Introduction to 8085 Assembly Language Programming

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8085 Programming Model

Programming Registers
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Flags
D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0

AC

CY

The flags are affected by the ALU operation

since the results are stored in accumulator then the flags reflect the condition of the accumulator

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Flags
D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0

AC

CY

Sign flag: S 1 if D7 of the auxiliary carry flag: used for Zero flag : if the ALU result =1;means ve number BCD1, and and AC 1 if the carry is operation is 0 then Z passed from D3 to D4 (not used vice Parity flag: P 1 if the number versa in conditions) of 1s in the result is even and vice versa carry : CY 1 if there is a carry result from the ALU operation

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Instruction Classification
Instruction: is a binary pattern designed inside p to perform a specific function. Instruction Set: is the entire group of instructions 8085 is upward compatible

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8085 inst Classification

The instruction set is classified in to the following five functional categories:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Data transfer (copy) operations Arithmetic operations Logical operations Branching operations Machine control operations
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Instruction Word Size

( Word = 1 byte in 8085)
Operation code (opcode) Operand

One word : 1 byte instruction Two word : 2 byte instruction Three word : 3 word instruction

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One byte instruction

Includes the opcode and operand in the same byte, such as
Task Copy the contents of acc to reg. C Add the cont. of reg. B to the Acc. Complement the contents of the acc. opcode MOV operand C,A Binary code 0100 1111 Hex code 4FH

ADD

1000 0000

80H

CMA

----

0010 1111

2FH

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Two Byte Instructions

The first byte specifies the opcode and the second specifies the operand
Task Load an 8-bit data byte in the acc. opcode MVI operand A, B7 Binary code 0011 1110 1011 0111 Hex code 3EH B7H

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Three byte instruction

The first byte specifies the opcode and the next two bytes specify 16 bit address

Task Transfer the prog sequ. To the mem loc 2085H

opcode JMP

operand 2085H

Binary code 1100 0011 1000 0101 0010 0000

Hex code C3H 85H 20H

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the binary format for the op-code

Opcode format 1

Add the cont. of reg. B to the Acc.

ADD

1000 0000

80H

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the binary format for the op-code

Opcode format 2

Code 000 001 010 011 100 101 111 110

The internal registers are identified as follows:

reg. Code reg. pair B 00 BC C 01 DE D 10 HL E 11 SP H L A RESERVED FOR MEMORY RELATED OPERATION

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format for the MOV instruction 01

MOVE

Opcode format 3
DDD reg. Rd

SSS reg.Rs

Write the instruction that Moves the content from A to C move the contents: 01 to Register C : 001 111 from Register A: binary instruction: 01 001 111 IN Assem. Lang. MOV C,A

4FH

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Data Format
ASCII Code
7-Bit alphanumeric code

BCD Code
4-bit binary coded decimal

Signed Integer
D7 is used for the sign D0-D6 represent the magnitude 00-7F positive numbers. 80-FF negative numbers. all negative numbers are in 2s complement Unsigned Integers
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Data Format
The processor processes binary bits ; it is up to the user to interpret the result. 41H (0100 0001)

A IN ASCII

41 in BCD

65 in SIGNED INTEGERS

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DATA TRANSFER (COPY) OPERATIONS These instructions transfer data to and from registers and memory. Condition flags are not affected.

Copy Register
Mnemonics Task (r1) (r2) Comment The content of register 2 is copied to register 1.

MOV r1, r2
Example: Mnemonics MOV A, B MOV C, D

Hex Code 78H 4AH

Task (A) (B) (C) (D)

Comment The content of register B is copied to register A. The content of register D is copied to register C.

Copy From Memory

Mnemonics Task (r) ((H)(L)) Comment The content of the memory location, whose address is in registers H and L, is copied to register r.

MOV r, M

Example: Assume that (H) = 20, (L) = 50, and (2050) = A6H Hex Code

Mnemonics MOV A, M MOV C, M

Task (A) (2050) (C) (2050)

Comment A6H is copied into the accumulator. A6H is copied to register C.

Copy to Memory
Mnemonics Task Comment The content of register r is copied to the memory location whose address is in registers H and L.

MOV M, ((H)(L)) (r) r

Example: Assume that (H) = 20, (L) = 60, and (B) = 8CH

Mnemonics MOV M, B

Hex Code

Task (2060) (B )

Comment

Move (copy) immediate

Mnemonics MVI r, data Task (r) (byte 2) Comment The content of byte 2 of the instruction is copied to register r.

Example: Mnemonics MVI A, 38 Hex Code Task (A) 38H Comment

Move (copy) to memory immediate

Mnemonics Task Comment MVI M, data ((H)(L)) (byte 2) The content of byte 2 of the instruction is copied to the memory location, whose address is in registers H and L. Example: Assume that (H) = 20 and (L) = 90

Mnemonics MVI M, 35

Hex Code

Task (2090) 35H

Comment

Load Register Pair Immediate

Mnemonics LXI rp, data 16 Task (rh) (byte 3) (rl) (byte 2) Comment rh = high-order register rl = low-order register

Example:

Mnemonics LXI H, 2055H

Hex Code

Task (H) 20 (L) 55

Comment

Load Accumulator Direct

Mnemonics LDA address Task (A) ((byte 3)(byte 2) Comment The content of memory location, whose address is specified in byte 2 and byte 3 of the instruction, is copied to register A.

Example: Assume that (2040) = 9FH Mnemonics LDA 2040H Hex Code Task (A) (2040H) Comment 9FH is stored in reg A

Store accumulator direct

Mnemonics STA address Task ((byte 3)(byte 2) (A) Comment The content of the accumulator is copied to the memory location, whose address is specified in byte 2 and byte 3 of the instruction. Comment

Example: Assume that (A) = 69H Mnemonics STA 2060H Hex Code Task

(2060) (A) 69H goes to memory location 2060H

read data from an input device

Mnemonics IN address Task Comment

Example: Mnemonics IN 20H Hex Code Task A (20) Comment Data is read in to the accumulator from device # 20

Write data to an output device

Mnemonics OUT address Task Comment

Example: Mnemonics OUT F3H Hex Code Task F3 (A) Comment Data is read from the accumulator to device # F3

HALT
Mnemonics HLT Task Comment

Writing Assembling and Execution of Assembly programs Add two hex. Numbers
PROBLEM STATEMENT Write instruction to load 2 hex no. 32H and 48H in reg. A and B respectively, Add the numbers and display the sum at the led output port1 PROBLEM ANALYSIS Divide the problem into small steps as follows
Load the numbers in the registers Add the numbers Display the sum at the output port PORT1
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 FLOW CHART
Start

MVI A,32H MVI B,48H

Load Hexadecimal Numbers

ADD B
Add Numbers

OUT 01H
Display Sum

HLT
End
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MVI A,32H MVI B,48H ADD B OUT 01H HLT

Load the Register A with 32H Load the Register B with 48H

Add the 2 bytes and save res in A Display the acc. Contents at port 01H End

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CONVERTING FROM ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE TO HEX CODE

Mnemonics MVI A,32H MVI B,48H ADD B OUT 01H HLT

Hex Code

3E 32 06
48

80 D3 01 67
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Can you recognize the number of BYTE s in each instruction

STORING IN MEMORY AND CONVERTING FROM HEX CODE TO BINARY CODE

Assume that R/W memory range from 2000H to 20FFH and the system has LED output port with the address 01H now to enter the program: Reset the system Enter the first memory address using Hex key where the program should be stored say 2000H Enter each machine code by pushing Hex Key, for example to enter the first 3EH, press 3, then E, then STORE keys. Repeat step 3 untill the last machine code Reset the system.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

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 How hex code converted into binary ??

Mnemonics Hex Code MVI A,32H 3E 32 MVI B,48H 06 48 ADD B 80 OUT 01H D3 01 HLT 76

memory contents 0011 1110 0011 0010 0000 0110 0100 1000 1000 0000 1101 0011 0000 0001 0111 1110

Mem Add 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

How to differentiate between data & opcode?

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Flow Chart

8085 Mnemonics

Manual Lookup

Monitor Hex Code Program

Binary Code

To memory for Storage

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