Unit III Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family

(3-5 years)

1. PROMOTING OPTIMAL GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT IN TODDLERHOOD

DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS
Physical Tasks 1. Growth Slower growth rate continues Weight gain: 2-3 kg/yr 2. Vital signs Height increase: 2.5-3.5 inches/yr HR: 60-100/min RR: 23/min 3. Permanent teeth may appear late in preschool period; first permanent teeth are molars.

4. Gross Motor Development

Walks upstairs using alternate feet by 3 years. Walks downstairs using alternate feet by 4 years. Rides tricycle by 3 years. Stands on 1 foot by 3 years. Hops on 1 foot by 4 years. Skips & hops on alternate feet by 5 years. Balances on 1 foot with eyes closed by 5 years. Jumps rope by 5 years.

5. Fine Motor Development Hand dominance in writing established by 5 years. Ties shoes by 5 years. Handles scissors well by 5 years. Copies a circle by 3 Copies a square by 4 Copies a triangle, prints letters & numbers by 5

Psychosocial Tasks
Becomes independent in feeding, dressing, etc. Child is eager to please by 5 years Gender-specific behavior is evident by 5 years. Egocentricity changes to awareness of others. Rules become important. Understands sharing. Questions parent values & compare them with peers/authority figures.

PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
Initiative vs Guilt (Erikson)
Initiative is the capability to devise actions Guilt is the feeling that it is wrong or inappropriate to instigate something of one's own design.

Erikson's Psychos ocial Crisis Stages

Freudian psychosexual stages

life stage / relationships / issues

basic virtue and second named strength

Maladaptation / malignancy
Ruthlessness / Inhibition

3.

Initia -tive v Guilt

Phallic 3-6 yrs

preschool / Purpose family / and exploration Direction and discovery, adventure and play

 Initiative is the capability to devise actions or projects, and a confidence and belief that it is okay to do so, even with a risk of failure or making mistakes.
Initiative flourishes when adventure and game-playing is encouraged

Guilt is the feeling that it is wrong or inappropriate to instigate something of one's own design.
results from being admonished or believing that something is wrong or likely to attract disapproval

Suppressing adventure and experimentation, or preventing young children doing things for themselves because of time, mess or a bit of risk will inhibit the development of confidence to initiate, replacing it instead with an unhelpful fear of being wrong or unapproved.

Phallic Stage
(Freud)
Normal interest in genitals & where babies come from Penis envy & Castration Anxiety Attachment to the opposite sex parent (Electra & Oedipal Complex)

Development of Body Image

Beginning of body awareness Recognizes that individuals have desirable & undesirable appearances. Compares sizes with playmates & become conscious. Believes that blood can leak out of skin. Needs bandages to keep their insides from coming out after an injury.

Cognitive Development
Focuses on 1 idea at a time. Understanding of time develops. Is very inquisitive. Always ask WHY?
Language Knows 2,100 words at the end of 5 years. Sentence structuring of adult level.

Development of Sexuality
Sex typing (formation of attitudes, behaviors, personality, and beliefs appropriate for culture & sex). Dressing up is an important activity. Comments such as boys dont cry influence self-concept of masculinity/femaleness. Awareness of racial & sexual differences begin. Prejudice may develop based on values of parents. Manifests sexual curiosity. Sexual education begins.

Play Associative Play (no rigid rules) Imitates same-sex role functions in play. Imaginary playmates are common. - more prevalent in bright children - help child in loneliness & fear - abandoned by school age

Toys to Give
Provide toys that help develop gross motor skill: tricycles, outdoor gym, wading pool Toys that encourage fine motor skills, self expression, & cognitive development: blocks, puzzles, paints, illustrated books, flash cards, crayons, clay Television, when supervised can provide a quiet activity.

Fears
Greatest number of imagined & real fears of childhood in this period. Fears concerning body integrity. Able to imagine an event even without experiencing it. Observing injuries or pain in others can cause pain. Magical & animistic thinking.

Coping with Concerns Related to Normal Growth & Development in Preschoolers

 Sex Education

 Speech Problems (normal in 2-5 year olds)

Fears

 Preschool And Kindergarten Experiences

 Aggression

 Gifted Children

INJURY PREVENTION

ANTICIPATORY GUIDANCE
Protection to education Verbal explanations why danger exist Memorization of rules and wearing of helmets