cn c/m g?
HS gii
A = (x + y)(x
2
+ y
2
- xy) = 2( 10 - xy)
(1)
HS suy ngh, tm cch tnh xy
T x + y = 2
x
2
+ y
2
+ 2xy = 4

xy = - 3 (2)
Thay (2) vo (1) ta c : A = 2(10 + 3)
= 26
HS ghi
Bnh phng Bt: a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
= 1, ta
c
a
4
+ b
4
+ c
4
+ 2(a
2
b
2
+ b
2
c
2
+ c
2
a
2
) =
1
a
4
+ b
4
+ c
4
= 1 - 2(a
2
b
2
+ b
2
c
2
+
c
2
a
2
) (1)
Tnh: 2(a
2
b
2
+ b
2
c
2
+ c
2
a
2
)
ta phi bnh phng Bt: (ab + bc +
ca)
Ta bnh phng Bt: a + b + c = 0, ta
c:
(a + b + c)
2
= a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ 2(ab +
bc + ca) = 0
ab + bc + ca =
1
2

(ab + bc +
ca)
2
=
1
4
a
2
b
2
+ b
2
c
2
+ c
2
a
2
+ 2(a + b + c)
abc =
1
4
a
2
b
2
+ b
2
c
2
+ c
2
a
2
=
1
4
(2)
Thay (2) vo (1) ta c:
B = 1 - 2.
1
4
= 1 -
1
2
=
1
2
HS ghi , tm cch gii
6
A = a + b + c + 8 = ?
Ta c:
{ {
n n
9
11...1 (11...1)
9
. Vit thnh
lu tha 10?
Bi 6: Tn ti hay khng cc s
x, y, z tho mn ng thc:
x
2
+ 4y
2
+ z
2
- 4x + 4y - 8z + 23
= 0
Hy bin i v tri ng thc
thnh dng tng cc bnh ph-
ng?
C nhn xt g v hai v ca
ng thc?
Ta c kt lun g?
Ta c th ni : Biu thc
A = x
2
+ 4y
2
+ z
2
- 4x + 4y - 8z +
23 c gi tr nh nht l 2 khi x
= 2 ; y =
1
2
v z = 4
chng minh mt tng l mt s
chnh phng, ta cn c/m n bng
bnh phng ca mt s
A =
{
2n
1....1
+
{
n 1
1....1
+
+
{
n
6....6
+ 8
=
9
9
(
{
2n
1....1
) +
9
9
(
{
n 1
1....1
+
) + 6(
{
n
1....1
) + 8
=
2n
10 1
9
+
n 1
10 1
9
+
+ 6.
n
10 1
9
+ 8
=
2n n 1 n
10 10 10 64
9
+
+ + +
=
2n n
10 16.10 64
9
+ +
=
2 2
2
n
n 1
10 8 100...08
33...36
3 3

_ _ + _

,
, ,
12 3
x
2
+ 4y
2
+ z
2
- 4x + 4y - 8z + 23 = 0
(x
2
- 4x+ 4)+(4y
2
+4y+1)+(z
2
- 8z
+16)+ 2 = 0
(x - 2)
2
+ (2y + 1)
2
+ (z - 4)
2
+ 2 =
0
R rng, v tri ca ng thc l
mt s dng vi mi x, y, z; cn v
phi bng 0
Vy khng tn ti cc s x, y, z tho
mn ng thc: x
2
+ 4y
2
+ z
2
- 4x +
4y - 8z + 23 = 0
Bi tp v nh
Bi 1: Rt gn biu thc:
a) (y - 2)(y + 2)(y
2
+ 4) - (y + 3)(y - 3)(y
2
+ 9)
b) 2(x
2
- xy + y
2
)(x - y)(x
2
+ xy + y
2
)(x + y) - 2(x
6
- y
6
)
Bi 2:
a) Cho x - y = 1. Tnh gi tr Bt: A = x
3
- y
3
- 3xy
b) Cho x + y = a + b; x
2
+ y
2
= a
2
+ b
2
. Tnh x
3
+ y
3
theo a v b
Bi 3: Chng minh rng
Nu a + b + c = 0 th a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
= 3 abc
7
8
Bui 3 : ng trung bnh ca tam gic, hnh thang
a. mc tiu:
- Cng c v nng cao kin thc v hnh thang, ng trung bnh
ca tam gic, ng trung bnh ca hnh thang
- Tip tc rn luyn k nng chng minh hnh hc cho HS
- to nim tin v hng th cho HS trong khi hc nng cao
b. hot ng dy hc:
I. Nhc li mt s kin thc bi hc:
1. ng trung bnh ca tam gic
* on thng ni trung im hai cnh ca tam gic
gi l ng trung bnh ca tam gic
- E l trung im AB, F l trung im AC thi EF l ng trung bnh
ca ABC
- Nu E l trung im AB v EF // BC th F l trung
im AC
- EF l ng trung bnh ca ABC th EF // BC v
EF =
1
2
BC
4. ng trung bnh ca hnh thang:
* on thng ni trung im hai cnh bn
ca hnh thang gi l ng trung bnh
ca hnh thang
+ Hnh thang ABCD (AB // CD) c M l
trung im AD, N l trung im BC th
MN l ng trung bnh ca hnh thang
ABCD
+ Nu MA = MD, MN // CD // AB th NB =
NC
+ MN l ng trung bnh ca hnh thang ABCD
th MN // AB // CD v MN =
1
2
(AB + CD)
II. Bi tp p dng:
Bi 1:
Cho ABC u cnh a. Gi M, N
theo th t l trung im ca
AB v AC
a) T gic BCMN l hnh g? v
sao?
b) Tnh chu vi ca t gic BCNM
theo a
Cho HS tm li gii t pht
D on dng ca t gic BCNM?
c/m t gic BCNM l hnh
thang cn
ta cn c/m g?
V sao MN // BC
HS ghi bi
Vit GT, KL, v hnh
HS suy ngh,
tm li gii
HS d on
c/m: MN // BC
v

B = C
T GT
MN l
ng trung
bnh ca ABC
MN // BC (1) v MN =
1
2
BC (2)
9
A
B C
E
F
F
CC
NN
MM
BB
A
III. Bi tp v nh:
Bi 1:
Cho hnh thang vung ABCD (AB // CD,
A
= 90
0
); AB = CD =
1
2
AB
k CH AB, Gi giao im ca AC v DH l E, giao im ca BD v
CH l F
a) T gic ADCH l hnh g?
b) C/m : AC BC
c) EF =
1
2
DC =
1
4
AB
Bi 2:
Chng minh rng: on thng ni trung im hai ng cho ca
hnh thang th song song vi hai y v bng na hiu hai y
Bui 4 phn tch a thc thnh nhn t
a. mc tiu:
* Cng c, khc su v nng cao kin thc v phn tch a thc
thnh nhn t
* HS s dng thnh tho cc phng php phn tch a thc thnh
nhn t
* Vn dng vic phn tch a thc thnh nhn t vo cc bi ton
chng minh, tm gi tr ca biu thc, ca bin
b. hot ng dy hc:
I. Nhc li kin thc bi hc:
Cc phng php phn tch a thc thnh nhn t:
10
* Phng php t nhn t chung: AB + AC + AD = A(B + C + D)
* Phng php dng hng ng thc: S dng Ht vit a thc
thnh tch
* Phng php nhm cc hng t: Nhm cc hng t no vi nhau
lm xut hin nhn t chung hoc xut hin hng ng thc
* Phng php tch hng t :
Vi a thc dng: a x
2
+ bx + c ta lm nh sau:
Vit tch ac = b
1
b
2
= b
3
b
4
= sau chn ra 2 tha s c tng bng b.
Tch bx = (b
1
x + b
2
x) nu b = b
1
+ b
2

Khi a x
2
+ bx + c = (b
1
x
2
+ b
1
x) + ( b
2
x + b
2
) =
* Phng php t n ph: t n ph a biu thc cn phn tch
thnh mt biu thc d phn tch hn
* Phng php Thm bt cng mt hng t : Thm hoc bt cng mt hng
t lm xut hin nhn t chung hoc mt hng ng thc
* Phi hp nhiu phng php: s dng ng thi nhiu phng php
phn tch
II. Bi tp vn dng:
Hot ng ca Gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh
Bi 1: Phn tch thnh nhn
t:
a) 25x
4
10x
2
y + y
2
p dng phng php no
phn tch a thc ny
b) 8m
3
+ 36m
2
n + 54mn
2
+ 27n
3
c) (4x
2
3x -18)
2
(4x
2
+ 3x)
2
t
a) x
4
+ 2x
3
4x - 4
Ta p dng phng php no
phn tch
b) x
3
+2x
2
y x 2y
c) ac
2
x adx bc
2
x + cdx +bdx
c
3
x
HS: p dng PP dng Ht
25x
4
10x
2
y + y
2
= (5x
2
)
2
2. 5x
2
.y +
y
2
= (5x
2
y)
2
b) 8m
3
+ 36m
2
n + 54mn
2
+ 27n
3
= (2m)
3
+ 3.(2m)
2
.3n + 3.2m.(3n)
2
+
(3n)
3
= (2m + 3n)
3
c) (4x
2
3x -18)
2
(4x
2
+ 3x)
2
= [(4x
2
3x -18) (4x
2
+ 3x)][(4x
2
3x
-18) + (4x
2
+ 3x)] = (8x
2
18) (- 6x
18)
= 2(4x
2
9)[- 6(x + 3)]
= -12(2x + 3)(2x 3)(x + 3)
p dng phng php nhm hng t
a) x
4
+ 2x
3
4x 4 = (x
4
4 ) + (2x
3

4x)
= (x
2
+ 2)(x
2
2) + 2x(x
2
2)
= (x
2
2)(x
2
+ 2x + 2)
b) x
3
+2x
2
y x 2y = x
2
(x + 2y) (x +
2y)
= (x + 2y)(x
2
1) = (x + 2y)(x 1)(x +
11
3. Bi 3: Phn tch thnh
nhn t
a) x
2
6x + 8
p dng phng php no
phn tch? Phn tch bng
cch tch hng t no? tch nh
th no?
C th tch nh th no khc
na xut hin hng ng
thc ri tip tc phn tch
Tng t, GV cng HS tm ra cc
cch phn tch khc trong ph-
ng php tch hng t
b) a
4
+ a
2
+ 1
Hy tch a
2
thnh 2 hng t
phn tch
c) x
3
19x 30
Hy tch hng t -19x phn
tch
t
a) a
4
+ 64
Dng a
2
+ b
2
nn ta thm v bt
hng t no xut hin mt
hng ng thc
b) x
5
x
4
- 1
c) a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
- 3abc
Ta c a
3
+ b
3
, vy nn thm
bt cc hng t no xut
hin hng ng thc
1)
c) ac
2
x adx bc
2
x + cdx + bdx c
3
x
= ( adx + bdx + cdx) + (ac
2
x bc
2
x
c
3
x)
= dx( -a + b + c) + c
2
x(a b c)
= x[(b + c a)d c
2
(b + c a)]
= x(b + c a) (d - c
2
)
HS ghi
Cch 1:
V 1.8 = 2.4 = (-4)(-2); -6 = (-2) + (-4)
nn ta c: x
2
6x + 8 = (x
2
- 2x) (4x
8)
= x(x 2) 4(x 2) = (x 2)(x - 4)
Cch 2: x
2
6x + 8 = (x
2
6x + 9) 1
= ?
Cch 3: x
2
6x + 8 = (x
2
4) 6x + 12
=?
Cch 4: x
2
6x + 8 = (x
2
16) 6x +
24 =..?
HS v nh tm thm cch khc
b) a
4
+ a
2
+ 1 = (a
4
+ 2a
2
+ 1 ) a
2
= (a
2
+ 1)
2
a
2
= (a
2
a + 1)(a
2
+ a
+ 1)
c) x
3
19x 30 = (x
3
9x) (10x + 30)
= x(x
2
9) 10 (x + 3)
= (x + 3)[x(x 3) 10] = (x + 3)(x
2

3x 10)
= (x + 3) [(x
2
5x) + (2x 10)]
= (x + 3)[x(x 5) + 2(x 5)]
= (x + 3)(x 5)(x + 2)
thm v bt 2ab ta c;
a
4
+ 64 = (a
2
)
2
+ 2.8a
2
+ 64 2.8a
2
= (a
2
+ 8)
2
(4a)
2
= (a
2
+ 4a + 8)(a
2
-
4a + 8)
b) x
5
x
4
1
= (x
5
- x
4
+ x
3
) - (x
3
- x
2
+ x) - (x
2
- x +
1)
= x
3
(x
2
- x + 1) - x (x
2
- x + 1) - (x
2
- x
12
Hy phn tch a thc trn
thnh nhn t
t
a) (x
2
+ x )
2
+ 4x
2
+ 4x - 12
Ta s dng phng php no
phn tch
b) (x
2
+ 8x + 7)(x
2
+ 8x + 15) +
15
Yc HS lm tng t nh cu a
Bi 6:
a) Cho a + b + c = 0 c/m rng:
a
4
+ b
4
+ c
4
= 2(a
2
b
2
+ b
2
c
2
+
c
2
a
2
)
T a + b + c = 0
?
b) cho xy
0; (a
2
+b
2
)(x
2
+y
2
) =
(ax + by)
2
C/m:
a b
x y
+ 1)
= (x
2
- x + 1)(x
3
- x - 1)
HS suy ngh, tr li
c) a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
- 3abc
= (a
3
+ b
3
+ 3a
2
b+ 3ab
2
)+ c
3
- (3a
2
b+
3ab
2
+3abc)
= (a + b)
3
+ c
3
- 3ab(a+ b+ c)
= (a+ b+ c)[(a+ b)
2
- (a+ b)c + c
2
] -
3ab(a+b+c)
= (a+ b+ c)(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
- ab - ac - bc)
a) (x
2
+ x )
2
+ 4x
2
+ 4x - 12
= (x
2
+ x )
2
+ 4(x
2
+ x ) 12 (*)
t (x
2
+ x ) = y ta c
(*) = y
2
+ 4y 12 = (y
2
+ 4y + 4) 16
= (y + 2)
2
4
2
= (y + 6)(y 2)
= (x
2
+ x +6 )(x
2
+ x - 2)
= (x
2
+ x +6 )[(x
2
x) + (2x 2)]
= (x
2
+ x +6 )[x(x 1) + 2(x 1)]
= (x
2
+ x +6 )(x 1)(x + 2)
b) t y = x
2
+ 8x + 7 th x
2
+ 8x +
15 = y + 8
ta c: (x
2
+ 8x + 7)(x
2
+ 8x + 15) +
15
= y(y + 8) + 15 = y
2
+ 8y + 15
= y
2
+ 8y +16 1 = (y + 4)
2
1
= (y + 3)(y + 5) =(x
2
+ 8x + 10)(x
2
+
8x + 12)
a) T a + b + c = 0
(a + b + c )
2
=
0
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ 2(ab + bc + ca) = 0
(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
2
= [ - 2(ab + bc +
ca)]
2
a
4
+ b
4
+ c
4
+ 2( a
2
b
2
+ b
2
c
2
+ c
2
a
2
)
= 4[a
2
b
2
+ b
2
c
2
+ c
2
a
2
+ 2abc(a + b +
c)
a
4
+ b
4
+ c
4
+ 2( a
2
b
2
+ b
2
c
2
+ c
2
a
2
)
= 4(a
2
b
2
+ b
2
c
2
+ c
2
a
2
). V a + b + c
= 0
a
4
+ b
4
+ c
4
= 2( a
2
b
2
+ b
2
c
2
+ c
2
a
2
)
b) T (a
2
+ b
2
)(x
2
+ y
2
) = (ax + by)
2

13
(a
2
+ b
2
)(x
2
+ y
2
) - (ax + by)
2
= 0
a
2
x
2
+ a
2
y
2
+ b
2
x
2
+ b
2
y
2
- a
2
x
2
-
2abxy - b
2
y
2
= 0
a
2
y
2
- 2abxy + b
2
x
2
= 0
(ay bx)
2
= 0
ay bx = 0
ay = bx
a b
x y
(pcm)
III. Bi tp v nh:
Bi 1: Phn tch thnh nhn t
a) 25x
2
20xy + 4y
2
b) x
3
4x
2
9x + 36
c) x
2
7xy + 10y
2
d) (x
2
+ x + 1)(x
2
+ x + 2)
12
Bi 2: Chng minh rng
a) Hiu cc bnh phng ca hai s l lin tip th chia ht cho 8
b) A = (n + 1)
4
+ n
4
+ 1 chia ht cho mt s chnh phng khc 1 vi
n N
bi 5: hnh bnh hnh hnh ch nht
A. MUC TIEU:
* Cung co va nang cao kien thc ve hnh bnh hanh va hnh
ch nhat
* Van dung thanh thao kien thc vao cac bai tap ve Hbh va
hcn
* HS co hng thu va nghiem tuc trong hoc tap
B. HOAT ONG DAY HOC:
I. Nhac lai kien thc bai hoc:
Kien
thc
Hnh bnh hanh Hnh ch nhat
1.
nh
ngha
ABCD la Hbh
AB // CD

AD // BC
'
ABCD la Hcn

0
A = B = C = D 90
2.
Tnh
chat
ABCD la Hbh , AC
BD = O

AB = CD, AD = BC
A = C , B = D
OA = OC, OD = OB
'
ABCD la Hcn , AC
BD = O

AB = CD, AD = BC
A = C , B = D
OA = OC, OD = OB
AC = BD
'
3.
Dau
hieu
nhan
ABCD
la Hbh

14
+
+ ABCD co AB //
CD
Va
+ ABCD la Hbh
co:
-
- AC = BD
ABCD
La hcn

AB // CD, AD // BC
AB = CD, AD = BC
A = B , C = D
OA = OC, OB = OD
( O = AC BD)

biet
II. Bai tap van dung:
Hoat ong cua GV Hoat ong cua HS
1. Bai 1:
Cho Hbh ABCD co
0
A = 120
.
ng phan giac cua goc D
i qua trung iem cua AB
a) C/m: AB = 2AD
b) Goi F la trung iem cua
CD.
C/m ADF eu, AFC can
c) C/m AC AD
Giai
Goi E la trung iem cua AB.
Ta co ADE la tam giac g? V
sao?
Hay C/m ieu o
Hay C/m ADF can tai A co
mot goc 60
0
Hay C/m AFC can tai F
T AFC can tai F ta suy ra
ieu g?
Goc DFA bang hai lan goc
nao cuaAFC
DAC
=?
2. Bai 2:
Cho ABC va O la iem
thuoc mien trong cua tam
giac o. Goi D, E, F lan lt
la trung iem cua AB, BC, CA
va L, M, N lan lt la trung
HS ghi e, ve hnh
H
FF
EE
DD
CC
BB A
a) ADE la tam giac can
Ta co
0
A = 120
, ma ABCD la Hbh
nen
0
D = 60

0
ADE = AED = 30
ADE can
tai A
AD = AE ma AB = 2 AE
Nen AB = 2AD
b) AB = CD (do ABCD la Hbh)
ma DF =
1
2
CD, AD =
1
2
AB. Suy ra
AD = DF
ADF can trai D co
0
D = 60

vay: ADF la tam giac eu
Ta co AF = DF (do ADF eu)
Ma DF = FC (F la trung iem cua
BC)
Suy ra AF = FC AFC can tai F
c) AFC can tai F

DFA = 2FAC
(Goc ngoai tai nh cua tam
giac can)
Ma
0
FDA = 60
(do ADF eu). Suy ra
0
FAC = 30

0
DAC = 90
hay AC AD
HS ghi e, ve hnh
15
iem cua OA, OB, OC
Chng minh rang cac oan
thang EL, FM, DN ong quy
Giai
e C/m ba oan thang EL, FM,
DN ong quy ta C/m g?
Ta C/m cac oan thang o
la ng cheo cua hai hbh
co chung mot ng cheo
e C/m t giac EFLM la Hbh
ta c/m nh the nao?
Tng t ta co t giac NLDE
la hnh g?
Hai Hbh nay co chung ng
cheo nao?
T o ta co ket luan g?
Nhng Hbh nao co tam
trung nhau?
3. Bai 3:
Cho hn ch nhat ABCD; ke BH
AC. Goi E, F lan lt la trung
iem cua AH, CD. Chng minh
BE EF
Giai
Goi K la trung iem cua AB ta
co ieu g? V sao?
T giac BCFK la hnh g? V
sao?
EI co tnh chat g? V sao?
E
LL
MM NN
OO
FF
EE
DD
CC
BB
A
HS suy ngh , phat bieu
HS ghi nh phng phap c/m
E, F la trung iem cua BC, CA
EF
la ng trung bnh cua ABC suy
ra
EF // AB, EF =
1
2
AB (1)
Tng t LM la ng trung bnh
cua OAB suy ra LM // AB, LM =
1
2
AB
(2)
T (1) va (2) suy ra t giac EFLM
la Hbh
C/m tng t ta co t giac NLDE
la Hbh
(V co NE //= LD)
Hai Hbh EFLM va NLDE co chung
ng cheo LE hay ba oan
thang EL, FM, DN ong quy tai
trung iem cua LE
Hay ba Hbh EFLM , NFDM va NLDE
co tam
trung nhau
HS ghi e,
ve hnh
Goi K la
trung iem
cua AB ta co EK // HB (V EK la
ng trung bnh cua AHB) ma
BH AC
EK AC suy ra
0
CEK = 90

CEK vuong tai E

16
1
KK
II
FF
EE
HH
DD CC
BB A
BFE la tam giac g? Va sao?
4. Bai 4:
Cho ABC can tai A. T iem
D tren BC ke ng vuong
goc vi BC cat AB, AC lan
lt tai E, F. Dng cac hnh
ch nhat BDEH va CDFK
a) C/m: ba iem A, H, K thang
hang
b) C/m: A la trung iem cua
HK
c) Goi I, J theo th t la tam
cua cac hnh ch nhat BDEH
va CDFK. Tm tap hp trung
iem M cua oan thang IJ khi
D di ong tren BC
e C/m A, H, K thang hang ta
c/m g?
Hay C/m AH, AK cung song
song vi mot ng thang
nao ?
Hay c/m t giac AIDJ la Hbh?
Nh the nao?
T I, J la tam cua cac hnh
ch nhat BDEH va CDFK va
M la trung iem cua IJ ta suy
ra ieu g?
T MI // AH va MJ // AK ta suy
ra ieu g
Co cach C/m nao khac?
Ta a co A, H, K thang hang
nen e c/m A la trung iem
cua HK ta C/m g?
Hay C/m AB // DK va ket hp
vi I la trung iem cua DH
e
AH = AK
Ke MN BC va ng cao AG
th MN co tnh chat g?
T giac BCFK co BK //= CF va
co
0
B = 90
nen la hnh ch nhat nen
hai ng cheo BF va CK cat
nhau tai I va BF = CK
I la trung iem cua BF , CK

EI la trung tuyen thuoc canh
huyen CK cua CEK
EI =
1
2
CK =
1
2
BF
BFE co trung tuyen EI =
1
2
BF
nen la tam giac vuong tai E

BE EF
HS ghi e ,
ve hnh
HS phat
bieu
C/m AH, AK cung song song vi IJ
HS neu cach c/m
T I, J la tam cua cac hnh ch
nhat BDEH va CDFK va M la
trung iem cua IJ ta suy ra MI va
MJ lan lt la ng trung bnh
cua cac tam giac AHD va AKD
Nen MI // AH va MJ // AK hay AH
va AK cung song song vi IJ nen
A, H, K thang hang (theo tien e
clt)
HS neu cach C/m khac
ABC can tai A nen

ABC = ACB
(1)
I la tam cua hcn BDEH nen suy
ra BID can tai I

BDI = DBI
hay

ABD = BDI
(2)
17
H
K
F
E
M
I
P Q
J
N
G D
C
B
A
M cach BC mot khoang
khong oi th m nam tren
ng nao?
T (1) va (2) suy ra AB // DK ma
IH = ID nen AH = AK ma A, H, K
thang hang nen A la trung iem
cua HK
c) Ke MN BC (N
BC); ng cao
AG ta co MN =
1
2
AH (v MN la
ng trung bnh cua ADG )
khong oi, nen M nam tren
ng thang song song vi BC
va cach BC mot khoang bang
1
2

AH khong oi chnh la ng
trung bnh PQ cua ABC (PQ // BC)
III. Bai tap ve nha:
1. Cho hnh ch nhat ABCD. Ke BH vuong goc vi AC. Goi M, K
theo th t la trung iem cua AH va CD. Chng minh BM vuong
goc vi MK
2. cho hnh bnh hanh ABCD. Ve ra pha ngoai hnh bnh hanh cac
tam giac eu ABM, AND. Goi E, F, Q theo th t la trung iem
cua BD, AN, AM
a) tam giac MNC la tam giac g? V sao?
b) Tnh
FEQ
BUOI 6 PHEP CHIA A THC
A. MUC TIEU:
* Cung co va nang cao ve phep chia a thc
* Tiep tuc ren luyen, nang cao ky nang van dung phep chia
a thc vao cac bai toan khac
* Tao hng thu cho HS trong qua trnh hoc tap va van dung
vao thc tie
18
I. Nhac lai mot so kien thc:
1. a thc A chia het cho a thc B khi luy tha cua bien trong
A chia het cho luy tha cung bien o trong B
2. a thc A chia het cho a thc B khi: A = B.Q
3. Neu A = B.Q + R th: A chia het cho B khi R = 0 ; A khong chia
het cho b khi R
0
II. Xac nh he so e a thc A chia het cho a thc B:
1. Phng phap:
1.1- Cach 1: + Chia A cho B c thng la Q, d la R
+ Cho R = 0, tm he so tng ng bang ong nhat
thc
2.1- Cach 2: Dung he so bat nh
a thc b chia co bac la m, a thc chia co bac la n tho
thng co bac la m n
Neu goi thng la x
m n
+ C (C la mot a thc cha xac nh) Th
A = (x
m n
+ C ). B
A chia het cho B khi he so cua cung mot luy tha hai ve
phai bang nhau
3.1 - Cach 3: dung gia tr rieng (ch ap dung khi a thc b
chia co nghiem)
Goi thng cua phep chia A cho B la C th A = B.C
Tm mot gia tr cua bien e C = 0 roi dung he so bat nh
e xac nh he so
III. Bai tap ap dung:
III.1 - Dang 1:
Bai 1: xac nh a, b e A(x) = x
3
+ ax + b chia het cho B(x) = x
2
+ x
2
Hay thc hien phep chia A(x)
cho B(x)
e A(x) chia het cho B(x) th phai
co k g
Hay dung he so bat dnh e
tm a va b
Th lai xem co ung khong
Bai 2: Tm a, b
Q e A = x
4
+ ax
+ b chia het cho B = x
2
4
Goi thng la x
2
+ c ta co ang
thc nao?
HS ghi e , tm cach giai
HS thc hien phep chia:
x
3
+ ax +b = (x
2
+ x- 2)(x- 1)+ (a +
3)x + b - 2
e A(x)MB(x)
(a + 3)x + b - 2
= 0
a + 3 = 0 a = - 3
b - 2 = 0 b = 2

' '

HS th lai:
HS ghi e va tm cach giai
Goi thng la x
2
+ c ta co
ang thc
x
4
+ ax + b = (x
2
4)(x
2
+ c )
x
4
+ ax + b = x
4
+ (c 4)x
2

19
ang thc xay ra vi x Q
nen ta co ieu g?
Hay tm a, b, c tng ng
III.2 Dang 2: Cac bai toan
chng minh
1. Bai 1: Chng minh nh l B-
du
So d trong phep chia f(x) cho
nh thc
x a bang gia tr a thc ay
tai x = a
Neu goi thng la q(x) d la r th
f(x) = ?
Khi x = a th f(x) = ?
2. Bai 2: chng minh rang:
(x
2
+ x 1)
10
+ (x
2
- x + 1)
10
- 2 Mx
1
Ap dung nh l B- du ta co
ieu g?
3. Bai 3: Chng minh rang
Vi m, n
Z th: A = (x
3m + 1
+ x
3n + 2
+ 1) chia het cho B = x
2
+ x + 1
e C/m : A = (x
3m + 1
+ x
3n + 2
+ 1)
chia het cho B = x
2
+ x + 1 ta C/m
A M(x
3
1)
V sao? e C/m ieu nay ta lam
the nao?
x
3m
1 = (x
3
1)(x
3m 1
+ x
3m 2
+
+ 1) co chia het cho x
3
1?
Tng t ta co ket luan g?
III. 3- Dang 3: Cac bai toan
khac
4c
ang thc xay ra vi x Q
nen

0 0
4 0 4
4 16
a a
c c
b c b

' '

HS tiep can yeu cau
Ta co f(x) = (x a). q(x) + r
Khi x = a th f(x) = (a a). q(x) +
r
f(x) = r (so d cua f(x) : (x

a))
HS tiep can e bai
Ta co: (x
2
+ x 1)
10
+ (x
2
- x +
1)
10
- 2
= (x 1). Q(x) + r (nh l B-du)
f(1) = (1 + 1 1)
10
+ (1 1 + 1)
10
2 = 0
(x
2
+ x 1)
10
+ (x
2
- x + 1)
10
- 2
Mx 1
HS tiep can e bai
HS phat bieu:
V x
3
1 = (x 1)(x
2
+ x + 1) M(x
2
+ x + 1)
A = (x
3m + 1
x) + (x
3n + 2
x
2
) + (x
2
+ x + 1)
= x(x
3m
1) + x
2
(x
3n
1) + (x
2
+ x + 1)
x
3m
1 = (x
3
1)(x
3m 1
+ x
3m 2
+
+ 1) chia het cho x
3
1 nen
chia het cho
x
2
+ x + 1
x(x
3m
1) Mx
2
+ x +
1 (1)
Tng t: x
2
(x
3n
1) M x
2
+ x + 1
(2)
Va x
2
+ x + 1 M x
2
+ x + 1 (3)
20
1. Bai 1: Tm so d cua phep
chia
A(x) = x
50
+ x
49
+ ... + x + 1 cho
B(x) = x
2
1
Goi thng la Q(x) , d la R(x) = ?
Khi o A(x) =?
ang thc ung vi moi x nen
ta co ieu g?
2. Bai 2: Tm a thc f(x) biet
rang f(x) chia x 3 th d 2; chia x
+ 4 th d 9 va chia cho x
2
+ x 12
c thng la x
2
+ 3 con d
* So sanh x
2
+ x 12 vi (x + 3)(x
+ 4) ?
Goi d cua f(x) : (x
2
+ x 12 ) la
ax + b
Thng cua f(x) chia cho x + 3; x +
4 lan lt la p(x), q(x) ta co
ieu g?
T (1) va (3) suy ra ieu g?
T (2) va (3) suy ra ieu g?
T (4) va (5) ta co a =?; b = ?
Vay a thc can tm la a thc
nao?
T (1), (2), (3) suy ra pcm
Goi thng la Q(x), d la R(x) =
ax + b ta co: A(x) = B(x). Q(x) +
ax + b
ang thc ung vi moi x
nen x
2
1 = 0
x = 1 hoac x = -1
A(1) = a + b
A(-1) = - a + b
'
51 a + b a = 25
1 = - a + b b = 26

' '

Vay R(x) = 25x + 26
HS ghi e bai
x
2
+ x 12 = (x + 3)(x + 4)
HS phat bieu
2
f(x) = (x - 3).p(x) + 2 (1)
f(x) = (x + 4).q(x) + 9 (2)
f(x) = (x - 3)(x + 4)(x + 3) + ax + b (3)
'
T (1)
f(3) = 2 ; t (3)
f(3)
= 3a + b
3a + b = 2 (4)
T (2) va (3) sy ra : -4a + b = 9
(5)
T (4) va (5) suy ra: a = -1; b =
5
Vay: f(x) = (x 3)(x + 4)(x
2
+ 3)
x + 5
= x
4
+x
3
9x
2
+ 2x
31
Bai 1: Xac nh a; b e
a) A = x
4
+ a x
2
+ b chia het cho B = x
2
+ x + 1
b) C = x
4
x
3
3x
2
+ ax + b chia cho D = x
2
x 2 co d la R = 2x
3
c) P = 2x
3
+ a x + b chia Q = x + 1 d - 6 va chia R = x 2 d 21
Bai 2: Chng minh rang
a) mn(m
2
n
2
) chia het cho 6 vi moi so nguyen m, n
b) n
4
+ 6n
3
+ 11n
2
+ 6n chia het cho 24 vi moi so nguyen n
Bai 3:
21
a)Tm so d trong phep chia A = (x+1)(x + 3)(x + 5)(x + 7) + 2009
cho B = x
2
+ 8x + 11
b) Tm so nguyen x e gia tr bieu thc A = x
3
3x
2
3x 1 chia
het cho gia tr bieu thc B = x
2
+ x + 1
BUOI 7 CAC BAI TOAN VE HNH THOI, HNH
VUONG
Ngay soan: 28 11 - 2010
Ngay day: - 11 - 2010
A. MUC TIEU:
* Cung co va nang cao kien thc ve hnh thoi, hnh vuong: tnh
chat va dau hieu nhan biet
* Van dung tnh chat cua hnh thoi va hnh vuong vao cac bai
toan chng minh cac oan thang, goc bang nhau, ng thang
vuong goc, song song,
* Nang cao ky nang chng minh hnh hoc cho HS
I. He thong kien thc:
Hnh thoi Hnh vuong
n
h
ngh
a
T giac co 4 canh bang
nhau
T giac co 4 canh bang nhau
va 4 goc bang nhau
Tnh
cha
t
- Cac canh oi song somg,
bang nhau
- cac goc oi bang nhau
- Hai ng cheo vuong
goc vi nhau tai trung
iem moi ng, la truc
oi xng cua hnh thoi
- moi ng cheo la
phan giac cua hai goc
oi nhau
- Tam oi xng la giao
iem hai ng cheo
- Cac canh oi song somg,
bang nhau
- cac goc oi bang nhau
- Hai ng cheo bang nhau,
vuong goc vi nhau tai trung
iem moi ng, la truc oi
xng cua hnh vuong
- moi ng cheo la phan
giac cua hai goc oi nhau
- Tam oi xng la giao iem
hai ng cheo
- ng trung bnh la truc oi
xng
Da
u
hie
u
- T giac co 4 canh bang
nhau
- Hbh co 2 canh ke bang
nhau
- Hbh co 2 ng cheo
vuong goc vi nhau
- T giac co 4 canh va 4
goc bang nhau
- hnh thoi co 1 goc vuong
- hnh thoi co 2 ng cheo
bang nhau
- hnh ch nhat co 2 canh ke
22
nha
n
bie
t
- hbh co ng cheo la tia
phan giac cua 1 goc
bang nhau
- hnh ch nhat co 2 ng
cheo vuong goc vi nhau
- Hnh ch nhat co ng
cheo la tia phan giac cua 1
goc
II. He thong Bai tap
Bai 1:
Cho hnh thang can ABCD AB //
CD, AB < CD. Goi M, N, P , Q
lan lt la trung iem cua
CD, AB, DB, CA
a) C/m: NM la tia phan giac
cua
PNQ
b) Tnh so o cac goc cua
t giac MPNQ biet cac goc
nhon cua hnh thang ABCD la

0
C = D = 50
c) Hnh thang ABCD thoa man
ieu kien g th t giac
MPNQ la hnh vuong?
* e C/m MN la tia phan
giac cua
PNQ
Ta can C/m g?
e C/m MPNQ la hnh thoi ta
C/m nh the nao?
Hay C/m MPNQ la Hnh bnh
hanh
Bang cach C/m co hai canh
oi va song song va
bang nhau, o la hai canh
nao?
Hay C/m NP //= MQ ?
C/m MP = MQ e suy ra H.b.h
MPNQ la hnh thoi
MPNQ la hnh thoi ta suy ra
ieu g ?
HS ghi e va ve hnh
H
// / // /
// //
QQ
PP
NN
MM DD CC
BB
A
Ta C/m t giac MPNQ la hnh thoi
C/m MPNQ la hnh bnh hanh co hai
canh ke bang nhau
T GT
NP la ng trung bnh
cua ADE nen NP // AD va NP =
1
2
AD (1)
MQ la ng trung bnh cua ADC
nen
MQ // AD va MQ =
1
2
AD (2)
T (1) va (2)
NP // MQ va NP =
MQ suy ra t giac MPNQ la H.b.h
Mat khac MP =
1
2
CB =
1
2
AD (V AD
= CB). Suy ra MP = MQ
MPNQ la
hnh thoi (H.b.h co 2 canh ke bang
nhau)
NM la tia phan giac cua
PNQ
b) MQ // AD

0
ADC = CMQ = 50 (3)
MP // CE

0
ECD = PMD = 50
(4)
23
CMQ bang goc nao? V sao?
PMD
bang goc nao? V sao?

CMQ + PMD = ?
PNQ =?

MPN = MQN = ?
Hnh thoi MPNQ la hnh vuong
khi nao?
Bai 2:
Cho ABC vuong can tai B.
t iem D thuoc canh AB
ve DE AC tai E, tia ED cat
tia CB tai F. Goi M, N, P, Q lan
lt la trung iem cua AD,
DF, FC, CA
Chng minh MNPQ la hnh
vuong
e C/m t giac MNPQ la
hnh vuong ta can C/m ieu
g?
e C/m t giac MNPQ la
hnh ch nhat ta can C/m g?
Hay C/m t giac MNPQ la
hnh bnh hanh?
e C/m H.b.h MNPQ la hnh
ch nhat th ta C/m g?
Hay C/m
0
MNP = 90
Hay C/m H.b.h MNPQ la hnh
T (3) va (4)

0
CMQ + PMD = 100
0
PMQ = 80
0
PNQ = 80

0
MPN = MQN = 100
c) Hnh thoi MPNQ la hnh vuong
0
PMQ = 90

0
CMQ + PMD = 90

0
C + D = 90

C = D = 45
0
Vay: Hnh thang can ABCD co

C = D = 45
0
th t
giac MPNQ la
hnh vuong
HS ghi e bai
va ve hnh
e C/m t giac MNPQ la hnh
vuong ta can C/m MNPQ va la
hnh ch nhat va la hnh thoi
MNPQ la hnh bnh hanh co mot
goc vuong
T Gt
MN la ng trung bnh
cua FCA
MN // FA va MN =
1
2
FA (1)
Tng t ta co: PQ // FA va PQ =
1
2
FA (2)
T (1) va (2) suy ra MNPQ la H.b.h
Mat khac D la giao iem cua 2
ng cao AB va FE cua FAC nen
CD la ng cao con lai cua FAC
CD FA
PN FA
PN MN (V MN // FA)
0
MNP = 90
Nen t giac MNPQ la hnh ch
nhat (*)
FCE vuong tai E va co
0
C = 45
(
ABC vuong can tai A) FCE
vuong can tai E
DBF vuong can tai B
BD = BF
24
2
FF
EE
QQ
PP
NN
MM
DD
CC
BB
A
thoi bang cach C/m NP = MN
Bai 3:
Cho hnh vuong ABCD, goi I, K
lan lt la trung iem cua
AD, DC; E la giao iem cua
BI va AK
a) chng minh: BI AK
b) Chng minh CE = AB
c) So sanh AK, BI, BK
d) C/m: BD la phan giac
cua
IBK
* e C/m BI AK ta C/m g?
e C/m
0
1 1 A + I = 90
$
ta C/m
1 A

bang goc nao? V sao?
Hay C/m AIB = DKA?
e C/m CE = AB ta C/m g?
AB =? Vay e C/m CE = AB ta
C/m
CE = CB bang cach C/m hai
tam giac nao bang nhau?
Hay tam giac nao can?
AK = BI? V sao?
Ta can C/m g? (AK = BK hoac
BI = BK)

IBD = KBD
hay khong? V sao?
nen suy ra ABF = CBD
FA = CD
Mat khac NP la ng trung bnh
cua FCD, nen NP =
1
2
CD =
1
2
FA =
MN
hnh bnh hanh MNPQ la hnh

thoi (**)
T (*) va (**) suy ra MNPQ la hnh
vuong
HS ghi e va
ve hnh
a) HS suy ngh,
tra li:
C/m
0
1 1 A + I = 90
$
0
1 1 B + I = 90
$
do ABI vuong tai A
Ta can C/m AIB = DKA
V co AB = DA (ABCD la hnh
vuong)
AI = DK (na canh hnh vuong
ABCD)

0
A = D = 90

AIB = DKA(c.g.c)

1 1 B = A
ma
0
1 1 B + I = 90
$

0
1 1 A + I = 90
$
ta co
0
1 1 A + I = 90
$

0
AEI = 90

BI AK
b) Goi F la trung iem AB
AKCF la H.b.h v co FA //= CK

AK // CF
CM BE hay CM la
ng cao cua cua BCE (1)
F la trung iem AB ma MF // AK
nen M la trung ien BE hay CM la
ng trung tuyen cua BCE (2)
T (1) va (2) suy ra BCE can tai
B suy ra
CE = CB ma CB = AB nen CE = AB
c) BI = AK (do AIB = DKA(c.g.c)-
C/m cau a) . IDB = KDB (c.g.c)
v co: ID = KD (na canh hnh
25
2
__
__
// //
// //
11
11
11
MM
KK
II
FF
EE
DD
CC
BB A
vuong ABCD);

0
IDB = KDB = 45
(ng
cheo DB la phan giac cua goc
D); DB chung
BI = BK
Vay: AK = BI = BK
d) IDB = KDB (c.g.c) nen

IBD = KBD

hay BD la tia phan giac cua
IBK
Bai 1:Cho hnh vuong ABCD . T iem E tren canh BC dng
0
EAx 90
, tia Ax cat CD tai F. Goi I la trung iem FE, AI cat CD tai M.
Ve Ey // CD, Ey cat AI tai K
a) Tam giac AFE la tam giac g? V sao?
b) T giac KFME la hnh g? V sao?
c) Chng minh chu vi CEM khong oi khi E chuyen ong tren BC
Bai 2: Cho ABCD la hnh vuong. Goi M, N, I, L lan lt la trung
iem cua AB, BC, CD, DA; DN lan lt cat AI, CM tai K va P; BL
cat AI, CM tai H va Q
a) Chng minh PA = DA
b) T giac KPQH la hnh g? V sao?
BUOI 8 RUT GON PHAN THC
Ngay soan: 06 - 12 - 2010
Ngay day: - 12 - 2010
A. MUC TIEU:
* Cung co va nang cao kien thc ve rut gon phan thc, qua
o tiep tuc ren luyen them ve ky nang phan tch a thc
thanh nhan t
* Tiep tuc ren luyyen cho HS ky nang tm nhan t chung e
rut going phan thc
* Khac sau va van dung thanh thao ky nang rut gon phan
thc mc o cao hn
I. HE THONG KIEN THC:
* Cac bc rut gon phan thc:
+ Phan tch t va mau thanh nhan t
+ Tm nhan t chung
+ chia ca t va mau cho nhan t chung
* Quy tac oi dau
A - A
B - B
;
A - A
B B

;
A A
B B
_

,
II. BAI TAP:
26
Bai 1: Rut gon phan cac
thc
a)
2
2
4 12 9
2 6
a a
a a
+ +

Ta lam the nao e rut gon
phan thc a cho?
Phan tch t va mau nh
the nao?
Tm nhan t chung roi rut
gonh phan thc a cho
b)
2
2 2
x - xy + 2x - 2y
x - y + x - y
Goi HS len bang trnh bay
c)
3 2
3 2
3x - 7x + 5x - 1
2x - x - 4x + 3
Cho HS ca lp giai t phut
Goi 1 HS len bang trnh bay
Neu HS cha thc hien c
th gi y:
T va mau la 2 a thc
bac 3 co dang ac biet
nao? Co nhan t nao?
Tach t va mau e lam
xuat hien nhan t la x 1
d)
4 2
4 2
a - 3a + 1
a - a - 2a - 1
Ap dung phng phap tach
hang t e phan tch t
va mau thanh nhan t
gon phan thc
e)
4 3
4 3 2
1
2 1
x x x
x x x x
+ + +
+ +
HS phan tch t va mau
thanh nhan t
HS ghi e va tm cach giai
Phan tch t va mau thanh
nhan t, tm nhan t chung roi
chia ca t va mau cho nhan t
chung o
a)
2
2
4 12 9
2 6
a a
a a
+ +

( )
( ) ( ) 2
3 2
2 3 2
3 2
2
+
+
a
a
a a
a
b)
2
2 2
x - xy + 2x - 2y
x - y + x - y
=
x(x - y) + 2(x - y)
(x - y)(x + y) + (x - y)
(x - y)(x + 2) x + 2
(x - y)(x + y + 1) x + y + 1

HS ghi e, tien hanh giai
1HS len bang trnh bay
HS ghi e bai va tien hanh giai
tai lp
T va mau la 2 a thc bac 3
co dang 2 a thc co tong cac
he so bang 0 nen co nhan t
la x 1
HS thc hien:
3 2
3 2
3x - 7x + 5x - 1
2x - x - 4x + 3

3 2 2
3 2 2
(3x - 3x ) (4x 4x) + (x - 1)
2x - 2x + (x - x) - (3x - 3)

=
2 2
2 2
3x (x - 1) 4x(x 1) + (x - 1) (x - 1)(3x 4x + 1)
2x (x - 1) + x(x - 1) - 3 (x - 1) (x - 1)(2x x - 3)

+
=
2 2
2 2
3x 4x + 1 (3x 3x) - (x - 1)
2x x - 3 (2x - 2x) + (3x - 3)

+
= ... =
3x - 1
2x + 3
HS ghi e bai
4 2
4 2
a - 3a + 1
a - a - 2a - 1
=
( )
( )
2
2 2
4 2 2
2 4 2
4
a 1 a
(a - 2a + 1) - a
a - (a + 2a + 1)
a a + 1

=
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2 2 2 2
2
2 2 2 2 4
a 1 a a a 1 a - a - 1
a a 1
a a +1 a a + 1 a - a - 1 a a + 1
+
+
+ +
HS ghi e bai, phan tch t va
mau thanh nhan t:
27
Bang phng phap tach
hang t va cac phng
phap bo sung a hoc
gon phan thc
f)
2 2 2 2 2 2
ab(a - b) + bc(b - c) + ca(c - a)
a(b - c ) b(c - a ) c(a - b ) + +
Hay phan tch t va mau
thanh nhan t ( phan tch
t xong roi en mau)
Bai 2: Chng minh rang
vi n Z th phan so: a)
2
2
15 8 6
30 21 13
n n
n n
+ +
+ +
toi gian
e C/m 1 phan so toi gian
ta lam the nao?
e C/m CLN cua t va
mau bang 1 ta lam the
nao?
Goi CLN(15n
2
+ 8n + 6; 30n
2
+ 21n + 13) = d (d 1) ta co
ieu g?
15n
2
+ 8n + 6 co the phan
tch thanh tong co cha
nhan t (5n + 1) nh the
nao?
T o ta suy ra ieu g?
b)
2 7
8
1
1
n n
n n
+ +
+ +
khong toi gian
e C/m phan so khong toi
4 3 4 3
4 3 2 4 3 2 2
1 1
2 1 1
x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x
+ + + + + +
+ + + + +
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
3
2 2 2
2
3 2
2 2 2 2
2
2
1 1
1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1
1
x x x
x x x x x
x x x x x
x x x x x x
x
x
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + +

+ + + +
+
+
HS ghi e
Phan tch t: ab(a b) + bc(b c)
+ ca(c a)
= ab(a b) bc[(a b) + (c a)] +
ca(c a)
= [ab(a b) bc(a b)]+[bc(c a) +
ca(c a)] = = (a b)(b c) (a c)
Phan tch mau:
a(b
2
c
2
) + b(c
2
a
2
) + c(a
2
b
2
)
= = (a b)(b c) (a c)
Nen:
2 2 2 2 2 2
ab(a - b) + bc(b - c) + ca(c - a)
a(b - c ) b(c - a ) c(a - b ) + +
=
(a - b)(b - c) (a - c)
1
(a - b)(b - c) (a - c)

HS tiep can e bai
e C/m 1 phan so toi gian ta
C/m CLN cua t va mau bang 1
Goi CLN cua t va mau la d (d
1)
ta C/m d = 1
(15n
2
+ 8n + 6)Md va (30n
2
+ 21n +
13) Md hay [2 (15n
2
+ 8n + 6 ) + 5n
+ 1]Md
5n + 1Md
Ma 15n
2
+ 8n + 6 = [(3n + 1)(5n +
1) + 5]Md
5 Md
5n Md ma 5n + 1Md
1Md
d = 1
Hay 15n
2
+ 8n + 6; 30n
2
+ 21n + 13
nguyen to cung nhau nen phan
28
gian ta lam the nao
Hay phan tch t va mau
thanh nhan t e tm
nhan t chung
1 + n + n
2
ln hn 1 khong?
V sao?
Vay ta co ket luan g?
so
2
2
15 8 6
30 21 13
n n
n n
+ +
+ +
toi gian
e C/m phan so khong toi gian
ta C/m t va mau co C khac 1
Ta co:
7 2 6
1 (1 ) ( 1) n n n n n n + + + + +
=
2 3 3
(1 ) ( 1)( 1) n n n n n + + + +
=.= (
2
1 n n + + )(
2 4 5
1 ) n n n n + +
8 2 2 6
1 (1 ) ( 1) n n n n n n + + + + +
=
2 2 3 3
(1 ) ( 1)( 1) n n n n n + + + +
=.= (
2
1 n n + + )(
2 3 5 6
1 ) n n n n + +
Vi n nguyen dng th
2
1 n n + + > 1
Suy ra t va mau cua phan so
co C ln hn 1 nen phan so
2 7
8
1
1
n n
n n
+ +
+ +
khong toi gian
III. BAI TAP VE NHA:
Bai 1: rut gon cac phan thc sau:
a)
3 2
2a 12a 17a 2
a 2
+
b)
5 4 3 2
2
2 2 4 3 6
2 8
+ + +
+
x x x x x
x x
c)
3
2 2 2 2
7 6
( 3) 4 (3 ) 4( 3)

+ +
x x
x x x x x
Bai 2: Chng minh rang :
phan so
2
2
6 8 15
13 21 30
+ +
+ +
x x
x x
toi gian vi moi x nguyen dng
BUOI 9 CAC PHEP TOAN VE PHAN THC
Ngay soan: 11 - 12 - 2010
Ngay day: - 12 - 2010
A. MUC TIEU:
* Cung co, nang cao kien thc cac phep toan ve quy ong
mau, cong phan thc
* Tiep tuc ren luyen ky nang quy ong mau thc nhieu
phan thc, cac phep toan ve cong phan thc
* Tiep tuc phat trien ky nang phan tch a thc thanh nhan
t, rut gon phan thc cac cac phep toan ve phan thc
va tao hng thu cho HS trong qua trnh hoc toan
I . Kien thc bai hoc:
29
1. Phep cong phan thc:
Quy ong mau thc (Neu khac mau)
Cong t vi t va gi nguyen mau
2. Tnh chat cua phep cong phan thc:
a) Tnh chat giao hoan:
A C C A
B D D B
+ +
b) Tnh chat ket hp:
A C E A C E
B D F B D F
_ _
+ + + +

, ,
* Lu y: Co khi ta can oi dau e thc hien phep tnh mot
cach nhanh hn
II. Bai tap tai lp:
Bai 1: Thc hien phep
tnh:
a)
2 2 4
4 3 12
x 2 2 x x 4
+ +
+
Co nhan xet g ve cac
mau?
e co MTC ta can lam g?
Hay tm MTC, tien hanh bai
giai
HS ghi e bai, tien hanh cach
giai
HS suy ngh tra li
oi dau phan thc th hai
HS hoan thanh bai giai
2 2
2 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
4 3 12 4 3 12 4(x 2) 3(x 2) 12
x 2 2 x x 4 x 2 x 2 (x 2)(x 2) (x 2)(x 2)
4x 8 3x 6 12 x 2 1
(x 2)(x 2) (x 2)(x 2) x 2
+ +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+

+ + +
b)
2 2 2 2
2 8 2
2 4 2
y x x y x
y xy x y y xy
+
+ +
+
Phan tch moi mau thanh
nhan t
Can oi dau khong? V sao?
Tm MTC
Thc hien cac phep toan
mot cach lien tuc
Goi mot so HS tra li va
cung giai
HS phan tch mau thanh nhan
t, oi dau phan thc
2 2 2 2
8 8
4 4
x x
x y y x

Tm MTC
HS thc hien phep toan moat
cach lien tuc
Mot so HS ai dien tra li
cau hoi va cung giai vi GV
b)
2 2 2 2
2 8 2
2 4 2
y x x y x
y xy x y y xy
+
+ +
+
=
2 2 2 2
2 8 2
2 4 2
y x x y x
y xy y x y xy
+
+ +
+
=
2 8 2
(2 ) (2 )(2 ) (2 )
y x x y x
y y x y x y x y y x
+
+ +
+ +
=
(2y x)(2y x) 8xy (2y x)(2y x)
y(2y x)(2y x)
+ + +
+
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 8 4 4 8 8 2 2(4 4 )
(2 )(2 ) (2 )(2 ) (2 )(2 )
y xy x xy y xy x y xy x y xy x
y y x y x y y x y x y y x y x
+ + + + + +

+ + +
30
2
2(2 ) 2(2 )
(2 )(2 ) (2 )
y x y x
y y x y x y y x

+ +
c)
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
3 2 5 6 7 12 x x x x x x x x
+ + +
+ + + + + + +
Ta nen thc hien nh the
nao?
Hay phan tch moi mau
thanh nhan t
Co nhan xet g ve moi quan
he gia cac mau
Ta nen quy ong mau hay
thc hien phep toan nh the
nao?
Ta co:
2
1 1 1 1
( 1) 1 x x x x x x

+ + +
vay
tong cac phan thc tren co
the viet nh the nao?
GV va HS tien hanh li giai
HS: Thc hien phep tnh trong
ngoac trc
HS phan tch
HS neu nhan xet: Moi mau
la tch cua 2 so lien tiep,
Mau tiep theo la tch cua
tha so th 2 cua mau th
nhat va tha so o cong
them 1
HS phat bieu
HS neu cach giai
HS cung GV tien hanh bai
giai
c)
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
3 2 5 6 7 12 x x x x x x x x
+ + +
+ + + + + + +
=
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 2 2 3 3 4 x x x x x x x x
_ _ _ _
+ + +

+ + + + + + +
, , , ,
=
1 1 4 4
4 ( 4) ( 4)
x x
x x x x x x
+

+ + +
d)
3 7
2 2 4 4 8 8
1 1 2 4 8 a a a
a b a b a b a b a b
+ + + +
+ + + +
Co nen phan tch moi mau
thanh nhan t hay khong?
V sao?
Ta thc hien phep cong hai
phan thc
au roi tiep tuc cong vi
phan thc tiep theo
HS suy ngh, phat bieu
HS thc hien
31
d) Ta co:

3 7
2 2 4 4 8 8
1 1 2 4 8 a a a
a b a b a b a b a b
+ + + +
+ + + +
=
3 7
2 2 4 4 8 8
1 1 2 4 8 a a a
a b a b a b a b a b
_
+ + + +

+ + + +
,
=
3 7 3 7
2 2 2 2 4 4 8 8 2 2 2 2 4 4 8 8
2 4 8 2 2 4 8 a b a b a a a a a a a
a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b
+ +
_ _
+ + + + + +

+ + + + + +
, ,
2 2 2 2 3 7 3 3 7
4 4 4 4 8 8 4 4 4 4 8 8
3 4 4 3 4 4 7 7 7 7 8 8 7 8 8
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 16 16
15 7 8 15 7 8 15
16 16
2 ( ) 2 ( ) 4 8 4 4 8
4 ( ) 4 ( 8 8 8 8 ( ) 8 ( )
8 8 8 8 16
a a b a a b a a a a a
a b a b a b a b a b a b
a a b a a b a a a a a b a a b
a b a b a b a b a b
a a b a a b a
a b a
1 _ + +
+ + + +
1
+ + + +
] ,
+ + + +
+ +
+ +
+

16 16
b
Bai 2:
Tnh A + (- B) biet
A =
1 1 1 1
...
1.2.3 2.3.4 3.4.5 ( 1)( 2) n n n
+ + + +
+ +

va B =
( 3)
4( 1)( 2)
n n
n n
+
+ +
Viet
1
( 1)( 2) + + n n n
thanh ket
qua cua tong hai phan so
cung t?
T o ta co tong tren tnh
nh the nao?
HS ghi e bai
Tien hanh giai
HS bien oi t hang t cuoi
e tm ra quy luat
Ta co: A =
1 1 1 1
...
1.2.3 2.3.4 3.4.5 ( 1)( 2) n n n
+ + + +
+ +
=
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
...
2 1.2 2.3 2 2.3 3.4 2 3.4 4.5 2 ( 1) ( 1)( 2) n n n n
1
_ _ _
+ + + +
1
+ + +
, , ,
]
=
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
...
2 1.2 2.3 2.3 3.4 3.4 4.5 ( 1) ( 1)( 2) n n n n
_
+ + + +

+ + +
,
=
2
1 1 1 ( 1)( 2) 2 3 ( 3)
2 2 ( 1)( 2) 4( 1)( 2) 4( 1)( 2) 4( 1)( 2)
n n n n n n
n n n n n n n n
1 + + + +

1
+ + + + + + + +
]

Vay: A + (- B) =
( 3)
4( 1)( 2)
n n
n n
+
+ +
-
( 3)
4( 1)( 2)
n n
n n
+
+ +
= 0
Bai 3:
Cho a,b,c la 3 s oi mot khac nhau. Chng minh rng :

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) a c c b b a b c a c
b a
c b a b
a c
c a b a
c b
+

2 2 2
Hay tnh:
( ) ( )
b c
a b a c

HS thc hien phep tnh va tra
li
32
Tng t ta co:
( ) ( )
c a
b a b c

= ?

( ) ( )
a b
c a c b

= ?
Lam the nao e co ang
thc can chng minh?
( ) ( ) a c b a c a b a
c b

1 1

( ) ( ) b a c b c b a b
a c

1 1
( ) ( ) a c c b b c a c
b a

1 1
Cong ve theo ve cac ang
thc tren ta co pcm
Bai 1: Thc hien cac phep tnh
a)
2 2 2
3 2 6 3 2
2 1 1 2 1
x x
x x x x x
+

+ + +

b)
2
2
2 3 6 9
2 3 6 2 3 6 9
x y xy x
xy x y xy x y x
+ +

+ + + +
c)
[ ]
2 2 2 2 2
..
3 2 5 6 ( ) ( 1)
b b b b
x bx x bx b x bx b x kb x k b
+ + + +
+ + + + + + + +
Bai 2: Cho a + b + c = 1 va 1
2 2 2
+ + c b a , Nu
c
z
b
y
a
x
.
Chng minh rng xy + yz + zx = 0.
33
Bui 10: Cc bi ton v din tch
Ngy son: 19 - 12 - 2010
Ngy dy: - 12 - 2010
A. mc tiu:
1) Cng c, nng cao kin thc v tnh din tch tam gic
2) HS bit so snh di on thng m khng s dng kin thc v
tam gic bng nhau
3) Vn dng kin thc vo bi tp c th; thc tin cuc sng
b.hot ng dy hc:
I. Kin thc b tr:
* Din tch tam gic bng na tch ng cao v cnh tng ng
* Cc tam gic c chung cnh v di ng cao tng ng th c cng
din tch
* Hai tam gic cng di ng cao th din tch t l thun vi cnh
tng ng vi ng cao
ii. bi tp p dng:
Bi 1:
Ni cc nh B v C ca ABC
cn ti A vi trung im O ca
ng cao AH. Cc ng thng
ny ln lt ct AC, AB ti D v E.
Tnh din tch ca t gic AEOD
theo din tch S
ABC
Nu gi N l trung im ca CD
th ta c iu g?
Tm mi quan h gia S
AOD
v
S
AOC
?
So snh S
AOC
v S
ABC
; S
AHC
v S
ABC
?
HS ghi v v hnh
E
O
H
N
D
C B
A
Gi N l trung im ca CD th NH
l ng trung bnh ca DBC nn
NH // BD suy ra OD // HN
D l
trung im AN
AD = DN = NC =
1
3
AC
S
AOD
=
1
3
S
AOC
(V c chung -
ng cao h t O xung AC v AD =
1
3
AC)
Mt khc S
AOC
=
1
2
S
AHC
(v c AO =
1
2
AH v cng ng cao CH)
S
AHC
=
1
2
S
ABC
(V C CH =
1
2
BC
Vcng ng cao AH )
S
AOD
=
1
12

S
ABC
34
T suy ra S
AOD
bng bao nhiu
S
ABC
?
Bi 2:
Tnh din tch ca tam gic cn
c chiu cao ng vi cnh y
bng 10 cm, chiu cao ng vi
cnh bn bng 12 cm
Gii
S
ABC
tnh nh th no ?(theo AH v
BK)
T ta suy ra iu g?
Hy tnh BC
2
theo AC
2
c CH
2
p dng nh l Pytago vo
ACH ta c g?
Thay AC = 12,5 cm ta c S
ABC
= ?
Bi 3:
Tnh din tch ca ABC c
di ba
cnh l AB = 20 cm, AC = 34 cm,
BC = 42 cm
Gii
V ng cao AH
tnh S
ABC
ta lm th nao?
(tnh AH)
AH tnh nh th no?
t CH = x, ta c AC
2
= ?
Tng t ta c: S
AOE
=
1
12
S
ABC

S
ADOE

= S
AOD
+ S
AOE
= 2.
1
12
S
ABC

=
1
6

S
ABC
HS ghi v v hnh
S
ABC
=
1
2
BC. AH
=
1
2
AC. BK
BC. AH = AC.
BK

BC BK 6
AC AH 5

BC
2
=
2
36 AC
25

CH
2
=
2
36 AC
100
p dng nh l Pytago vo ACH
ta c:
AC
2
- CH
2
= 100
AC
2
-
2
36 AC
100
= 100
64AC
2
= 100
2

AC = 12,5 cm
S
ABC
=
1
2
AC. BK =
12,5 . 6 = 75 cm
2
HS ghi bi v v
hnh
p dng nh l Pytago vo AHC,
AHB ta c:
AH
2
= AC
2
- CH
2
= AB
2
- BH
2
t CH = x ta c: AC
2
- x
2
= AB
2
-
(BC -x)
2
AC
2
- x
2
= AB
2
- BC
2
+ 2BCx - x
2
x =
2 2 2 2 2 2
AC - AB + BC 34 20 42
30
2BC 2.42
+

cm
AH
2
= AC
2
- CH
2
=34
2
- 30
2
= 16
2

35
3
HH CC BB
A
K
H C
B
A
Bi 4:
Cho tam gic ABC , AB > AC ,trn
AB ly im M Sao cho: AM =
1
3
AB , trn AC ly im N sao cho :
AN =
1
3
AC . Gi O l giao im
ca BN v CM , F l giao im
ca AO v BC , v AI vung gc vi
BC ti I , OL vung gc vi BC ti
L , BD vung gc vi FA ti D, CE
FA ti E
So snh: CE vi BD ; OL vi IA ; OA
vi FO
Gii
AON , CON c chung ng cao
h t O xung AC v AN =
1
2
NC
nn ta c iu g?
K AH ON , CK ON ,khi S
AON
, S
CON
tnh nh th no?
T (1) , (2) , (3)
?
T suy ra?
Chng minh tng t nh trn ta c
iu g?
AH = 16 cm
S
ABC
=
1
2
BC. AH =
1
2
. 42. 16 = 336
cm
2
HS ghi v v hnh
AON , CON c chung ng cao h
t O xung AC v AN =
1
2
NC nn:
S
AON
=
1
2
S
CON
(1)
k AH ON , CK ON ,khi :
S
AON
=
1
2
ON . AH (2)
S
CON
=
1
2
ON . CK (3)
T (1) , (2) , (3)
AH =
1
2
CK

BO. CK = 2 BO. CH
S
BOC
= 2
S
BOA
Tng t: S
BOM
= 2 S
AOM
S
BOC
= 2
S
COA
S
BOA
= S
COA

AO . CE = AO. BD
CE = BD
CF = BF ( CEF = BDF -
trng hp : cnh huyn gc nhn)
S
ABC
= 2S
COB
nn: AI . BC = 2 OL .
BC

AI = 2 OL
T : BF = CF v C/m trn
S
COF
=
S
COA
36

M
K
F
L I
E
O
H
N
D
C B
A
OA = FO
c.bi tp v nh:
Bi 1: Trn cc cnh AB, AC ca ABC c din tch S, ly cc im D, E
sao cho
AD =
1
4
AB, AE =
1
4
AC. Gi K l giao im ca BE, CD. Tnh S
ADKE
theo S
Bi 2: Tam gic ABC c ba cnh di 26 cm, 28 cm, 30 cm. Tnh di
ng cao ng vi cnh 28 cm
Bai 3: Cho ABC, phn gic trong AD, phn gic ngoi Ay, k BE Ay ti
E, CF Ay ti F. So snh S
ABC
v S
EDF
Bui 11 : Bin i biu thc hu t - gi tr phn thc
Ngy son: 27 - 12- 2010
Ngy dy: - 12 - 2010
A.mc tiu:
1) Cng c ,nng cao kin thc v bin i biu thc hu t
2) HS lm thnh tho cc bi ton v bin i biu thc hu t,gi tr
ca phn thc
3) Vn dng thnh tho kins thc vo cc bi tp nng cao v chuyn
ny
B.bi tp ti lp
1. V d 1: Rt gn biu thc A =
2 2
1 2 x y
x
x y y x y
_ _ +
+

+
, ,
Ta thc hien phep tnh theo
th t nao
Hay bien oi, thc hien
phep tnh trong tng dau
ngoac
GV ket hp cung HS hoan
thanh li giai
Thc hien phep tnh trong ngoac
trc
HS thc hien phep tnh theo th
t
HS cung GV hoan thanh bai giai
Gii:
37
A =
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 ( ) ( ) 2
.
( ) ( )
x y x x y x y x y y x xy x y x y
x
x y y x y x y y x y x y y x y
_ 1 _ 1 + + + + + +
+
1 1
+ + +
, ] , ]
=
2
( )( )
. 1
( ) ( )( )
xy y x y y x y x y
x y y x y y x y x y
+ +

+ +
2. V d 2: Cho A =
4
4 3 2
16
4 8 16 16
x
x x x x
+
a) Tm gi tr ca x gi tr ca biu thc A xc nh
b) Rt gn A
c) Tm x A c gi tri bng 2
d) Tm cc gi tr nguyn ca x A nhn gi tr nguyn
Gi tr ca biu thc A xc nh
khi no?
tm c gi tr ca x m
khc 0 ta lm th no?
Tm gi tr ca x mu khc
0
Mun rt gn biu thc A ta lm
th no?
Hy rt gn biu thc A
Y/c HS rt gn biu thc A v tr
li kt qu
Biu thc A c gi tr nguyn khi
no?
Hy tm gi tr tng ng ca x
Hon thnh bi gii
Gi tr ca biu thc A xc nh khi

4 3 2
4 8 16 16 0 x x x x +
Ta phn tch mu thnh nhn t,
cho mo khc 0 khi mi nhn t khc
0
HS gii v tm gi tr tng ng ca x
HS tr li
HS rt gn
HS tr li
HS tm gi tr tng ng ca x
HS hon thnh bi gii
a) Ta c:
( ) ( ) ( )
4 3 2 4 3 2
4 8 16 16 16 4 8 16 32 + x x x x x x x x
= ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
2 2 4 4 2 16 2 2 2 4 4 16
1
+ + + +
]
x x x x x x x x x x
= ( ) ( )
3 2 2
2 2 4 8 4 16 + + + x x x x x
= ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
3 2 2
2 2 4 8 2 4 + + x x x x x x
Biu thc A xc nh
(x - 2)
2
(x
2
+ 4) 0
x 2 (v x
2
+ 4 0 vi
mi x)
b) Rt gn :
A =
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2 2
4
2 2 4 3 2
2 2
4 4 2 2 4
16 2
4 8 16 16 2
2 4 2 4
+ + +
+

+
+ +
x x x x x
x x
x x x x x
x x x x

c) A = 2

2 2 2( 2)
2
2 2 2
+ +

x x x
x x x
x + 2 = 2x - 4
x = 6 (t/m)
d) Chia x + 2 cho x - 2 ta c A =
4
1
2 x
+
38
A c gi tr nguyn vi x nguyn th x - 2 l (4). Nn ta c:
2 4 2
2 2 0
2 1 1
2 1 3
2 2 4
2 4 6
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x

{ - 2; 0; 1; 3; 4; 6 }
3. V d 3:
Gi a,b,c l di 3 cnh ca tam gic bit rng:
8 1 1 1
,
_
+
,
_
+
,
_
+
c
a
b
c
a
b
Chng minh rng tam gic l tam gic u.
C/m tam gic l tam gic
u th ta phi C/m g?
Hy bin i biu thc trn
c c iu cn C/m
C/m tam gic l tam gic u
th ta phi C/m
a = b = c
a - b = b - c = c - a = 0
HS bin i

1 1 1 8 . . 8
b c a a b b c a c
a b c a b c
+ + + _ _ _
+ + +

, , ,

2 2 2 2 2 2
8
0
a b ab a c abc abc b c ac bc abc
abc
+ + + + + + +

2 2 2 2 2 2
( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 )
0
a b abc bc ab abc ac a c abc b c
abc
+ + + + +

2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( )
0
b c a a b c c a b
abc
+ +

( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
0
a b b c c a
ab bc ca

+ +

2
2
2
( ) 0
0
( ) 0 0
) 0
( ) 0
a b
a b
b c b c a b c
c a
c a

' '

hay tam gic l tam gic u
4. V d 4: Cho
1 1 1
0
a b c
+ +
.
Tnh gi tr ca BT : M =
b c c a a b
a b c
+ + +
+ +
tnh gi tr ca M vi iu
kin cho th ta phi lm g?
Hy bin i M thnh mt biu
thc tho mn iu
tnh c gi tr ca M theo iu
kin ca bi ra th ta phi bin i
M thnh mt biu thc trong c
ch biu thc c gi tr nh GT
cho
HS bin i
Ta c: M =
1 1 1 3
b c c a a b a b c a b c a b c
a b c a b c
+ + + + + + + + + _ _ _
+ + + + + + +

, , ,
( )
1 1 1
3 a b c
a b c
_
+ + + +

,
= 0.
1 1 1
a b c
_
+ +

,
- 3 = - 3
39
5. V d 5: Cho a, b, c 0 v a + b + c 0 tha mn iu kin
1 1 1 1
a b c a b c
+ + =
+ +
.
Chng minh rng trong ba s a, b, c c hai s i nhau.
T suy ra rng :
2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009
1 1 1 1
a b c a b c
+ + =
+ +
.
Li gii
Ta c :
1 1 1 1
a b c a b c
+ + =
+ +

1 1 1 1
0
a b c a b c
+ + - =
+ +

a b a b
0
ab c(a b c)
+ +
+ =
+ +

c(a b c) ab
(a b). 0
abc(a b c)
+ + +
+ =
+ +
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a) = 0
b c 0 a b
a b 0 b c
c a 0 c a

+ = =-

+ = =-

+ = =-

T suy ra :
2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
a b c a ( c) c a
+ + = + + =
-

2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009
1 1 1
a b c a ( c) c a
= =
+ + + - +

2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009
1 1 1 1
a b c a b c
+ + =
+ +
.
C) Bi tp v nh:
1) Rut gon cac bieu thc:
a)
1 1 1 1
...
1.2 2.3 3.4 ( 1) n n
+ + + +
+
b)
2 2
2 4 3 3 2 2
1 3
.
b a a
b
a ab a ab a a b ab a b
_ _
+

+ + +
, ,
2) Cho ba s a , b, c 0 tho mn : a + b + c = 2010 v
1 1 1
0
a b c
+ +
Tnh gi tr ca biu thc: A = a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
3) Chng minh rng: Nu
1 1 1
2
a b c
+ +
v a + b + c = abc Th :
2 2 2
1 1 1
2
a b c
+ +
Bui 12: phng trnh a v dng: ax + b = 0
phng trnh tch
Ngy son : 31 - 01 - 2010
a. mc tiu :
* Cng c , h thng kin thc v phng php gii phng trnh a v
40
dng ax + b; phng trnh tch
* Nng cao k nng gii phng trnh cho HS
* Vn dng thnh tho k nnggii Pt vo cc bi ton c th
b. bi tp :
1. V d 1
Gii cc Pt:
a) 8(3x - 2) - 14x = 2(4 - 7x) +
15x
Bin i Pt nh th no?
b) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
5 2 3 4 3 5 x x x x + +
Thc hin php nhn, thu gn Pt
da v dng ax = - b
c) x(x + 3)
2
- 3x = (x + 2)
3
+ 1
Hy bin i tng ng
gii Pt ny
d)
4 3 1 9 2 3 1
3 4 8 12
x x x x +
+
Bin i gii Pt ny nh th
no?
2. V d 2: Gii cc Pt
a)
1909 1907 1905 1903
4 0
91 93 95 97
x x x x
+ + + +
Ta c nn quy ng mu hay
khng? V sao ?
Em c nhn xt g v tng ca
t v mu ca mi phn thc
Vy, ta bin i Pt nh th no?
a) 8(3x - 2) - 14x = 2(4 - 7x) + 15x
24x - 16 - 14x = 8 - 14x + 15x
24x - 14x + 14x - 15x = 8 + 16
9x = 24
x =
24
9

x =
8
3

b) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
5 2 3 4 3 5 x x x x + +
2 2
7 10 12 9 25 10 x x x x x + + + +
6
5 6
5
x x
c) x(x + 3)
2
- 3x = (x + 2)
3
+ 1
x(x
2
+ 6x + 9) - 3x = x
3
+ 6x
2
+12x + 8 + 1
x
3
+ 6x
2
+ 9x - 3x = x
3
+ 6x
2
+12x
+ 9
6x = 12x + 9
- 6x = 9
x =
3
2
d)
4 3 1 9 2 3 1
3 4 8 12
x x x x +
+
8(x - 4) - 6(3x + 1) = 3(9x - 2) +

2(3x - 1)
8x - 32 - 18x - 6 = 27x - 6 + 6x - 2
-10x - 38 = 33x - 8
- 43x = 30
x =
30
43

HS ghi bi, tm cch gii
HS tr li
a)
1909 1907 1905 1903
4 0
91 93 95 97
x x x x
+ + + +
(2000 - x)
1 1 1 1
91 93 95 97
_
+ + +

,
= 0
2000 - x = 0
x = 2000
41
b)
999 896 789
6
99 101 103
x x x
+ +
3. V d 3
Gii cc phng trnh :
a) (x-1)
3
+ x
3
+ ( x + 1 )
3
= ( x +
2 )
3
Ta bin i Pt nh th no?
Thu gn pt
(x
2
+ x +1) ( x 4 ) = 0 khi
no?
b) ( x + 3 ) (x 3 ) ( x
2
11 ) + 3
= 2
Hy bin i Pt trn
Ta nn gii Pt theo phng php
no?
t : x
2
9 = y ; th (1)
?
c) 2x
3
+ 7x
2
+7x + 2 = 0
Phn tch v tri thnh nhn t
nh th no?
d) ( x +3)
4
+ ( x + 5 )
4
= 2 (2)
t x + 4 = y ; th pt (2)
?
Bin i Pt thnh Pt tch
b)
999 896 789
6
99 101 103
x x x
+ +
999 896 789

1 2 3 0
99 101 103
x x x _ _ _
+ +

, , ,

1098 1098 1098
0
99 101 103
x x x
+ +
(x - 1098)
1 1 1
99 101 103
_
+ +

,
= 0
x =
1098
a) (x-1)
3
+ x
3
+ ( x + 1 )
3
= ( x + 2 )
3

x
3
3x
2
+ 3x 1 + x
3
+ x
3
+ 3x
2
+
3x + 1
= x
3
+ 6x
2
+ 12x + 8
x
3
3x
2
3x 4 = 0
x
3
- 1 - 3x
2
-3x - 3 = 0
( x 1 )( x
2
+ x +1) - 3(x
2
+ x +1)
= 0
(x
2
+ x +1) ( x 4 ) = 0
x 4 =
0
x = 4 (v x
2
+ x +1 = (x +
1
2
)
2
+
3
4
> 0 vi x R )
b) ( x + 3 ) (x 3 ) ( x
2
11 ) + 3 = 2
(x
2
9 ) (x
2
11 ) +1 = 0 (1)
t : x
2
9 = y ; th (1)
y ( y 2 )
+ 1 = 0
y
2
2y + 1 = 0
( y + 1)
2
= 0

y + 1 = 0
y = - 1
x
2
9 = 1
x
2
= 10
10 x t
c) 2x
3
+ 7x
2
+7x + 2 = 0
2x
3
+ 2x
2
+ 5x
2
+ 5x + 2x + 2 = 0
(x+1)(x+2)(2x+1) = 0
d) ( x +3)
4
+ ( x + 5 )
4
= 2 (2)
t : x + 4 = y ; th
(2)
(y 1)
4
+ ( y + 1 )
4
2 = 0
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
1 1 2 0 y y
1 1
+ +
] ]
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2 2 2
1 1 2 1 1 2 0 y y y y
1
+ + +
]
42
e) x
4
3x
3
+ 4x
2
3x + 1 = 0 (*)
x = 0 c pha l nghim ca Pt
(*) ?
Chia 2 v cho x
2
ta c pt no?
Gii Pt (**) nh th no?
t :
2 2
2
1 1
2 x y x y
x x
+ + .
Th Pt (2) tr thnh Pt no?
4. V d 4:
Gii cc Pt sau :
a) x
3
(a +b +c) x
2
+ (ab
+ac+bc) x = abc
Hy bin i v dng Pt tch?
b)
2 2 2
3
1
0
x x x x x x
x
a ac b bc c ab abc
+ + + + + + +
Bin i Pt ny bng cch no?
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
2
2
1 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 0 y y y y y
1
+ + +
]
4 2 2 2
2 12 0 ( 6) 0 y y y y + +
0 y
(V
2
6 0 y + )
Vi : y = 0 th x = - 4
e) x
4
3x
3
+ 4x
2
3x + 1 = 0 (*)
Nhn xt : x = 0 khng pha l
nghim ca Pt ,
Nn chia c 2 v Pt (*) cho x
2
ta c :
(*)
2
2
1 1
3 x x
x x
_ _
+ +

, ,
+ 4 = 0 (**)
HS tr li
t :
2 2
2
1 1
2 x y x y
x x
+ + . Th
(**) ( ) ( )
2
1
3 2 0 1 2 0
2
y
y y y y
y

+
+Vi y =1 th ta c Pt : x
2
x + 1 =
0
2
1 3
0
2 4
x
_
+

,
, Pt v nghim
+Vi y = 2 , ta c : x
2
2x + 1 = 0
( )
2
1 0 1 x x
a) x
3
( a + b + c ) x
2
+ ( ab + ac +
bc ) x = abc
x
3
ax
2
bx
2
cx
2
+ abx + acx +
bcx abc = 0
...
(x a) (x
2
bx
cx bc ) = 0
(x a) [x(x b) c(x b)] = 0
(x a)(x b)(x c) = 0
...
b)
2 2 2
3
1
0
x x x x x x
x
a ac b bc c ab abc
+ + + + + + +
2 2 2
3
1
0
x x x x x x
x
a c ac b ab bc abc
_ _ _
_
+ + + + + + +

,
, , ,
2
1 1 1 1 1
0
x x
x x x x x
a c a b a bc a
_ _ _ _
+ + + + + + +

, , , ,
2
1 1
0
x x
x x
a b c bc
_ _
+ + + +

, ,

43
c) x
7
+ x
5
+ x
4
+ x
3
+ x
2
+1 = 0
Phn tch v tri ca Pt thnh
nhn t bng phng php no?
d) x
10
+ x
8
+ x
6
+ x
4
+ x
2
+ 1 = 0
hy gii tng t nh cu trn
5. V d 5: Cho Pt
x
3
(m
2
m + 7)x 3(m
2
m 2)
= 0 (1)
a) Xc nh m Pt c nghim
bng 1
b) Gii Pt tng ng vi gi tr m
va tm
b) Thay : m
2
m = 0 Vo Pt (1) ta
c (1)
tr thnh Pt no?
1 1 1 1
0 x x x x
a b c b
1
_ _ _
+ + + +
1
, , ,
]
1 1 1
0 x x x
a b c
_ _ _
+ + +

, , ,

...
c) x
7
+ x
5
+ x
4
+ x
3
+ x
2
+1 = 0
(x
7
+ x
5
+ x
3
) +( x
4
+ x
2
+1) = 0
x
3
(x
4
+ x
2
+ x ) +( x
4
+ x
2
+1) = 0
( x
4
+ x
2
+1) (x
3
+ 1) = 0
3
3
4 2
1 0
1 0 1
1 0
x
x x
x x
+
+
+ +

V x
4
+ x
2
+1 =
2
2
1 3
x + 0
2 4
_
+ >

,
. Vi
x
d) x
10
+ x
8
+ x
6
+ x
4
+ x
2
+ 1 = 0
x
6
(x
4
+ x
2
+ 1) + (x
4
+ x
2
+ 1) = 0
(x
6
+ 1)( x
4
+ x
2
+ 1) = 0
(x
6
+ 1) [( x +
1
2
)
2
+
3
4
] = 0
6
2
1 0
1 3
0
2 4
x
x
+
_
+ +

,
V : x
6
+ 11 vi mi x
R; Nn Pt : x
6
+ 1 = 0 v nghim
( x +
1
2
)
2
+
3
4

3
4
vi mi x
R . nn Pt
:
( x +
1
2
)
2
+
3
4
= 0 v nghim
Vy Pt cho v nghim
a)V x = 1 l nghim ca Pt (1) , nn
ta c : 1 (m
2
m + 7) 3m
2
+3m +
6 = 0
2
m = 0
- 4m + 4m = 0
m = 1
b) Thay : m
2
m = 0 Vo Pt (1) ta c :

( )
3 3
2
1 x - 7x + 6 = 0 ( x x ) - ( 6x - 6 ) = 0
( x - 1) ( x x - 6 ) = 0

+
44
1 0 1
( 1)( 2)( 3) 0 2 0 2
3 0 3
x x
x x x x x
x x

+

+

Bi tp v nh
1) Gii Pt :
a) (x - 2)(x + 2) - (2x + 1)
2
= x(2 - 3x)
b)
x - 4 3x - 2 2x - 5 7x + 2
+ - x = -
5 10 3 6
c)
1 3 5 7
65 63 61 59
x x x x + + + +
+ +
d)
x - 29 x - 27 x - 25 x - 23 x - 1970 x - 1972 x - 1974 x - 1976
+ + + + + + +
1970 1972 1974 1976 29 27 25 23
- 8 = 0
2) Gii cc Pt sau :
a) x
3
+ 3x
2
+ 4x + 2 = 0 c)(x 2)
4
+ (x 3)
4
= 1
b) 6x
4
x
3
7x
2
+ x + 1 = 0 d) x
6
9 x
3
+ 8 = 0
e) (x
2
+ 10x + 16)( x
2
+ 10x + 24) +16 = 0
3) Cho Pt : x
3
+ (m
2
2)x
2
(m 1)x 2 = 0
a) Xc nh m , bit Pt c mt nghim : x = - 1
b) Tm nghim cn li ca Pt vi m va xc nh
45

Giao An Day Them Toan 8

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Giao An Day Them Toan 8

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Gio n BDHSG ton 8 - GV: Nguyn Tin Thun

Bui 1 : hng ng thc

Gio n BDHSG ton 8 - GV: Nguyn Tin Thun

ADF can trai D co

CEK vuong tai E

I la trung iem cua BF , CK

f(x) = r (so d cua f(x) : (x

NM la tia phan giac cua

CMQ bang goc nao? V sao?

hnh bnh hanh MNPQ la hnh

AKCF la H.b.h v co FA //= CK

24x - 16 - 14x = 8 - 14x + 15x

24x - 14x + 14x - 15x = 8 + 16

8(x - 4) - 6(3x + 1) = 3(9x - 2) +

999 896 789

(x a) [x(x b) c(x b)] = 0

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