A prsject

of Volunteers

in Asia

Small by:

Michell W.R. Bresljn

(Banki.

Turti~~%--A~QIXZti~ct~oT!

Published by: Volunteers in Technical Assistance 1815 North Lynn St. Suite 200 P.O. Box 12438 VA 22209 USA Arlington, Paper copies are $ 4.75.

Available from: Volunteers in Technical Assistance 1815 North Lynn St. Suite 2CO P.O. Box 12436 VA 22209 USA Arlington, Reproduced by permission Technical Assistance. of Volunteers in

Reproduction of this microfiche document fcrm is subject to the same restrictions of the original document.

in any as those

GE!ERAtOR ,

TURBNE I !

TA I /HATER

IWELL WiNKI) TURBINECONSIDERATIONS

APPLICATIONS: AC OR DC ELECTRIC GENERATION--AGRICULTURAL OPERATIONS, S:jCH AS, THRESHERS, WINNOWER, PUMPING, ETC. MACHINERY WATER

SKILLS/LABOR/TIME: Construction time and labor resources required to complete this The most important project will vary depending on several f;ictors. consideration ir, availability of people interested in doing this The project may in many circumstances be a secondary or project. will of course increase the time necessary This after work project. The construction times given here are at to complete the project. best an estimation based on limited field experience. 5k.1111 divisions are given because some aspects of the someone with experience in rnctalworking and/or welding. adequate facilities are available before construction SKILLED LABOR -- 40 hours UN:;KILLED LABOR -- 40 hours WELDING -- 8 hours SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS: @Very efficient and simple @Virtually no maintenance scan operate over a range conditions Disadvantages: *Requires certain construction @Special governing generation @Welding equipment @Electric grinding @Wood bearing will COST ESTIMATE:* *Cost estimates country. s15c serve - $6OO(US) only as amount device of skill in for turbine AC electric needed to of build wJ.ter and flow operate and head (depending project Make begins.' require sure

on site conditions)

Advantages:

with cutting attachments needed machine needed have to be replaced periodically including and will materials vary and frrJm labor. to

a guide

country

The M!chel efficient to generate

or Banki Lcirbfne means of harnessing electricity as

is

a re;ativel;

we!!

a small stream as a number

easily constracted, highly to proviae enough power of mechanical devices.

The turbine consists of two main parts --the runner or wheel and the Curved horizontal blades are fixed between the cii-cular end nomzle. plates of the runner. Water passes from the nozzle through the runner twfce ir, a narrow jet before it is discharged into the tail race. Once the flow and head of the water site have been calculated, the wheel presented here can be lengthened blades oc the 30cm diameter as necessary to obtain optimum power output from the available water source. The efficiency of the i\""chell turbine is 80 percent or greater. coupled with its adaptability to a variety of water sites and its simplicity and low cost, needs, make it the most suitable water turbines for small power development. The turbine itself vides power for direct current; a governing device is necessary Provide alternatfng current. This, power of ~11 proto

~EACWATER

:; f

1.

_.,

ARRANGEME;4T ,A ?'ICHEL, "3ANKI) TlJRBINE r3F F:R SW-HEAZ USE WITHOUTMTROL (31 1

Both of the main parts of the Michell turbine and require some machining. Ordinary steel blades or buckets of the runner. Accn-Las to small machfne shop like those often used to automotive parts is necessary.

are made of plate steel nipe is cut to form the welding equipment and a repair farm machinery and and wellflow, be lubri-

The nature of the turbine avoids the need for a complicated sealed housing. The bearings have no contact with the water as they are located outside of the housing; they can simply cated and don't need to be sealed. Figure 15 shows an arrangement of a turbine use without control. This installation will tor with a belt drive.
TIMBER
SATE

of this drive

type for low-head an AC or DC genera-

YER

C1ENEF.AToFi 9

T'JRBINE

TAILWATER

IYKHELL (SANKI)
Alternating at regularly bearing slides, Current recurring part of Electrical intervals a machine

TUREINE
'ts part direction revolves, to pressure.

energ:/ t!-~at reversal: known as cycles. in or on which another

- Any etc.

Direct Current another in Head - The

- Electrical t'ime or space of average a body

current without of water, of

proceeding deviation cl;nsidered

or

from one point interruption. as ot energy causing 2 stream. losses

height - The

Headwater Net Head frfction Penstock Rolled steel -

height

a water minus

source the

Height of of a pipe

a body of water or water channel. or p'pe for soil

through

- A conduit

conducting achieved rolled over height

water. through the soil of the the use several of a times. at

- Compaction of Earth or heavy wood cylinder - The utilize&

Tailrace (Tailwater) the point it is Turbine - A rotary both of a current and usually made rotating spindle. Weir its - A dam in flow.

average

water

source

engine actuated by the reaction or impulse or cf fluid (such as water) subject to pressure with a series of curved vanes on a central or river to raise the water level or divert

a stream

II,

PRE-CONSTRUCTION CONSI!lEUiT!GMS

water power sj t es currently comprises one of Development of small the most feasible areas for applica:i on of alternative energy techIf water power is needed to produce only mechanical nologies. for powering a grain thresher, it may be easier example, energy s for and less expensive to construct a waterwheel or a windmiil. However, if an electrical generator is needed, fh;! Micheli turbine, despite relatively high initial costs, may be feasible and indeed economical under one or more of the following conditions:
to transmission - access fuel sources is limited
cost

lines or to reliable or non-existent

fuel? is high

fossil

of

Coal,

Oil,

Other

- available high head

-

water supply is (50-1OC meters)

constant
relatively

and re?idble, with easy to achieve

need exists for only a small dam built into a river or stream and for a relativeY;q short (less than 35m) penrtock conducting water to the turbine (channel) for a

Ii one or more of the above seems to be the case, it is probably to look fl.rrther into the potential cf a Michell turbine. good idea fin81 decision However, tilz is going to require consideration of a combination of factors, including site potential, expense, and purpose. SITE SELECTION

This is perhaps the most critical factor. For the amount of power which can be obtained, the expense of installation, and even, by the applications extension, fcr which the power can be used may be determined by the quality of tie site. The first consideration in terms of site is ownership. Installation of an electricity generating unit, for example ore that needs a dam in addition to the site for the hovsing, can require and reservoir, access to a lot of land. In many developing countries, large lots of land are few and it is likeiy tha t more than one owner will have to be consulted. If ownership is not alreadv clearly held, the property questions must be investigated, including any rights which may belong to those rfhose property borders on the wate?. Damming, for example, can change the entire water table and/or water usage patterns in the area and is a step to be taken only after careful consideration. If ownership is clear, or not a oroblem, a careful analysis site is necessary-in order to deterl,rine lj the feasibility site for use of any kind and 2) the Sower obtainable from of the of the tire site.

Site

analysis Minimum Maximum

consists flow flow head length (with

of

coJlecting

the

fol!owinq

basic

data:

Avai Jable
@Pipe head) line

(length eli:vations, (clear,

of

penstock or

required

to

give

desired site

Site sketch sketched in) Water condition

topographical acid, etc.)

map with

muddy, of

sandy,

condition (the size the soil combine to affect moves through the channel power available) @Minimum Air tailwater

Soil

the ditch and the the speed at which and, therefore, the the turbine setting

condition the water amount of and

of

(determines (minimum and

type)

temperature

maximum)

Appendix I contains more detailed information and the instructions <the site analysis including directions for: needed to complete flow, and head Josses. Measuring head, These directions have been geared so that they can be carried out in field conditions without a great deal of complex equipment. Once such information is collected, the amount of power available can be determined. Power, expressed in terms of horsepower or kilowatts (one horsepower equals 0.7455 kilowatts), is going to be lost when it is transmitted from the generator to the pJace of and because of turbine and generator inefficiencies. application For a small water power installation of the type considered here% it is usually safe to assume that the net or useful power (power actually delivered for heating, lignting, etc.) will be only half of the available gross power. Gross mined Power, by the or power following available directly from the water, is deter-

formuJa:

GROSS POWER Gross Power (English Mlnitnum Water Gross Power (metric units: Flor horsepower) (cubic = meters/second) 75 X Head (meters1 = X Gross Head (feet)

feet/second) 8.8 .

horsepower)

1,000 Flow (cubic

NET POWER(available Net Power (Englfsh

at the turbine units) =

shaft)

Minimum Water Net Power (Metric units)

Flow X Net Head* X Turbine

Efficiency

8.8

= Effici'ency These losses when natura?ly are a far to make water into provides head or channel

Minimum Water Flow X Net Head* X 'turbine 75/1,000 *kFT HEAD is obtained by deducting energy losses A good assumption are dfscussed in Appendix I. calculating losses is 805. Remember that while some sites appear to to being harnessed for producing electrical greater number of sites which can be used For example, a dam can be them suItable. a channel intake or to g,et a higher head (A dam may not be required if naturally. or if there is enough water to cover the leading to the penstock.)

from the gross head, for turbine efficiency lend themselves power, there if work is done built to direct than the stream there is sufficient intake of a pipe

Dams may be of earth, wooc!, concrete, or stone. Appendix II provides informatlon on construction of small dams. If a dam is needed, or ff there seems to be some questton concerning need for a dam, it fs always wise to consult an expert. EXPENSE related to site considerations is cost. It should be clear from the previous discussion that some sites are going to require investing a great deal more money than others. Construction of dams and penstocks can be very expensive, depending,upon, for example, the size and type of dam, and upon the length of the channel required. Add to these construction expenses, the cost of the electrical equipment--generators, transformers, transmission lines--and related costs for operation and maintenance and the cost, without financial support, can be prohibitive. Any discussion of site or cost, however, must be done in light of the purpose for which the power is desired. It may be more possible to justify the expense for one purpose but not for another. &PLICATION Before going into a longer discussion of po:ent'aJ for application of turbine-produced power, a d'scussion of altercating (AC) and direct current (DC) is necessary. A turbine can produce both, but both types of current cannot always be used for the same purposes and one requires installation of more expensive equipment than the other.

CloseJy

ALTERNATING

OR I~IRECT

CURRENT in cost the deciding

of

Two factors to consider power unit are (1) the turbine for AC and (2) tricfty.

whether
the

to

regulzticg

cozt

of

converting

install an AC or DC flow of water into the motors to use DC elec-

The demand for yower will vary from ,Zi,r:e to time during the day. With a constant flow of water intc the turbine, the power output Therefore, wfll sometimes be greater than tne demand for power. flow of water in'to the either excess power must be stored or the turbine must be regulated according to the demand for power. of tiater must be regulated because AC canIn producing AC, the flow Flow regulation requires governors and complex valvenot be stored. This equipment is expensive: in a small water type shut-off devices. the regulating equipment would cost more thaiI a turbine power site, and qdnerator combined. The flow of water to a DC prodticlng turbine, to be regulated. Excess power can be stP"red Direct-current generators and storage batteries because they are mass-produced. however, does not have in a storage battery. are low in cost

DC power is jest as Good as AC for prf)duci?g electric light and heat. But for electrical appliances, such as farm machinery and household appliances having AC motors, DC motors must be installed. The cost of converting appliances must be weighed against the ccr,t of flow regulation needed for producing AC.
water tends to generate au:omatically a picture of "free" Flowing power in the eyes of the observer. But there is always a cost to producing power from water sources. Before proceeding, the cost of developing low-output water power sf tes should be checked against the costs of other possible alternatives, such as:

*Electric Utility - In areas where transmission lines can furnish unlimited amounts df reasonably priced electric current, it is often uneconomical to develop small and medium-sized sites. However, in view of the increasing cost of utility supplied electricity, hydro-electric power is becoming more cost-effective. *Generators =J Diesel engines and internal-combustion are avallable in i3 wide variety of si?es and use a of fuels; for example, oil, gasoline, or wood. In the capital expenditure for this type OF bower plant low compared to a hvdro-electr+i plant. Operating on the other hand, ?re v?ry Tow fcr hydrn-electric high for generated power. engines variety general, is costs, and

work has been done ,?n the : tilization Solar - Extensive Eguipof solar energy for such things as water pumping. ment now available may be less costly than water power development in regions with long hours of intense sunshine. If it site, indeed seems it is yield feasible necessary enough to pursue de*Jelopment to calculate in aetail power for the specific of the small water whether the site purooses planned. power will

While a 30cm diameter wheel has been chosen for this manual because the Michell turbine has a this size is easy to fabricate and weld, wide range of application for all water power sites providing head to be run through the and flow are suitable. The amount of water turbine determines the width of the nozzle and the width of the These widths wheel. may vary from 5cm to 36cm. No other turbfne to as large a range of water flow. is adaptable

TABLE III
SMALL HYDRAULIC TURBINES TYPES Michell Biiki

i-

Impulse

j I

I t

! Centrifugal Pump Used JS T:rrhine'

Qt@;;
Application Power (horsepower) Cost per Kilowatt Manufacttirers high head 1 to 500

j ,J,~,:c
.i
medium head Available for any desired condition I i I I low 1 to 1000

low

low & Co. Ohio

lcw

James Leffel Springfield, L'SA 45501 Drees & Co. Werl, Germany 9fficine Taverne,

Ossberger-'urbinenfabrik 8832 Weissenburg Bayern, Germany Can be do-it-yourself project is small weld and machine shops are availsble.

Any reputable dealer Jr manufacturer

Eubler Switzerland

-e-I-

-0

B2
FIGURE 14. It 'seems useful to which must be gone provide through Front an to Viec - Turbine of and Nozzle

example determine

the decision-making process the size of the turbine needed.

APPLICATION: ,JIL,iAGE FEANUT .

HtibLER

Power tions

enough to per minute

replace (r?m)

the motor =or peanut thresher

a 2-l/2

'rtP 1800

revoluhorsepower are about through

Gross poker needed is about 5 HP (Roughly of the motor to be repiaced assunling that l/2 of the total power available.) Village a ditch stream-can lC0 feet be dammed long. up and the

twice the the losses water channeled

..!

Total @Available

difference minimum

in

elevation rate:

is 2.S

25 feet cubic feet/second of 2.4 feet/second feet

flow

Soil of (Appendix eArea Bottom aliydraullc Calculate feet for of

vel(3city ditch permits a water Table II gives n = G.G3Gj flow width in ditc;l feet = G.3i fall The X 1.2 = .37 feet ft. (a = 2. Zi2.4 = 1.2

square

= 1.2

radius

results of 1,000 fzet.

ana head loss. total for 100

Shown on nomograph ditch is: negligible

loss)

as

1.7

+&.
Fall Power remaining produced is by approximately turbine at

17 feet 25 feet.

SO% efficiency X net

= 6.36

horsepower

Minir"llr.1 water Net power = -.--

flow

head X turbine 8.8

efficiency

2.8 X 25 X .80 = 6.36 -r Formulas for principal width of nozzle Niche11 =

horsepower dimensions: X /head

turbine

(El 1 =

210 x flow Runner outside diameter = 9.8 inches - (El) = 10.8 = = l/2

= 2i0 X 2.8 13 xb;25

(Bz

= width

of rcnner

between

lists

to 1 inch

= 9.8 + 1 incn Rotational speed (revolutions

inches

per minute)

73.1 Xihead Runr;er outside diameter 73.1 X CE 1 The but horsepower the rpm is generated not high is more enough. = 365.5 rpm

(ft.:

Lhan

enough

for

the

peanut

huller

at var:i'ng speeds giving different Many peanut threshers wi: 1 operate kg output of hulled pean::ts. So fcr a hulier whit? gives maximum output at 2-l/2 HP and 1300 rpm, a pui'ey arrangement will be needed for stepping up speed. In this example, the pulley ratio needed to step up speed is ll300 $ . 365 or approximately 6:l. Therefore an 18" diameter pulley attached to the turbine shaft, driving a 3 inch pulley 011 a generator shaft llrlill give :~s lG30 - rpm. +

TOOLS AND Although of these Materials -Steei

MATERIALS
materials materials for plate plate width) used in construction can be found in the a 30cm diameter Michell X 6Smm thick (quantity pipe (e.g., for oak, of turbine llgnum weave) l6cm end SHAFT or bush size pipe depdns bearings for hub for high speed'use or long pieces material buckets* vitae or substitute) steel to shaft enclose for rods depends on can form be purchased of scrap at new, many junir yards.

turbine:

4Gcm X 10cm Q5mm thick water

mm Steel nozzle --

1Ocm diameter

- ,. 2 blocks bearings -Chicken

hardwood w!re (1.5cm

X 1.5cm pipe

25mm diameter (to to be used steel

SW 6cm diameter or larger the wood bearings). ---a.. 4 Hub 4.5cm Flanges diameter for solid

attaching steel pillow appropriate of the

2 8

- 4.5cm - nuts

diameter and for bolts length

flanges site conditions.

*Measurements Tools: ------'-----Welding Metal Electric Drill Compass Pencil T-sqirare Hammer C-clamps Work file

on water

equipment

with

cutting

attachments

or

manual bits

grinder

Gnd metal

(template

included

in

this

handbook

bench

Protractor

II I,

COMSTRUCTIO~~
THE END ?:ECES
An actual size template Use 6.5mm thick plate stee?. for a 30.5cm turbine is prov-ided at the end of this slots are shaded to show how Two of the bucket book. the buckets are installed.
--

PREPARE

---

Cut out the on cardboard Trace around

haif or the

circle heavy half

from paper. cjrcle

:he

template the steel

and plate.

msunt

it

on

'-

S-EEL PLATE COca x iCCcm

13

/ I
/

-----

Turn the circle. Make two

template circles bucket

over on the slots

and steel

trace plate

again in

to this

complete way.

a full

Cut out the 10 spaces. Place template should

on the steel plate

template and

so that trace in the

there

are

on the

bucket's.+

*Al 1 buckets

be oriented

counterclockwise.

--

Repeat theshaft.

the

tracing

process

as

before

to

fiii

in

the

area

for

--

Drill wheei guide

3 Zmm ?ole where the for cutting

!n the steel plate in The hcle X is formed. the metal plate.

the b/-ill

center serve

of as

the a

----

Take a piece a hole near Driil the

of one

scrap metal 20cm end the width of

long by 5cm uide and dri?l the opening in the torch. other end at a point Measure carefully. up with This torch. equal to and

a Zmm diameter hole at the radi;is of the wheel 15.25~~.

Line the 2mm hole in the (see attach with a nail it easy to cut a perfect Cut the end plates as

scrap meta; illustration). circle. using the

the Zmm hole attachment

makes

--

shown

Steel

Plate

CUTTING

TI'E

c;"!C !'L.cTES

---

Cut the a metal

bucket slots saw and file

with them

the out

iorci, that from

or 'tray. the

,;f

yoti

prefer. of the

use wheel.

Cut out a 4.5cm diameter circle This prepares for the axle.

center

~ONSTRZC? Calculate

ThiF: EUCYETS the length of = buckets using the following formula: X r/Aear(ft.) h.\s been + (3.0cm)

Width of Buckets Uexween End ?l,ates

210 X Flow (Cubic 'eet/second) m!e??%ameter ofxrbine (inchesj to pipe tne once ?fie bucket length :enaths you require.

Take a iOcm diametcidetermined and cut Cut pipe length-wise as a guide as shown given in the template as a guide.)

using a piece in i?lurtr2t40n. i,l the back

CI~ angle iron to serve (Bucket measurements of this manual will serve

Guide

for

torch

END VIEW

--

Cut ,four buckets from each section of pipe will be lpft over but it width or ang e for use as 2 bucket.

of will

pipe. P fifth piece not be the correct

_ WIDTH 3F EACH PIPE SECTION IS 63mn (See bmplate)

Mm

File each of the buckets to medsUre 63mm wide. ting with a torch may warp the buckets; a few a hammer will straighten out warp.)

(NOTE: sharp raps

cut-

with

ASSEMBLE

THE WHEEL
a shaft from shaft should 4.5ct-v didmeter be 6Ocm plus diameter the hole the steel. width The total length of the wheel. of of each the of

-em

Gut the

Place the 4.5cm matching wheel, end piece. Drill four

metal hubs of the hub the piece

on the center with the hole and end piece.

se

20mm holes hubs to each

through end

hub using

--

Attach the long bolts

20mm diameter

X 3cm

and nuts.

HUB ATTACHMENT EDGE VIEW

--

Slide shaft through the hubs and space the end the buckets. The distance from each end piece the shaft should be 30cm. Insert runs Spot a bucket perfectly weld the and align the end pieces parallel with the center bucket to the end pieces. so that shaft.

pieces to the the

to fit end of blade

---

17

w. -

Turn the turbine another bucket shaft.

on the shaft making sure it

ha If a revolution with is aligned

the

and insert center

--

Spot weld the second bucket to the end pieces. it is easier to make sure buckets are placed, buckets will be aligned parallel to the center Weld the hubs to the shaft (check measurements).

Once these that all the shaft.

me

mm

Weld remaining buckets to the end to weld the bucket from the outside the inside.)

pieces (it is of the wheel

much easier than from

--

Mount the turbine on its bearings. The bearings should be either pillow or bush bearings for high-speed applications. It is possible to fabricate wood bearings, but because of the high speed such bearings would not last. Each bearing should be clamped to the workbench so that the whole thing can be slowly rotated as in a lathe. The cutting tool is an electric or small portable hand grinder mounted on a rail and allowed to slide along a second rail, or guide. The slide rail should be carefully clamped SC that it is exactly parallel to the turbine shaft,

TOP VIEW 18

me

Rotate the turbine sic .iy so that the high part of each Low parts blade comes into contact with the gr.inder. This process takes several hours will not quite touch. and must be done carefully. Make sure are flush the with bucket blades the outside are ground of the end so that pieces. the edges

---

not roll on its edges; it Balance the turbine so it will may be necessary to weld a couple of small metal washers The turbine is on the top of either end of the turbine. balanced when it can be rotated in any position without rolling.

TURBINE i'kZZiE -- Determine

formula: runner

nozzle

sire

by

using

the

following

210 X Flow (cubic feet/second! outs'de diameter (inches] Xi/head to 3c!-r less

(ft.) than the lenqth of the

The nozzle should be 7.5cm buckets between the discs. The following illustration nozzle in relationshio

to

shows a front the tdrbine.

view

of

a proper

ly

positioned

FRONT VIEW Use 6.5mm steel plate

- TURBINE for the

AND NOZZLE of from the nozzle. (outside diameter) width/di-

em

construction nozzle

-.-

Cut curved steel pipe

sections of if available.

15cm

-m Wake sure that the pipe mensions of the nozzle --

is first cut as calculatea

to the correct previously.

Bend steel plate to the necessary curvature if 15cm pipe is unavailable. This process will take some time and ingenuity One way of bending steel plate on the part of the builder. is to sledge hammer the 6.5mm plate around a steel cylinder This may be the only (or hardwood log) 15cm in diameter. way to construct the nozzle if 15cm steel pipe is unavailable. diagram provides minimum dimensions fcr proper turbine

The following installation.

2601

fhN

--

DETAILS OF MICHELLNOZZLE
TOP PORTION SHOWS ON DOTTED CONSTRUCTION FOR LINE PENSTOCK, ALTERNATE

21

--

Build the structure to hcuse 'f he tur The ill lustrat 0; steel plate. wood, in stalia and front view of a t:Joical meters).

bine ions tion

arJ here fcp

nozzle of coficrete, snow a side view 13~ "!ead use (l-3

Iii

B Timber I F

Headwater j--l---==---------.I I gate

I h !.a ., ,_ .

--

Attach to the Fake the hardwood

the nozzle nozzle. foundation oilings

to This

the housing should insure to whic5 concrete. bearings attach the

f;p

st and correc:

th?n orient ths turbine olacement. will be attached

turbine of

--

bearings

or with

--

Move the turbine, turbine measurements with bolts. Locdte the bearings

and

attached, tC tn: 3eari?g:,

tne proper nozzit, to the foundaticn

---

on

the

ou '-side

of

the

turbine

housing.

Fashion water seal;, dsin~ 6.5mm steel elate trilled -3mm longer than turbine :haft, (4.53~~) (one for each side) and weld to the inside of the turbine housing between the b~using and shaft. Some water will still come through the housing but not enough to interfere with efficiency.

22 --

I L I I !

TURBINE

INNER

SIDE

OF HOUSING/ ,

ti /:M,,

LOCATION OF DR I E PULLEY

f
/ I ;I

, U_, L..! I

_. -- -r /

P'JCHELL TURBINE UNOBSTRUCTEZ OF TURBINE, 'IIEW SEAL ANDRE?PING, (DRIVE PULLEYr)P'?iTEP FORCLARITY)

23

--

Construct turhlne

for

turbine repair

housing
and

so that maintenance.
GATE

there

is

easy

access

to

the

TIMBER

GENERATOR

%A% LbiATER

/-,/.

,: -;
I

24

PWHELL TUiWNE CNERALL VIEW

lnsttill6t;on for high head The illustrations belox sho:~ ;1 turbine rhis I=?'," the turb'ne hcusing is applications (4-,100 mete:,s). I? made fron; 6.5mm steel plate. 1 :gate;* shut-off valve allows control off the water flow Never shut of water flow to these turbines. If mainto oc.:ur. suddenly as a rupture ill r.h? ?rnstockis>rtain tenance on the turbine is ne:esqary, gradgaliy cut the water flow.

aeta! showing unobs:ruited view of trashrack at penstock intake.

YICHELL '!!RE!.j.:

25

IV,

MAINTENANCE

maintenance-free. The Michell (Banki) turbine is relatively The bearings ,which may have to be replaced only wearable parts are the Lubrication in the from time to time depending on the wood used. case of non oil-impregnated bearings is a must in order to preserve Bearings, which are not the bearings for as long as possible. oil-impregnated and depending on wood chosen, should be lubricated If oil-impregnated bearings are used, time once or twice a week. An unbalanced turbine between lubrication will be much langer. that is not mounted exactly will wear the bearings or a turbine quickly. very wire screen (1.5cm X 1.5cm weave) located behind the conA ch icken gate will help to keep branches and rocks from entering the trol housing. It may be necessary to clean the screen from time turb line Another alternative to chicken wire is the use of thin tii t ime. spaced so that a rake can be used to clean the leaves stee 11 rods or sticks.

ELECTRI CAL GENERATION It is beyond the scope of this manual to go into electrical generation Depending on the generator and using the Michell (Banki) Turbine. accessories you choose the turbine can provide enough rpm for Direct Current (DC) or Alternating Current (AC). Direct Current will be the less expensive of the two as the energy AC requires accessories can be stored in batteries and then used. The cost to controi the flow of water, since it cannot be stored. of producing AC can be prohibitively expensive. For information on the type of generator to purchase, contact manuA list of companies is provided here. The facturers directly. manufacturer often will be able to recommend an appropriate generator, if supplied with enouqh information upon which to make a recommendation. Be prepared to supply-the following information: -------AC or DC oper,.tion (include voltage energy devices); desired); (future will at consumption be used lowest flow

Long range and addition

use of electrical of electric under temperate, at water rates; the

Climatic condition i.e. tropical, ( Power available and maximum flow Power available (conservative Revolutions and belt; Intended watts if per

which generator arid, etc.); site calculated

to figure

generator in watts or horsepower woul d be half of power at water site (rpm) of turbine without pulleys

1;

minute

or present possibie

consumption of (include frequency

electrical energy in of electrical use).

GENERATORS/ALTERNATORS Lima Electric, Kato, Co., 200 E. Chapman Road, Lima, Minnesota Ohio 45802 USA 56001 USA 55432 USA Iowa 3 1102 USA

3201 3rd Avenue N., Menkato,

Gnan, 1400 73rd Avenue NE, Yinneapoiis, Wince of Dyna Tech., Kohler, Howelite, McCulloch, 421 High Rendale 2201 E. 7th S feet, Kohlen,

Minnesota Sioux City,

Street,

Wisconsin Port Wellsville,

53044 USA Chester, New New York 70573 USA

York

and Nelson

Streets,

989 S. Brooklyn

Avenue,

14895 USA

28

Sears

and Roebuck 1225 1st Avenue East, 615 1st Street, Company, 5200-02 Newton, Mansfie?d, Firs,~ Iowa 50208 USA Ohio 44903 USA Brooklyn, New York 11232 USA

Winpower, Ideal Empire

Electric, Electric

Avenue,

BATTERIES Bright Star, 6C2 Getty Avenue, Clifton, Gould New Jersey 07015 USA St. Paul, Minnesota 55101 USA

13urgess Division Delco-Remy, Eggle-Pichen ESB Inc., Exide,

of Clevite

Corp.,

P. 0. Box 3140, Anderson,

Division Industries, Willard

of GM, P. 0. Box 2439, Box 47, Joplin, Cleveland, Philadelphia,

Indiana

46011 USA

Missouri

64801 USA

Box 6949, Plaza,

Chio 44101 USA Pennsylvania 19103 USA New York 10017 USA

5 Penn Center,

Ever Ready Union Carbide

Corp.,

270 Park Avenue,

New York,

90
FILE OR GRIND BLADES TO DIAMETER

OF WHEEL

__-I_-----

--

--

--

--

----

--

_-

---

APPENilIX 1, -- SITE ANALYSIS

DATA SHEET MEASURING MEASURING MEASURING USING GROSS HEAD

FLOW
HEAD LOSSES

A NOMOGRAPH CHANNEL WIDTH AND DEPTH

DETERMINING DETERMINING

PENSTOCK LENGTH

THIS

APPENDIX

IS MEANT TO PROVIDE, CALCULATIONS

IN ONE PLACE, FOR A DETAILED

A GUIDE SITE

TO

MAKING

THE NECESSARY

ANALYSIS,

DATA SHEET 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Minimum second flow of (or cubic water available in cubic meters per second 1. water available in. cubic meters per second). water line in head. in feet (or (or meters). meters) muddy, Table in above pond feet dam in in where feet needed sandy, to feet feet per per

of Maximum- flow second (or cubic Head Lenqth get-the Describe acid). Describe Minimum or fall of of

pipe required water soil tailwater

feet

condition condition elevation

(clear, see

II).
(or meters). acres (or (or meters). will

Approximate area square kilometers). Approximate Distance be used Approximate Minimum Maximum Estimate air air depth

of
of

pond the

from power in feet (or distance temperature. temperature. to

plant to meters). from

electricfty power plant.

dam to

power

be used.

ATTACH SITE SKETCH WITH ELEVATIONS, OR TOPOGRAPHICAL MAP WITH SITE SKETCHED IN.

questions cover information which, although not necessary The following in starting to plan a water power site, will usually be needed later. If it can possibly be given early in the project, this will save time later. 1. Give the type, power and Indicate whether or acceptable. and speed of direct, belt the machinery or gear drive to is be driven desired

2.

indicate whether direct For electric current, acceptable or alternating current is required. number of phases and frequency. desired voltage,

current Give

is the

3.

Say whether very small is needed.

can manual flow r enulation _ AC plants) or if regulation

be used (with by an automatic

DC and governor

F~EASL'RING GROSS HEAD METHOD ?NO. 1. 1

Eqtiipment a. b. Surveyor's leveling instrument - consists level fastened parallel to a telescopic Scale - use wooden board approximately of sight. 12 feet a spirit in length.

SURVEYOR'S LEVEL 2. Procedure a. Surveyor's the power marked. level reservoir

SCALE AND DETAIL OF SCALE

on a tripod is dam on which

placed down stream from the headwater level is

b.

After taking a reading, The horbontal circle. it at a suitable distance This process is repeated reached.

the level is turned 180" in a rscsle is placed downstream from and a second reading is taken. until the tailwater level is

l-

FEADWATEf -j-----r ---

---DI I z!!s&-

-TAILWAiEil

YEASURING HEADWITH SURVEYOR'S LEVEL (TOTAL GRCSS HEAC= A + B + C + II)

METHOD NO.

2 is fully be used reliable, but when a surveyor's is more level tedious is not Method than avai lable. No. 1

This method and need only 1. Equipment a. b.

C.

Scale Board Ordinary and wooden carpenter's plug leve

SCALE AND DETAIL OF SCALE

LEVELING BOARD AND PLUGS IN STOKES

2.

Procedure a. Place board horizontally at headwater level and place level on top of it for accurate leveling. At the downstream end of the horizontal board, the distance to a wooden peg set into the ground is measured with a scale. The process is repeated level is reached.
HORIZONTAL , 0 , / 30AR3 CARPENTER 5

b.

step

wise

until

the

tailwater

LEVEL

iCALE

-- UC/ -OTAL GROSS YEAD ti, =

H2 + H3 +

t!4 +

H5 + Hg - HI

35

"E.~SURlEIB 'rl!TH 'P.RPEtITED'S HEAT LEVEL

MEASUWG FLOW
measurements should take place at the season of For power purposes, lowest flow in order to gnarantee full power at all times. Investito determine the level of flow at both gate the stream's flow hi story Too often planners have overlooked the fact that maximum and minimum. if the flow in a stream is reduced below the minimum level required, streams or sources of power may offer a better solution. other METHOD NO. 1

For smail streams with a capacity of less than one cubic build a temporary dam in the stream, or foot per second, hole" created by a natural dam. use a "swimming Channel the water into a pipe and catch it in a bucket of known Determine the stream flow by measuring the time capacity. it takes to fill the bucket. Stream METHOD NO. Flow (cubic 2 feet/second) = Volume oz Bucket (cubic F+!?:ng Time (seconds) feet)

For medium streams with a capacity of more than one cubic foot per second, the weir method can be used. The wei.r is made from boards, m or scrap lumber. Cut a rectangular opening in the center. Seal the seams of the boards and the sides built into the banks with clay or sod to prevent leakage. Saw the edges of the opening on a slant to produce sharp edges on the upstream side. A small pond is formed upstream from the weir. When there is no leakage and all water is flowing through the weir opening, (1) place a board across the stream and (2) place another narrow board level (use a pi carpenter's level) and perpendicular ,f" 1 to the ffrst. I '.,I 'p ._ ,x\

36

Measure the depth of the water above the bottom edge of weir with the help of a stick on which a scale has been Determine the flow from the table below. marked. FLOW VALUE (Cubic Feet/Second) Weir Width Overflow Height 3 feet .24 .67 1.9 3.5 1o:o :*z 4 feet .32 .89 2.5 4.7 1i.i 13:3 5 feet .40 1.06 3.2 5.9 9.0 12.7 16.7 6 feet .48 1.34 3.8 1G 15:2 20.0 7 feet .56 1.56 4.5 8.2 K 23:3 8 feet .64 1.8 5.0 1X 20:o 26.6

the

9 feet .72 2.0 5.7 10.5 16.2 22.8 30.0

1.0 inch 2 inches inches 4 inches z inches 10 inches Inches 12

METHOD NO. 3 Although it The float method is used for larger streams. is not as accurate as the previous two methods, it is Choose a point in the adequate for practical purposes. stream where the bed is smooth and the cross section is Measure fairly uniform for a length of at least 30 feet. water velocity by throwing pieces of wood into the water and measuring the time of travel between two fixed points, Erect posts on each bank at these 30 feet or more apart. Connect the 2 upstream posts by a level wire rope points. Follow the same procedure with (use a carpenter's level). Divide the stream into equal sections the downstream posts. along the wires and measure the water depth for each section. In this way, the cross-sectional area of the stream is determined. Use the following formula to calculate the flow:

37

Stream

Flow (cubic

feet/second

) = Average Cross-Sectional X Velocity (feet/second)

Flow Area

(square

feet \I

THE FLOAT

METHOD OF MEASIJRING

FLOW

38

MEASURINGHEAD LOSSES
is a function of the "Net "Net Power" "Gross Head" less the "Head Losses." typical small water power installation. open-channel losses plus the friction pensto ck. Head." The The illustration The her(a loss fromflow Head" shows losses are through "Net is the a the the

A TYPICAL INSTALLATION FOR A LOW-OUTPUTWATERPOWERPLANT 1. i: 4. 5. 6. River Dalm with Spillway Intake to Headrace Headrace Intake to Turbine Penstock Trashrack 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Overflow of Headrace Penstock Turbine Inlet Valve Water Turbine Electric Generator Tailrace For Eartn Hydraulic ,',,T water Leve: TL-'Vi ',,T f Zhanneis Tad-us = 0.31 W Water Level *

For Timber, Hydraulic

Concrete, Radius

Masonry

c?rRot:: .-

= 3.25 W

-;I
I WI2

>

i--w---+
W = Bottom Width

\ /
39

/ wXATER C;iANNELS

3ti:LZ:NG

A.

Open

Channel

-Head

Losses

The headrace and the tailrace in the illustration are open The walls channels for transporting water at low velocities. of channels made of timber, mason!;r, concrete, or rock, should Design them so that the water be constructed perpendicularly. Earth walls should be level height is one half of the width. Design them so that the water level built at a 45' angle. At the height is one half of the channel width at the bottom. water level the width is twice that of the bottom. The head loss in open channe'ls is given in the nomograph. The friction effect of the material of construction is called velocity, Various values of "N" and the maximum water " N" . below which the walls of a channel will not erode are given.

TABLE II
Material of Channel Wall Maximum Allowab?e Water Velocity (feet/second) 0.6 1.2 2.4 2::: 10.0 20.0 1.8 3.0 4.8 5,2 7.3 (Smooth) Value of "n" 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.033 0.016 0.016 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.015 0.033 except

Fine grained sand Course sand Small stones Coarse stones Rock Concrete with sandy water Concrete with clean water Sandy loam, 40% clay Loamy soil, 65% clay Clay lioam, 85% clay Soil loam, 95% clay 100% clay Wood Earth bottom with rubble sides

(Jagged)

0.04,

The hydraulic radius is equal to a quarter of the channel width, earth-walird channels where it is 0.31 times the width at the bottom.

for

To use the nomograph, a straight line ,is drawn from the value of "n" through the f:ow velocity to the reference line. The ooint on 'he reference line is connected to the hydraulic radius and this line is extended to the head-loss scale ,dhich also determines the required slope of the channel.

4@

USING

A NOMOGRAPH determining the and head, the water nomograph the of lost power site is used to capabilities determine: bring the and/or in water terms

After carefully of water flow 1) 2)

the width/depth of to the spot/location the amount of head

channel needed to the water turbine, in doing this.

10

F
I

.009 .OlO

-0.015

2 1.0

Q) nro20 fu z

0.5

0.2

/!-O.lOO

0.1

lo.150

Fall of Channel (or Slope) in feet per 1000 feet of Channel Length (The total fal: is equal to the Loss of Head in Feet through the Channel)

To use the graph, draw a straight line from the value of "N" through the flow velocity through the reference line tending to the hydraulic radius scale. The hydraulic radius is one quarter (.25) or (.31) the width of the channel that needs to be built. In the case where "N" is .030, for example, and water flow is 1.5 cubic feet/second, the hydraulic radius is 5 feet or 6 inches. If you are building a timber, concrete, masonry, or rock channel, the total width of the

with a depth channel would be 6 inches times . 25 or 2 feet If the channel is made of earth, the bottom least 1 foot. of the channel would be 6 times .31, or 19.5 inches, with of at least 9.75 inches and top width of 39 inches.

of at width depth

Using Suppose, however, that water flow is 4 cubic feet/second. the graph the optimum hydraulic radius ,d,ould be approximately 2 Building a wood feet-or for a wood channel, a width 04 8 feet. channel of this dimension would be prohibitively expensive. a smaller channel can be built by sacrif;cing some water However, For example, you could build a channel with a hydraulic head. To determine the amount of head or 6 inches. radius of . 5 feet that will be lost, draw a straight ?fne from the value of "N" through the flow velocity of 4 feet 3 /second to the reference line. Now draw a straight line from the hydraulic radius scale of .5 feet through the point on the reference line extending this to the head-loss scale which will determine the slope of the channel. In this case about 10 feet of head will be lost per thousand feet If the channel is 100 feet long, the loss would only of channel. 50 feet long, .5 feet and so forth. be 1.0 feet --if

42

Pipe

Head

Loss

and

Penstock

Intake

of vertical bars The trashrack is a weldment consisting of a number The held together by an angle at the top and a bar at the bottom. vertical bars must be spaced in such a way that the tee-:h of a rake can penetrate the rack for removing leaves, grass and t-ash which Such a trashrack can easSly 3e manufacmight clog up the intake. Downstream from the tured in the field or in a small welding shop. a slot is provided in the concrete into which a timber trashrack, gate can be inserted for shutting off the flow of water to the turbine,

&vj .q 4.: 1. .'-* I i..,.!/ w ,a',' . =,

1

"orizontal Section Through Intake at centerline of Pipe Slot for Timber Intake equal 5 of Gate

Waterlevel --

in- Headrace __A.

Concrete

SECTIONAL ELEVATION:

INTAKE TO 'ENSTOCK ?F SMALL WATER TURBINE

43

The pipe must The penstock can be constructed from commercial pipe. From the nomograph, be large enough to keep the head loss small. A straight line drawn through the required pipe size is determined. the water velocity and flow rate scales gives the required pipe size Head loss is given for a lCO-foot pipe length. and pipe head loss. the actual head loss is the head For longer or shorter penstocks, loss from the chart multiplied by the actual length divided by 100. If commercial pipe is too exoensive, it is possible to make pipe from native material; for example, concrete and ceramic pipe or The choice of pipe material and the method of making hollowed logs. the pipe depend on the cost and availability of labor and the availability of material. SO -1 l?-11 -1 1Oi g2 i B1

20000 10000

c F

501 --I

-I I i

7-

I. I
1.8

2
1

J
NOMOGRAPH FOR HEAD LO S IN STEEL PIPES 44

APPENDIXIL

-- SMALLDAMCONSTRUCTION
INTRODUCTIONTo: EARTH DAMS CRIB DAMS STONE DAMS CONCRETE DAMS

THIS

APPENDIX

IS NOT DESiGNED

TO BE EXHAUSTIVE;

IT

IS MEANT ABOUT PROJECTS

TO PROVIDE

BACKGROUND AND PERSPECTIVE DAM EFFORTS,

FOR THINKING

AND PLANNING

WHILE DAM CONSTRUCTION

TO THE COMPLEX, IT IS

CAN RANGE FROM THE SIMPLE TO CONSULT AN EXPERT, FOR THEIR CONSTRUCTION

ALWAYS BEST ENGINEERS OR CON-

OR EVEN SEVERAL;

FOR EXAMPLE)

SAVVY AND AN ENVIRONMENTALIST FOR A VIEW OF THE IMPACT

CERNED AGRICULTURALIST

OF DAMMING,

EARTH

DAMS

An earth dam may be desirable where concrete is expensive and timber It must be provided with a separate spillway of sufficient scarce. size to carry off excess water because water can never be allowed to flow over the crest of an earth dam. the dam will erode If it does, A spillway must be lined with boards or with conand be destroyed. crete to prevent seepage and erosion. Still water is held satisfactorily by earth bJt moving water is not. The earth will be worn away by it. The crest of the dam may be just wide enough for a footpath or may be wide enough for a roadway, with a bridge placed across the spillway.

Concrete

Side

Walls

for

Spillway

CONCRETESPILLWAY FOR EARTH-FILL

DAM

construction occurs in places The yreatest difficulty in earth-dam It is hard to keep the water where the dam rests on solid rock. from seeping between the dam and the earth and finally undermining the dam. One way of preventina seepage is to blast and clean out a series of ditches, or keys, in the rock, with each ditch about a foot deep and two feet wide extending under the length of the dam. Each ditch should be filed with three or four inches of wet clay compacted by stamping it. of wet clay can then be More layers added and the compacting process repeated each time until the clay is several inches highe,q than bedrock. The upstream half of the dam should be of clay or heavy clay soil, which compacts well and is impervious to water. The downstream side should consist of lighter and more porous soil which drains quickly and thus makes the dam more stable than if it were made entirely of clay.

46

Maximum

Water

Level

Original Surface Plowed Dam Earth Compacted in 6" Layers

A,

.<Trench Concrete Yali Piling

for Core Dam Earth Compacted in 6" Lakers

Sheet

EARTH-FILL

DAF"

CRIB

DAMS

The crib dam is very ezonomical where lumber is easily available: Fourit requires only rough tree trunks, cut planking, and stones. to six-inch tree trunks are placed two to three feet apart and Stones fill spiked to others placed across them at right angles. The upstream side (face) of the dam, the spaces between timbers. The and somet'lmes the downstream side, is covered with planks. Downstream planks face is sealed with clay to prevent leakage. are used as an apron to guide the water which overflows the dam The dam itself serves as a spillway in back into the stream bed. this case. The water coming over the aoron falls rapidly, and it is necessary to line the bed below with stones in order to prevent erosion. The apron consists of a series of steps for slowing the water gradually.
Water Lev21 -_-. Planking /'

-..

_--

.,.Heel of Dam ' i 5-L

.- \,..
Planks

.. .

Toe Priming

of

Dam Planks

N Priming

Z
DOWNST?EPM ?LANKING

CR!B

ZAM 1iTH

'lanks ,/' Water Level

Planks

Heel

of

!lam

z-,

'oe

of

Dam

Priming

D!anks

CR:B

3k'I

h!;FCu-

30hNS'REAM

?LPNK;NG

must be embedded well into the as other types, Crib dams, as well embankments and packed with impervious material such as clay or heavy earth and stones in order to anchor them and to prevent At the heel as well as at the toe of crib dams, longileakage. These are tudinal rows of planks are driven into the stream bed. priming planks which prevent water from seeping under the dam, and If the dam rests on rock, priming planks they also anchor it. but where the dam does not rest on cannot and need not be drivea; These priming planks rock they make it more stable and watertight. should be driven as deep as possible and then spiked to the timber' of the crib dam. The lower ends of the priming planks are pointed and they must be placed one as shown in the illustration below, after the other as shown. Thus each successive plank is forced, by the act of driving it, closer against the preceding plank resulting in a solid wall. Any rough lumber may be used. Chestnut and oak are considered to be the best material. The lumber must be free from sap, and its size should be approximately two inches by six inches. In order to drive the priming planks, considerable A simple pile driver will serve the purpose. force may be required.

/ ,

PRIMING

PLANKS

49

-.
CONCRETE AND MASONRY DAMS
Concrete without special and masonry dams more than 12 feet high should not be built the advice of a competent engineer with experience in this Dams of less height require knowledge of the soil field. condition and bearing capacity as well as of the structure itself. A stone dam can also serve as a spillway. It can be up to ten feet It is made of rough stones. The layers should be bound in height. The dam must be built down to a solid and permanent by concrete. The base of the dam should footing to prevent leakage and shifting. have the same dimension as its he5ght to give it stability.

Water

Level -:

Upstream --

STONE DAM

Small

concrete

than
to

height.
dissipate eroding.

dams should The apron is the energy of

have a base with a thickness 50% greater designed to turn the flow slightly upwards the water and protect the downstream bed

from

I -

SMALL CONCRETE DAM

fiPPENDIXIII, CONVERSION TABLES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY

CONVERSIONTABLES Units of Length 1 Mile 1 Kilometer = 1760 Yards = 1000 Meters = 1.607 Kilometers = 0.3048 Meter = 3.2808 Feet = 2.54 Centimeters = 0.3937 = 39.37 Inches = 5280 Feet = 0.6214 Mile

1 Mile
1 Foot 1 Meter

1 Inch
1 Centimeter Units of Area 1 Square Mile 1 Square Kilometer 1 Acre 1 Square Foot 1 Square Inch 1 Square Meter 1 Square Centimeter Units of Volume 1.0 Cubic Foot 1.0 British Imperia'! Gal Ion i.0 Cubic Meter 1.0 Liter Units of Yeight 1.0 Metric 1.0 Kilogram 1.0 Short Ton Ton *

= 640 Acres = l,OOO,OOO Sq. Meters = 43,560 Square Feet

= 2.5899 = 0.3861

Square Kilometers Square Mile

= 144 Square Inches = 6.452 Square Centimeters = 10.764 Square Feet = 0.155 Square Inch

= 0.0929

Square Meter

= 1328 Cubic

Inches

= 7.48 U.S. Gallons

= 1.2 U.S. Gallons = 35.314 Cubic Feet = 264.2 U.S. Gallons = 0.2642 U.S. Gallons

= 1000 Cubic Centimeters

= 1000 Kilograms = 1000 Grams = 2000 Pounds 53

= 2204.6 = 2.2046

Pounds Pounds

CONVERSION TABLES Units of Pressure 1.0 Pound per square inch inch inch inch = 144 Pound per square = 27.7 = 2.31 = 2.042 = 14.7 = 33.95 = 0.433 PSI = 62.355 = 14.223 = 0.0703 degrees Celsius) Inches of Water* foot

1.0 Pound per square 1.0 Pound per square 1.0 Pound per 1.0 Atmosphere 1.0 Atmosphere 1.0 Foot of Water square

Feet of Water* Inches of Mercury* square

Pou!?ds per Feet

inch (PSI)

of Water* foot inch centimeter

.I

Pounds per square Pounds per kilogram square

1.0 Kilogram 1.0 Pound per * at 62 degrees Units of Power

per square square inch

centimeter

per

square

Fahrenheit

(16.6

1.0 Horsepower 1.0 Horsepower 1.0 Horsepower 1.0 Kilowatt 1.0 Horsepower 1.0 Metric 1.0 Metric

(English) (English) (English) (KW) = 1000 Watt

= 746 Watt = 550 Fact = 33,000 = 1.34 = 1.9139 pounds Foot

= 0.!46

Kilowatt

(KW)

per second per minute

pounds

Horsepower Metric

(HP) English Horsepower (cheval-vapeur)

(English)

Horsepower Horsepower

= 75 Meter = 0.736

:( Kilogram/Second = 736 !Jatt

.

Kilowatt

54

A LISTING
--

OF RECOMMENDED RESOURCE MATERIALS

"Hand-Made Hydro Power", in Alt. Sources Langhorne, Harry F., of&nerqy no. 28, Oct. 1977 pp. 7-11. Describes how one man t a Bank1 turbine from VITA plans to power and heat his Useful in that it gives a good account of the mathematihome. cal calculations that were necessary, and also of the various A good modifications and innovations he built into the system. real-life account of building a low-cost water power system. ASE, Rte #2, Box 90A, Milaca, MN 59101 USA. Hamm, Hans W., Low Cost Oevelopment of Small Water Power Sites, Written expressly to be used in devel-ng areas, VITA, 1967. this manual contains basic information on measuring water power different types of turbines and potential building small dams, necessary mathematical tables. Also water wheels, and several has some information on manufactured turbines available. A very useful book. Dura!!, Mohammed, Design of Small Water Turbines for Farms and Small Communities, Tech. Adaptation Program, MIT, Cambridge, mhusetts 02'i-39 USA. A highly technical manual of the designs of a Banki turbine and of axial-flow turbines. Also contains technical drawing!, of their designs and tables of friction losses, efficiencies, etc. This manual is far too technical to be understood without an engineering background. Probably only useful for university projects and the like. Haimerl, L.A., "The Cross Flow Turbine," Water Power (London), January 1960. Reprints available from Ossbe'rger Turbinenfabrik, 8832 Weissenburg, Bayern, Germany. This article describes a type of water turbine which is being used extensively in small power stations, especially in Germany. Available from VITA.

--

--

--

---Mockmore, C.A. and Merryfield, F., The Banki Water Turbine. Corvallfs, Oregon: Oregon State College Engineering Experiment Station Bulletin No. 25, February 1949. $.40. A Translation of a paper by Donat Banki. A highly technical description of this tur-lne, originally fnvented by Michell, together with the results of tests. Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331 USA.

WATER TURBINES HYDRO ELECTRIC ENGINEERING PRACTICE, Guthrie Gordon d Breach, 1958; London: Blackie York: A complete treatise covering the entire 1958. Three volumes. v. 1) electric engineering. and Electrical $50.00 U.S. v. 2) Mechanical Operation and Maintenance U.S. v. 3) Ecotlomics, Gordon & Breach Science Publishers, 440 Park York, New York 10016 USA. Brown ed., New and Sons, Ltd., field of hydroCivil Engineering Engineering $30.00 525.00 U.S. Avenue South, New J.

HYDRO ELECTRiC HANDBOOK, W. P. Creager and J. 0. Justin, 26 ed., New York: John Wiley and Son, 1950. A most complete handbook covering the entire field. Especially good for reference. $18.50 U.S. John Wiley & Son, 650 Third Avenue, New York, New York 10016 USA. HANDBOOK OF APPLIED HYDRAULICS, Calvin V. Davis, 2d ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1952. A comprehens4ve handbook covering all phases of applied hydraulics. Several chapters are devdted to hydro-electric application. $23.50 U.S. McGraw-Hill, 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, New York 10020 USA. POWER FROM WATER, A concise general form. $8.50 U.S. T.A.!.. survey Paton, London: of hydro-electric Leonard Hill, practice in 1961. abridged

POWER PLANTS, A. H. Zerban and E. P. Nye, 2d ed., Scranton, Pennsylvania: International Text Book Company, 1952. Chapter 12 gives a concise presentation of h.vdraulic power plants. $8.00 U.S. International Text Book Company, Scranton, Pennsylvania 18515 USA.

56

TECHNOLOGIES

FOR DEVELOPMENT

non-profit development organization based is a private, Since 1960 VITA has supplied information in the United States. to per,ple and organizations and assistance, primarily by mail, seeking help with technical problems' in more than 100 developing countries.

VITA

VITA

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services of a worldwide network of experts to respond to requests for assistance with farmsP communities, businesses, and lives.

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VITA places priority on assisting low-income people in their and on working in areas most important to achieving efforts, renewable energy sources, and food, better life -- agriculture small industries. water supply, shelter,

VITA designs and adapts tcols, methods, programs to respond to resources and conditions. VITA participates with local needs, local institutions in problem solving relationships in efforts out local solutions. to design and carry in such areas VITA produces handbooks construction techniques and publishes to make technology choices available Contact VITA for further information Technology Development Support as wind energy and low-cost a broad range of materials to a wide audience. on: Documentation Seminars Services Program Opportunities Relationships Service

Appropriate Resource Project

Publications Volunteer Institutional Consultancy