The Best Four in the Buddhists Perspective By Rev.

Uttamnanda (Myanmar)

Namotassa bhagavato arahato samm sambuddhassa.

The Best Four in the Buddhists Perspective: A Comprehensive Study With Reference to Theravda Buddhism
Rev. Uttamnanda (Myanmar) University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka

Abstract In this paper, Ill survey a verse No. 273 from Dhammapada to be understood comprehensively; especially a focus is provided not only Dhammada Pli and its commentary but other corresponding texts of Theravda Buddhism. According to this verse, there are the best four, namely Path, Truth, State and the Buddha, and I clarify every single one the reason why and how it is the best regarding the relevant texts.

Introduction Dhammapada is one of the texts of Tipiakas in Theravda Buddhism, of which, it is counted in the second Piaka, i.e., Suttanta Piaka as well as in the last one of five Nikyas, i.e., Khuddakanikya on the other. Since it is one of the most popular and authentic texts, its literary impact is proved not only in Theravda Buddhism but in Mahyna and even to the non-Buddhist societies both from the West and the East countries. We found that the term Dhammapada bears various meanings in accordance with the interpretations of respective scholars. The title of Dhammapada has been interpreted in various ways. Both the words Dhamma and pada lend themselves to different renderings. It is clear that in this context Dhamma would refer to either doctrine, law, truth, or righteousness or virtue. The use of the pada is more ambiguous. Of its several meanings, the ones applicable here would be word, verse, sentence, line, way, path; portion, constituent, footstep. The combined word Dhammapada has been variously translated as Path of Virtue, Way of Righteousness, Footstep of Religion, Path of Religion, Stanza of the Dhamma, Words of the Truth, Utterance of Religion, Sections of Portions of the Dhamma, Collections of Words or Verses on Religion, etc. None of these renderings are inconsistent with the compound word Dhammapada and it cannot be said with certainty what its meaning was originally intended to be.1
1

EB IV 488. (Encyclopaedia of Buddhism)

The Best Four in the Buddhists Perspective By Rev. Uttamnanda (Myanmar)

Dhammapada, is an anthology of 423 verses collected in 26 chapters, essentially referring to the ethical doctrine of Buddhism. Many of the verses too occur in other canonical works. In this present paper, a verse will be focused and explained comprehensively based on the commentary on Dhammapada where there is a story called Pacasatabhikkhus2, meaning a particular group of monks five hundreds in number, where there finds out the fours verses and the very first verse as follow will be composed here, yet this verse is occurred with bare title as the very beginning one of Maggavagga in the Dhammapada Text. I therefore would prefer to entitle The Best Four adopting the meaning as the very verse disclosed. Further, the story is available only in commentary whilst the Canon reveals verses alone. Maggnahagiko seho, saccna caturo pad; Virgo seho dhammna, dvi padnaca cakkhum. (273)3 The best of paths is the Eightfold Path. The best of Truths are the Four Sayings. Nonattachment is the best of states. The best of biped is the Seeing One.4 This verse is uttered by the Buddha referring to a group of monks who complained about the hard journey they had come from very recently together with the Buddha. On one occasion, the group of monks after accompanying the Buddha to a village, returned to the Jetavana monastery. In the evening they talked about the trip, especially the nature of the land: whether it was smooth or uneven, clayey or stony and so on. The Buddha came to them while their conversation was in progress and said to them thus: Monks! The path you are chatting about is external to you: a monk should only be concerned with the path of the Noble Ones (Ariys) and endeavor to do what should be done for the achievement of perfection that leads to the realisation of Nirvana which is free from the whole mass of suffering. In this connection, the monks are complaining about the physical path they had walked on, but the Buddha told them that those paths are not real path that leads to the Nibbna (Sk. Nirvana). As monks who went forth from home-life into homelessness for the benefits of Nibbna the Ultimate Peace, should not talk about things which are not penetrate to the four Noble Truths.

The Best Paths as Depicted the First Part of Verse A path is called Magga in Pli and it is also applied not only physical path on which what we walk on to get a something destinations but mental and moral path whether right or
2 3

Dhp-a III 400. Dhp 39. 4 K. Sri Dhammananda, The Dhammapada, 501.

The Best Four in the Buddhists Perspective By Rev. Uttamnanda (Myanmar)

wrong of which we practise. In the Pacasatabhikkhu, the monks after returning from a hard trip together with the Buddha grumble complaining that the roads are not smooth, lands are not balance etc. Hearing this, the Buddha recited a verse so as to admonish them. Systematically we find out a verse in the Pali Canon and it generally has four lines which are pertaining to metrical letter with the same number for each exactly. Normally every single line bears its specific meaning, but sometimes the last two parts run to define the same meaning. Maggnahagiko seho is the first part of the verse meaning the best of paths is the Eightfold Path. The Buddha says that the Noble Path which has eight constituents is the Best Path in the midst of all paths. According to the Dhammapada commentary, there are paths including foot-path and sixty-two kinds of wrong path. Among them, the noble eightfold paths, Ariyahagika-magga, are the best. Sixty-two kinds of wrong views, Micchdihis, are presented as worse paths, and they are fully explained in the Brahmajla Sutta of Dghanikya. Soon after attaining the Fully Enlightenment, the Buddha expounded the first discourse called Dhacakkapavattana Sutta5, Setting the Wheel of Dhamma in Motion, to the group of five ascetics, Pacavagg, formerly who served the Bodhisatta when He was in search of Ultimate Truth. This discourse clarifies the Noble Eightfold Path and they occur very often in various discourses too. Accordingly, what the Noble Eightfold Paths are Right View, Right Thought, Right Speech, Right Bodily Action, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness and Right Concentration. 1. Right View or Right Understanding (samm-dihi) is the understanding of the 4 noble Truths: about the universality of Suffering (Unsatisfactoriness), of its Origin, its Cessation, and the Path leading to that Cessation. 2. Right Thought (samm-sankappa): thoughts free from sensuous desire, from ill-will, and cruelty. 3. Right Speech (samm-vc): abstaining form lying, tale-bearing, harsh language, and foolish babble. 4. Right Bodily Action (samma-kammanta): abstaining from killing, stealing, and unlawful sexual intercourse.

S V 420.

The Best Four in the Buddhists Perspective By Rev. Uttamnanda (Myanmar)

5. Right Livelihood (samm-jva): abstaining from a livelihood that brings harm to other beings, such as trading in arms, in living beings, intoxicating drinks, poison; slaughtering, fishing, soldiering, deceit, treachery, soothsaying, usury etc. 6. Right Effort (samm-vyma): the effort of avoiding or over-coming evil and unwholesome things, and of developing and maintaining wholesome things. 7. Right Mindfulness (samm-sati): mindfulness and awareness in contemplating body, feelings, mind, and mind-objects. 8. Right Concentration (samm-samdhi): Concentration of mind associated with wholesome (kusala) consciousness, which eventually may reach the Absorption.6 These Eightfold Noble Paths, in other words, are called Threefold Training, Tisikkh, in Theravda Buddhism and they are to be practised so that one can acquire the Ultimate peace free from all sorts of sufferings. What the Threefold Training is? 1. Training in Morality (Sla Sikkh): this consists of Right Speech, Right Action and Right Livelihood. 2. Training in Concentration (Samdhi Sikkh): this consists of Right Effort, Right Mindfulness and Right Concentration. 3. Training in Wisdom (Pa Sikkh): this consists of Right Understanding and Right Thinking. Besides, the Dhammapada Commentary mentions the opposites of the Noble Eightfold Paths that should be abandoned; namely- Micchdihi-Wrong Views, Micchsakappa- Wrong Thought, Micchvc- Wrong Speech, Micchkammanta- Wrong Bodily Action, Micchjva- Wrong Livelihood, Micchvyma- Wrong Effort, MicchsatiWrong Mindfulness and Micchsamdhi- Wrong Concentration. Before the Buddha expounded the Noble Eightfold Path, all beings were committing misdeeds by pursuing wrong path and thus they were reborn in lower worlds and hells after dissolution of their body. At that time, the world is like a blind and darkness not discerning whether right or wrong, good or evil. Hearing the Dhammas from the Buddha, beings were reborn in blessing worlds of celestial and some were attaining the Nibbna. In the Catukkanipta of Aguttaranikya7, there states the four best kinds of faith and one of them is described that Monks, among all things conditioned, the Noble Eightfold Path is reckoned to be the best of them all. Those who have faith in the Noble Eightfold Path have

6 7

Nyanatiloka, Buddhist Dictionary, 92-3. A II 34.

The Best Four in the Buddhists Perspective By Rev. Uttamnanda (Myanmar)

faith in the best; and for those who have faith in the best, the best result will be theirs.8 The further information on the best Path we come to know the other point of view as the following manner: The Eightfold Path consists of eight mental factors which arise from causes and conditions and are thus conditioned phenomena (sakhata). Though the path is the best of all conditioned states, being conditioned it is in that respect defective. It is contrasted just below with Nibbna, which is unconditioned (askhata) and thus the best of everything that exists.9 By abandoning the Wrong Eightfold Path and taking the True Paths to gain the Four Noble Truths, namely the Origin Suffering, the Cause of Suffering, its Extinction of Suffering and the Paths leading the to Extinction of Suffering. And thus the Noble Eightfold Path is the best and highest Path. It is absolutely true for those who wish to gain moral and spiritual development, for the other paths what we are walking on in day to day life do not lead to the end of round of Sasra, Re-births. Only the Noble Eightfold Path can be free from round of Sasra and attain Nibbna the Ultimate liberation.

The Best of Truths The Pli term Sacca renders as Truth and it mentions variously in the cannons. There is a moral discipline called Musvd veramani, abstaining from telling lie, in five precepts and it can be Sacca by observing this precept. This kind of Sacca is in mundane level, but not for supramundane stage. However this kind of Sacca is also seriously recommended by the Buddha to be practised as it is blameless and it bears spiritual abodes hereafter. Once Venerable Moggallna visited the deva world and found many devas living in luxurious mansions. He asked them what good deeds they had done to be born in the deva world. They gave him different answers. One of them said he was reborn in the deva world not because of he was charitable or because he had listened to the Dhamma, but just because he had always spoken the truth.10 When he returned to the human world, Venerable Moggallna enquired the Buddha whether or not to achieve a great benefit by just speaking the truth and Buddha replied him in positive. Seeing that, there we can find out the three ways, including the true speaking or Sacca in other words, to be reborn in Deva worlds.
8 9

Nyanaponika & Bhikkhu Bodhi, Aguttara Nikya Anthology, 51. Ibid, 217. 10 K. Sri Dhammananda, The Dhammapada, 444.

The Best Four in the Buddhists Perspective By Rev. Uttamnanda (Myanmar)

Sacca bhae na kujjheyya, dajj appampi ycito; Etehi thi hnehi, gacche devda santike. (224)11 One should utter the truth. One should not be angry. One should give even from a scantly store to him who asks. Along these three paths one may go to the presence of the gods.12 In th Jtaka stories of the Buddha, there is Vaakajtaka13 which mentions about the truth of a bay quail the Buddha-to-be. Long time ago, Bodhisatta was born as a quail. Then the fire broke out the jungle where there lived a quail and its parents and other animals. All of the animals including the parents of quail fled away from the jungle to be saved their lives, but baby quail could not fly away since it was too young to fly. Then this thought came to him: In this world there exists the efficacy of goodness and the efficacy of truth. There are those who, through their having developed the Perfection in past ages, have attained Supreme Enlightenment under the Bodhi tree. Those omniscient Buddhas, having achieved liberation be goodness, tranquility and wisdom, possess the knowledge of that liberation. They are filled with truth, compassion, mercy, and patience. Their loving-kindness extends to all creatures alike. There is an efficacy in the attributes they have won. Therefore, let me make an asseveration of truth to make the flames retreat and to save myself and the rest of the birds. Thus, recalling the Buddhas of the past, the little quail loudly proclaimed, With wings that cannot fly and legs that cannot yet walk, forsaken by my parents, here I lie. With this truth I call on you, dreadful fire, turn back, and harm me not! By the power of this asseveration of truth, the fire retreated sixteen paces and went out like a torch plunged into water, leaving a perfect circle around the baby quail unburned. When his life ended, the quail passed away to fare according to his deserts.14 Here, the second verse says that Saccna caturo pad, the best of the truths are the Four Noble Truths. There are various kinds of truth in the world, yet the Four Noble Truths only are the best as recommended by the Buddha. Why the reason is explains in the Commentary on Dhammapada. What the Buddha mentioned the Four Noble Truths in the Dhammacakkapavattana Sutta are Dukkhasacca, Samudayasacc, Nirodhasacc and
11 12

Dhp 33. K. Sri Dhammananda, The Dhammapada, 443. 13 Ja-a I 212ff. 14 Ken and Visakha Kawasaki, Jtaka Tales of the Buddha; an Anthology I 85.

The Best Four in the Buddhists Perspective By Rev. Uttamnanda (Myanmar)

Maggasacc or the truth of Suffering, of the Origin of Suffering, of the Extinction of Suffering and of the Eightfold Path leading to the Extinction of Suffering. But what, O monks, is the noble truth of Suffering? Birth is suffering, decay is suffering, death is suffering; sorrow, lamentation, pain, grief and despair are suffering; in short, the 5 groups of existence connected with clinging are suffering.15 But what, O monks, is the noble truth of the Origin of suffering? It is that craving which gives rise to fresh rebirth and, bound up with lust and greed, now here now there, finds ever fresh delight. It is the Sensual Craving (kma-tah), the Craving for Existence (bhava-tah), the Craving for Non-existence or Selfannihilation (vibhava-tah).16 But what, O monks, is the noble truth of the Extinction of suffering? It is the complete fading away and extinction of this craving, its forsaking and giving up, liberation and detachment from it.17 But what, O monks, is the noble truth of the Path leading to the extinction of suffering? It is the noble eightfold path (ariya-ahangika-magga) that leads to the extinction of suffering,18 Although there are varieties of truths, the Four Noble Truths are the best in accordance with the second part of the verse as shown in Pacasatabhikkhu Story of Dhammapada. In addition, these Four are to be realized by ones who really wish to attain Nibbna as their final liberation from Sasra.

Non-attachment is the best As I have already itemized comprehensively the first two parts of the verse, now the time comes to the third part which utters Virgo seho dhammna, Non-attachment is the best of states. Dhamma has a many of sense and meaning. It is interpreted variously by the scholars in accordance with the contexts and it background content. We come to know that Dhamma in the sense of third part is definitely referring to the Nibbna according to the Aggappasda Sutta of Catukkanipta of Aguttaranikya and the commentary on Dhammapada. Monks, among things conditioned and unconditioned, dispassion is reckoned to be the best of them all: the crushing of all infatuation, the removal of the thirst, the
15 16

Nyanatiloka, Buddhist Dictionary, 151. Ibid. 17 Ibid. 18 Ibid.

The Best Four in the Buddhists Perspective By Rev. Uttamnanda (Myanmar)

uprooting of attachment, the cutting off of the round (of rebirth), the destruction of craving, dispassion, Nibbna. Those who have faith in the Dhamma of dispassion have faith in the best; and for those who have faith in the best, the best result will be theirs.19 All these terms are synonyms for Nibbna, the sole unconditioned state.20 In this connectuion, we should know what does the Nibbna mean in the Buddhists perspective. Nibbna, Skr. Nirvana: lit. Extinction (nir+v, to cease blowing, to become extinguished): according to the commentaries: Freedom from Desire (nir+vana). Nibbna constitutes the highest and ultimate goal of all Buddhist aspirations, i.e. absolute extinction of that life-affirming will manifested as Greed, Hate and Delusion, and convulsively clinging to existence; and therewith also the ultimate and absolute deliverance from all future rebirth old age, disease and death, from all suffering and misery.21 Extinction of greed, extinction of hate, extinction of delusion: this is called Nibbna.22 The 2 aspect of Nibbna are: (1) The Full Extinction of Defilements (kilesa-parinibbna), also called sa-updi-sesanibbba, i.e. nibbna with the groups of existence still remaining. This takes place at the attainment of Arahatship, or perfect holiness. (2) The Full Extinction of the Groups of Existence (Khandha-parinibbna), also called an-updi-sesa-nibbna, i.e. nibbna without the groups remaining, in other words, thee coming to rest, or rather the no-more-continuing, of this physicomental process of existence. This takes place at the death of the Arahat.23 Accordingly, we come to know that the Dhamma which is the extinction of all defilements is the best and highest among all other Dhammas as it is shown in the third part of the verse. Life is full of misery and suffering indeed. And hence we should try to penetrate the four noble truths or the Nibbna so that to be freed from all sorts of misery of life. One cannot too often and too emphatically stress the fat that not only for the actual realization of the goal of Nibbna, but also for a theoretical understanding of it,
19 20

Nyanaponika & Bhikkhu Bodhi, Aguttara Nikya Anthology, 51-2. Ibid, 217. 21 Nyanatiloka, Buddhist Dictionary, 105. 22 Ibid, 106. 23 Ibid.

The Best Four in the Buddhists Perspective By Rev. Uttamnanda (Myanmar)

it is an indispensable preliminary condition to grasp fully the truth of Anatt the egolessness and insubstantiality of all forms of existence. Without such an understanding, one will necessarily misconceive Nibbna according to ones either materialistic or metaphysical leanings either as annihilation of an ego, or as an eternal state of existence into which an Ego or Self enters or with which it merges. Hence it is said: Mere suffering exists, no sufferer is found; The deed is, but no dower of the deed is there; Nirvna is, but not the man that enters it; The Path is, but no traveller on it is seen. (Vis. XVI)24

Buddha is the best The final part of the verse is Dvi padnaca cakkhum, the best of biped is the Seeing One. Aggappasda Sutta of Catukkanipta states that; Monks, among all living beingsbe they footless or two-footed, with four feet or many feet, with form or formless, percipient, non-percipient or neither-percipientnor-non-percipientthe Tathgata, the Arahant, the Fully Enlightened One, is reckoned the best of them all. Those who have faith in the Buddha have faith in the best; and for those who have faith in the best, the best result will be theirs.25 With reference to the above passage, there is found further explanation in the very same work. Those beings with form (rpino) are those that have material bodies; those without form (arpino) are the beings of the four formless realms, who lack material bodies. The non-percipient beings (asino) are a class of beings in the form realm bereft of conscious experience; those neither-percipient-nor-nonpercipient (neva-nsaino) are the denizens of the fourth formless realm. The word sa, translated as perception, here stands for the entirety of consciousness and its concomitant mental factors.26 The Dhammapada commentary defines that the Buddha is the owner of five kinds of eye, Paca cakkhus. Consequently, among all men and celestial beings including various

24 25

Ibid, 106-7. Aguttara Nikya Anthology by Nyanaponika & Bhikkhu Bodhi, 51. 26 Ibid, 217.

The Best Four in the Buddhists Perspective By Rev. Uttamnanda (Myanmar)

10

kinds of other beings in the universe, Buddha the possessor of five kinds of eye is the best and highest. What the five kinds of eye the Buddha possessed are? (1) The Eye of knowledge that understands the state of maturity of a being, his proclivities, etc., Buddha cakkhu; (2) The Eye of knowledge that knows all there is to be known, Samanta cakkhu; (3) The Eye of knowledge that comprehends the Four Ariya Truths, Dhamma cakkhu; (4) The supernormal vision like that of the devas, Dibba cakkhu; (5) The physical eye or the faculty of vision, Pasda cakkhu.27 The other reason why the Buddha is the best or the highest among all living beings can be found out clearly in the Buddhist literatures. In the Sumagalavilsin the commentary on Dghanikya there it is said to be arisen of a Buddha in the world is difficult, Dullabho buddhuppdo lokasami28. Besides, there are four kinds of rare or hard found in the Dhammapada Pli and its commentary. One of them is Kiccho buddhnamuppdo29, rare is the appearance of the Buddhas. Rare or Hard is rendered the Pli term Kiccho which is similar to Dullabha and this term is better to denote as Difficult to obtain or Difficult to find so as to acquire easy understanding. Erakapatta the Naga King was a monk, ordained under the Buddha Kassapa, in his former life. He strictly followed the Vinaya rules, but a doubt occurred to him on some Vinaya rules and he was remorse at the time of his death. Thus he was reborn as a powerful Naga Kind in the present life. He tried to inquire about the Buddha coming to the human world on every full moon day of months. Composing a sound on questions to find out the Buddha, a daughter of Naga King sings it. He however didnt clue on the birth of Buddha even if it took him innumerable years. Eventually, he knew the Buddha was arisen in the world and he came to meet the Buddha. The Buddha then explained to Erakapatta the Naga King that it was difficult to be born during the lifetimes of the Buddhas.30 According to the Buddhism, to become a Buddha is too difficult and too long period of time. A Bodhisatta, Buddha-to-be, has to fulfill the ten kinds of perfection, Pram, for countless life and aeon to become Buddhahood. By own effort and knowledge, he became the Buddha the Enlightened One and expounded the Dhammas He has penetrated to all beings both of men and gods to be free from round of rebirth. Therefore the Buddha as it is shown in the last part of the verse is the best and highest than all beings in the universe.
27 28

A Dictionary of Buddhist Term, 86. Sv I 46. 29 Dhp 27. 30 Dhp-a III 230ff.

The Best Four in the Buddhists Perspective By Rev. Uttamnanda (Myanmar)

11

Conclusion All the rivers flow leading to the ocean. In the same way, all the teachings of the Buddha target at the Nibbna which is the ultimate goal of the Buddhists and that Nibbna is incomparable peace of bliss according to the Buddhism. Because of the different nature and character of beings, there are various teachings and they are ways and means of Buddha when He taught the Dhamma to a being how to overcome the ocean of Sasra which is full of misery. In other words, the Buddha teachings can be applied not only for the supramundane benefits but also for the day to day life of a man by putting positively and necessarily. These kinds of teaching, for instance, can be available in Magala Sutta, Siglovda Sutta etc. In the Dhammacakkapavattana Sutta the first sermon of the Buddha, there we find out the two extreme paths, namely Kmasukhallikanuyoga, indulgence in sensual pleasures and Attakilamathanuyoga, indulgence in self-mortification. These two paths or extremes must be dispelled said by the Buddha. Then one has to practise the Middle Path which is called Majjhimapaipad in Pli and it is also called the Noble Eightfold Path, Ariy ahagika magga, on the other. The next step is to be penetrated the Four Noble Truths which are also mentioned in the respective chapter. The Noble Eightfold Path can be summarized into three such as Sla, Samdhi and Pa or morality, concentration and wisdom. These three factors are also known as Tisikkh the Threefold training in Theravda Buddhism. On the other hands, they are called Dhammas that lead to the realization of Nibbna and hence the Noble Eightfold Path is the best than the other paths and the Dhammas which are free from attachments and defilements are the best and the highest than the rest. Because of the arising of the Buddha in the world, all beings come to know what is good and what is bad. If there would not had been arising in this world, the world would be the deep darkness where one cannot find the way to walk correctly. When the Buddha was arising in this world, the beings had a great chance to listen to the Dhamms that lead to final liberation. Till now, the teachings of the Buddha has been guiding the right way to practise to be beard fruits although the Buddha had passed away since two thousand and five hundred years ago. In sum, the Buddha who discovered the Noble Eightfold Path and the Four Noble Truths is the best than all living beings in the universes. After realizing and enlightening by own effort without receiving any support from gods and men, the Buddha taught the Dhammas to all beings so that they can be free from Sasra as He has freed from it.

The Best Four in the Buddhists Perspective By Rev. Uttamnanda (Myanmar)

12

Therefore, the Buddha is called the Teacher of gods and men. For that reasons, the Buddha is said in the last part of the verse that the best of biped is the Seeing One. Thursday, September 6, 2012

Works Cited 1. S: Sayuttanikya, PTS. 2. D: Dghanikya Pli, PTS. 3. Sv: Dghanikya Ahakath (Sumagalavilsin), PTS. 4. Dhp: Dhammapada Pli, PTS. 5. Dhp-a: Dhammapada Ahakath, PTS. 6. Ja: Jtaka Pli, PTS. 7. Ja-a: Jtaka Ahakath, PTS. 8. A Dictionary of Buddhist Term, Ministry of Religious Affairs, Yangon, Myanmar, 4th Ed., 2003. 9. G.P. Malalasekera, M.A., Ph.D., D.Litt., Professor Emeritus, Encyclopaedia of Buddhism, Vol. IV, , the Department of Buddhist Affairs, Ministry of Buddhasasana, Sri Lanka, 2000. 10. K. Sri Dhammananda, The Dhammapada, 2nd rpt. By Sasana Ahiwurdhi WArdhana Society, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 1992. 11. Ken and Visakha Kawasaki, Jtaka Tales of the Buddha; An Anthology, Volume I, BPS, Kandy, Sri Lanka, 2009. 12. Narada, The Dhammapada: Pli Text and Translation With Stories in Brief and Notes, The Corporate Body of the Buddha Educational Foundation, Taipei, Taiwan, 4th et. 1993. 13. Nyanaponika & Bhikkhu Bodhi, Aguttara Nikya Anthology, Selected and Translation, Kandy, Sri Lanka, 2007. 14. Nyanatiloka, The Buddhist Dictionary, Buddhist Missionary Society, Buddhist Maha Vihara, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 5th ed. 1998. 15. Pali-English Dictionary, PTS, 1925.