EECE 301 Signals & Systems Prof.

Mark Fowler
Note Set #22
D-T Signals: Frequency-Domain Analysis Reading Assignment: Section 4.1 of Kamen and Heck

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Course Flow Diagram

The arrows here show conceptual flow between ideas. Note the parallel structure between the pink blocks (C-T Freq. Analysis) and the blue blocks (D-T Freq. Analysis). New Signal Models
Ch. 1 Intro
C-T Signal Model Functions on Real Line System Properties LTI Causal Etc D-T Signal Model Functions on Integers

Ch. 3: CT Fourier Signal Models

Fourier Series Periodic Signals Fourier Transform (CTFT) Non-Periodic Signals

Ch. 5: CT Fourier System Models

Frequency Response Based on Fourier Transform

Ch. 6 & 8: Laplace Models for CT Signals & Systems

Transfer Function

New System Model

New System Model

Ch. 2 Diff Eqs

C-T System Model Differential Equations D-T Signal Model Difference Equations Zero-State Response Zero-Input Response Characteristic Eq.

Ch. 2 Convolution
C-T System Model Convolution Integral D-T System Model Convolution Sum

New System Model

New Signal Model Powerful Analysis Tool

Ch. 4: DT Fourier Signal Models

DTFT (for Hand Analysis) DFT & FFT (for Computer Analysis)

Ch. 5: DT Fourier System Models

Freq. Response for DT Based on DTFT

Ch. 7: Z Trans. Models for DT Signals & Systems

Transfer Function

New System Model

New System Model2/12

Ch. 4: Fourier Analysis of D-T Signals

In this chapter we do for D-T signals what we did for C-T signals in Ch. 3: Define a D-T FT (DTFT) for D-T signals and see that it works pretty much like
the FT for C-T signals (CTFT)

But we also do something we cant do for CTFT-based ideas: Develop a computer-processing version of the DTFT called the Discrete
Fourier Transform (DFT) that will allow you to use the computer to numerically compute a view of the DTFT

Order of Coverage:
Sect. 4.1: DTFT & Its Properties Sect. 4.2 & 4.3: The DFT & DFT-Based Signal Analysis Note: Section 4.4 is NOT covered Sect. 4.5 provides some applications of DFT analysis well cover some other applications in class

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4.1 Discrete-Time FT (DTFT)

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Recall: Sampling Analysis x(t) ADC

Hold Sample at t = nT
A

DAC x[n] = x(nT)

Impulse Gen CT LPF
~(t ) x x (t )

X( f ) B
~ X( f )

B
A/T

2Fs

Fs

Fs

2Fs

As long as Fs 2B then we can clearly see ~ X( f ) a view of X( f ) in But we did this using a FT of a signal inside the DAC Is there some other way to do this by using the samples?
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Motivation for D-T Fourier Transform (DTFT) x(t) ADC x[n]

Hold Sample at t = nT Impulse Gen

DAC
CT LPF
~(t ) x x (t )

~ X ( f ) ?????

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x Recall Fourier Transform of ~(t )

~(t ) = x (t ) x
n =

(t nT )

= x (t ) T (t )
FS of T(t)

~(t ) = 1 x T

k =

x (t )e jk 2Fs t

FT & Mod. Prop

1 ~ X( f ) = T

k =

X ( f + kF )
s
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~ Tells what X ( ) looks like!

Take An Alternate Path to the DTFT!

~(t ) = x (t ) x
n =

(t nT ) = x(t ) T (t )
~(t ) = x

FS of T(t)

n =

x[n] (t nT )

~(t ) = 1 x T

k =

x(t )e jk 2F t
s

~ X ( ) = F x[n ] (t nT ) n = =

FT & Mod. Prop

n =

x[n]F{ (t nT )}
x[n ]e jnT

1 ~ X ( ) = T

k =

X ( + k 2F )
s

~ X ( ) =

Uses Samples!!

n =

~ Tells what X ( ) looks like!

~ Tells how to compute X ( ) !

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Re-Define to Get The DTFT!

~ X ( ) =
n =

x[n]e jnT
Let = T where T = 1/Fs

DTFT:

X () =

n =

x[n]e

jn

is called D-T Frequency

= T: (rad/sec) (sec/sample) = rad/sample

~ X ( ) and X () are really the same thing... just " plotted" w.r.t. a different unit

: rad/sec
: rad/sample
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DTFT X()

shows

~ X ( f ) which shows

If sampling was done right!!!

CTFT X( f )
A

X( f ) B
~ X( f )

CTFT of x(t)
f

A/T

~ CTFT of x (t )
2Fs f

2Fs

Fs F /2 s
A/T

Fs/2 Fs
X ()

DTFT of x[n]
2 4

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Only Need to Look Here!!!

x(t)

Physical Relationship of DTFT ADC DAC x[n] = x(nT) Impulse

Hold Sample at t = nT
A

Gen

CT LPF
x (t )

~(t ) x

X( f ) CTFT B

of x(t)
f

A/T

X ()

DTFT of x[n]
2 4

~ X( f )

~ CTFT of x (t )
Fs 2Fs f
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A/T

2Fs

Fs

Fs/2

Fs/2

Motivating D-T System Analysis using DTFT x(t) x[n]

D-T System

ADC

y[n]

DAC

y(t)

CTFT of x(t)
X( f ) B B f

CTFT of y(t)
X( f ) B B f

DTFT of x[n]
X ()

DTFT of y[n]
X ()

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