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DEFINITION Fats
consist of a wide group of compounds that are generally soluble inorganic solvents and largely insoluble in water.Chemically, fats are generally triestersof  glycerolandfatty acids. Fats may be either solid or liquidat normal roomtemperature, depending on their structure and composition. Although the words "oils", "fats", and"lipids" are all used to refer to fats, "oils" is usually used to refer to fats that are liquids atnormal room temperature, while "fats" is usually used to refer to fats that are solids atnormal room temperature. "Lipids" is used to refer to both liquid and solid fats, alongwith other related substances. The word "oil" is used for any substance that does notmix with water and has a greasy feel, such aspetroleum(or crude oil) andheating oil, regardless of its chemical structure.
[1]
Fats form a category of lipid, distinguished from other lipids by their  chemical structure  and physical properties. This category of molecules is important for many forms of life,serving both structural and metabolic functions. They are an important part of thedietof mostheterotrophs(including humans). Fats or lipids are broken down in the body byenzymes calledlipasesproduced in the pancreas.Examples of edible animal fats arelard(pig fat),fish oil, andbutter or  ghee. They are obtained from fats in the milk, meat and under the skin of the animal. Examples of edible plant fats are peanut, soya bean, sunflower, sesame, coconut, olive, andvegetable oils.Margarineandvegetable shortening, which can be derived from the above oils, are used mainly for baking. These examples of fats can be categorized intosaturated fatsandunsaturated fats. CLASSIFICATION
Saturated fat
isfatthat consists of triglyceridescontaining only saturated fatty acids. There are several kinds of naturally occurring saturated fatty acids, which differ by the number of carbon atoms - from 1 to 24.
Saturated 
fatty acidshave nodouble bonds between thecarbon atomsof the fatty acid chain and are thus fully saturated withhydrogenatoms.Fat that occurs naturally inliving matter contains varying proportions of saturated andunsaturated fat. Examples of foods containing a high proportion of saturated fat includedairy products(especiallycreamandcheesebut alsobutter and ghee), animal fats such assuet,tallow,lardand fattymeat,coconut oil, cottonseed oil,palm kernel oil, chocolate, and some prepared foods
[1]
.TYPES OF SATURATED FATS
Butyric acid
(fromGreekβούτυρος =
butter 
), alsoknown under the systematic name
butanoic acid
, is acarboxylic acid with the structural formulaCH
3
CH
2
CH
2
-COOH. It is found in rancidbutter ,parmesan cheese,vomit, and body odor and has an unpleasantsmelland acridtaste, with a sweetish aftertaste (similar toether ). Butyric acid can be detected bymammalswith good scent detection abilities (such asdogs) at 10ppb, whereashumanscan detect it in concentrations above 10ppm.
USE OF BUTYRIC ACID Uses
Butyric acid is used in the preparation of various butanoate esters. Low-molecular-weight esters of butyric acid, such asmethyl butanoate, have mostly pleasant aromas
 
or tastes. As a consequence, they find use as food and perfume additives. They arealso used in organic laboratory courses, to teach theFischer esterification reaction.TYPES OF SATURATED FAT
Caprylic acid
is the common name for the eight-carbonsaturatedfatty acidknown by the systematic name
octanoic acid
. It is found naturallyincoconutsandbreast milk. It is an oily liquid that is minimally soluble in water with a slightly unpleasant rancid-like smell.
Uses
Caprylic acid is used commercially in the production of estersused in perfumery andalso in the manufacture of dyes.Caprylic acid is known to have anti-fungal properties, and is often recommended bynutritionistsfor the treatment of candidiasis.Caprylic acid is excellent for dealing with candida in theintestineswhich can occur frequently.
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citation needed 
 
]
Caprylic acid is also used in the treatment of somebacterialinfections. Due to itsrelatively short chain length it has no difficulty in penetrating fatty cell wall membranes,hence its effectiveness in combating certain lipid-coated bacteria, such asStaphylococcus aureusand various species of Streptococcus.
[2]
Caprylic acid, aka,
octanoic acid
, must be covalently linked to theserineresidue at the3-position of ghrelin, specifically, it must acylate the-OH group, for ghrelinto have its hunger-stimulating action on the feeding centers of thehypothalamus, though other fattyacids may have similar effects.
TYPES OF SATURATED FATS Decanoic acid
, or 
capric acid
, is a saturatedfattyacid. Its formula is CH
3
(CH
2
)
8
COOH. Salts andestersof decanoic acid are called
decanoates
.USE It is used in organic synthesis and industrially in the manufacture of perfumes,lubricants, greases, rubber, dyes, plastics, food additives and pharmaceuticals.
TYPES OF SATURATED FATS Lauric acid
(systematically: dodecanoic acid), asaturated fatty acid, is a white, powdery solid with a faint odor of bay oil or soap.
Uses
Lauric acid is inexpensive, has a long shelf-life, and is non-toxic and safe to handle.Thus, it is often used in laboratory investigations of melting point depression. Lauric acidis a solid at room temperature but melts easily in boiling water, so liquid lauric acid canbe treated with various solutes and used to determine their molecular masses.
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citation needed 
 
]
TYPES OF SATURATED FAT Myristic acid
, also called
tetradecanoic acid
or 
14:0
isa common saturatedfatty acidwith the molecular formula CH
3
(CH
2
)
12
COOH. A
myristate
is a salt or ester of myristic acid.Myristic acid is named after theNutmeg 
Myristica fragrans
. Nutmeg butter is 75%trimyristin, thetriglycerideof myristic acid. Besides nutmeg, myristic acid is also found in palm oil,coconut oil,butter fatandspermacetin, the crystallized fraction of oil from the sperm whale.
 
Myristic acid is also commonly added co-translationally to the penultimate, nitrogenterminus,glycinein receptor-associated kinases to confer the membrane localisation of the enzyme. The myristic acid has a sufficiently highhydrophobicity to become incorporated into the fatty acyl core of thephospholipidbilayer of the plasma membraneof theeukaryoticcell. In this way, myristic acid acts as a lipid anchor in biomembranes.The ester isopropyl myristateis used in cosmetic and topical medicinal preparationswhere good absorption through the skin is desired.Reduction of myristic acid yieldsmyristyl alcoho
TYPES OF SATURATED FATS Palmitic acid
,CH
3
(CH
2
)
14
COOH or hexadecanoic acidinIUPAC nomenclature, is one of the most common saturatedfatty acidsfound in animals and plants. As its name indicates, it is a major component of the oil frompalmtrees(palm oiland palm kernel oil). The word palmitic is from the French "palmitique", thepithof the palm tree. Palmitic acid was discovered byEdmond Frémyin 1840, in saponifiedpalm oil.
[3]
 Butter ,cheese, milk andmeatalso contain this fatty acid.
[4]
Palmitate
is a term for the salts or estersof palmitic acid. The palmitate anion is theobserved form of palmitic acid at physiological pH.
[
citation needed 
 
]
Uses
Retinyl palmitate is anantioxidantand avitamin A compound added to low-fat milk to replace the vitamin content lost through the removal of milk fat. Palmitate is attached tothe alcohol form of vitamin A,retinol,in order to make vitamin A stable in milk.
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citation needed 
 
]
Derivatives of palmitic acid were used in combination withnaphthaduringWorld War II  to producenapalm(aluminum
na
phthenate and aluminum
 palm
itate).
[6]
TheWorld Health Organizationclaims there is convincing evidence that dietary intake of palmitic acid increases risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. 
[7]
However, possiblyless-disinterested studies have shown no ill effect, or even a favorable effect, of dietaryconsumption of palmitic acid on blood lipids and cardiovascular disease, so that theWHOfinding may be deemed controversial.
[8]
However, another study showed thatpalmitic acid has no hypercholesterolaemic effect if intake of linoleic acid is greater than4.5% of energy. On the other hand, it was shown that, if the diet contains trans fattyacids, the health effects are negative, causing an LDL cholesterol increase and HDLcholesterol decrease.
[9]
TYPES OF SATURATED FATS Stearic acid
(first syllable rhymes with either 
bear 
or 
gear 
) (IUPAC systematic name:
octadecanoic acid
) or 
18:0
is a saturatedfatty acid. Itis a waxy solid, and its chemical formula is C
18
H
36
O
2
. Its name comes from theGreek word
stéar 
(genitive:
stéatos
), which meanstallow. The salts andestersof stearic acid are called
stearates
.
Uses
Stearic acid is useful as an ingredient in makingcandles, plastics,dietary supplements, oil pastelsandcosmetics, and for softeningrubber .
[2]
It is used to hardensoaps,particularly those made with vegetable oil.Stearic acid is also used as a parting compound when making plaster castings from aplaster 
 piece mold 
or 
waste mold 
and when making the mold from a shellacked clay
of 00

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shalambika

excellent article for beginers

reply05 / 09 / 2010
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