}-:I<-(R/-=3-(J/-3R,

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?.0=-$?%-(J/-}-:I<-fA%-3:A-.2-:6B/-s-0-7*2?-eJ-:O=-8A$-%$-.2%(R?-GA-]R-PR?-.0=-29%-0R-3(R$-$A-36.-i3-.%-.$R%?-0-8A-2<-$>J$?-0:A;A.-*R:A-$/?-5=,

.J-;%-24/- 3R-2!:A-,%-;A$-=?,1$-<A-3#<-8J?-L-2-*A.-.;.$J-aR%-!R-!-=A-8J?-L2;*J- 2- 2o:A- 3,< - %:A- (R?- GA- 2!/- 0- :6B/- *R%- %J=- $?3- LJ.- 0;2?3- $+/- 1R- 3R- s- 2o?2{R<- 2;:O=- 8A$- (J/-0R-8J?- L- 2- :L%- %R;8J?- =%- 2!/-0-28A/- <2- L%-2&- S$ - 0:A->A%- LA,A- =R- 1924^-2- 9 0:A- 5J?- 10*A/- .2?- $4%- <- 28A<- P$?- 0:A- /%- 5/- $4%- (.- $.!<- lJ:A- mR%- #R%?- ;<- :VR $- !$- =%-.2R/- <?- 12- #J- 8J?- 0:A- 12- 1$- +- ;2- 2!/- :6B/- (R?

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.<- .%- ;3- :)3- .L%?- .2%- 3R- $*A?- GA- Y?- ?- %R- 35<- 2:A- g$?- 35/- .- 3- .%- 2&?- +J- {35/-.0J:A-0ER-$?<-.-28.,
.$%-P%?-28A-0<-=-!R.->J=-.!<-mR%-#R%?-m-<R%-1-8J?-0:A-$./-?-<-*A.-GA-{-$R%3-E- .J:- !/-29%-3,R%- PR=- hR- eJ:3,:O=- 8A$-3.R- }$?- \A%-0:A- .%R?-aR2-7*2?- eJ- m-3=<A/-0R-(J:A-{-3./-.-:LR/-0<-2{=-3-36.-0-v<-1J2?-/?,{-$R%-3:A-}R/-$/?-eJ?-S/-IA$?%- ,R=- L%- 3%- .- $?%?- 0- .%- ,}R/- .- m- 3=- <A/- 0R- (J:A- $9A$?- $%- =- *A/- $&A$- ,$?- *R>?-GA?-2{=-+J-eJ-$R%-3<-$.%-;?-$?R=-:.J2?->$?-S$-36.-0:A-.$-$%-=-d-;2-.0=<A- /?- :R.- $?3- (2?- &A$- +- :UR?- 0- =?,$*A?- KR$?- $- >J.- .- 9$- &A%- <A%-0R<- 3- ,R$?- 0<;=- 2<- I<- =,9J<- ,$- $&A$- <A/- 0R- (J- $%- *A.- GA- $9A3- ,A=- .%- *J- 2<- 9$- /?- ;/- <A%- 43$/?- 0<- I<-+J,.- v:A- 7*2?- eJ- <A/- 0R- (J- =- 2g$- 5=- {R<- m- 3=- $R%- 3:A- <%- i3- 8=- $?%3<- $?=- 2- .%- 3,/- 0<- :O=- 8A$- 3.R- }$?- \A%- 0:A- ;%- YA.- .J- 3- ,$- 0<- ,$?- ;A.- (J?- +J,
.$%-P%?-28A-0<-%R?-:6B/-36.-&A%- %$-.2%-3.R-}$?-2!/-:6A/-.0=-29%-0R-8J?-35/IA-&R.-0/-$?R=-2<-36.,
.$%-P%?-2&-$*A?-=-(R?-GA-OA-:1%-3,R/-0R<-3%:-$?R=-36.-/?,<A$?-2.$-m3=-<A/-0R-(J-%$-.2%-2!/-:6B/-/R<-2:3-!/-29%-<A$-:6B/-3#:-H2-:R.-$?=-hR-eJ-.0=29%- 0R- 3(R$- /?- $%- =- )A- v<- 28$?- 0:A- ?R< - L%- }$?- $?3- IA- (R?- 2!:- z$- =?- 3J.- 03$R/-0R-$%-=-,$?-.IJ?-0-(J/-0R?-2)=-2?-,$?-Y?-GA-.3-0<-I<,
.J- .$- $?/- 0- 43- .- 3- =?- 0<- $%?- uR%?- o=- 2!/-}- ?R<- $/?- 0:A- .?- ?- .$%P%?-18/?-202<,=R-$?3-IA-<A%-2&.-o-.3-0R<-28$?,.?-.%-i3-0-!/-+-2~J/12- *3?- 28J?- =- ,$?- 2lR/- (J/- 0R<- 36.- 0- .%- <A$?- 2.$- m- 3=- 7$R%-3:A- 2!:- 28A/- m<R%- 3.R- }$?- (R?- \A%- .$R/- IA- 3#/- 0R:C- 35/- 28J?- GA?- :6B/- *R%- %J=- $?3- 36.- .$R?-0:A2!:- =%- 2)=- 2- v<- o=- 2!/- %J=- 2:A- ,$?- #<- 28J?,H.- 0<- }- :I<- 2:A- $./- ?- :R$

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3A/-AR-o/-(A/-PR=-\A%-.-,R$-3<-.$%-P%?-21/?-29%-=/-P%?-.-3<-1J2?-/?-7*2?eJ-$&%-<A/-0R-(J-%$-.2%-(R?-GA-P$?-0-3(R$-$A?-3#/-0R-.%-,
3#/-(J/-3HJ/-2lJ-/R<-2-<A/-0R-(J?-=?-aR2-36.-.J-..-0:A-$/?-.$J-:./-P%?-5%2:A- .2?- ?- ]- (J/- .$R%?- 0- <2- $?=- /?- 2o.- 0:A- #R3- o/- =?- 5B$?- $?3- 2<- 3- (.- 0<2~J/- 0<- mR$?- +J- {- 24/- 0:A- 35/- ~/-;R%?- ?- P$?,$8/- ;%- (A/- \A%- hR<- :6B/- <A/- 0R- (J2.J- (J/- (R?- :6B/- 3(R$- .%- ,mR%- ?<- 3HJ/- 2lJ- <A/- 0R- (J- (R?- GA- ]R- PR?,#- /- ]- 3- 2!/- :6A/o=- 35/,g- /$- ,2- 2!/- 2>J?- $*J/- 1/- 5S$?- <A/- 0R- (J- .%- ,z$- 0<- .- 7*2?- 3$R/- o=2:A- .2%- 0R- ,3?- &.- 3HJ/- &A%- $9A$?- 0- (J/- 0R- 3(R$- $A- .2?- ?- .$J- 2!:- fA%- <A?- 3J.- GA- 5.w/-.$J-2:A-2>J?-$*J/-2&-U$-$?3-43-2!J/-0<-36.,
3.R<-/-:1$?-2R.-GA-$8%-=$?-3.R-}$?-<A$-$/?-.%-2&?-0-{-$8R/-/:A-.?-/?$?/- 2?3- |R3- $?3- IA?- .?-:.:- 2<- 36.,H.- 0<- .- $/?- GA- (J- 2- $%?- <A- ,R.- .!<- !/3HJ/-(J/- 0R:A-$9A3-1$-+,eJ-k$?-?%?-<A/-0R-(J-=?,~A%-,A$-;-28A-$?/-0-.%-,z$-0<.- .$%- P%?- 31=- 2?3- ;?- 3A- :I<- z/- IA?- P2- 0:A- $4$- =$- #%- .- AR- o/- .?- $?33HJ/-0:C-o=-52,7*2?-eJ-2..-:)R3?-:)A$?-V=-;J->J?-hR-eJ-=?-<A/-(J/-$+J<-36S.-.%-,
36S.-2./-?R$?-$?/,
.$%- =R- 36=- fA%- 3:A- 2!:- 3- $?/- 28J?- .%- 4$?- (R?- .A/- IA- 2.$- nJ/- ;%-36./?- ,$?- .IJ?- 0:A- lJ<- ?R/,H.- 0<- .- 7*2?- eJ- .A=- 3$R- 3HJ/- 2lJ- hR- eJ- :(%- $A- $?J<- 8=3)=-/?- (R?- :VJ=- IA- ,R$- 3<- 2>J?- 0:A- 3A%- ;A$- .%- ,eJ- *A.- GA- 92- $+J<- $*$?- 1<- IA- (A/LJ.-.2%- ?R$?-$?/,.J:A-eJ?-2=-;=-3(R.-gJ/-<A/-0R-(J:A-*J-:.2?-?-7o=-2:A-2!:-:I<<A/- 0R- (J- u$?- =%- )R=- 2<- $?R=- :.J2?- 8?-$/%- 36.- .J,(R?- .A/- IA- 2.$- nJ/- .%- 2&?$?/-0-.J-{-5K-:.A:A-.R/-(J->R?-;A/-8J?-$?%?,
a<-3$R/-0R-*A.-,2-2!/-3.R-}$?-(R?-:#R<-\A%-.-$./-:SJ/-8?-/?-^-2-S$-43----

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28$?-<A%- ,~A%- ,A$- $R%- :R$- .%-,H.- 0<- 12- ,2?- !/- 2+?,$.3?- %$- 36S.- 3=- 0:A\J$?- 23- <A/- 0R- (J- 2&?- 8A2- o?- $?/, .J- /?- 7*2?- eJ- 3HJ/- 2lJ- hR- eJ- :(%- (J/- 0R- 3(R$
3$R/-0R-$%-$A-%J?-0-.R/-IA-]-3<-29%-/?-1/-5/-,/-3R%-3-;A/-0:A-]-aR2-+-I<-+J-,$?-Y?.3- 0- *A.- .- 2}$?,a<- 3$R/- 0R- $%- *A.- 3- :R%?- 3%R/- 0<- $9A$?- /?-KA?- :L%- $A- $.=- L3$R/-3J.-i3?-eJ?-?-:6A/-0:A-(J.-3$R/-0R-*A.-GA-o=-52-+-3%:-$?R=-36.,
}R/- LR/- *J?- 2- .3- 0- i3?- .%- .$R%?- [R%- .LJ<- 3J.- .- I<- 9A/-G%- ,$.=- L- eJ?- ?:SJ/-0:A-(J.-,$?-VJ=-)A-v<-;R.-/:%-}-.$R%-i3?-?-,$?-.3-8=-:.R/-($-3J.-.%-,*A/v<-K$-.0J-$9A$?-gR$-$A?- 2<-353?-GA-.?-PR/-0<-3A-36.-0-?R$?-.%-,.?-GA-3,<-;%o=- 2!/- :6A/-*R%- %J=- 2:A- ,$?- #<- o- (J<-28J?- /?,$/?- .2J/-0:A- <A-OR.- ><- #3- 2- >R.<R%- &J?- 0:A- ?- #=- .- ,2- 2!/- 3.R- }$?- (R?- \A%- 8J?- :R$- 3A/- d- ;2- .0=- <A- ?- =- :1R?- 0- v2:A- $4$- =$- #%- gJ/- .%- 2gJ/- 0- 28J%?- /?,AR- o/- (A/- PR=- \A%- $A- (R?- 2o.- :6B/- 0:A- (J..$J- :./- IA- #J- $?<- .- 2#?- /?- o/- 28$?-9- 24/- s- 2o- 43- .%- .?- (J/- #$- =- ?- ^<- /%$/?- (- 2o.- .%- ,3J=- ^<- (A/- $+J<- ,$?- eJ- (J/- 0R- 2.J- $>J$?- !/- :.?- GA-o/- 5S$?- =2gJ/-0:A-12-3(R.,S$-0:A-5K?-28A-=-.$J-5=-aR%-$A-2a2-#R3-:2R$-(R$-NA$-&<,.$J-:./0- i3?- /?- $?R- .R%- ($- 3J.- GA- ,R$- .L<- }- 3- 8=- 28J?- .%- :VJ=- .L<- (R?- :(.- */,2./0<- <+- \A%- 5K- 12- $?%- :.?- .%- ,0E- 5K- ;A- ~A%- ,A$- $A- <?- VA?- =- 2gJ/- 0:A- 12- 3(R.- ?R$?:(<- &/- .%- ,:(<- :1<- IA- 12- 3(R.- #$- $%- 3%- 2&?- GA?- .?- :.:- 2<- 36.- 0- .%- ,.J28A/- .- 7*2?- eJ- 3HJ/- 2lJ- <A/- 0R- (J?- :63- \A%- 8A- 2.J:A- .J.- .0R/- (J/- 0R- $R%- ?- 7*2?- 3$R/o=-2:A- .2%- 0R-{- UJ%-2&-28A-0-(J/- 0R<- }- :I<- IA-3.R-+- ?J3?-KR$?- (A/- PR=- 2)=-:UR?- =2gJ/-/?,*2?- 3(R$- $%- *A.-GA?-G%- ,12- ,2?- 23- 29%- ,7!/-3HJ/- (J/- 0R:C-36S.2./,%=-$?R-{R<-$?3-?R$?-30=-IA-5=-.-1=-$/%-36.,
3.R<-/-*2?-3(R$-$%-*A.-GA-$.=-L<-I<-0-2!:-fA%-?-.$J-<A?-?-3-(.-0:A-2!/---

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2010^-15K?-15<2-$/?-?-\%-=R:A-2R.-^-125J?-1*A/-$/?-3(R$-hR-eJ-$./-.-}:I<-fA%-3:A-(R/-=3-(J/-3R-,J%?-*J<-$&A$-0-:5S$-0:A-{2?-]-(J/-#$-.%-fA%-3:A-.$R/-#J-(J#$-i3?-GA?-$4S?-0:A-(R/-=3-:$/-:6B/-z/-:6S3?-,R$-2!:-2#<-$/%-/?-3$R/-0R-$%*A.-=-)A-v<-$?R=-2-2+2-0-28A/-}-:I<-fA%-3:A-.2-:6B/-s-0<-8=-28J?-$/%-!J-}-:I<2:A- 2!/- 0- ;R%?- mR$?- =- ,$?- #<- o- (J<- 28J?- +J,3,<- .$ %- P%?- 2o.- &- I- 2o.- ,A- =R-
2011^-2-95K?-2*A/-IA-}-SR-K$-5S.-8/30,R$-$.=-L:A-2?R.-/3?-GA?-3-,J$-0<-%R35<-2:A-v?-.-3-.%-2&?-+J-<J-8A$-$9$?-{:A-2!R.-0-(R?-.LA%?-?-2#?-0:A-5=-2!/-+R,,

.3-0-*A.-.$R%?-0-8A-2<-$>J$?-0:A-;A.-*R:A-$/?-5=,
.J-;%-<A/-0R-(J-.$%?-P%?-I-2o.-0-,A-=R-2011^-2-90:A-5K?-2 *A/-}-SR-K$5S.- 2o.- .%- {<- 3- ?3- 2&:A- ,R$- .$R%?- 0- (R?- .LA%?- ?- $>J$?- >A%-*A/- $?3- IA- <A%- ,$?.3-.-28$?-;R.-0-.%-,<%-.$R/-><-#3-2-,2-2!/-3.R-}$?-(R?-\A%-/?-8$-8J-.$:A-<A%:.?-3%-;R%?-GA?-..-$.%-S$-0R?-$?R=-:.J2?-(R/-=3-.%-,.%R?-:LR<-;A.-3=-IA-3(R.3A/-.0$-3J.-2!2?-+J-.$R%?-mR$?-3(R.-:2=-o-(J<-8?-;R.-&A%-,.J-28A/-o-$<-.%-,2=;=,:V$- ?R$?- /?- fA%- 3:A- .$R/- #J- #$- $A- {- 52- .%- 2R.- $8%- $A- {- 52, 2=- ;=- /%- 0:A5S$?- $4S,A- <A:A- $8%- 52- GA- :,?- 52,*2?- eJ- 3HJ/-2 lJ- <A/- 0R- (J:A- ;%- 3=- .%-, 2..:)R3?- <A/- 0R- (J:A- ;%- 3=- 2!/- :6A/- ;J- >J?- hR- eJ,*2?-eJ- 8J- (J/- <2- :L3?- <A/-0R- (J,2?R.o=- <A/- 0R- (J,3#/- (J/- 5K-.2%-o- 35S,A- <A:A-\R$-2f/- :O2-!R/- 0-P$?- &/- <J:- (<-,<?R$?- o=- #2- #$-*A- >- z$- /?- 1J2?- 0:A- {- 3PR/- .%- , ..- w/- 3A- 3%- !R%- 5S- 2c=- 2-.$R%?

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mR$?-3(R.-:2=-=- 2&<-;R.-0-.%-,KA-5K?- 5*A/-IA- K$-5S.- 12,R$-28$?-|<-h-<3-?=-$%?-&/-*A.-$>R%?-GA-$?R=-5%-;%-!J%-5S$?-#%-.-.0=-w/-OA3?-8A2-0-(J-2-3(R$-.%-,

OA3?- 8A2- 0- $8/- i3- $*A?,2R.- 3A- 3%- ,A- :,?- o/- =?- i3- 0,=?- #%?- #$- $A- S%- (J- (%i3-0,$8/-;%-YA-8:A-=?-LJ.-i3?-5%-:6S3?-GA?-(-5S.-$&A$-<A%-(R/-=3-$?%-:.R/-.%-,
.J-*A/-8A%-$>J$?-.3-0-3(R$-=-M-%/-$?-:..-35S/-LJ.-.-.0=-w/-2R.-3A:A-1A$-:6$?-?324/-LR=-2R.-$8%-$A-.2?-=?-#%?-#$-|R-2o2-;R.-0-<J.,2R.-^-2./-0:A-5K?-2&-*A/,o$<- zR- KR$?- GA- $./- ?- (J/- 3R- ,J$-3(R$- i3- PR=- 2>.- 12- .<- o?- \A%- .,2>.- 9- .%- ,95%-,24/- .$R/,aR2- 9- 2&?- :.?- 3%- ;R%?- mR$?- GA?- *A/- $&A$- <A%- hR<- ?J3?- +- :U=- S2:A-.GA=:#R<-8=-KJ?-+J-5S$?-GA-3(R.-0-o-(J<-3R?-0-.%-,$8/-;%-o-2=-IA-fA%-3:A-.$R/#J-#$-+-;%-.$R%?-mR$?-3(R.-:2=-IA-5S$?-3(R.-<2?-.%-<A3-0<-8?-:.$
$?=-2>.,
7*2?-eJ-8A-2<-$>J$?-0-$%-$A-:.?-3(R.-{2?-GA-$/?-5=-i3?-<A/-0R-(J-*A.-GA-.$R/-0<:VJ=-$+$?-=/-3%-L?-G%-;=-.?-GA-$/?-22?-.-3:A-.2%-$A?-:.A:A-{R<-.JA?-KA/-0-8A$%J.-&$-$A-=$-+-3-:LR<-2?-8A2-U:A-$/?-5=-:$R.-,2?-3-L%-,

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?}-:I<-2!/-0:A-$?=-LJ.-(J/-0R-73#/-0R-A-H$-$3-P2-.2%-=%gR$?-o=-35/-3(R$-.$R%?-0-(R?-.LA%?-?-2#?-0:A;A.-*R:A-$/?-5=,
,A- =R- 2011 2R.- ^- $?3- 0:A- 5K?-
17/?- ~%- 5=-2!/- +J- :63- \A%- ,A- .%H.- 0<- o- 2R.- GA- aR2- 3- i3?- GA?- 82?2g/- 3,:- ;?-0- 2 12?- >A%- 3#/- (J/5=- OA3?- ]R- PR?- ?R$?- KR$?- GA- *J?- (J/3%- 0R- 8A$- (J.- 1J2?- GA?- 2!/- :PR:A- 3$R/.0%- .3- 0<- 28$?- .$R?- 0:A- $?R=- 22+2- 0- v<- <J- 8A$- 28$?- o:A- 8=- 28J?$/%- +J- $/?- {2?- {- #3?- ;<- ?%?- ?I<,
:R/- G%-:PR- 2:A- 2?R.- /3?- GA?- 3,J$-0<- 2R.-^-50:A-5K?-22GA-.$R%-3R(-5S.-2.%-{<-3-40!J%-;-(J/-AR-o/2?3-$+/- \A%- .- .$R%?- 0- (R?- .LA%?- ?$>J$?-0:A-;A.-*R:A-$/?-5=-,R/-:.$
#R%-:.:-#<-3=-{-A-$?%-?R$?,$?- Y?- i3?- =, .%- 0R- 2- (J/- i3?,$?- 3,/- 0R- $/%- o,$*A?- 0- 2- aR2

;R%?- /?- 5K- :.A- =?- KA- 3- $=- (J/- .- :6B/o- 2&?- GA- 8=- (J3?- $4S- 2R- $*A?- 28$
3=- 0- LJ- 2- U$- 2o?- ?J3?- &/- IA- .R/36.- 0- o=- Y?- ,A:A- %%- 5=- ;A/- 0- =?.3A$?- ?- ;%- YA.- 3J.- &J?- $?%?- 0<,$?- Y?- 3=- {- A- $?%- 3(R$- /?- //8?- $/%- 2<- 1<- (J.- .- :5S=- 3A- .$R?- 0<5<- :5S=- 3#/- 8A$- ;R%- $A- <J.- &J?- 0:A2!:- 1J2?,:.?- eJ?- GA- {R<- =- {- $.%8$?-:2=-IA?-{-<?-(-2R-(J/-0R-28A:A-/%.- $>J$?-$?R=- 8- .$R?-0-.%- ,{- $.%$/?- {2?- <A% - 28$- /:% - (R$- 0- .%- ,
$.%-:(R?-=-82?-+R$-3#/-0R-;J->J?-.R/gR$?-/?-$/%-.$R?-0:A-8=-2!R.-36.,
KA-/%-$A-.$R?-0-.-3:A-.2%-$A?-2(J/- i3?- ,$?- PR?- GA?- *A/- 2./- <A%$?%- o- $/%- ,$/3- $%- $A- *A/- $?%- o2NR=-+J,3#/-0R-;J->J?-.R/-gR$?-.%-3=-

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2R.-^-60:A-5K?-$&A$-*A/-]-<%/?- 3#/- 0R- 5=- OA3?- ]R- PR?- ?R$?- 3#/3=- _%?- :#R<- $?3- (J.- 1J2?- ,R$- 3#/0R- 5=- OA3?- ]R- PR?- 3(R$- /?- ]- <%- /%2!/- aR2- \A%- .%- |<- :.A- 1/- 5/- H.- 3J..- $9A$?-0:A-8=-28J?.%-,>=- =?- 2- aR2i3?- GA?- G%- ]- 328$?- .?- =?- 3A- .3/0:A- KA- /%- $A- :6B/- *R%5$?- 5.- .$R?- 0- ?R$?GA- =3- !R/- .%- ,$?$?R:C-2!:-aR2-$/%-,
5K?- 2*A/- V$3$R- .$R/- IA- OA- 0- AR- o/- *2?- GA?- .2?0:A- V$- 3$R:C- .$R/- 0- *J<- 28A:A- <A?- 3J..$J- :./- 3,/- 5S$?- GA- {- 52,*$- <R%3#/-0R-5=-OA3?-GA?-.2?-0:A-*$-<R%-$A.$J- :./- 3,/- 5S$?- GA- {- 52, .!<36K?- <%- *R%- #=- (R?-.R/- =?- #%?- .%- ,
.0=-;=-mR%-$A-mR%-.0R/-?R$?-G%-}-KA<

{2?-*J<-$?3-0,

M-%/-IA-:53?-8<-2&<,$.%-3)=-.25$?- 0:A- *A/- /?- 5K?- $?3- IA- 2<- *A/$?3- IA- <A%-$.%- 3)=- 2- OA- s- =?- 2c=&A%- ,$8%- $A- 2!$- o- =- 3- vR?- 0<- o<A$?-aR2-3-i3?-G%-$.%-3)=-=->A/-+3%-0R-;R%-28A/-0-?R$?-GA-$/?-5=-<$?2#?-?-2!R.-0:R,,
.J- ;%- 3$R/- 0R3(R$- /A, A- 52- 1- >=S$-$A- /%- 5/- A- 52- 5K,<- ;$- 8J?- 0:A- <?- o..-$+R$?- 0-3J - ;R?- =R<-{:O%?,$8/- IA?- L.- #3A- :L%- 2:A- (J.- .- 3A%=:%- HJ:- 8J?- 2+$?,{/- (%- %:A- .?- ?- o=- (J/<A$?-28A?-{-;A-2Y%?-2-36.-0<-P$?,
3#/- :)3- .L%?- !/- .$:- i3- o=- IA- {3./- /?- ?- *:A- =3- :V?- ?R$?- .2%- =%3%- .- 8?- >A%- <2- L%- $A- #R3- 0:%- 8?,
35/-=-:)3-.L%?-!/-.$:-2!/-:1J=8J?- 2)=,$8/- ;%- OT:!R. - ]- 3- 2N- 5K,
OT:- .$J- S%- 2- :)3- .0=- P$?- 0,?J- <-

}-:I<-(R/-=3-(J/-3R,

;%- 3=,3#/- (J/- :)A$?- 3J.- 1/- 5S$??R$?- ]- (J/- .- 3:A- 3./- /?- $?%- (J/- }:I<- 2:A- 1- (R?- GA?- 35S/- .2%- =%- OA.$?3- IA- $.3?- 0- 3%- .- 8?,H.- 0<- .OT:.$J-A-<A$-<A/-0R-(J-l-2:A-]-3<-2!J/-+J.!:- ,.- ~A%- <?- GA?- ]- 3:A- 82?- +R$3*J?-0-$?3-IA?-3,<-KA/-0<-36.,
.J- /?- <%- .R/- 3,<- KA/- +J- .$- 0:A$%-2-:2:-8A$-:O%?->A%-;A-.3-z-;A-8=$9A$?,}R/- :PR:A- (A/- OA.- .%- ,2<- .R:AS$- OA.- ?R$?- ,R$- 3<- $?%?- {2?- /?G%-$.=-L-.J-.$-=-<A$-%R-:UR.-0:A-g$?35/- H.- 0<- 2- fJ.- &A%- H.- 0<- .- {- 5K$&A$- =- mR$?- 0- (J/- 0R:C- 92- (R?- #R- /- l=2+R/- GA?- {=- w/- IA- 2- aR2- 3%- .- 2*%?,
<?-12-36.-0-?R$?-GA?-=?-%/-2?$?0:A- ?J3?- &/- 3%- 0R- ,<- =3- .- 2!R. , {$?%- ,$?- gJ/- .%- z- #%- ?R$?- 28J%{2?- %R- 35<- 2:A- g$?- 35/-H.- 0<- 23%- .- L%- ,:O=- 2- 3J.- 0:A- *J- g$?.%- =%- 2!/- ?R$?- 3%- .- $?%?- +J- $.=L- i3?- ..- 0:A- $/?- ?- .<- +J- $8/- .R/UA/-=?-GA?-36.-0-o-(J<-2*%?, $/?

{2?-*J<-$?3-0,

3(R$-P%?-3J.-GA-|R-:1<-KJ?->A%-H.-0<.- ,A- =R- 1985 =R<- ;- (J/- AR- o/- 2?3$+/- \A%-K$-2+2,.J- ;%- KR$?- GA-2-aR23%-.-:.?-+J-<A3-0?-(R?-|<-:.A-*A.-o-(J<- ?R%- !J,.0:- 2R:C- \A%- s,.0:- 3R:C- \A%28A,.$J- 2~J/- IA- \A%- $&A$- !J-\A % - (J/- 0R2&- <- IJ?,\A%- <J- =- 2!/- 2.$- $*A?- <J,
3A$- }<- o/- 28$?- .$J- :./- 0- 28A- !R%.%- ,24/- 3- 2./- !R%- =- *J- 2,.$J- 2~J/!R%- =- *J- 2-2&?- HR/-9- 24/- .$J-2~J/- .%2&?- (A$- OA- *A?- !R%- 3- 9A/- 43- o/- .28$?-28A/-0-.%-.J-;%-.$J-:./-0-i3?GA?- 2>.- 0- =?- 12- 0- $4S- 2R<- LJ.- &A%- ,
}R/- :PR- ,/- 3R%- KA- /%- /?- .%R?- $8A- OJ$?(R.- ,R.- c=- IA- 2<- OA.- b%- $A- <A3- 0- v<12- 0- *3?- =J/- #R- /- =-.R<- 28A/- 0- .%,
3A$- }<- $%?- &/- IA- uR%?- :.A<- 12- 0:A(R?- 9- (J- >R?- ?- I<- ;R. , .- v- ;%- 2!/2.$-,$?-Y?-3=-{-A-$?%-<A/-0R-(J-.%-,
{- *A.- GA?- 2o.- :6B/- .- %R?- :6B/- $/%- 2:A3#/- 3=- 2- (J/- i3?- GA?- |<- :.A:A- :6A/*R%-3-3,.-/?-$/%-o-;A/-0-=$?-?R,,

}-:I<-(R/-=3-(J/-3R,

10

{2?-*J<-$?3-0,

?$/?-{R<-2-=-3A%?-0:A-$+3,
$/?-{R<-2-=-3A%?-0:A-$+3-z$-2?3-IA(/-0R-8J?-L-2,
YA.- 0:A- 9$- d- S%?- :LA/- 0:A,,3(R$- $A(/- 0- ,3?- &.- 3HJ/,,.J?- $?%?- :$R$=3- .3- 0:A- (R?, ,<A$- PR=-$*A?- w/5S$?-=-:..,,HJ.-#3?-|R3-$/?-{R<-=$.%- 2- (J, ,;=- nJ/- IA?- .$J- .R<- 2&R3- +<J, ,=?- %/- IA- _%- :52- =%?- /?- ;R%- ,,
$/?- 3,R%-2?-?%?-o?-,R2-I<- /,,.?.-v-o-$<-hR- eJ-$./,,3- !J$?-.%-[-[R?29%-!J-3(A,,.J-.$-=-3R?-0-3J.-9J<- /,,
)R->!-i3-$*A?-GA-{-3./-/,,$/?-2>..%- gJ/- 2>.- :.R/- 0- i3?,,;A- ?$?- ?*J?- 0- 3- 3,R%- %3,,.J- 2?3- 0- .%- .R<- 23- 3,/- 0?- =/,,$/?- =- ~A%- /?- ..- 0.%- ,,v.- 3R:C- :.- >J?- G%- /R<- *J/- (J, ,
:2%?- =- =R%?- ,R.- LJ.- i3?- /A, ,$/?{R<- 3- ;A/- #A$- {R<- ;A/, ,H.- 0<- A- ##3?- 0- .%- ,,|R3- (J/- ?- 3,:- :PA3- 0i3?, ,>=- <A%- =3- .- 8$?- 4- /, ,b%

:R$- +- 2?.- 0?- 3- (R$- 0<,,PR-#:A- .R/- .?J3?-&/-$?R.,,A<-)$-.%-$;=-3R.-8J#%-:2<,,29R.-0:A-$R-(-_%-=-2{<,,b:UR$-.%-$8R$?- aR%- 3- LA/- =J/,,.A/-0:A3A- 3,/- KR$?- =- 2~J/, ,=3- PR$?- $5S$?- 0?- Y%- #R3- *J=,,5=- OA3?- ,=- 228A/- .- $+R%- ,,=?- GA- =?- $?3- 0%- .]%?,,K$- .%- {R<- 2:A- o/- =3- $&R., ,
fJ.-0-:5S=-KA<-m/-5B$-5,,>R-$-}-KA<-U3- :6.,,=3- :U%- ;%?- .R$- =- 5B$- l2:1J=,,>=- <A%- $A- %=- .2- %$- :H=- IA?21A2?,,%$- $A- =?- =3- 28A<- 2~J/- 12LJ.,,2^?- 2eR.- .%- (R?- ,R.- :2$- :2$($,2lR/-:P?-=R$-=3-IA-KR$?-=-:HR$,
z-#%-.%-gJ/-$?3-3,R%-4-/,,U- o/- .%3(R.- m?- =- 2i2- ?J3?- .%- ,,.!R/- $*J<IA- 5B$- l2- =- $/R.- ?J3?- :1J=, ,2PR.=3- IA- #- (<- 2- ;$- .%- ,,.P- IR.- .%- /.$.R/- (R3- b/- ?R$?,,=?- %/- IA- _%- :52=%?- 4- /,,.!R/- 3(R$- .%- (R?- *R%- =- ;A-

}-:I<-(R/-=3-(J/-3R,

11

(.-.%-,,=R$-v:A-$;%-?<-$R3-0-:)R$,
;A.-GA-=?-=3-i3-0-$?3,,=-?R$?-i3gR$- $A- (R3-b/-i3?,,2?3- $+/- .%- >J?<2- GA- :$=- ^<- aJ2?,,.J- v<- KA/- S$- (:2J2?->A%-,,3A-.$J:A-=?-=3-i3-0-2&, ,
2v<-3A-3%R/-0<-:.-LJ.-0,,#R3-3A/-o/w/- IA- o=- ]R/- .%- ,,#J- :.R.- GA- 5S%- 0$;R/-&/-.%-,,#3?-0-$/?-{R<-=-$.%2- .%- , ,|R3- (J/- 12- 5$?- 3- 9A/- 0, ,
,3?- &.- !/- IA- :2$- 0- ;A/, ,$*/- ?:PA3-0-{.-i3?-G%-,,}R/-:PR?-<%-o.3- .%?- >A%- ,,2*J.- .%- mR$?- 0:A- $8%=3- =, ,$;R- ,R2- $R3?- 2g/- 3,<- KA/s:A, ,SR.- g$?- GA-$J-;%- 3- 9A/- 0<, ,
29:-2+%-b%-\A%-.%-D-<?-:5S=,,,R$?2&?- 2..- =- 0$- &A%- :.<, ,,R$?- 3J.2..- GA?- !/- /?- .NA?,,.$: - VR.- 2..=- 3%R/- 0<- _R3, ,~J3?- LJ.- 2..- =:#3?- 28A/- ., ,(%- .%- =3- 9/- :5S=28A/- 0<,,>- HJ<- O$- HJ<- 9J<- 2- 35<, ,
8A-$/?-GA-MR%-2-3,<-KA/-/?,,z$-3,R%=- *3?- ?.- LJ.- 0- .%- ,,<R- ~R3?- GA- :U%=- 2><- /?- 0:A,,$&R.- 3#/- .J%- ?%- ;R.

{2?-*J<-$?3-0,

3A- :S,,.<- OR.- .- *=- 2?- ?%?- o?- /,,

3A- 5K<- <A- !R%?- ?- *=- LJ.- 0:A,,mA- 2R-i3?:):- =?- ?- :P2- =- *J,,.J- !/- \J/- 0:A2g=-8$?-;A/,,$.R/-$J$?-<%-$A-?J3?=-5%-,,.<-OR.-3=-?-=?-$*/-0-3J.,,
:)A$- gJ/- (R?- 2o.- GA- <R- =%?- .%- ,,:.:V=- 3J.- 0- 3- >J?- ?3,,:.A- *A.- =- $&R./- $&R.- 3#/- ;A/,,2g=- 8$?- P2- 0:A/%- /- 3(R$ ,.J- 2?- $/?- {R<- .%- ?- {R<=, ,o- 2- i3?- 2$- ;R.- GA?- S/- 0- 2g/, ,
H.- 0<- (R?- w/- IA- $%- 9$- .%- ,,|R3- (J/$/?- {R<- =- :PR- 2:A- 353?, ,L%- (2?J3?- $*A?- =- <%- .2%- ,R2,,<R- ~R3?- GA*A.- #$- =- :.3- $- V=,,29R.- 0:A- $R- (?;=- nJ/- ,2,,*A/- $&A$- =- 2h%?- 2+$?2o- L%- ;%- ,,:L%- 28A- =- .L$- 0?- 2$/0- v<, ,&A- 3A- ~3- 0:A- 2g=- 8$?- GA, ,
%R2?- 0- $.J%- .- I<- 0:A- 5K,,;=- (J/- *A- >l- 28A- ?R$?, ,2PR.- 0<- }$?- GA- $8%/?-2>., ,5S$?-=3-IA-$J-;%-3-9A/-&A%-, ,
3J:-=?-29R.-2Y/-(%-2-;A,,.$J-aR%-hR-eJ:6B/- 0- .%- , ,/R- ,R.- =- P2- ,R2- +- _R3- 0;A,,%R-5:C-$.R%-0$?-<=-2-i3?,,$/?

}-:I<-(R/-=3-(J/-3R,

12

{R<- IA?- %/- ?R%- 12- *J/- (J,,2<- .R<- 9%:)$- :,R2- %J? - 0:A,,/$- 0R- ,R.- 0- v- 2;%-,,$/?-{R<-IA?-{-YR$-2*=-I<-/,,
KR$?-=?-i3-o=-.%-#-:I%?-0?,,HJ.&$- $A- o.- 5S.- <A$- !J- 3(A,,9?- $R?- GA-8J/0- 3- (R.- 0?,,#=- 3- .%- 5S%- 9R$- =3- ;A$=- $.%- , ,2g=- 8$?- GA- ,R.- 0?- $/?*=- 2,,AR-o/- 0- <%- L%-.0=-?R$?-;A/,,
.J- .$- $A?- .J- :S- AJ- 36.- vR?,,LA?- 0?*J<- ,R.- GA- 2?3- $+/- =, ,_%- nJ/- .%3%R/- >J?- I=- IR=- ?R$?,,z:A- 2:A- 2..GA- :U%- .3- 0?, ,!/- +- 29%- 0R:C- ,R.- 0s<, ,2$-;R.-2!J/-/-3A-=J$?-?3,,.J-=.$- 0- s- ;R.- .J, ,$/?- .$-.$R/- 0- 2?3,:-29%-,,=R$-:5S?-3-$R?-:5S-2-.$,
PR$?- .$- 5%?- 0<- 35%?- ,R.- w/,, #R30- .$- 0- L%- ?J3?- .%- ,,<A$- :6B/- 9%- .4J=-2-2Y%-,,(R?-.$-.%-$8A-.R%-LJ.-GA, ,
$/.- .R/- $R- 2:A- 2*J.- <A3- .%- ,,?- 2&:A%%?- gR$?- =- <J$- 0:A, ,mR$?- <A3- 9%- .:VJ=- I<- /, ,?%?- o?- <%- =- ;R.-0:AKA<, ,L%- (2- 3=- IA- /%- /?- ,R2, ,:.A

{2?-*J<-$?3-0,

v<- 3A- >J?- kR%?- (J/- i3?,,:#R<- 2:A- o:V?- 3A%- $9$?- =, ,($?- /?- $9%:6B/- ;=- =- 2PR.,,;=- /A- $9$?- ;A/$/?-G%-.J,,3A%-/A-i3->J?-=-?R$?-28A,,
$/?- GA- 3A%- ,R?- 5S<- 2- !J,,:PR- 2<- :.R.0- :.- >J?- .%- ,,o- :V?- $- 5S$?- :.- LJ..J,, i3- >J?- =?- ?- 3A- <%- 2:A,,]R- z$$/?- {R<- 2..- GA- =?,,&A?- G%- #R.- .- 35$?- /, ,$/?- (J/-$?3- .%- 3,:- ;%:.=,,<- $/R/- $4$- =$- #%- i3?- =, ,
K$- {R<- (R/- =3- o- (J/- 36S., ,=3- 38$?- GA- *J- 2R- =:%- , ,2$- ;R.- >$?- =2!J/- .$R?- 0:A,, 5S$?- $?R$- 1A2- .R%- :.A*A.- 92,,.$J- 2:A- (R?- i3?- #.- 0- =, ,
;/- =$- 2./- .%- 1<- KA/- S$ ,(R?- ,R.2&- ?R$?- $?%?- 0- =?,,$&/-$9/- .%/A-(R3-b/-IA,,2g=-8$?-2!/-0-3J.-0:AKA<,,1/-0:A-?J3?-GA?-5?-0-;A/,,
8J?-!:|R3-l-3(R$-PR%-=-:PR-9J<-2=-$.3?-0-<%-L%-hR-eJ?-?R,,,,

}-:I<-(R/-=3-(J/-3R,

13

{2?-*J<-$?3-0,

?2!:-3-3.R-+-?J3?-$?3-IA-%R-3R.-~A%-2#?,

eJ- 24/- ]- 3- .3A$?- 0- 3J.- 0:A,$?- eJ- &/- =- K$- :5=- =R, ,LA/- IA?2_2- +- $?R=, .J- ;%- $?%- (J/- }- :I<fA%-3:A-2*J.-0-3-@-;R-$-mR$?-0-A-/-;R-$mR$?- (J/- A- +A- ;R- $:A- o.- $8%- $4S- 2R- 3.R-

.$R%?- 0- :.?- 0- .%- +- :U=- $?%- 2- ~A%0R-mR$?- (J/- ?J3?- #J- 3- 2- 2&R- 2o.- 2&?=- ;R%?- P$?- ?- 3.R- +- ?J3?- $?3- 8J?- 82-;A/,

3.R-+-?J3?-$?3-IA-(R?-{R<-L%-5=,
!/-29%-;J->J?-$?=-2<-!R/-0:A,2?- GA- =3- 3(R$- +- :.?- 0:A- o.- GA- =J:s- 0<,3- @- ;R- $:A- o.- i3?- /A- o=- 0R- 6:A#%- !J%- .- :22- 0<- :I<- =,A- /- ;R- $:Ao.- i3?- /A- ?A;- =:A- /$?- 5=- .- :L%- 2<:I<-<R,,8J?-0-v<-.3-0:A-<A$?-&/-S-3s?- <A-2R- 3- =- ;:A- lJ- 3R<- KR$?- 2&:A- ?%?o?- ,3?- &.- ;A.- =- L?- +J- $.%- 5B$- *J<$?3- 2+R/- 0?- ?%?- o?- ,3?- &.- GA?$?%- 2.$- =- 2{=- +J- 3.R- .$R%?- :.?- =?R$?- 0- $?%?- >A%- .J:A- LA/- _2?- =?- =%A- /- ;R- $:C- o.- #J- i3?- =%- !:A- ;=-.P$?- 0- ?A;- =:A- /$?- 5=- .- 22?- +J- o=

0R- 6:/?- <A3- IA?- .<- 8A%- o?- 0- .%- 2R.;=- .- $/2?- (J/- ?%?- o?- ;J- >J?- =?2o.-0-;A/-/R,,
+- :U=- IA- (R?- {R<-;%-$?%-2.$$A?- <A$?- &/- S- 3- s- =- $?%- }$?- GA- (R?:#R<- 2{R<- /?- <A%- 0R- 3- =R/- 0<- o=- 0R- 6 :
;A-#%-!J%-.-3-@:A-o.-#J-i3?-22?-+J-<A3IA?- 2R.- ;=- .- aR2- .0R/- 2A- 3- =- .%- aR2.0R/-0E-?R$?-=?-2o.-0-;A/-/R,,
?J3?- #J:A- (R?- {R<- ;%-aR2- .0R/.$:-<2-hR-eJ-=?-<A3-IA?-.<-8A%-2R.-(J/0R:C- uR%?- ?- aR2- .0R/- 2N- <R- 4- /- =?- 2o. 0:R,,

}-:I<-(R/-=3-(J/-3R,

.J- v<- 3.R- +- ?J3?- $?3- IA- (R?{R<- 2R.- ;=- }$?- GA- >A%- g- i3- $?3- =?2o.-.J-.%-0R-$*$?, 2<-.-$/2?, ,3<- 9<- =- 22?->A%- .J- /?-!:,R$- 2o.- .J-

14

{2?-*J<-$?3-0,

(A/- \A%- mR$?- (J/-?R$?-$?%- (J/- fA%- 3:A$./- ?- (J/- 3R- i3?-?- .<- 8A%- o?- 0- ;A//R,,

/%-o.-#J-$?3-IA-%R-2R-2eR.-0:A-|R-/?-3.R-+-?J3?-$?3-%R?-:6B/-0,
.J-;%-?J%-$J-l=-mR$?-=?,2*J.0-3-@-;R-$-/A-(R?-,3?-&.-GA-$8A-v-2-;A//R, ,=%- A - /- ;R- $- /A- (R?- ,3?- &.- GA- =3v- 2- ;A/- /R, ,mR$?- 0- A- +A- ;R- $- /A- (R?,3?- &.- GA- :V?- 2- v- 2- ;A/- /R, ,8J?- 0v<- =%- A - /- ;R- $- =- %R- 2R,.LJ- 2,%J?:LJ.-$?3-=?,
.%- 0R- /A,A - /- ;R- $- +c- !J- .LA%?2.J-(J/-i=-:LR<-IA-o.-(J/-0R<-P$?-?R,,
.J- =- $R.- 2&.- z:A- <%- 28A/- .- .LA%?- /??%?- o?- 0<- !R/- 0?- 2*J.- 0- ,2?- GA- ( >?- (%- 8A%- ,mR$?- 0- l- ,A$- _%- $A- =3- =i=- .- :LR<-2?- 2.J- $?=- 3A- gR$- 0:A- ;J>J?- =3- .- LJ.- 0?- 5K- :.A<- PR=- 2<- :.R..R,,

$*A?- 0- /A,=%- .%- 3.R- $*A?- =?,

=%- =- 2!/- 0:A- =%- .LA%?-<%- 28A/- IA?i3-0<-.$-0-.%-,;J->J?-:R.-.-$?=-2:A2.$- *A.- .R,,2eR.- 0:A- =%- 5B$- $A- 5S$?.%- ,- ~.- =?- %J?- 0<- LJ.- 0:R, ,3.R- =$8A- =3- IA- P2- 3,:- .LA%?- ?- 5- 2- .%- ,
.J- =?- 2.J- !R%- .LA%?- .%- ;J- >J? - GA- <A3- 0&A$- (<- .- :.R.- 0- .%- ,<A3- IA?- :.R.- 0.%- ,,R.- c=- .- :.R.- 0- .%- ,3,<- ($??-:.R.-0-=-?R$?-0?-35/-*A.-.R/-IA-%J?0- ,3?- &.- $&A$- +- 5S$?- 0<- !R/- 0:A- KA<3.R-;A/-/R,,
$?3- 0- /A,+- :U=- IA- $8A- =3IA-%R-2R-;J->J?-d3-\R$1<-2-,=-:LA/-IA?.R/- IA- %J?- 0- 35S/- 0,.<- OR.- #- L$- <R=0?- ;J- >J?- ,R.- c=- .- 5- 2,K$- o- .LJ<-

}-:I<-(R/-=3-(J/-3R,

3J.- .- 5- 2- !/- :.?- <A$- 0,3%R/- gR$?<% - $?=- .- 5- 2- .LAA%?- .%- ;J- >J?- z/3*3- .- :.R.- 0- ?%?- o?- ,3?- &.- GA.$R%?- 0- :.?- 0,?J3?- .%- ;J- >J?- :LJ.0- ;A- $J- i3- 28$- !J- }$?- GA- 3.R- S$- .%- ,
$8/- ;%- l- 2:A- o.- .%- 3/- %$-$A- o.- 120-#J-S$-=?-#-5<-IA-o.-=-?R$?-0-3%-.;R.- 0- .%- .J- .$- i3?- G%- $4S- (J- (%- $A- |R/?- {2?- :.A<- 28$- 0- =?- <%- 28A/- .2*J.- mR$?- $*A?- !<- $+R$?- 0:A- 3/- %$ $A- o.- .- 2.$- &$- $A- ]- 3- .3- 0- 0E- =?PR=- 28J.- .R- 8J?- <A$- :6B/- :)A$?- 3J.- \A%0?-$?%?-?R,,
{2?- ?- 22- 0:A- 3.R- /A- }$?- GA3.R- S$- $A- /%- 5/- .- I<- 0:A- 3.R- .$R%?- 0:.?- 0:3- .J- 28A/- $>J$?- 0- ,3?- &.- GA,$?- $?%- 2:A- ;J- >J?- .R/- IA- ~A%- 0R- hR- eJ2!R.- 0:A- o.- i=- :LR<- P2- 0:A- =%- !/:.?- <A$- 0:A- 3.R- ,J$- 0- (J/- 0R- 3%R/- 0<gR$?- 0- (R?- GA- i3- P%?- i3- 0<- 2!R.- 08J?- L- 2:A-3.R- =J:- 2./-&-l-s-&/-=-$R-2;A/-/R,,
3-@-;R-$-=:%-%R-2R,.LJ-2, o.

15

{2?-*J<-$?3-0,

GA-%J?-:LJ.-$?3-=?,.%-0R-/A,3-@-;R-$+c-+J-i=-:LR<-(J/-0R-,2?-GA-o.-.-P$??R,,)A- v<- /- $%- 8A%- YA.- 0?- 2#?- ?R- &R$,3?- &.- z:A- gJ/- .%- 2gJ/- 0<- $?=- 8A%1%- #3?- *J-3(J.-z:A-<%-28A/-.-.$-0?,
_%- s:A- #3?- 2.J- $?=- 3A- gR$- 0:A- ;J- >J?$*A?- 3J.- =3- .- L?- 0?- 5K- :.A<- PR=- 2<:.R.-0-;A/-/R,,
$*A?- 0- =- $8A- =3- :V?- 2- $4S2R<-:.R.-0-.%-,,2?-=3-12-0-$4S-2R<:.R.- 0- .%- , $- 5S$?- =3- I<- $4S- 2R<:.R.- 0- $?3- =?- .%- 0R- /A, <%- 28A/$8A:A- o.- ?J3?- *A.- :R.- $?=- 2- .J- 35S/LJ.-3A%-5B$-$A-;A-$J<-$%-2?-gR$?-0<-L?/?,(A/-PR=-=3-IA-2*J.-mR$?-0?-$&A$+- 3A- $;R- 2:A- SR.- GA?- ;R/- +/- $R%- /?- $R%3<- .<- +J- :V?- 2- <%- L%- $A- ;J- >J?- 2120:R,,
$*A?- 0- /A,.GA=- :#R<- z- s- $%<%- $A- 212- 0- =- 2gJ/- /?- gR$?- 0- .%- +A%%J-:6B/-eJ?-=-*J-2:A-KA<-212-0-=?-.%R?P2- :.R.- .J,+- :U=- @- 2- {:A- .GA=- :#R<=3- .- LJ.- 0- .%- ,0E- +- :U=- @- 2- $?%- ,

}-:I<-(R/-=3-(J/-3R,

,$?-O$-:,%-,;R/-+/-<A/-0R-(J,UA/=?- GA- .GA=- :#R<- +- :U=- @- 2- 212- 0=3-.-LJ.-0-!J,=3-212?-0?-:V?-28R<-=-:.R.-0:R,,

$?3- 0- /A,o.- .%- ,12- 0- $*A?=?,o.-=-2*J.- mR$?-<A3- &/- .%- ,&A$(<- .- :.R.- 0- $*A?- GA- :V?- 2- 212?- /?$8A-=3-8R<-=-:.R.-0:R,,
12- 0- =- $*A?- =?,2A- +R- /R-0A- !?J3?-GA-<R=-0<-,3?-&.->J?-/?-212-0.%- ,30=- /R- 0A- !- .GA=- :#R<- .- :)$- 05S$?-$4S-2R<-L?-+J-212-0:R,,
$?3-0-o.- GA-%J?-:LJ.-/A,l-2:Ao.- .0=- $?% - 2- :.?- 0- /3- 3#:- .%3*3- 0:A- o.,<A- <2- 9R3- o- 35S- .%- 3*30:A- o.,;J->J?-o?-0?-$8A-.%-3*3-0:Ao.-.R,,$8/-;%-3/-%$-$A-o.-?R$?-3%.- ;R.- 0- =?- :.A<- /A- ?J3?- .%- ;J- >J?- <%$%- .- !R/- 0- .0=- l- o. - $?%- 2- ~A%- 0R-.J#R- /- *A.- %J?- 0:A- o.- GA- o=- 0R- =J:- *A- >- l$*A?-0:A-2.$-*A.-&/-=-$R-2-;A/-/R,,
+-:U=-=-/%-$?J?-?-.LJ-/,l

16

{2?-*J<-$?3-0,

o.- $?%- 2- ~A% - 0R,<R=- 0- 3%R/- 0<- 2eR.0- z- 3R- +- :U=,.GA=- :#R<- !R/- 0- +:U=- 2o.- 0,:UA/- =?- !R/- 0- +- :U=28A-2&-0,.2%-$4S-2R<-!R/-0-+-:U=-]3, ;R/- +/- 3,<- KA/- 0- !R/- 0- +- :U=2o.-&-0,#J-$R.-;R%?-=-H2-0<-!R/-0-+:U=-@-2-(J/-0R,.3-5B$-$4S-2R<-!R/-0-+:U=- =J- =$- !J- #J- 2o.,?- =3- !R/- 0- ;J>J?- ~A%- 0R,&A$- &<- !R/- 0- hR- eJ- 3J- =R% - ,
,2?- =3- <A3- IA?- !R/- 0- hR- eJ- ,=- 2,&A$(<- !R/- 0- hR- eJ- o- 35S- !J- 2>.- o.- #J- 28A8J?-L:R,,
mR$?- 0- (J/- 3R- A- +A- ;R- $:A- P2- 0:A3,:- =- .LJ- /- $?3- !J, 2!R.- 0- (J/- 0R=?, ;A.- &/- i3?- =- ?J3?- GA- #J, ,/33#:-&/-=-[R%-$A-#J,,<A3-lR=-V=-=-3/%$-$R ,8J?- 0- v<- %%- L:A- 3,:- =?- PR=2?- !R%- 0- *A.- !R%- 0- *A.- .-!R/- 0- ?J3?- GA#J,$*J/- 0R:C- 3,:- =?- PR=- 2?- :.?- 3L?-!R%-0-*A.-.-!R/-0-[R%-$A-#J,$*A?-!:A3,:- =?- PR=- 2?- <%- $A- 35/- *A.- !R%- 0*A.- .- !R/- 0- 3/- %$- $A- #J- !J,:$$- i3- 0$?3- .- SA=- >J?- =,.J- v- /:%- $4S- (J- (%-

}-:I<-(R/-=3-(J/-3R,

$A-(R?-0-=?-%R-2R:C-(-=-?J3?-#J?-$?=-23- %%?,[R%- #J?- !R%- 0- 3- %%?,3/- %$#J-z/- P2- <%- $?=- (J/- 0R- !J,P2- 3,:A:(:- =$?- :.A- %R?- 9A/- /- ?J3?- #J?- :#R<:.?- o?- :.J2?- 0- .%- , [R%- #J?- :#R<:.?-%%-=-mR$?-0-.%-,3/-%$-#J?-;A/5=-$/.-,R$-+-3R.-0-$?3-IA-.R/-$+/-=12- 0- ;A/- 0<- $?%?,o=- 2-[R%- (J/- 0?,J$-3(R$- 36S.- =?-G%- ,.J- ;%- <%- ?J3?3- ;A/- 0:A- (R?- =R$?- /- 3J.- 0?-$- 5S$??J3?-GA-#J:R,,8J?-.%-,!:,R$-.$J-lJ-3-@00A-+- :I<- 3J.- 5K- .2%- 3(R$- P2- GA?36.- 0:A- :.?- 3- L?- GA- $/- 36S.- =?,
(R?-,3?-&.-?J3?-*A.-=?-$.-/-3J.-0?%%- L:A- 3,:- =?- PR=- 2- ?J3?- GA- #J,(R?&/- ,3?- &.- (R?- *A.- !/- +- 29%- 3R:C- [R%.-:2-(2-0?-$*J/-0R:C-3,:-=?-PR=-2-LV=- [R%- $A- #J, ;A/- =$?- v<- $+/- =:2J2?- 0?- %%- $*J/- $*A?- !:A- 3,:- =?PR=- 2- 92- 0- 3/- %$- $A- #J, 8J?- 0- v<:.A<- /A- ?J3?- [R%- 3/- %$- #J- $?3- IA- /%5/-KA-?J3?-#J-=-$R-2-;A/-/R,,

17

{2?-*J<-$?3-0,

,J$-3(R$- 36S.- =?, ?J3?- #J- =.LJ- /,$- 5S$?- ?J3?- ;A/- .- 5- 2:A- mR$?0- (J/- 0R- .%- ,?J3?- GA- KR$?- ;A/- .- 5- 2:AmR$?- 0- (J/- 0R- $*A?,KA- 3- =:%- :V?- 2?J3?-GA-L%-?<-:.R.-0:A-?J3?-KR$?-.%-,
$R=- 1A2- =?- :.?- 0:A- ?J3?- KR$?- .%- ,
$+/- 5B$?- :O$?- 2#J2?- GA- ?J3?- KR$?.%- ,o- (.- KR$?- z%- 3J.- 0<- <%- L%- ;J>J?- GA- ?J3?- KR$?- .%- ,KR$?- :6B/- .%R?0R<-P2-0:A-?J3?-KR$?-.%-,P2-3,:-]RV=- >/- :LJ.- GA- ?J3?- KR$?- 2&?- S$$?%?- 0- .%- P2- 3,:- 36S.- =?- G%- .LJ%R-$?%?-G%-:.A-.%-&%-9.-3A-:S-2<-$%;%-.R/-=-:$=-2-3J.-0<-?J3?-?R,,
.J-=-?J3?-#J-2&R-2o.-.-P$?-0:A}- :I<- s- /A,,3?- &.- L%- (2- GA- ?J3?=?-L%-2-<A$-0:A-#-L$lR=-12-9A=-IA?$/R/- 0- l=- (J/- 3$- 0,?J3?- *A.- .LA%??-mR$?-0-H%-(J/-wA%-2,(R?-*A.-;J-$/?GA- |R3- 0- hR- =- $?J<- 8/, ?J3?- *A.- z/P2-GA-v-2-3A-/2-0:A-o=-35/-s-0R-/A-2N-<R4-/?-2+<-2:R,,

}-:I<-(R/-=3-(J/-3R,

KA-:I<-2&-$?3-/A,lJ-3R-L%-o=,
/3- 3#:A- o=- 0R, 2.J- 2- :O=- 2!R.,
mR$?-0-,A-(A%?,L%-(2-?J3?-+A$2.J-2<2-:L3?,YR$-$A-:#R<-=R,,A$-=J-S$-0,
mR$?- 0- ,A- ,R., ;A.- 28A/- /R<- 2, !/:.?- <A$- 0,eJ- 24/- .3- 0,|R3- 0- .R/P2- !J- 2&- $?3- 0R- 2A- 3- =- .%- ,!- 3- <,
$;- 1- $?3- IA?- 2+<- 2?- ?J3?- (.-2&R2o.- .- P$?,.J- .$- $A- !J%- .- 2N- <R?- }<2+<- 2:A- !/- LJ.- o=- 0R,k.- L%- ,3.R2&- $?3- 0- i3?- 2#R3?- 0?- ?J3?- #J- *J<$&A$-$R,
.J-v<-3.R-+- ?J3?- $?3-IA- =3=- *3?- =J/-IA- 3,A=-.-L?- 0:A- <A$- :6B/-

18

{2?-*J<-$?3-0,

2o.- 0:A-]- 3- $R%- 3-i3?-:PR- .R/- 3,<KA/-0- .%-P2- 0- 2fJ?- 0-,$?- /?- (R?$+J<- :23-U$- 2hR=- 2- :R.-=?-P2- 0?R$?- /A- =3- :.A- 2!/- 0-i3- .$- ;A/- 0:A:V?-g$?-;%-.$-;A/-/R,,

.?-$?3-?%?-o?-!/-IA-,$?-GA-2&.,,
/%-o.-$?3-.-P$?-0:A-;A.-28A/-/R<,,
2>.-12-o=-35/-lJ-3R<-g$-2g/-+J,,
:PR-]R:A-.2=-2-?J=-2:A-PR$?-?-(R/,,
$?=- 2>., ,A<- 3.R- +- ?J3?- $?3- IA{R<- =- 28J.- 5=- 3A- :S- 2- 3%- .- $%- ;%- :.A<- /A- <A$:6A/- :)A$?- 3J.- \A%- 0:A- o.- :23- .!<- ($- =- $4S2R<-L?-/?-2+?-0-=$?-?R,,

lR3-1A$-0?,

}-:I<-(R/-=3-(J/-3R,

19

{2?-*J<-$?3-0,

?:)3-.0=-35/-2eR.-GA-1/-;R/,

.?- $?3- o=- 2- !/- GA- ;J- >J?$&A$-+-:.?-0:A-<%-$9$?-eJ-24/-2g/0:A- :#R<- =R- $%- *A.- GA- 35/- 2eR.- 0- .%}$?- 2~J/- 0, 3(R.- 2!R.- 2IA- 2-.%- ,
|R3- 12- 2!J/- 0- ?R$?- GA- 1/- ;R/- >A/- +- o(J- 2?- :1$?- 0:A- (R?- =?- <A%- .- I<- 0i3?- GA?- :.A- .%- :.A- 8J?-5.- $8=- .!:;%- , 2!:- .%- 2!/- 2&R?- ;%- .$- 0:AeJ?- ?- 8$?- +J-o- 35S:C- /%- $A- (- ,A$?- v<0- lJ:A- 9A=-0-43-8A$- ]%?- +J- :.A<-:1$?0- :)3- .0=- IA- 35/- ;%- .$- 0<- 2eR.0:A-1/-;R/-IA-<A3-0-i3?-&%-43-8?-/,
}- :I<- 2!/- 0:A- $?=- LJ.- (J/- 0R!/-3HJ/-<R%-9R3-3-@-00A-+-(J/-0R:A-8=-}/?,:1$?- 0- :)3- .0=- 8J?- L- 2- /A,
<%- $A- %R- 2R- )A-v- 2- 8A$.J:A- 35/- /A- $%- .%$%- i3?- ;A/,.J- ;%- .$- 0<- 2eR.- 0- /A- )Av<- 2eR.- &J- /,.J- =- :1$?- 0- :)3- .0=/A,$*A?- ?- 3J.- 0:A- ;J- >J?- +J, .J- /A.?- $?3-?%?- o?- ,3?- &.- GA- ;J- >J?- GA

2.$- *A., L%- (2-?J3?- GA- %R- 2R, (R?,3?- &.- GA- (R?- *A.- .%- ,- 3A- ..- 0- ;A/- +J,
.J:A- .2%- $A?- $%- 2:A- $9$?- GA- {,=R%?,R.- mR$?- 0- .%- 3=- 0:A- 2.$- *A.- &/- ;J>J?- GA- gJ/- .- $%- 2,?%?- o?- .%- L%- (2?J3?-.0:A-$9$?-i3?-?-,J$-0-(J-(%-$A5=- $- 5S$?- =?- P$?- 0<- $%- 2:A- 2.$*A.- .J- i3?- G%- , :1$?- 0- :)3- .0=8J?- :.R.- .R,,8J?- $?%?- 0- v<- :1$?- 0:)3- .0=- IA- .R/- >J?- 0<- L?- /?- 35/2eR.-GA-1/-;R/-.%R?-=-:)$-0<-L:R,,
.J- ;%- $%- 8J- /,:1$?- 0- :)3.0=- IA- 35/- ;%- .$- 0<- 2eR.- 0:A- o.=?,=$-/-hR-eJ-hR-eJ-:(%-,.J-v<-;R/-+/.0$- +- 3J.- 0- .%- ;%- .$- 0<- w/- 0<:I<- <R,,i3- 0- .J- v- 2:A- ;R/- +/- .0$- +3J.- 0- $8/- i3?- .%- ;%- .$- 0<- w/- 0<:I<- <R,,=$- /- hR- eJ- hR- eJ- :(%- ,.R/- .30:A- 35/- ;%- .$- 0<- 2eR.- 0- :.A- ;%- .$0<- :6B/- 0:A- *J?- 2- $%- 9$- /A- <A%- 0R- 3A-

}-:I<-(R/-=3-(J/-3R,

20

,R$?- 0<- 2?R.- /3?- .%- ;J- >J?- GA- 5S$?=J$?- 0<- 2?$?- +J,>A/- +- M<- 2<- ?%?o?- GA- ;R/- +/- i3?- ;%- .$- 0<- 212?/?,]- /- 3J.- 0- ;%- .$- 0<- mR$?- 0:AL%- (2- +- 3%R/- 0<- mR$?- 0<- :5%- o- 2<:I<- <R,,2{=- 0- 3%- 0R<- ;R%?- ?- M- %/=?- 3A- :.:- 2:A- (R?- GA?- ?J3?- &/-,3?&.-=-]- /- 3J.- 0:A- (R?- !R/- 0- .%- ,KR$?2&<- (R?- GA- d- 2R- (J- z$- 0<- $/?- 0:A- (R?GA-o=-0R<-:I<-<R,,8J?-$?%?-0-.%-,
<_- A!<- $9?- :1$?- 0- :)3.0=- IA- .!:- :PJ=- =?,35/- ;%- .$0<- 2eR.- 0- .J- /A- 92- 0- .%- o- (J- 2- {- .%- ;J>J?-GA?-2#?-0-$8/-.%-35%?-0-3J.-0,
1/- ;R/- (J- 2- ;R/- +/- ,3?- &.- GA- 3%:2.$- +- I<- 0-1/- ;R/- /?- L%- 2- 28A/- .>J?-0<-L:R,,8J?-.%-,.J-28A/-$>J$?-0,3?- &.- GA- *J- $/?,.J- 28A/- $>J$?- 0,3?- &.- GA- gJ/,?%?- o?- ,3?- &.- GA;=-.%-,.$J-2:A-2>J?-$*J/-=-?R$?-0<<A$- 0<- L:R, ,8J?- .%- , <A$?- GA- 2:3<A$?- GA- 2- 3R- $?%- }$?- GA- |R- /?- ,R.- 0<:.R.-0-i3?-GA?-0R-+A<-VA?-=-2[$-0:3,

{2?-*J<-$?3-0,

5=- 28A/- .- ;A.- =- L- 2:3,.J- #R- /- *A.- =lJ- $&A$- +- 2|R3?- +J,.J- v- 2:A- LJ- V$- .%w/-0-/A-;R/-+/-.0$-+-3J.-0-:,R2-2R-8J?L-2-?%?-o?-GA?-<2-+-2}$?-+J,.J?-/:.A-29%-2<-L:R,,
.2- 3- =- .$:- 2:A- :1$?- 0- :)3.0=- IA- 35/- ;%- .$- 0<- 2eR.- 0:A- .!::PJ=- =?,:.A<- <A$?- GA- 2- $%- =- =8A$- $A?- $;:A- [%- $A- LJ-3- ~J.- GA- .J- 28A/$>J$?- 0- i3?- GA- 35/- 2{=- 2:3- 2{=0- =?- z$- 0<- 2eR.- =,..- 0:A- <A$?- GA2- $8/- 8A$- $A?- :)3- .0=- $8R/- /<- I<0-=-K$-:5=-=R-8J?-35/-=/-$&A$-29%/,:.A?-/A-}-3-=?-2?R.-/3?-(J?-3%-.2*J.-.R,,.J-&A:A-KA<-8J-/,:)3-.0=-/A-.J28A/- $>J$?- 0- 3,:- ;?- 0:A- .$J-2:A2>J?-$*J/-.-I<-0:A-KA<-<R,,8J?-$?%?0- .%- , !/- 3HJ/- <R%- 9R3- 3- @- 00A- +- (J/0R:A- 35/- ;%- .$- 0<- 2eR.- 0:A- :PJ=- 0i3- $?3- 2>.- 0- =?, :.A- =- <A$?- GA2:3,<A$?-GA-2-3R-$%-=-=-.$]-/-3J.0- ;%- .$- 0<- mR$?- 0:A- L%- (2- +- ?J3?-

}-:I<-(R/-=3-(J/-3R,

21

2*J.- &A%- ,,J$- 0-(J/- 0R:C- |R<- 8$?- 0,

?%?-o?-=->J?-/?-..-0-.%-w/-0-i3?GA?,,R$- 3- *A.- .- 2&R3- w/- :.?- :)3.0=- ;J- >J?- ?J3?- .0:- /A,KR$?- 2&:A- .J28A/- $>J$?- 0- ,3?- &.- GA- 2.$- *A.- (J/0R, .J- .$- ,3?- &.- GA- ;R/- +/- 1/- ?35S$?- 0- .%- w/- 0,?%?- o?- ,3?- &.- GA,$?- eJ- .%- 36.- 0- o/- 3A- (.- 0?,/33#:A- .LA%?- GA- 3,:- [?- 0:A- ?%?- o?,3?- &.- GA- .$R%?- 0-2 12?- >A%- ,?J3?&/- IA- #3?- 3- =?- >A%- =?- 0- 3J.- 0- ,3?&.- GA- <J- 2- ;R%?- ?- {R%- 2:A- UA/- =?- 36.0,g$- +- ?J3?- &/- ,3?- &.- GA- 3./- /28$?- 0- !J,.J- 2?- /- $% - $A?- :.A:A- 35/2eR.- 0- .J- =- /A,2{=- 0- $;:A- [%- $A- LJ- 3~J.- .- ?%?- o?- ,3?- &.-GA- 35/- 2eR.0?,.J- =- .0J<- 29R.- 0- 3- ;A/- /R- 8J?- .%- ,
$8/- ;%- ,:1$?- 0- :)3- .0=- IA- ;R/+/- 2eR.- 0- :.A- /A,KR$?- 2&- .?- $?3- IA?%?- o?- ,3?- &.- GA- ;R/- +/- 2eR.- 0- ;A/0<- >J?- 0<- L:R,,8J?- .%- ,:.A- =- <A$?GA- 2:3- <A$?- GA- 2- 3R- $%- =- =- .$- ,J$- 0(J/- 0R:C- .R/- 5=- 92- 3R:C- |R- /?- ,R.- 0<

{2?-*J<-$?3-0,

:.R.- &A%- ,2.$- *A.- 1A2- 0- ,3?- &.- .%M<- .- V=- 2<- :.R.- 0- .%- ,)A- v<- 3J- =R%.$- 0- =- $9$?- 2f/- ,3?- &.- $%- 228A/,?J3?-&/-i3?-GA-.R/-.,?%?-o?GA- (R?- $- 5S$?- $%- 2<- :.R.- 0?,2&R3w/- :.?- :)3- .0=- ;J- >J?- ?J3?- .0:A.R/- .3- 0:A- 35/- ;%- .$- 0<- 2eR.- 0,
3%R/- 0<- 2eR.- &A%- //- +/- .- 2eR.- 0:A- |R/?,$*A?- ?- 3J.- 0:A- ;J- >J?- o.- =- 2*J.0<- L:R, ,.J- =- )A- v<- /- 35/- 2eR.- 0?$*A?- ?- 3J.- 0:A- ;J- >J?- 2*J.- 0<- :I<- 2;A/-8J-/,:.A-=-.J-28A/-$>J$?-0-i3?-GA(R?- GA- 1%- 0R- .0$- +- 3J.- 0- .%- ,!R%- U$2o.- &- l- 28A- =- ?R$?- 0- $?%?- 0- ,3?&.-G%-,1/-0-.%-2.J/-0-!R/-0-#R-/-43;A/-0<->J?-0<-L:R,,8J?-.%-,
35/- 2eR.- 0?- (R?- $*A?- ?- 3J.0:A- ;R/- +/- 2eR.- 0<- 3R?- 0<- L:R,,S/0<- L:R,,3R- 2<- L:R,,;A.- (J?- 0:A- ..- 02*J.-0<-L:R,,.J:A-!R2?-GA?-(R?-$*A?-?3J.- 0- .%- 3,/- 0:A- ..- 0- .%- , 2lR/:P?- .%- ,S/- 0- .%- ,+A%- %J- :6B/- .%- ,
>J?- <2- i3?- o.- =- *J- 2<- :I<- <R,,.J:A-

}-:I<-(R/-=3-(J/-3R,

22

!R2?- GA?- 2.$- .%- 2.$- $A<- v- 2- wR$- $R,

2.$- +- 3- 2v?- /- i3- 0<- 3A- gR$- $R ,.J:A.2%- $A?- 35/- 3<- 3A- :6B/- &A%- *3?- ?- 3AMR%- 3%R/- 0<- 3A- 8J/- +R,,.J:A- .2%- $A?- 3A($?- 3A- =J/- +J,.J-v<- /- #$- 2}=- 3%R/0<- .R<- 2:A- $/?- 3J.- .R,,.J- 2?- /- (R?$*A?- ?- 3J.- 0<- $R3?- 0<- L?-0?- ;%- .%;%-.-$R3?-0<-L?,>A/-+-$R3?-0<-L?0?- /A,9$- 0- 3- =?- 0- 9.- 0<- :I<- +J,
$*A?- ?- 3J.- 0:A- ;J- >J?- *A.- .- :I<- <R,,.J2*J.- 0:A- ,2?- /A- 35/- 2eR.- 0- ;A/- +J,
:.A-v<-2?R.-/3?-.%-;J->J?-GA-5S$?-i30- $*A?- .?- $&A$- +- 2*J.- 0<- :I<- +J,
$%- $A- KA<- .J- 28A/- $>J$?- 0:A- ;R/- +/2eR.- 0:A- KA<- .%- , ?J3?- &/- =- 1/- 02eR.- 0- ;A/- 0:A- KA<, 2?R.- /3?- mR$?0<- :I<- <R, ,(R?- $*A?- ?- 3J.- 0:A- .R/2.J/- 0- 2eR.- 0- ;A/- 8A%- ,$*A?- ?- 3J.0- o.- =- 2*J.- 0:A- KA<,;J- >J?- mR$?- 0<:I<- <R,,.J- 2?- /- 1- <R=- +- KA/- 0:A- 5==- 3R?- 0:A- $%- 9$- ;J- >J?- GA- 5S$?- =- z<]%?-0?,2?R.-/3?-GA-5S$?-8R<-=

{2?-*J<-$?3-0,

2*J.- 0<- :.R.- 0- i3?- GA?- G%- ,:.A- v- 2;A.- =- LJ.- 0- .%- w/- 0?,2&R3- w/- :.?:)3- .0=- ;J- >J?-?J3?- .0:A- .R/- .3- 0:A-
35/- ;%- .$- 0<- 2eR.- &A%- ;A.- =- L:R, ,
8J?-$?%?-0-.%-,:)3-.L%?-3HJ/-2lJ.2%- 0R- 0E- :R.- $?=- 3.R- }$?- \A%- 0:A8=- /?, .J- v<- .?- $?3- .- 2lR/- 0??%?-o?-.%-L%-(2-?J3?-.0:-,3?-&.GA?-LA/-IA?-2_2-0-.%-,%R2?-0-212-0.%- ,*/- ,R?- .%- <%- ?%?- o?- ,3?- &.GA?-.$R%?-0<-:I<-2-.%-,:)A$-gJ/-.%:)A$- gJ/- =?- :.?- 0:A- z- i3?- GA?- 2Y%8A%-2*2-0-.%-,5K-<2?-!/-+-3A-#R3-0<3A-*J-8A%-:)A$?-0-,3?-&.-3A-:L%-2-.%-,
1/- ?3- 5S$?- 0- ,3?- &.- GA?- :LR<- 2<:I<- 2- .%- , $9%?- .%- , ]R- PR?- .%- ,
5=- OA3?- .%- , +A%- %J- :6B/- =- ?R$?- 03,:- ;?- 0- .%-w/- 8A%- 3A- *3?- 0- .%- ,
$R%- /?- $R%- .- :1J=- 2- =- 2gJ/- /?- M<- .mR$?- 0:A- ?%?- o?- GA- $R- :1%- <A/- 0R- (J:,R2-0<- :I<- 2?- 35S/- 1/- ;R/- 2?3IA?-3A-H2-0:A-5=-o-(J<-1/-;R/-IA?-eJ?---

}-:I<-(R/-=3-(J/-3R,

23

.0R/- .0=- $*A?- 3J.- hR- eJ,aR2- .0R/- DRaA@J-<-!$?%-w/,$8/-;%-.?-82?-0,

:)A$- gJ/- .2%- K$- 0E- .!<- 0R,P2- (J/.0J-3J.-:5S,aR2-.0R/-*A-3-.0=-?R$?-GA35/-2eR.- GA- :PJ=- 2- i3?- ?- ;%- :1$?0- :)3- .0=- IA- 35/- ;%- .$- 0<- 2eR.0:A-o.-GA-1/-;R/-i3?-o?-2#?-&A-<A$?0- $?=- 2?- .J- v<- .- 3HJ/- w/- i3?- GA?,$?- #R3- 3(A?- 5K- $8%- .J- .$- +- $9A$?0<-:5=-=R,,

?- 2}$?- 0:A- {2?- i3?- =?- :L%- 2- v<>J?- 0<- L?- /?- ]R- w/- i3?- GA?- :.A- #R- /=-lJ-$&A$-+-2lR/-0<-L:R,,8J?-$?%?-0v<- 1/- ;R/- IA- ;R/- +/- .J- .$- =- 2?3?- +J:1$?- 0- :)3- .0=- IA- 35/- ;%- .$- 0<2eR.- 0:C- o.- :.A- *A.- #- :.R/- IA- 3,A=- .29%-2-/A->A/-+-<A$?->A%-:,.-0:R,,
.J- 28A/- .-aR2- .0R/-(J/- 0R- .%- ,
aR2-.0R/-.$:-<2-hR-eJ,0E-(J/-2A-3-=,
aR2- .0R/-4j-$R- 3A,A?;- 2#- <3- aR2-

{2?-*J<-$?3-0,

?:1$?-0-29%-0R-,R.-0:A-(R/-=3-IA-1/-;R/,
}R/- LR/- o- 2R.- GA- 3#?- .2%- :$:8A$- $A- eJ?- ?- :V%?- +J- :1$?- 0- 29%- 0R,R.- 0:A- (R/- =3- IA-1/- ;R/-{R<- 3.R- 432eR.-/,
.0=- 3$R/- :1$?- 0- [- 12- GA29%- ,R.- (R/- =3- IA- :PJ=- 2- 2>.- .<=?,.R/- 2&- 0- /A- (R/- =3- IA- 1/- ;R/- ;A/

/R,,.J- ;%- i3- 0- $*A?- +J,3,R%- 2:A- (R?.%- w/- 0- .%- ,1- <R=- .%- w/- 0:R,,.J- =3,R%- 2:A- (R?- .%- w/- 0- /A- i3- 0- 28A- !J,
:.A-v-!J-H.-0<-&/-IA-2?R.-/3?-;R%?-?:6B/- 0- .%- ,.J- 28A/- $>J$?- 0- 3,R%2- .%- , L%- (2- ?J3?- .0:- .%- {=- 23*3-0-*A.-,R2-0-.%-,=?-GA-1A2-0-;R%?-

}-:I<-(R/-=3-(J/-3R,

24

?-9.-0:R,,8J?-.%-, 1-<R=-.%-w/-0-;%i3-0-$*A?-+J,o?-2#?-0-.%-,:V?-2?2#?- 0:R, ,.J- =- o?- 2#?- 0- /A- $9$?.%- ,35/- .%- ,.0J- L.- .%- ,<A$?- .%- ,
<?- .%- ,$/R.- 0- 3J.- 0- .%- ,3(R.- 0<- L2-*A.-GA-35/-*A.-.J,8J?-.%-,

:V?- 2?- 2#?- 0- /A,L%- (2- GA- ~A%- 0R<:PR- 2- .%- ,?J%-$J:A-OA- =- 28$?- 0<- !R/0- .%- ,2..- :.=- 2- .%- ,3%R/- 0<- L% (2- 0- .%- , (R?- GA- :#R<- =R- 2{R<- 2- =?R$?-0:A-35/-*A.-.J,8J?-o-:V?-$*A?GA-|R-/?-2!/-0-.%-,
}- :I<- 2!/- 0:A- $?=- LJ.- (J/- 0R- =R- (J/Kk- XA:A- 29%- ,R.- (R/- =3- IA- :PJ=- (%- i30<- ,<- 0- 3,:- ;?- =- :)$- 0:A- |R- =?,
$%- ;%- KR$?- 2&:A- 8A%- <2- +- o- (J- 2?3,:- ;?- 0- i3?- 3(R.- 0:A- H.- 0<- <A/(J/- $- 5S$?- 0:A- o/- .- 3?- 2o/- +J- o=- 2i3?- =- 1=- 2- .%- ,.J<- 3- 9.- z- .%- 3A:Am?- .2%- 0R- ?R- ?R- =- 2.J- 2- 3(R$- 2*J.- 0:Ao- $9$?- 36K?- 0- .%- ,1- ~/- 0- .%- ,SA8A3- 0- .%- ,<R- 3%<- 2- ?R$?- :.R.-0:A- ;R/

{2?-*J<-$?3-0,

+/- 3,:- ;?- 0- i3?- GA?- G%- P%?- 3J.- 0KR$?- 2&:A- 8A%- $A- h=- U/-)A- ~J.- .%- ,.?<A%-2- 2{=- 2:A- 2<- o/- 3A- (.- .- 1=- 2:A2?R.- /3?- 0?,*J?- 2- $%- $A?-2}R- 2:Ao=- 0R- :.A- ,R?- >A%- .R/- =- 2?3?- /?- ]- /3J.- 0:A- L%-(2- 3(R$- $A- eJ?- ?- <2- +- 3R?0:A-%J?->J?-*J?->A%-,*J?-/?-G%-;A.-.%2:A- ..- 0- 3%- .- *J?- /- v- &A- (R?- ,- /- =/$&A$- 43- ;%- ..- 0- 2*J.- 0:A- 2?R.- /3?:.A- /A- }- 3- .J- 2?- (J?- :1$?- 0:A- 2?R./3?-.3-0:A-3(R$-+-:I<-2-;A/-/R,,8J?.%- ,*J?- 2- $%- 8A$- $A?- ..- 0- 1/- ?35S$?- 0?- 29%- 0R- ,R.- 0:A- (R/- =3- :.A2lR/- 0?- 2+2- 0- .J?- /A- 1/- ;R/- 2&- $?30R- :.A- .$- <A3- IA?- :,R2- 0<- :I<- +J,$%8J- /,1/- ;R/- .%- 0R- /A,<J- 8A$- =?- .2%$A?- %/- ?R%- .- :PR- 2- ,3?- &.- %%?- 0<:I<- 8A%- ,$*A?- 0- :.A-KA- ,3?- &.- .-#A$0:A- PR$?- 0R- %/- 0- %%?- +J- :U.- 0<- 3A:I<-2-;A/-/R,,$?3-0-.J-$*A?-%%?-0<3-9.-?%?-o?-$%-2-3,:-;?-2.J-2-&/IA-8A%-.%-2&?-0-.J-;%-.J?-M<-2<-5K-:.A=-3,R%- 8A%- .J<- *J:R,,28A- 0- (R/- =3- :.A-

}-:I<-(R/-=3-(J/-3R,

25

=- 2lR/- 0- .J- .$- :2.- lR=- 3J.- 0<- 3,/nJ/- 5%- !J- .R/- (J/- 0R- :P2- 0?- /- fJ.- 0:A3(R$- +- fJ.- 0- ;A/- =,s- 0- 5K- $/?- 0- .JYA.- .- *J<- :5K- 3J.- &A%- .$J- 2- .%- 3A- :V=2<- =J$?- 0<- ,R.- 0?- 2.J- 2<- :5S- 2- ;A//R,,S$- 0- 3A- :I<-2:A-5K- :.A<-;%-.J-.$3A-=?-.R/-&/-.-:I<-2?-=J$?-0<-:R%-08J?- L:R, ,2./- 0- /A- 1/- ;R/- S$- 0R- .J43- .- 3- 9.- L%- (2- ?J3?- .0:- !/- +29%- 0R:C- ;R/- +/- .%- i3- :U=- ?R$?- $%3(A?-0-.J-;%-&A-:S-2<-(R/-=3-:.J2?-0R.J- .$- .?- <A%- 0R<- 3A- ,R$?- 0<- .J- 28A/- .:I<- <R, ,2o.- 0- *J- 2- }- KA:A- 2<- 353?3J.-0<-.M=-2<-:1J/-0<-LJ.-0:A-353?3J.-0-8J?-L-2:A-=?-s-0R-!J-1-3-.P-2&R30-$?3-0R-$?R.- 0- .%- ,.$J- :./- IA-.LJ/.%- ,.J- 28A/- $>J$?- 0- =- %/- ?J3?- GA?O$- K%- 2- .$- $A- #A$- 0- i3?- =?- $%- .%$%- *J?- 2- $%- $A?- *J?- .3A$?- 3A- >J?- 0:A.2%-$A?-}<-L?-0-.$-LJ.-0-0R-.J-;A?-..0?- 29%- 0R- ,R.- 0- :.A- *A.- ~A%- ,$- 0- /?2eR.-/-M<-.-=?-.J-.$-3-=?-;R%?-?-L%2<-:I<-2-;A/-/R,,.$-0-(R/-=3-:.J2?

{2?-*J<-$?3-0,

0R-$%-9$-.J?-/A-:1$?-0:A-;J->J?-i3-0<3A- gR$- 0:A- o- ;J- >J?- 1/- ?3- 5S$?- 0- .%w/- 0<- :I<- <R,,2&- 0- v- /- #$- 0:A$9$?- 1/- ?3- 5S$?- 0- .%- ,.J:%- 35/.%- .0J- L.- i3?- GA?- 2o/- 0- .%- ,o=<A$?- 3(R$- ?R$?- <A$?- 1/- ?3- 5S$?- 0<*J-2- .%-,#-.R$-$?=-2?-$9$?-36K?0<- :I<- 2:3,;%- /- #- .R$- $A- {.-.R.7U- 8J?- 0- <?- =:%- :)$- 0?- <?- #%?24/- 0<- *J- 2:A- ;R/- +/- =- ?R$?- 0- i3?w/- 0<- :I<- <R,,2&- $&A$- 0- 2..- .%- 3!J$?- ?R$?- cR=- 2- 3%- 0R?- G%- (R/- =3:.J2?-3#/-.J-3A-,2-+J-\$?-v-2<-3A-/??R,,2&- $*A?- 0- ?- :R$- ?- !J%- ?- ]<- ,R.0:A- :)A$- gJ/- $?3- 0R- !/- /:%- (R/- =3:.J2?-0-0R-.J-=-:PR-2-,3?-&.-GA?-3(R.&A%-$?-0-.%-1/-:.R$?-LJ.-0<-:I<-<R,,
2&-$?3-0-(R/-=3-:.J2?-0-0R-.J-*A.-(R/=3-3,<- KA/- 0?- 5S$?- $*A?- mR$?- +J- L%(2-GA->A%-$A-.2%-0R:C-S%-.-$%-9$-.J-M<.- :PR- 8A%- , .J<- ?R%- /?- G%- ?J3?- &/,3?- &.- =- 1/- 0:A- KA<- >A%- S%- .J<- :.$!J, 2..- #J- .0%- .%- 2&?- 0- ,3?- &.-

}-:I<-(R/-=3-(J/-3R,

26

$*J/, =R- (J/- ;J- >J?- #J, A- :6S3?- o=Y?-<A$-:6B/-:I<-3J.-hR-eJ-?R$?-GA?-(R/=3-,3?-&.- GA- o=- 0R- :.A- *A.- GA- 1/- ;R/o-(J<-$?%?-0-.J-.$-eJ?-?-S/-0:A-|R-/?!/- GA?- 2+%- ~R3?- ?- 3A- :)R$- 0<- .?- .%i3-0-!/-+-#-:.R/-IA-3,A=-.-29%-!J-o=Y?- L%- (2- ?J3?- .0:A- i3- ,<- 28A/- ..$J- l- (J- U- ,3?- &.- :#R<- $?3- i3- 0<.$-0:A-(R/-=3-IA?-lA?-9A/-0<-L-!J,!/3HJ/- (R?- GA- o=- 0R- SA- 3J.- :R.- 9J<- IA- 8=/?,.R<- 2- ?J3?- 2*J.- .%R?- $8A- .3A$?0-3J.,,eJ?-=-2}R-2?-;R%?-?-9A/-0-/A,,
,<-=3-2PR.-0:A-$&J?-0-i3-$?3-;A/,,
8J?-$?%?-0-v<-<R,,

2+=- /?- ]- /- 3J.- 0:A- L%- (2- +- 3%R/- 0<mR$?-0<-?%?-o?-/?-(R?-GA-:#R<-=R-<2+- 2{R<- 2<- :I<- <R, ,8J?- .%- ,$%- ;%29%-0R-,R.-0:A-(R/-=3-IA-o=-0R-:.A:A-.R/.%- 5B$- .%- .J- \J$?- 23- =- VA?- 0- :(%- 2.%- ,#- +R/- /3- $8/- =- !R/- /3,\J$?23- [R$- 0<- LJ.- /:%- <%- !J,.J- ;A- i3- 0<(A/- 0:A- :V?- 2- /A- 2?3- IA?- 3A- H2- 0:AKA<-)A-28A/-0-/A-?%?-o?-*A.-GA?-3HJ/-0=?- */- <%- :1$?- 0- ?R$?- GA?- G%- ,R.;=-3-;A/-/-?R-*J?-v-&A-(R?-+J-.J:A-:V?-23,<- ,$- L%- (2- GA- 3(R$- mR$?- 0:A- ?%?o?- :,R2- 0<- :I<- 2- =- ?R3- *A- 3- LJ.- &A$!J- ,R2- %J?- 0:R,,8J?- .%- ,.J- 28A/- .- aR2.0R/- KR$?- GA- \%- 0R,aR2- .0R/- >G- 3A- Q,
aR2-.0R/- o/- 29%- 0R, aR2- .0R/-.LA$-

lR3-1A$-0?,

{2?-*J<-$?3-0,

}-:I<-(R/-=3-(J/-3R,

27

{2?-*J<-$?3-0,

?gJ/-$?3-=-3-$?-0:A-*J?-.3A$?-$?=-2<-2>.-0]%-.R<-!R/-0:A-.J.-.0R/,
$*A?-$%-U-3R:C-:)$-0-3-9.-2<,,29%-%/-]%-.R<-5=-28A/-3-:2.-/,,
.J-3,/-2a-3J.-:V?-2-:L%-2:A-5=,,3-:SJ?-)A-28A/-!R/-36.-,2-.2%-o=,,
$%-$A-=J$?-$?%-SA-3J.-:R-3:A-35S<,,2.J-$>J$?-8=-*A/-gJ/-3(R$-i3-$?3-=,,
3-$?-*J?-.3A$?-$?=-2<-2>.-0:A-$/.,,C-lJ:A-9A=-2-43-8A$-.$R.-=-3R,,
=- gJ/- $?3-8J?- 0:A- :)$- ;=- %R-3R.- 0- .%- ,
.J-;%-YA.-0-=?-GA-o-=?-3-,<-2*J?-.3A$?-.%R?-2>.-0, 3)$-$A-.R/-2#i3?- GA?-L-2-29%-%/-$%-8A$-L?-G%-.J2-.%-$?3-3R,,
.%- 3,/- 0:A- :V?- 2-:L%- 2 - 2a- 3J.- ;A/.%- 0R- /A, ,R$- 3<- gJ/ - $?3- 8J?G%- :$:- 8A$- 29%- %/- ]%- .R<- =- kR%?0?- 5=- 28A/- .- :)$- 5=- 3A- >J? - 0- .%-, 0:A- ,- ~.- .J- *A. -$%- =- :)$- 0:A- ;=- %R?29%-.$R?-0-$=-(J-!J,&A:A-KA<-8J-/,H.:$:-8A$-$A?-2?3-28A/-.-%%-]%-$R-wR$$8A- 3- >J?- 0<- .J:A- H.- (R?- 2>.- /- 1/+- :6B/- 0- ?R$?- &A- <A$?- >A$- 3(A?- 0?- .J,R$?-(%- 2:A- KA<- <R,,{- gJ/-/A - ?%?- o?.$-=?-}-3-i3?-=-1/-0:A-(J.-.-}R/-LR/GA-{-$9$?-=$?-?-]$?-0-.%-,:2<-.3#?- P2- i3?- GA- $?%- 5.- 3-)A-~J.-&A$2bR?-0,<A?-?-VA?-0-i3?-.%-,$?%28$?- ;R.- 0- =?- :.A<- ?%?- o?- GA- gJ/gJ/- !R/- 0- ?%?- o? - .%- eJ?- :)$- 3#?- 0$?3- =- 3- $?- 0:A- *J?- .3A$?- $?=- 2<i3?- GA?- 36.- 0:A- :(R?- *R2- GA- ;R/- +/!R/- 0:A-=%- :$:- 8A$-KR$?-?-%%-2<-L- 2$*A?- w/- IA- (R?- .0J, ,$?- gJ/- 2.J

}-:I<-(R/-=3-(J/-3R,

28

$>J$?- 3(R.- gJ/- i3?- ;A/- 0<- 5.- ,2;A$-(-i3?-=?-$?=-=R,,

$*A?-0-/A,)R-2R-eJ?,KA-0-/%-0-*2?-:PR:A-H., ,&J?- .%- , *2?-:PR2./-&-0-=?,#R3-0-!/-=-;R.-3R.-G%-,,
*2?-?- 3- ?R%- 2- =- 3J.,,&J?- $?%?-0v<-,R$- 3<- <%- *A.- /%- 0:A- P=-.- 5.- 0=:%- *2?- #R3- %J?- 0<-:,R2- .$R? - =-,R20- $&A$- 0?- 3A- 1/- 0<- 2a2- L- i3?- 5=28A/-=$-=J/- 2!<-.$R?-0-/A-$=-$/.-.?R%- , .J?- /- .0=- 3=- ?J3?- .0:- (J/0R?-36.- 0:A- !/- 29%-]-3:A- 8=-=%- $A*2?- :PR:A-2a2- L- =?, .- v- <%- <J- .!R/3(R$-$?3-IA-eJ?-:)$-+-_R3-0-i3?-G%-,
.!R/- 3(R$- $A- gJ/- =- ?R$?- 0- i3?- =- $?0- &%- 9.- G%- 3J.- 0?- ?%?- o?- GA- {$9$?-.%-$?%-<2-GA-\J$?-23-?R$?-=/R<-m?-GA-:.->J?-28$-/?-5S%-LJ.-0-.%-,
$+:- 3<- :)R$- 0- ?R$?- LJ.- 0- /A,.!R/3(R$- $?3- IA- {- \.- 9- 2- 8J?- L- !J-*J?- 0>A/-+-tA,$8/-;%-?%?-o?-GA-{-$9$?VA?- 0- .%- :2<- .- ;R.- 0- ?R$?- ,A$- 5.

{2?-*J<-$?3-0,

?R$?- GA?- 2&=- /?- 29R- 2&R?- LJ.- 0:A{2?-?- 3A/- 0<,.?- $8/- .- 3A- 36K?- 0:A(-/?-\J%?-+J-*R/-:.R$?-?R$?-L?-/-*J?0- >A/- +- tA- 2?- .J- v<- 3A- L,$?%- <2- ;A$J:A - \J$?- 23- =- ?R$?- 0- ;%- ?- eJ/- 0<:)R$- 0- .%- ,:$R3- ;$- ?R$?- LJ.- 0- .%- ,
;A$- wJ2-+<- 2:A- 5K-362- 3R?- 3(A=- 3- .%2&?- 0?- <J$- 0- ?R$?- 3- $?- 0:A- ,R.- =3LJ.-0-,3?-&.-*J?-0-z$-0<-tA-!J,2&R3w/- :.?- GA?,s- 2o:A- ,- 3<- I<- 0 - /,,
%- *A.- ;A- $J:A- $9$?- ?- $/? ,,%- ;A/- ~3.- ;A.- LR?- =,,.J- 5K- .J- =- $?- 0- IA?,,8J?$?%?- >A%- ,8J?- .% - ,?%?-o?-GA- {$?%-,$?-gJ/-,3?-&.-=?,$?%-gJ/-/A]%- .R<- IA- $/?- !R/- 0- .%- ,2!/- 0:A- o/:6B/- 0- ?R$?- ?%?-o?- .%R?- .%-H.- 0<&%- 9.-G%- 3J.-&A%- H.- 0<- :1$?- 0<$?%?- 0- ;A/, .J<- 3- 9.- .- v- 1=- (J<IA?-hR-eJ-.%-SA=-2-/A-<%-28A/-$*J<-,.-v2- =?- .!R/- 3(R$- $A- gJ/- ;A/- ~3- 0- 3A- LJ.G%-,hR-eJ-/A-?%?-o?-GA-,$?-;J->J?-s-=?R$?-0-35S/-8A%-,SA=-2?-G%-8=-IA-i30-;R.-0-o.-#J-:R$-3-=?-i3-0<-$%-36.-

}-:I<-(R/-=3-(J/-3R,

29

.%- ,$R%- 3- i3?- =?- hR- eJ- .LA%?- GA- .2%K$- 3<- 2>.- 0?- {:A- i3- 0- .%- , ;32o.- GA- ?- 2R/- .%R?- ?- ;A- $J:A- i3- 0- .%- ,
$8/- ;%- ?%?- o?- GA- $?%- (R?- GA- 1.L%?- 35S/- 0<- LJ.- 0- ;A/- 0?- {- $?%,$?- gJ/- $?3- !:A- 35/- *A.- 5%- 2- .%- ,
H.- 0<-$?%- }$?- hR- eJ- ,J$- 0:A- .GA=:#R<- IA- :#R<- =R- ;R%?- mR$?- 5%- 8A%- .35B$-$A-m?-,/-3R%-3-;A/-0-;A/-0?,2f?2&R?- L?- /- *J?- 0- tA- 8A%- .?- g$- +- 2!<!A:A- |R- /?- 82?- +R$- LJ.- .$R?- 0- ;A/- /R,,
8J?- 0-.%-,?J3?- .0:- $%-$A?- 36.- 0:AhR<-SA=-i3- 2>.- =?, ?%?- o?- {- s- 3AKJ.- hR- eJ:A- {,,$%- !R%- .LJ<- 3J.- SA=- 2- {;A-gJ/,,2eR.-3J.-$?%-/A-(R?-GA-%R-2R-!J,,
?-2R/-;A-$J-?%?-o?-$?%-$A-gJ/,,;J->J?hR- eJ- ,$?-s:A- .J- #R- /,,35S/-0:A- hR-eJ- o=!/-,$?-GA-gJ/,,8J?-.%-,:.A-/A-o=-!/{-$?%-,$?-GA-gJ/,,2f?-.%-3A-$?-22&R=- ??- L?- 0,,.!R/- 3(R$- $?3- %%?$?%- 2:A- .3- :$=- 2:A,,*3?- 0- &/- .J2Y%- 2:A- z?- :.R<- 8A%- ,,3- 3,:- 3J.-0:AhR- eJ:A- .M=- 2<- :PR,,8J?- $?%?- ?R,, 8J

{2?-*J<-$?3-0,

(J/-o=-52-GA?- 36.- 0:A-3.R-=?- L%-2:A$+3-o.-$-5S$?-=?,q$?-0-/A-.3-0:A(R?- =- {<- 2- :.J2?- 0- =?- :R%?- ?R,,:R/0- /A- (R?- ,R?- 0<- 3A- .$:- 2- =?- :R%?- ?R,,
$-2~J<- 2- /A-%R?- 3A- 8A3- 0- 2YJ$?- +J- ?%?o?- =- 3(R.- 0- =?- :R%?- ?R, ,8J?- .%- ,
,%-4=-:S-2-/A-$R?-3A-$4%-2-IR/-+J-?%?o?- =- ~R$?- 0- !J- {- $9$?- GA- ,/- }<:R%?-0-=?-:R%?-?R,,%3-$/$-0-/A-?%?o?- GA- {- $9$?- HA3- 33- H3?- ?- 28$- 0=?- :R%?- ?R,,8J?- .%- ,;%- $%- =-=- 8A$$A?- $4$- =$- .%- 3(R.- gJ/- :)A$- &A%-,
$%-$A?-.!R/-3(R$-$?3-IA-m?-]%?->A%,.- /- 5K- KA- 3- =- 2!A<- 3J.- 0:A- ?J3?- &/.M=- 2<- *J- !J,&A- !J- .J- =?- ,<- /- ;%- 1$<R/-.%-3(A=-2-.%-,%<-2-.%-,/J-4S-.%-,
LJ:- {J- }R/- .%- ,*- .%- ,<?- &=- .%, 3J:.%- , 1$- .%- ,>- 2<- *J:R,,$=- +J- 3A<*J?- /- ;%- , 3- /A%- .%- , 2.- 3J.- .%- ,
35/- $*A?- 0- .%- , .2%- 0R- 3J.- 0- .%- ,
(.-:5S%-3-.$-+-:I<-<R,,8J?-.%-, 3$R<=- 2:A- ,<- 3- 2+<- 2:3- <?- 0- ,R$?- /?z-#%-.-:PR-/-L-3(-<A%-.-*J:R,,8J?-.%-,

}-:I<-(R/-=3-(J/-3R,

30

.J- 28A/- $>J$?- 0:A- 3(R.- gJ/- 2mA?- /- d3R<- *J:R, ,z3- .%- :2R2- IR/- 8A%- $4$=$-#%-.-:PR-/-&=-2<-*J:R,,8J?-.%-,
$9$?-3A-#$-0<-:I<-2:A-(R?-2&-/A, OR2- .%- ,:#R/- .- :6B/- 0- .%- ?R$?- /?3(R.-gJ/-.%-$4$-=$-#%-.%-3(R.-gJ/-IA?- $8A- 3A- #$- 0<- L?- 0,3 (R.- gJ/- .%- {$9$?- GA- 3<- 3J- 2?.- 0- ?R$?- ;A/- 0<$?%?- ?R, ,;%-36K-/.- &/- /A- .!R/- 3(R$$?3-IA-gJ/- 2>A$- 0- =?- :R%?- ?R, ,8J?.%- , 5K- :.A- =-z- #%-.%- 3(R.-gJ/- 2>A$&A%-.$J-:./-.%-,1-3-.%-3#/-0R<-2$3J.- 0<- YA- 8- (%- 2- /A- 3/<- 3J.- 0:A- ?J3?&/-.M=-2-(J/-0R-2o.-.-3,<-IA?-:PR:R,,
8J?- .%- ,|<- 2- /A- $R?- 3A- $4%-2-IR/8A%- ,?%?-o?-GA-{- =-o2-GA?-KR$?- 0=?- :R%?- ?R,, 5K - :.A- =-.J- 28A/- $>J$?0:A-{- $9$?- =-K$- :5=- 2:A- ,=- 3R- 3A.R<-2-/A-5K-KA-3-=-3,:-:#R2-+-*J-!J,=?3%-.-L?-G%- :V?-2- :P2- 0- /A-*%-%R- ,,
5K- :.A- =- =$- 0-o2-+- 2$R=- +J- ?%?-o?- =K$- :5=-2- /A- 5K-KA- 3-KA/- !- =R$-+- 2&A%?0:A-?J3?-&/-.M=-2<-z%-%R-,,$=-+J-3A<

{2?-*J<-$?3-0,

*J?-G%-*J?-0-3J.-0<-IR.-=-,R$?-0<-:R%%R- ,,8J?- $?%?-?R,, 5A$- $?3- $/.- .R/=?,:O=- 3J.- =3- 29%- !R/- 0<- LJ.- 0?.%- ,,?%?-o?- .%R?- .%-H.- 0<- 3J.- 0?.%- ,,2>J?- $*J/- 1=-IA?- .R-^- 3J.- 0?.%- ,,.0J- (-]- 3<- %J?- ?R- >J?-w/-i3?,,
:O=- 3J.- =3- 29%-!R/- 0:A-o- 35/- /A,,
2!:-.%- 2!/-2&R?-8=-$.3?-i3-$?30R, ,?R- ?R:C- 35/- *A.- =?- G%- :O=- 3J.3%R/, ,.%-0R-2!:-;A-35/-*A.-o.-]-=?,,
$%-8A$-.R/-$*J<-(R?-.%-*J<- :VJ=-8A%-,,
#3?-$?3-.$-/-*R/-3R%?-%R%-LJ.-$?%?, ,
8A- 2:A- ;R/- +/- 2}$?- 0- 2eR.- 0- $%- ,,.J/A- S%- YR%- 2!:- ;A/- 2^R$- 0- $8/,,8J?$?%?-2!/- 2&R?-G%- /A- .J- *A.- =?,,$%8A$-!R/-0-o=-2-:2:-8A$-$A?,,.2%-L?i3- $;J%- 3J.- ;A.-&/-IA?- 2>., ,,<- 0,R2- 0:A- =3- .%-eJ?- 3,/- 0,,.J- ;%-S%YR%- 2!:- 28A/-,A- 2R?-]%?,,8J?- $?%?$8/-;%-lR3-0:A-o-$?3-.%-,,:(R?-*R2;R/- +/-$*A?-w/- :2:- 8A$- $A?,,$?%?0?- =3- =- :O=- 2- 3J.-KA<- <R,,8J?- .%- ,
?%?-o?- .%R?- .%-H.- 0<- 3J.- 0- /A,,3.R

}-:I<-(R/-=3-(J/-3R,

31

=?- s- 2o:A- ,- 3<- I<- 2- /,,%- /A- ;A- $J:A$9$?- ?- $/?- 8J?- $?%?, ,$8/- ;%.3-(R?-0E-.!<-0R-=?,,{-$9$?-i3-03%- 0R- .J<- 3=- /?,,:PR- 2- .$J- =- ,R.- 0:A.R/-LJ.- .R, ,8J?-$?%?- 5.- 3<-I<-0:A=%- .$- $A?, ,?%?-o?- .%R?- .%-H.- 0<3J.-0<-212?,,2>J?-$*J/-1=-IA?-.R-^3J.- 0- /A, ,;R/- +/- <%- 28A/-=?-mR$??%?-o?-GA, ,%%?- .%- gR$?- 0- ,3?-&..J<- 2#- 2?, ,?R-*J:A-2>J?- $*J/-i3?- .%2o-!R%-$A,,(<- ;%-3A-:PR-.0J<-;%-3A-1R..R,,.J%- ?%-]- (J/- 1=- 2- 2!J/- 0-2?,,
$?%- <2- ;A- $J-\J$?- 23- $- $&A$- .$:,,
8J?- .3- 0:A-$?%- <2-i3?-]- 3- .%- $*A??- 3J.- 0<-212?- :.$ - 0- .%- , o.- =?,
5B$?-2&.-$&A$-43-2!/-0-=:%-,,]-3.$-+-3-29%-/,,HA-;A-*J-2-2o<-]%?-+J,,
kJ- >- &/-. - *J- 2<- :I<,,$?%?- 0- v< $?%- <2- .%-]- 3 - $*A?-?- 3J.- 0- ;A/- 0?.J- =-3- ..- 0- .%- 3-$?-/:%-$R%- .- 2>.0:A -]- 3-(.- 0:A- *J?- 0- .%- $*A?- ?- 3J.- 0;R.- %J?-?R, ,:1$?- 0- !R2?- 0R- (J- 8J?-L-2,J$- 0- (J/- 0R:A-3.R- =?,$?%- 2:A- 2.$- 0R

{2?-*J<-$?3-0,

=$-/-hR-eJ-?-3.R-:.A-=-$?-0<-3A-LJ.-0-.J.$- ?J3?-&/-.M=-2-(J/- 0R-2o.-0R-.$- +*J- 2<- :I<- <R,,8J?-.%- , :1$?- 0- o=2- &/- 8J?- L- 2:A- $9%?- =?, ?- 8A$<A$?- }$?- GA- o=- 3R- o=- 2- &/- :.A- =?:.:- 2<- 2IA.-0- .J- .$- /A, ?%?-o?- 2&R3w/-:.?-.J-.$-=-:#?-0<-:I<-<R,,8J?-.%-,
?-=- =- 8A$- $A?- <A$?-}$?-GA-o=- 3R-(J/3R-o=-2-&/-:.A-=?-:.:-2<-2IA.-0-.J:A3$R- ?A.-K- !:A-:V?-2- 28A/- 5=- 2- 2./-.:$?- ?R, ,8J?- .%-, !R:- >A- !:A- 2>$?3.R- =?,24S%?- /- hR- eJ:A- .M=- 2<- *J,,
$+R%- .%- 2#- 2- $*A?- /A- OR- (<- 5S.,,$&R..%- ,R.- 0- $*A?- 0R- /A,,.M=- 2- 2#?:)R3?-.$-+-*J,,5S%- $-LJ.- .%- $+R%- 0<:)$,s- 2o:A-tJ- =- $;$- (J/-kR.,,29%%/-z$- (.-*R/- :6B/- 0,,tJ- /A-t$?-GA,$- 0?- 2o%?,,\- =- ?R$?-2YJ?-m/5?- 0?,,;A-?$?- (J/- 0R<- ;/- <A%- $/?,,
.2$?- =- 2*R/- /?- .2$?-GA?- $4K<, ,
5B$-$8$-2R<-/?-5B$-:$R-]%?,,<R-M$?:.3- =-M<-.- :S.,,M<-.- <A%?- /?- 23>R$-2+<,,>=-3-<A-=-S$-+-:S.,,3A-$R-

}-:I<-(R/-=3-(J/-3R,

32

1- ;A- >R$-2- 2+<,,#- 3J.- ;A-?$?- (J/- 0R<*J,, .2$?- =- 2*R/- /?- lJ- $+R$?- LJ.,,
3J- 3- 3<- =- :S.- &A%- hR$,5K- :.A<- .2=1R%?- /.- GA?- *J/,,.2%- 0R- *R/- 8$?- 3A#R3- 2o.- .-*J,,!R:- >A- !- %J?- 0:A- .R/- IA3.R-#J-=,,$+R%-.%-2#-.%-:5S.-0-.%-,,
%%?- (.- {<- 2- 2+2- 0- .%- , ,z$- (.$*A?- ?- 2[$?- 0- .%- , ,.%?- >$?- .$$A?- L?- 0- ;A?,,:.A- ;A- ]- =- /?- ?3- PR:3,+A=- IA-:V-43-33,,-/-U-2:A- {.0- 43- =- :2$?- ?3,]- !J%- =- KA/- 0:3,
\.- 9R?- 0:A- PA2- 3?- 1R$- 0:3,3A:3- ..:PR-(-;R.-0:3, (-3J.-0<-+A=-1=-$%43- 9R?- /,hR- eJ:A- .M=- 2<- *J- 2<- :I<<R,,5K- 5.- /A- >R- =R- !- <J?- 2{=- 0- <J- ,20<- $?%?- ?R,,8J?- $?%?- 0- v<- <R,,
.J- 28A/- #A$- 0- ,3?- &.- =?- (J?- (J- 2- /A353?- 3J.- 0- s- .J- ;A/ - 0<- 3.R- o.-2!/2&R? - i3?- =?- $?=-+J,3A- 13- 3#?:)$- =?,$%- 8A$- L?-0?- 5K- :.A<:1$?- =3- *J- 2:A- $J$?- (J- >R?-LJ.- &A%$*J/- 0R?- 3- 2&R3- 0<- >A- /- 5K- :.A- :1R?- 3,$-+-*J- 2- $8/- IA?-2<- 3- (R.- 0<- 3/<

{2?-*J<-$?3-0,

3J.-.-*J- 2<- %J?- 0- 353?- 3J.- 0- s:A- =?8J?- $?%?- ?R,,*J- 2:A- 353?- 3J.- G%353?- 3J.- 0- .%R?- 3A/-;%-.J- .%- (-:S- 2;A/- 0<- 3A-13- <A/- 0R- (J:A-3#?- 0:A-5=- =:)$- 0:A-|R- ?R$?- =?- $?%?- :.$- 0?- .J;A- *J?- 0- ;%- .J- .%- (- :S- 2- ;R.- 0-(R?- 3A.$R?, .J- 2?- /- {- $?%- ,$?- gJ/- 2>A$0- /A- *J- 2:A- 353?- 3J.-#R%?-?- $+R$?- +J,
($?- 3J.- 2.J- (R/- =?, {- $9$?- 3(R.gJ/- z- #%- 2>A$- =- ?R$?,,*J- 2:A- 353?3J.- #A$- L?- 3,R=- =R<- 2>$?, ,8J?- .%-,
.!R/- 3(R$- z- #%- $?%- <2- gJ/- $?3?R$?,,.0 %- 8J?- 5.- 24$?- 3/:- 29R?=- ?R$?- 0,,(R?- %%?- =?- %/- 2?$?- 03,R=-=R<-2>$?,,8J?-$?%?-0-v<-*J?52?->A/-+-(J:R,,.0=-3=-<A/-0R-(J:A- L%(2-?J3?-.0:A-2a2-L-2#?- 0- =?,o=2:A-2!:-;%-.$-0:A-3.R-?R$?-=-:.A-o=2:A-2!:-3-;A/-8J?-{<-2-2+2-/-(R?-%R%$A-=?-8J?-L-2-l-v%-$*A?-0:R,,8J?-.%-,
$%- $A?- 36.- 0:A- {- $?%-,$?-gJ/- =-$?0-LJ.-0:A-5=-=J$?-=3-.3-0:A-$?R?-(/=?,, - /- $4$- =$- #%- $A- K$?- 3?- <%-

}-:I<-(R/-=3-(J/-3R,

33

HA3- :K$?- /- K$?- 3- v- 2:A- .M=- 2<- *J2- .%- ,lA$- 0- .%- !- 2- =- $2?- ?R$?2$R?- /- !- 2- .%- lA$-0- v- 2:A- .M=- 2<- *J2<-:I<-8J?-:.=-2-=%-=?-$?%?->A%-,
H.- 0<- z- #%- $A- m?- .%- 3(R.- ,J2?- gJ/28$- ?R$?- =R%?- ,.- /- *J?- 0- 353?- 3J..%-:S,.!R/-3(R$-$A-.!R<-:UR$-0?-L%(2-?J3?-.0:A-l-v%-:L%-,>A-3-,$-+-OR(- #R=- 3- :,%- 2:A- .M=- 2<- *J- 8A%- .J- /?G%- ;A- ?$?-GA- =?- !R%- U$- =- ?R$?-0-=J/0<- :I<- 2- .%- ,,- /- z- #%- .- }- SR- :2=o:A-3(R.-m?-KA-SR-:2=-2-.%-,.L<-1=8A$-9J<-2:A-3(R.-m?-!R/-:2=-2-.%-,.v- 1=- 8A$- 9J<- 2:A- 3(R.- m?- .?- 3(R.- =?R$?-0:A-2<-.-:)R$-0:A-2}R?-o<-L?-5KKA- 3- =- bJ.- 0- (.- 0:A- (- o?- 0- U- 3R?- 4J=/?-#$-2}=-MR%-2:A-*A-5K-2:A-.M=-2<-*J2-:.=-2-/?-$?%?-0?->A/-+-$92-0<-

{2?-*J<-$?3-0,

L- 8A%- ,8J?- ?R$?- $?%?- 0- v<- ;A/- 0?%%-]%-=-5=-28A/-:)$-0<-<A$?-?R,,

$?3 - 0- /A, .J%- ?%- ~A$?- s:A- <%3.%?- KR$?- 2&<-hR=-2:A- .?- :.A<- =?%/- IA?- :1%?- 0:A- 2?R.- 9. - :$:- 8A$$A?- LA/- (J/- IA- gJ/ -fA%- i3?- <%- $A- vR- $R?.%- 2eJ?- /?- 3A%- $A- z$- 3- 43- .- L?- 0- 35.- {- $?%- ,$?- gJ/- $?<-0 - i3?-G% - ;A 3$- 0:A- L- ,2?- :S- 3A/- ,.- .J- =R- 3%- ?R%2:A- fA%- 0 - v<- . - 2&R?- /?- :5S%- 2 - .%- ,
.$J- :./-0-:$?-G%-$?%-}$?-GA-;R-L.hR<-SA=-i3?-=-lJ.-(?-GA-5=-.-2J.-,R.-0?R$?-;-3-9%-$A-L-%/-LJ.-0<-$R3?-0-&/:.A- .$- =- &%- 43- 1/- 0<- <J- /?- }R/- LR/$R%- 3- i3?- GA- 5.- 3<- I<- 2:A- $?%- i3? 5<- %%?- 0- ;A/- +J,&A:A- KA<- 8J- /,=%- /A;A.- (J?- 5B$- ;A/- +J,,*J?- 0<- 9.- 0- m/- IA5B$,&J?-$?%?-0-v<-<R,,

a<-5?-0,
}R/-LR/-*J?-2:A-=J$?-0<-2>.-0-$?%-$A-#-:22-i3-28A:A-o/,,
2!:-.%-2!/-2&R?-?R-?R<-:22-G%-z$-2?3-.$-0?-21A=-L?-+J,,
:.A<-:.?-3(J.-t3-=?-&/-;R%?-GA-{R3-0:A-$.%-2-?J=-2:A-a.,,

}-:I<-(R/-=3-(J/-3R,

34

{2?-*J<-$?3-0,

3,:-;?-(-$+J<-$&A$-+-2*A=-.$J?-:PR-i3?-]%-.R<-3A$-,R2->R$,,,
lR3-1A$-0?,

/-=f,
/-=f-/A,}R/-:1$?-0->-<A:A-2-:O%?-0:A-;=-.%-,3,<->-<A:A-2-:#R<-.P-2&R3-0OA-U$-2o.-.%-2&?-+J-M-%/-=?-:.?- 0:A-?-;%-;A/-=,.J-/A-o-$<-L%-KR$?-2A-@<-3%:#J:A-/%-;R.-0:A-<-)A-$A-<A:3-o=-0R:C-#2-/?-L%-KR$?-?-,A-=J-2./-43-/-;R.,:.A-/A-2.$&$-!R/-0:A-{-5K-LA/-IA?-_2?-0:A-$/?-G%-;A/-0<-$?%?,

/-=f:A-$4$-=$-#%-,
$/?- .J<- :1$?- 0- >- <A:A- 2:A3(R.- gJ/- 8A$- ;R.- 0- =- o=- 0R- M- %/- 3J.

GA?-o-(J<-3(R.-/?-?%?-o?-GA-z-#%-(J/0R- 8A$- 28J%?-0- .%- ,/- =f:A- $4$- =$-

}-:I<-(R/-=3-(J/-3R,

35

#%- /A-,A- =R:C-}R/-IA-.?- <2?- $?3- 0- 43=-$?<-.-20/-0-.%-.J-/?-.?-<2?-s-0.%- S$- 0- ;?- 3?- =- $4$- =$- #%- :.A:Ai3- 0-o- (J<- 2*J.-0:A-{2?- ,J$- (J/- IA- .%0R:C-aR2- .0R/- s- 2o?- 2!:- 2PR?- +J,$%.- :1$?- 0- >- <A:A- 2:A- $/?- ?- ,J$- 0- (J/0R:A- (R?- 2!/- /- /A,,J$- 0- (J/- 0R- 2- i3?=- (R?- >A/- +- .<- 2<- :I<- 2:A- 35/- 3$9A$?- /?- V3- 9J:A- aR2- .0R/- {- 3(J.2o.- GA?- $4$- =$- #%- 2o.- 28J%?- +J,
$4$- =$- #%- .J- i3?- ?- }R/- o=- 0R- =c- AI?- ,J$- (J/- IA- (R?- 5- 2- s- 2o- 0R- ,/- S%?+J-A-S-8J?-L-2:A-<A:A-lJ-3R-=-$4$-=$-#%s- 2o- L?- +J- .J- <J- <J<- (R?- 5- 2- <J- <J- ,/S%?-/?-o=-0R-<%-$A-:#R<-..-0-(J-8A%-]RiR- 2- s- 2o- <2- +- L%- !J- ,J$- (J/- IA- (R?- */.- 2&$.J- /?- o=- 0R?- \J$?- 23- :VA- 2<:.R.-.J-,J$-0-(J/-0R:C-#J-$R.-)A-43-8J?-SA?0- =- =/- .- ,A<- 5.- $9%- 2<- 3A- /?- 3R.- .v<- ;R.- 0- /A- :23- U$- 2o:R, ,8J?- 5?0?- o=- 0R?- 3%- 3R.- GA- :VA- 2<- L:R- 8J?,3?- &.- VA?- +J- .$J- aR%- i3?- =- 1=- 2:A\J$?-23-i3?-28$?-0<-L?-0:R,,

{2?-*J<-$?3-0,

$4$- =$- #%- :.A- .?- <2?- 2&- 0:A-

{2?-?-o- $<-IA-(J?- (J- 8A%- $9A- .0=-d32eA.- :2<- 2:A- .$R/-#J :3- $4$- =$- #%8A$-+-I<- 0- ;A/,$4$- =$- #%- :.A- /A- o$<- IA- $/:- 2R:C- /%- 0- ?%?- o?- 0:A- (R?=$?-=-2g$-.J.-8A2-:)$-LJ.-?:A-vJ-28A$- ;A/- 0- .%- /%- 0- ?%?- o?- 0:A- (R?- 0*J.- YA%- LJ.- ?- 8A$- G%- ;A/,:.A-<- /%- 0:A$8%-=$?-GA-:(.-*/-;R.-0-43-.-3-9.,
5.- 3- <A$- 0,1- <A$- 0,$?R- 2- <A$- 0,
{<- lA?- <A$- 0,29R- <A$- 0- ?R$?- GA- :(.*/- G%- H.- .- :1$?- 0- 8A$- ;R., $8/;%- ?R- /3- <A$- 0- .%- (/- 2&R?- #%- ,.0J36S.- (J- :VA%- (%- $?3- ?R$?- ;R.- 0<- 39.- .$J- :./- 0- =- :R- 3- 3#R- 3R.- LJ.- ?:AK$?- <- 8A$- G%- ;R.,$4$- =$- #%- :.A- @&%-.<-;R.-0:A-{2?-?-,J$-0-(J/-0R?-,R$S%?-0:A-,J$-0-3,:-.$-$A-/%-0:A-(R?-=aR2- .R%- LJ.,aR2- 9- 2- 3%- .?- 3A- OA- $&A$;/- (.- .%- ,.$J- c/- !R%- U$- $&A$- z$;R.,=R- <J- =- .3- (R?- #J- $R.- $?3- =- .%?0-3,<-KA/-0:A-3#?-0-!R%-U$-z$-<J-;R.&J?- ;A$- fA%- .$- =?- L%-,.$J- :./- 0:A-

}-:I<-(R/-=3-(J/-3R,

36

:5S- 2- /A- ;=- IA- o=- 0R?- $/%- 2:A- PR%- #J*A?- 2o- ;R.- 0- .$- /?- 2#?- 0:A- :V- #==- 2gJ/- .$R?,o- $<- IA- $/:- 2R:C- ~/P$?-&/-IA-00A-+-1=-(J<-8A$-G%-:.A-/?3,<- KA/- 0- .%- :.A- /- o- $<- IA- ?- $/?- ?R-

{2?-*J<-$?3-0,

?R- /?- :R%?- 0:A- aR2- 9- 2- ;R.- 0- 3- 9.,

:2<- 3- .%- ,*A- @R%- .%- ,o- /$- .%- ,OR8/-?R$?-;=-$8/-0-/?-:R%?-0:A-aR2-3;%-@-&%-3%-2-;R.-0<-3%R/-/R,,

/-=f:A-$4$-=$-aR2-$*J<-#%-:1J=-o?-L%-5=,
.J- /?- <A3- IA?- ,J$- (J/- IA- .%- 0R:CaR2- .0R/- i=- :LR<- ,R.- 0:A- P2- 3,:- 5- 2s- 2o- 0R?- 2!/- 0- *R%- 2:A- .?- .%- 35%?0<-3-$-K<-V3-9J-3,R-24/-P2-eJ-.%-2.JLJ.-2.$-0R-$*A?-GA?-o-35/->J?-0:A-,R$/?- V3- 9J:A- (- L.- i3?- 2R<- +J- .$J- :./24/- 0:A- #R3- 0- ;%- .$- 0<- ]%?,,J$- 03,:-.$-$A-(R?-=-3#?-0<-.%?-+J-?%?o?- 0- .%- 3- !J$?- 0:A- 29%- %/- IA- H.- 0<:LJ.-0:A-KA<-3,R-24/-IA?-H.-0<-:1$?2!R.- .%- 2.J- LJ.- GA?- z- =?- 1=- L%- $A2!R.- 0- 2l3?,3,R- 24/- {- 3(J.- GA?- hR

eJ- $./- .- */- ,R?- GA- .$J- aR%- s- 2o- <J- =:5S- 2- .<- &A%- /- =f<- ,J$- (J/- 0- s- 2o- <J3(R.- 0<- 36.,.J- /?- P2- (J/- ?- <- @:3V3-9J-1-$&/-:6B/-.%-.0=-3$R/-:1$?0- [- 12- i3?- LR/- +J- .2- 3:A- =3- YR=$?=-2<-L?-0-.%-*/-,R?-0-i3?-=-;%1/- (J<- 2+$?- 0- .%- H.- 0<- .$J- 5=- aR%$A-2a2-0-:(=-2-3%-0R-.$J-:./-IA-/%-/.2%- (J/- 0R<- ;R.- 0- ,3?- &.- $/?- /?20.-.J-.$-,J<-36.,
/- =f<- ,J$- 0- (J/- 0R:C- (R?- 5- 2- s2o-=-=R-3%-0R:C-2<-.-$?J<-:I<-lA:A-.R<-

}-:I<-(R/-=3-(J/-3R,

37

2-=-2gJ/-+J-:5S-2-.<-2-.%-*/-,R?-.%R?5-2-i3?-GA-lR.-0-2^R$-0:A-KA<-<A$?-0:A5S$?- s:3- S$- =- ?R$?- 0- 2l3?- 0<36.- 0- ?R$?- 2!/- 0- 5=- 28A/- .- 2*%?,
.J:A- 5K- 3- $- K<- V3- 9J- ?- 2AO- 8J?- L- 2?.0=- /- =f:A- $/?- ?- z- #%- 2o- l- 2o.28J%?- 0- .%- o=- 0R- ?- =- 4j- $9- !J- ^- 2&?-0:A-.?- .0=-/-=f<-aR2-.0R/-A#-.J7-.%-/-$-@-7-8J?-0-aR2-.0R/-[-2R?-GA?2!/-0-o-(J<-2*%?-0-.%-,aR2-.0R/,R$?- 3J.- GA- {- 5K- (.- GA- .?- /- =f<- =R- 2&$*A?- 28$?- >A%- .$/- IA- .?- *A/- <J- 28A/3- !J$?- GA- cR=- 2- <J- ;R%- 2- =- P2- 3,: i3?- <A$?- 0- $- 5S$?- GA?- ?/- K%- !J- (R?2!/- 0?- 3- !J$?- !R%- .- *J- 2- 43- <2- +- L%2- .%- ,:1$?- 0- ,R$?- 3J.- :.?- eJ?$&%- .LA$- $*J/- IA?- /- =f:A- 3#/- 0R36.- .J- 2!/- 0- 2*%?,aR2- .0R/- KR$?\%-$A-.?-/-=f<-3-!J$?-GA-lR.-0-(J<-L%2-?%?-o?-0-i3?-GA?-lR.-0<-3-/?-/?aR2- .0R/- ,/- S%?- +J- 3- !J$?- 0-gR$- $J- =>A/- +- L%- 2- ?- .- <- 6- ;- =/- $?3- .- 130<- L?,$8/- ;%- 4j:A- <A$?- GA- o=

{2?-*J<-$?3-0,

0R- ?A%- @- 4j:A- .?- ?- .0=- w/- ^- 2- P$?0-LR/-+J-3#?-0:A-3#?-0<-I<-+J-/-=f:A3#/- 0R- 36.,l- :)$- 28A- $?3- .%<A$?- 0- S$- &- 0:A- :PJ=- 2- =- ?R$?- 036.- .J- ?%?- o?- 2*%?- GA- <A%- =$?- (J?.<-2<-36.-0-.%-<A-3R<-VA?-0:A-2-P?-3=?- :R- 3- 28R?- /?- .$J- :./- ,3?- &.- :R,$- $A?-5B3- 0<- 36.- 0- .%- ^- P$?- .%4j- $R- 3A- /- =f<- 8=- :6S3?- /?- %R- 2R- *A.3J.- 0<- 5- 2- .%- i3- <A$- 0:A- P2- 3,:AKR$?- 29%- /?- =R- %R- 2./- <A%- 2PR- \J%- $A2c=- 2g$- 36.- 0<- P$?, .J- /?- aR2.0R/- (R?- *R%- ,o=- 2- z,o=- Y?- 8A- 2- z?R$?- GA?- 2!/- 0- 2*%?- 0- .%- ,o=- 0R?J;J-s-0-.%-o=-0R-$?=-2-?R$?-GA-.?-?.0=- w/- (R?- GA- P$?- 0- LR/- +J- 3- !J$?0:A- lR.- 0:A- H- 3(R$- $8R/- /-<R=- 0- .%- ?)$<- A- 4#- i3?- 13- 0<- 36.- 0- .%-5.- 3#J-2./-IA-=J$?-2>.-2l3?-+J-!R/-0-5.3:A- *J?- 2<- 212?- 0<- 36.- 0- ?R$?- /=f:A- 0E- (J/- 2&- 2./- IA?- 35S/- 0E- (J/.%- 0E- (%- i3?- GA?- <%- .R/- .- ,R?- 2?3|R3- $?3,$8/- .R/- .- :(.- lR.- lR3-

}-:I<-(R/-=3-(J/-3R,

38

$?3,$*A?- .R/- .- 2>.- 12- =?- $?3IA-|R- /?- ?%?- o?- 2!/- 0:A- 2- ./- 3#:-

{2?-*J<-$?3-0,

.LA%?-?-21J%?-0<-36.-0:R,,

/-=f:A-$4$-=$-aR2-$*J<-#%-=-*3?-*J?-L%-5=,
o=- 0R- /J- 3- 4j?- o=- YA.- 2*%?/?- 3A- <A%- 2- /, V3- 9J- 0-X- 3A- Q- !J- o=2>J?-8J?-L-2-o=-0R:C-3./-/-:.R/-LJ.-08A$- $A?- %R- =R$- 2l3?- +J- .J?- o=- YA.- *R%2:A- 5K- V3- 9J- .J:A- *J- .- c/- 3R- 8A$- $A?- .R/8A$-=-/-=f<-KA/-0?-$0A-2h%?-0:A-1-=1B-B-;-8J?-0:A-1<-L%-2-V3-9J-i3?-GA?2g$?- 0?- 3- !J$?- 0- i3?- GA- [.- 0:$J3?- 8J?- L- 2:A- 1<- $R- /?- V3- 9J:A- o=0R- o=- 2>J?- =- ?R$?- 0- 3- !J$?- 0- i3?GA?-.3$-L?-+J-;=-.2?-/?-6-=/-K-<:A2<- IA- $4$- =$- #%- 3%- 0R- 3J- =- 2YJ$?- 0.%- .$J- aR%- 3%- .- ,R?- 0-:$:- 2?.- 0?R$?-*3?-*J?-L%-2:R,,
.J- eJ?-><- KR$?- S;- =:A- LJ- V$- $RD-8J?-L-2<-o=-0R-$R-D-:1J=-LJ.-&J?-L-2=R%?- ,R.- .%- .2%- ,%- >A/- +- (J- 2- L%- !J.J?-}<-IA-$4$-=$-#%-*3?-0-,3?-&.$?R?-0-.%-(R?-$8A-o?-0<-L?-0:A-|R-/?

2!/- 0- =- L- 2- L?- 0- ;A/- /R, ,;%- ><KR$?-?-o=-0R-XA-4j:A-2-Kk-4j?-o=-YA.L?- 0:A- <A%- =- ;=- 3R- =- +- /- .%- =- @R<- IAo=-0R-2fJ-<R-9J<-2-#-/A-3-39-8J?-L-2-!$$9A$- $A- o=- 0R- 8A$- ;R.- 0- =- .J- .%- o=- 0RKk- 4j- $*A?- {2?- :$<- :O$?- 0- .%{2?- :$<- :. 3?- 0- 3%- .- L%- 2- =/$&A$- :.3?- 0<- I<- +J-!$- $9A$- o=- 0R?g-.%-<A/-0R-(J:A-<A$?-.$-;=-.2?-GA-o=0R- =- *J?- ?- 2{<- 2- .%- $&A$- >R?- GA?- /A\%-0R-(J-.%-.<-$R?-GA-H.-0<-29%-0R-.$!$- $9A$- $A- o=- 0R- =- 2{<- 2<- L?,=/$&A$- *A- :R$- $A- o=- 0R- Kk- 4j?- 92- (/- IA$R?- Y2?- 3J.- 0- !$- $9A$- $A- o=- 0R- =2{<-2-=,!J?-.2%-$A?-,$?-<A?-=-~A%$:A- ,.- .- b%- eJ?- :S- 2- 8A$- L%- 2?,%/}$?- LJ.- .R- ~3- /?- ,J- 5S3- *J?,;%- =/$&A$->A%-:V?-*J?-?-2{<-2<-:.R.-0-=V3- 9J- 8A$- $A?- }$?- GA- :#R<- =R- PR- $- =-

}-:I<-(R/-=3-(J/-3R,

39

VA?- 0- 3%- 0R- *A- :R.- =- 28$- 0- =?- _%- $A?HJ<- +J,!J- =:A- :V?- 2- #- LJ- 2:A- /%- .- ?R%2- .J- =- ?R$?- 0- >A%- +R$- i3?- 1R3- 3<- #?2!%-2:A-/%-.-2&$-!J-!$-$9A$-$A-o=-0R=-2{<-2-/3-8A$-/->A%-+R$-$A-/%-/?-%/}$?-GA-:#R<-=R-L%- 2?-%J?-0<-%/-}$?LJ.- .R- ~3- /?- +- <F:A- .3$- $A?- 3- $- K:A;=- !/- 2&R3,$4$- =$- #%- 3%- 0R- 8A$G%-2>A$.0=-/-=f<-;%-$/R.-0-o-(J<L%- ,<2- +- L%- 2- i3?- G%- ,$- <A%- .- VR?0:R,,
.J- eJ?- Kk- 4j:A- 8%- 0R:C- 2- 7- <- E?A:A- o=- 0R- ?%?- o?- KR$?- 8J?- L- 2- 8A$;R.-0-.J?-o-/$-$A-;=-.-3.R-#J-5-2:A-aR2.0R/-:$:-8A$-2m%?-0-=?-o-;=-IA-o=0R?- SA/- =/- .- $?J<- 3A- #<- 2o- =- ?R$?- 03A-!R%-U$-2&?-#<-2:A-;R-L.-29%-0R-.$o=- 0R- ?%?- o?- KR$?- =- LA/- +R,,.J- /?/R<-.J-.$-$A?-/2-KR$?-.%-.2?-GA-o=-0Ro=- U/- $4S- 2R- .$- 3$- 2<- L?- /?,!$$9A$- o=- 0R- .%- :O$?- 0- =?- o=- 0R- #/A3- 39- =- ?R$?- 0- !$- $9A$- .0:- 2R- 1=(J<- 2?.- /?- .J?- }<- IA- z- #%- *3?- 0

{2?-*J<-$?3-0,

,3?- &.- $?R?, .$J- :./- 0- ,/- S%?,

.0=- /- =f<- (R?- $8A- 2o.- &- l- 28A24$?- 0- =?- o=- 0R- *A.- GA?- 2./- &- l$&A$ $8/- i3?- 24/- 3R- .%- ]R/- 0R?24$?- 0- ?R$?- 2!/- 0- *3?- 0- >A/- +$?R?-0<-L?-0:R,,
.J- v<- =R- 28A- 2&- 43- .- (R?- >A/- +.<-2<-;R.-0-=?,.0=-/-=f<-o=-0R:C]R/- 0R- !- !- +- ?AK- 8J?- L- 2?- z- #%- 8A$28J%- 0:A- 8=- 2YR:A- 5K,*J- 2R- ,3?- &.- =!R/- 3R- (J<- L?- 0- =?, 3- !J$?- GA- P23,:- :6A/- 0:A- 3- +R- 2- $*A?- aR%- .- ;R%- 2=?, .$J- 5=- $+3- 0R- i3?- GA?- O?- #$+R<,|R- \J$?- GA- 2<- .-24B<,HA- $+3-0R.$- j.- 0?,.J- $*A?- >A/- +- OR?- +J,$&A$$A?- :5S- 2- .<- 8A%- ,$&A$- >R?- GA?- *A- 3212- 0<- L?- ?R,,?:A- .R%- $+A%- <A%- 0R<8$?-+J,=R-.$:A-2<-.-212?-G%-3-P2/?-KA<-:PR-2<-2l3?-0?,PR$?-0R-/-<J,
HJ.- GA?- }$?- P2- 23- 9J<- <R,,3- P2- L?0- /,.J- /- <J,KR$?- ,3?- &.- 3- $J- *3- %2?-H2- 0- =-%?- .!:- 2- :.A- ~J.- GA?- :5S2- .<- /,HJ.- }$?- 3- P2- 0<- KA<- /3-

}-:I<-(R/-=3-(J/-3R,

40

:L%-2:A-5K,3$R-S%?-/?-$&R.-.R-L?-/?(-PA-iR/-0R-2YJ=-2?,.J-:)A$?-+J-a<-;%=R- $?3- 212?- ?R,,.J- v<- =R- 2&- $*A?- /P2- /?- .J?- .A/- YJ$- L?- +J- .A/- YJ$- $A- ,=2- =- }$?- 2^?- +J- $+R<- 2- 43- IA?- 3J- <%:2<- .- L%- 2?, ?%?- o?- 0:A- (R?- $8A2gJ/- 0:A- z- #%- 2o.- &- l- 28A- 0R- ,3?- &.2YJ$?,H.- 0<- .- .0=- /- =f:A- Kk- $Q!J- $?%- <2- 3,:- .$- 28$?- 0:A- $4$=$- #% - <_- ?- $- <,<_- .- KA,<_- <0!8J?-L-2-z-#%-(J/-0R-$?3-;R.-0-=-,J$-0(J/-0R:A-#J-$R.-GA-0R-+A-,3?-&.-.J-/-28$?0- =- .J- $?3- (<- ;%- 5B$- $R ,.J:A- 5K- <_- .KA- 8J?- L- 2:A- $4$- =$- #%- .$- ,R$- +- ;R.0:A-!J%-#%-$A-\J$?-23-:$:-8A$-=?-(:Ao/- 22?- +J- 3J- 2?., (- o/- H2- 5.- .\J$?- 23- i3?- 3- 5B$- $R ,KA?- \J$?- 23.J- ]%?- +J- 2v?- 0- /- o.- #J- s:A- \J$?- 23;A/-8J?-9J<-2-.%-#-&A$-$?%-2-:.?-0-#R/- ;A/-9J<-2:%-;R.,$%-v<-]-3J.- GA-o.#J- ;A/- =- .J- 28A/- .- ;=- $8/- .%- $8/.:%- $4$- =$- #%- 3%- 0R- 2YJ$?-0- .%- 3!J$?- LJ.- .J- $*A?- o=- 0R:C- (.- 0?- :)A$?

{2?-*J<-$?3-0,

+J,L%- KR$?- @- ?- 3- 8J?- L- 2:A- ;=- .- VR?G%- #A$- 0:A- =?- GA- 3,?- =?- =- 3J- <%28A/- IA?- :2<- /?- 5K- ;A-.?-L?- 0:R,,.J/?-KR$?-.%-KR$?-GA-.$J-aR%-3%-.-,R?-0,3?- &.- :.?, ]R- =- 28$?- 0- .%- ,
\J$?- 23- .- 28$?- 0- ,3?- &.- ;A- $J<%J=,o=- 0R- ?%?- o?- KR$?- .%- ,V3- 9J>5- .%- ,V3-9J- 1<-2- .%- ,HA3- 2.$- ..0-&/-3%-0R?-z-#%-3J?-5A$-0-i3?-$?R??R,,.J-=-,J$-0-(J/-0R:C-#J-$R.-}R/-3A:A-;=.- LR/-0- i3?- (- 2&R-s<-2+%-2:A-(-$*A?$*A?- 43- <J- .3- 0:A- (R?- GA- .P- }- 3- $*A?GA?- G%- /2- &A%- ,(- $&A$- 43- .P:A- $/R.0- =- 3- vR?- 0<- ;%- /2- 0- .%- ,z$- 3- (.$-43-3J:A-.P-L%-2:A-nJ/-IA?-/2-0?-.v-(-$&A$-43-=?-0-;A/-/R,,
.J- /?- .?- <2?- 2&- $?3- 0:A- :$R43-=-#-(J:A-(R?-=$?-0:A-o=-0R-3R-@-3-+A)<- )- 9J<- 2- 8A$- $A?- o- $<- .- .3$- S%?/?- ;=- #3?- 3%- 0R- .2%- .- 2#?, /=f:A- $4$- =$- #%- ;%- {2?- .J<- .3$$A?- 3J<- 2YJ$?- 0?- /%- 0:A- (R?- =$?- 0i3?- 2=- ;=- ?R$?- =- VR?- 0- .%- .J- /?-

}-:I<-(R/-=3-(J/-3R,

41

29%- !J- .0=- /- =f:A- $4$- =$- #%-:.A3A%-$A-z$-3-43-.-I<-2-;A/,,A-=R-1915

8A%- (J/- IA- 0- NJ- /:A- ><- KR$?- GA- 0- =- !%PR%- #J- <- ?- 2bR?- /?- /- =f:A- $4$- =$#%- $A- >=- i3?- fJ.,?- 2bR?- /?- fJ.- 0v<- /- /- =f:A- $4$- =$- #%- $A- ?- o- (J- (%

{2?-*J<-$?3-0,

/?- 1937 /%- 5.- o- $<- YA.- $8%- $A$/:- m? - 2g$- .J.- 0- i3?- GA?- 2A- @<=- ,A- O- P-28A-3-OA- 2o- ;R.- 0- .%- .$J- :./0-28$?-?:A-#%-3A$-?3-2o-43-;R.-0<P$?-?R,,

}-:I<-(R/-=3-(J/-3R,

42

{2?-*J<-$?3-0,

?:R$-3A/-$*A?-0-AR-o/-(A/-PR=-\A%-,R$-3<-K$-:.J2?-0-0R-
<A$-:6B/-$+J<-2.$-\A%-0:3-0E-$<-.2%-:I<-3J.-hR-eJ:Ai3-,<-~A%-2#?,
.J-;%-<%-$+J<-$2-o-&/-IA-=%-L%-=?,
?3-&-#-<=-~A$?-3-s-2.R:C-.?;2?3-;?-zR-/2-P-8J?-$;R-<:A-?;
=%-0-L%-v-.R<-3-2n%?-:S:A-5B$?;YA/-3R-:)A$?-:S:A-.$J-2~J/-z-8R=-.;
2:-x-/:A-3=-0-5K-3A%-1;>J=-.!<-35S-1R/-3=-0-.L%?-&/-3?;
2*J.-0:A-i=-:LR<-}$?-GA-2g=-8$?-&/;3J-#3?-3J-HA-=R-0-0E:A-3A%;
$9$?-L.-@-&%-3A-<A%-3A-,%-2;3.%?-$3-<A/-(J/-<A$?-GA-g$?-:(%-2;
0E-%-=-3R?-0-z$-0<-LJ.;2&R-2o.-=R-=-$+J<-#-.%-0R-:LJ.;
&J?-.%-,$8/-;%-$+J<-=%-.-3-=?-;%-;%-2}$?-0-v<-=R-(J/-2N-<R-4-/:A-$?%-$Ai3- :U=- $?%- (J/- 2!/-0:A- 3%:- 2.$- (A/- \A%- $+J<- (J/- 0E- $<- .2%- :I<- 3J.-hR- eJ - 3(R$ /A,/R?-GA-<A$?-o.-=?-(.-0-;2-/R?-!R/-(J/-0R-$?%-2.$-UA/-=?-z/-P2-.%-,;3->J=.!<- hR- eJ- 35S:C- i3-:U=- eJ- <A$?- $9:- z- :6B/- .L%?- &/-1R=- 3:A- Y?- ?-,A- =R- 1646 <2L%- 2&- $&A$- 0:A- 3J-HA-=R:C- .2R- ^- 2:A- 5K?- 2&- *A/- ?- $;R?- >A%- :):- :R.- :OA$?- 0- ?R$?- %R35<-2:A-v?-.%-2&?-9-/%-.<-o?-(R?-\A%-.-{-2v3?,

}-:I<-(R/-=3-(J/-3R,

43

{2?-*J<-$?3-0,

24?- 3- ,$- /?- ;2- eJ?- ]R- iR- 2:A- gJ/- :VJ=- .%- 2<- (.- 2Y%-2:A- .2%- {<- LA/- _2?36.,{- v3- 0:A- .?- GA- ;=- .%- L- ,R.- GA- i3- 0- /?- 29%- =R- $?3-IA- 2<- 6S- !A- }R-2?%?- ,R<5$?-&/-8A$-.%-,2.-3J.-36K?-3-$*A?-GA?-o/-.-YA-8-LJ.-0:A-.%R?-$%-i3?-KA?-G%-,$?=-$?=-2:A-S/->J?-H.-0<-&/-3%:,0%-.-:5S-2:A-.?-*A.-/?-+A%-:6B/-=-.2%-:LR<-2:Ai3-:I<-.%-,$8R/-/-<R=-lJ.-GA-5K-;%-.3-0:A-<A$?-?.-0:A-%%-5=-3(R$-+-.$J-2?-]R-w/i3?-.%-2<-36.,
.$%- =R- 28A- 0:A- ,R$- ;2- eJ- =?- 2!:- 2o.- $?%- mR$?- GA- .2%- $?/- 0?- $%- ,R.,3?-&.-=-.GAA=-:#R<-IA-:#R<-=R?-o?-2+2-!J-$4S-2R-.%-]-3-.LJ<-3J.-.-$9A$?->A%-.2%28A:A- ?- 2R/- ,$?- o.- =- ,J2?,2&- 0- >A%- =$- $A- !R/- #< - 2.J- :.?- GA- .2%- $?/- .?- :R.$?=- IA- $%- 2<- AR- o/- (J/- 0R?- .2%- 2{<-&A% - LA/- IA?- 2_2?- 0:A-3,? - /?- 0- :1J=- +J- 23.2%-$A-*3?-MR%-;=-$%-+-3-v-2<-$+/-=-12,.J-;/-(.-.-:VA-[R$-.%-,<%-=$?-GA-12.GA=- .2%- eJ?- $/%- <2- $/?- ?R$?- (R$- UA/- i3?- GA- 5A$- :6B/- .%-, K$- 28J?- ,3?- &.5K$?-3J.-.-,$?-=-(2,.J-/?-29%-!J-;2-eJ:A-{-52-36.-/?-UA/-=?-2*%?,
2&-$&A$-0-=-.0=-w/-:V?-%%?-?-o=-3(R$-s-0-(J/-0R<-$4$-1.-1=-+J, 35/%$-.2%-0E-2!/-:6B/-.-2)=,*A.-PR%-$A-<%-L%-:1$?-0-,R$-3<-1J2?-0-.%-.?-:PA$?0?- gJ/- :VJ=- 29%- 8J?- .IJ? - 0? - .2$?- .L%-$/%- ,.J- .?- :1$?- 0:A- 8=- 8A- :63- ($?0:A-*3?-$?=-2:A-,$?-!-/?-:R.-9J<-*A.-GA-{-=-,A3-0- .%-, 2&-2./-0-=-2?3-;?-?-eJo=-2:A-.2%-0R-3)=-2:A-5K-,/-<?-$9A$?-GA-i3-0<-$9A$?,<A3-0<-o=-3(R$-s-0- (J/-0R.%- ,;2- eJ-$?%- 2.$- UA/- =?- z/- P2- $*A?- /A- {- .%R?- GA- eJ?- ?- 29%- 2:A-2!:- SA/- 1=- .L%-2-3-9.,KA?-;J->J?-GA-{?-G%-LA/-IA?-2_2?-0:A-$/.-GA?-2!:-SA/-35%?-0-3J.-0:Al-2:A-]-3-$*A?-.%-,$8/-;%-(A/-PR=-92-=3-$?/-0:A-2!/-:6B/-(J/-0R-2&-S$92-(R?$-5S$?-$?/-0:A-;R%?-:6A/-?3-&-l-s-i3?-2!J/-+J,;=-.?-&A-<A$?-0<-;R%?-mR$?-.$J

}-:I<-(R/-=3-(J/-3R,

44

{2?-*J<-$?3-0,

2~J/,L%-#R3-2!:-YR=- $?3,}<-(R?-0-v<-2!:-2o.-;R%?-mR$?-GA-.2%-2h-.R/-:UR.0- ,R$- 3:A- (A/- LJ.-.- $?/- 0?- #R3- 0- $?3-IA?- $8A- 29%- , :.?- 0- 3.R,+- :U=,?J3?- #J=$?- $?3,3*3-.R<,;%- .$1<- 0,$>J.- {R<- ?R$?- }- :I<- 2!:- 3- .J%- ?%- o/-;R.- .R&R$- .%- ,$+J<- 3- ]- mR$?- ,$?- $?3- 12- #J- ,A- .%-LJ- V$- 2!:A- <A$?- 3A- :S- 2- .- 3?- 35S/;R%?-P$?-1=-3R-(J-.%-,$?<-3:C-hR<-UJ%-,12-,2?-2o-l-?R$?-,A-2!:-.%-,2.J-3(R$
.IJ?-hR<,.?- :#R<,$?%- :.?,$>K.- {R<-NF-;R$- ?R$?- GA-9<-2!:,3.R- KR$?- 3%- 0R-.%2&?- 0:A- .2%- OA.- 2>.- =%- ,.J- ,3?- &.- GA- l- 2<- I<- 0- o=- 2:A- 2!:- :I<- <R- &R$- $A- =%?R$?-(R?-2!:-$?/-0-/A-3,:-;?-+J-3A%-43-:6B/-0:%-.!:-2:A-$/?-?R,,
.$%-=R-2&-$?3-43-/?-29%-,l-o.-$?%-2-~A%-0R,o.-]-3,?J3?-*A.-%=-$?R,
;A.-28A/-36S.-l-:PJ=-i3?-,$?-=-29%-/?-;2-eJ-=?-$?%-2>.-<A3-0<-$?/-&A%-$8/=-:(.-%J=-;%-36.,KA?-$/2?-9<-<R%-9R3-i3?-GA-$?%-<2-.%-,?-*-00A-+:A-#R3-$?3<2-.LJ,2&R3-w/-<=-PA:A-,A-i3,<%-L%-82?-GA-92-3R-/%-.R/-IA-OA.-$8%-i3?-G%-,$??- (.,H.- 0<- !/- 3HJ/- (J/- 0R:C- $?%- <2- i3?- =- v- 2:A- 3A$- +- 36.- /?- $?/- $9A$?- //+/-.- 36.-0?,.R/-,A-43-IA->/-0-2.-/?-.R/-IA-$/?-=$?-gR$?-0:A-3R?-0-(R.-&A%-]R-PR?GA-i3-0<-.JR.-0:A-3,-,R$?-0-3J.-0-fJ.-.J-)A-~J.-0:A-(R?-,3?-&.-=-1R-:.R$?-2&.,?$?!R/- (R?-o=- 2!/- :6B/- =?- :.?- 0- 3.R:A- .2%- (R$- <A/- (J/- UJ%- 2:A- !J%- /?-.GA=- :#R<- 28A2&- l- s<- KJ- 2- =?- (- 2R- 28A- ;R%?- mR$?- $+.- o- 3,:- 2gJ/- 5K- .2%- .%- 2&?- 0:A- $.3?- %$2>.- =%- .%- 2&?- 0-.%- ,.2%- (R$- 4%- lA:A- (-o/- IA- !J%- /?- .GA=- :#R<- *A- >- l- $&A$- <?VA?-=-2gJ/-0<-.2%-=%-$.3?-%$-.%-2&?-0-i3?-$?/,
;%-hR-V$-<A$-:6B/-0E-UA/-=?-=?-.GA=-:#R<-*A->-l-2./-.-2#?-0:A-l-.GA=-<?VA?- .%- 5S3-2-=-2gJ/-+J- .2%- (R$- <A/- (J/- UJ%- 2:A- ,R$- /?- .2%- .%- $.3?- %$- 2>.- =%- .%2&?-0-3,:-o?-?-$?/-&A%-,$*A?-!?-$?%-35/-.-:I<-3J.-hR-eJ-l=-.-$?R=,H.-0<

}-:I<-(R/-=3-(J/-3R,

45

{2?-*J<-$?3-0,

}- :I<- 2!:- $+J<- IA- .2%- =%- o/- .!R/- 0- i3?- 2lR/- 0- S$- 0R?- $?/- 28J?- 36.- .J- 2!:$+J<- 2!/- 0:A- YR$- 3,.- 0<- 36.- 0- .%- ,$8/- ;%- $?<- fA%- <A?- ?- 3- (.- 0:A- 3.R- o.- 3/%$-$A-$/.-,3?-&.-.$-0:A-$9A$?-0?-%R%-=J/-3A-36.-0<-$?/-2?3-3,<-KA/-0<-$/%2- /A- :#R<- =R- $?3- IA- /%- /?- [R$- 0- ,R?- 2?3- IA- :#R<- =R- )A- v<- 36.- 0:A- 5=- IA- (- >?- 43:.A<-2!R.-0:R,,
.J- v<- 3.R- o.- 92- 3R:C- $/?- =- $8/- SA%- 3A- :)R$- 0:A- %J?- >J?- GA?- 1R- :.R$?- 2&.- .J,
V$- .3<- 3(A3?- 1,$;:- 3- =%- ?R$?-P2- 0:A- $/?- H.- 0<- &/- i3?- .%- ,$./- ?- $?<fA%-$A-$9A3-(%-,$9A3-,A=-:R.-$?=-lJ-.%-2?3-$+/-lJ-?R$?-.2J/-0-i3?-?-{-353?-=R4J=-3-.%-,^-S$-3,^-$?3,^-$&A$-$A-3,<-2g/-0-;/-IA-]-3-8A-S$hR<-?J3?,2!:2o.,,$?-eJ-(J/-0R,;%-1<,$>A/-eJ-$>J.,g-3PA/,3#:-,R.-=-?R$?-;A-.3-IA-z-?3&- l- s:A- 2~J/- 12- .%- ,mR$?- 0- (J/- 0R- OJ$?- (R.- GA- *3?- 28J?- =- ~A%- 0R<- SA=- /?,,R.- c=.%-_%-.R<-?R$?-G%-.?-$/.-.%-2!/-+J-,$?-*3?-?-28J?-0?-3-.$-0:A-$%-2-:$R$-0:A2*J.- <A3- =- 2g/- 0- ,R2- !J- =?- 28A- $%- ;A/- ;%- ,R$?- 3J.- .- P2,mR$?-<A3- l- _%- ,A$- =J:A:PR?-K-+A<-.$-0?-8-2.J:A-;J->J?-K$-o<-:2<,mR$?-0-(J/-0R-<%-$%-<A?-3J.-GA-.$R%?-0:O%?- 0?- $9%- :6B/- IA- 35/- 3- <%- ?<- PR=,3*3- eJ?- <A?- 3J.- :R.- $?=- #R<- ;$- $A- +A%- %J:6B/-=-.2%-:LR<,$%-,R.-,3?-&.-;J->J?-GA-<R=-0<-><-2?,aR2-.0R/-(J/-0R-0E-.%-,2A3- =,>- 36.,?%?- o?- $?%- 2,2N- <R- 4- /,35S- o=,*%- <=,!/- 3HJ/- (R?-eJ- ?R$?- o2R.- GA- 0E- P2- .- 3:A- ;J- >J?- GA- {- 3%R/- .- $%- 2?- 3=- 0:A- .GA=- :#R<- 3R?- +J,<%- $+J<- IA?35S/- 0:A- 2!:- $+J<- .- 3:A- .2%- 2{<-&A%- 92- =3- IA- $.3?- 0:A- $/.- ,3?- &.- z$- 0<2N=- /?- !R/- 0- .%- ,hR- eJ- $8R/- /,hR<- ?J3?,;%- .$,$?- eJ- (J/- 0R,8A- OR,i=- :LR<- 3?R$?- ;A- .3-IA-z- .- 3?- G%- 8=- 2!/- +J- .2%- 2{<- LA/- IA?- 2_2?- 0- .%- ,2.J- 2- &/- .%- d;2- .0=- <A- ?R$?- .$- 0:A- 8A%- #3?- 3%- 0R<- 2PR.- 0?- 8A%-;R%?- ?- :LR%?- 0:A- +A%- %J- :6B/- =

}-:I<-(R/-=3-(J/-3R,

46

{2?-*J<-$?3-0,

.2%-:LR<-2-.%-,3#:-:PR-(R?-*R%-i3?-GA?-=?-,R$?-3J.-.-212?->A%-=%-!R/-0-?R$?-%R35<- 2:A- $9A$?- $%- 3,:- ;?,($?- ,R$?- 3J.- 0:A- 3%R/->J?- 3%:- 2?- .?- GA- :I<- wR$?R$?- GA- =%- 2!/- 0- i3?- G%- KA?- ,R$- +- 22- 0:A- ;A.- (J?- GA- $+/- 5B$?- 3%- .- $%- 2- ?R$?- /A:#R<-=R-$?3-IA-/%-/?-%R%-2-2?3-$+/-IA-:#R<-=R-)A-v<-36.-0:A-5=-&%-9.-2!R.-0:R,,
$8/-;%-$.=-L:A-{=-2-.%-:53?-0:A-$8/-.R/-IA-UA/-=?-2*%?-5=-/A,.$%-=R2&-0-/?-2l3?-eJ:A-{-52-36.-.J-:(.-lR.-lR3-$?3-.%-2>.-12-=?-$?3-IA-:#R<-=R?2!/-:PR:A-.R/-36.-&A%-,H.-0<-.-$R%-$A-=%-.R/-28A/-(R/-=3-IA-:VJ=-2-?.-0?-92-$+J<IA-2!:-22-5=-;%-,
.$%- =R- 2&R- 2o.- 0- (- ;R?- ^- 2- s- 0:A- 5K?- 2&- =- $;:- 3- =%- /?- <A$- :6B/- ,$?- ,A$
*J<- $*A?- 0- 3J- =$- O3?- ^:A- 5K?- 2o.- =- m- :U=- IA- 2!R.- 0?- >J=- V$- /?- $>A/- eJ- $>J.SJ$?- :)R3?,?R- $&A$- 0- 3J- :V$- !$- ^:A- *- =-AR- .$<- V$- /?- $<- S$- .%- hR<- ?J3?- A- +A:A{R<,?R-s-0-t$?-3J=-(-!R.-^-2:A-5K?-*J<-.$-=->-:$-v$-|R-/?-,$?-eJ-(J/-0R-2.J-$>J$?!/-:.?-GA-(R?-{R<-OR3-$+J<-.-,/-S%?-0<-36.-&A%-,.J-;%-.$%-=R-?R-$&A$-;/-(.-.-}<,$?- o.- =- (A/-LJ.- GA- ?- 2R/- ,J2?- 0- *A.- <A3-IA?- :1J=- 2?- 23- .2%- $A- *3?- MR%- ;=- $%,3?-&.-$?=-!R%-+-3-v-2<-$+/-=-12-0?,>?-(J<-{:A-:PR-.R/-,R.-0:A-.?-;A/-0:A-KA<,
>R.- (J/- ,A- =%- ?R$?- zR- L%- $A- ;=- ,- ..- 0- .-3<- 82?-2*R.- /?- .GA=- :#R<- 3,R %- 2- 43- IA?<A?- 3J.-GA- $.=- L- 2?3- IA?- 3A- H2- 0:A- o.- =- i3- PR=- IA- ?- 2R/- 28$- !J- :#R<- 2- 3,:- &/- .36.- 0- .%- ,?R- $*A?- 28J?- 0- 3J-4=- .2R- ^- /?- $?%- .2%- $A- *3?- MR%- <%- <A$- $?=- !R%- .><-+J- $9%- :6B/- .LA%?- ?- PR=- 2?,$?%- $A- :PR- .R/- =- $4S- 2R<- ,R.- 0:A- .?- ;A/- 0:A- KA<,
3(R$-.3/-2<-3:A-{=-w/-5S$?-=-92-o?-GA-(R?-:#R<-2<-3J.-.-2{R<-2<-36.-0-.%-,?R2o.-28J?-0-(-1$-O3?-^-/?-1R-*:A-=3-IA-8-2.J:A-.0J?-35S/-0:A-.R/-IA-;J->J?-<A$-!R%-2.J2- (J/- 0R- z/- *J?- 3A- :I<- 2:A- .$:- 28A- ,$?- o.- =- :O%?- 0:A- *3?- MR%- <A3- IA?- :1J=- 2?,

}-:I<-(R/-=3-(J/-3R,

47

{2?-*J<-$?3-0,

,$?- GA-:PR- .R/- =- >?- (J<- ,R.- 0:A- .?- ;A/- 0:A- KA<,.J- KA/- (.- ,A<- (R?- 2!:- <A?- 3J.- .$?%?-0- ;A/- /:%-,H.- 0<-92- OA.-GA - $.3?- 0- *A.- o.- ,R$-+- &A- (A/- :.J2?- 0<- 36.- 0?{=- w/- i3?- <%- L%- $A- ;J- >J?- 8=- 2v- 2- =- 24/- ,2?- ?- .NA- 2:A- 36.- 0- #R- /<- 2.$- $A<28J?-0-!J,$4S-2R-!/-3HJ/-o=-3(R$-s-0-(J/-0R?-}-:I<-o.-:23-<A/-0R-(J?-35S/-92-o?GA- (R?- {R<- )A- ~J.- &A$- $?/- /?- +A- XA<- 2!<-&A%- ,.J?- 35S/- $?%- $A- 8=- aR2- GA- $4S- 2R- #J- YA.?%?-o?-o-35S,hR-V$-<A$-:6B/-0E-UA/-=?,?-*-OA-(J/-!/-.$:-2N->A?,lJ-$.R%-82?S%-#-.2R/-?R$?-$./-?-$R%-:R$-$A-*J?-(J/,!3-5%-$A-2!/-:6B/-35<-1-o=-52-.%-QJ-@R<3(R$-3=,:VA-$%-.!R/-3(R$-UA/-=?-29%-0R,!$-=%-0-2!/-:6B/-YA.-8A-i3-o=,:V$0-,3?-&.-3HJ/-0-.0$-2?3-.2%-0R,|3-0R-3(R$-3=-29%-0R-hR-eJ-.%-$.%-o.,(2-3.Ro=-2-:1$?-0-z,%$-.2%-3(R$-$A-3=-{,3.R-#3?-0-%$-.2%-!/-.$:-2!/-:6B/,+]- $R%- :R$!:,R$- o=- Y?,mR$?- (J/- $*A?- 0- :I<- 3J.- ,J$- 3(R$- 2!/- :6B/- i3?- .%- ,
$8/-;%-?-1$-:VA-!$-?R$?-(J/-0R:C-$R-?<-28$?-0:A-*J?-3(R$-.-3-.%-,.0R/-(J/-.%-3A(J/,2!/-0-$?=-2<-36.-0:A-2>J?-$*J/-{-Y?-0E-:I<-3J.-o-35S,82?-S%-;A.-28A/=J$?- P2,SA/-(J/- <A/- (J/- i3- o=, eJ- 24/- 3A- :I<- .0=- 1R/- i3?- .%- ,H.- 0<- .-/%,$?-GA-Y?-$&A$-0-$;-1:A-i3-:U=-$&%-=R-(J/-Kk-XA,$8/-;%-*J-2<-$/?-0-.$J-.R%-]R$?=- o- 35S,}$?- <2- :L3?- 0- AR- o/- (R?- P$?,:23- <3?- 0- AR- o/- {=- 29%- ?R$?2!/-0:A-!-(J/-:.J$?-/?-0:A-8=-aR2-.%-,.2?-$4%-#3?-!R%-zR- 3R/-3%:-<A?-?R$?-/?..- :.?- GA- {=- w/- 3(R$- .3/- 3,:- ;?- 0- i3?- =- ?R- ?R:C- ]R-.%- :53?- 0:A- }- :I<- 2!:$+J<- .% - }$?- $?<- 3- 3.R- KR$?- ?R$?- GA- .2%- OA.- 2>.- =%- $A- (R?- |R- .- 3- 8A$- o/- ($?- ?2)=-2?-:P/-^-3J.-0:A-2!/-0-$?=-8A%-o?-0<-36.-0-.%-,2!/-0-;/-<A%-.-$/?-0:AKA<- 2!:- 3:A- (R?- {R<- IA- 12- .GA=- .2%- (R$- ?R$?- .%- ,$+J<- #- $R%- :R$- $A?- $4S?- $+J<- fA%H.- 0<- &/- i3?- GA- (R$- 21A$?- ?R$?- }- /- 3J.- 0:A- =J$?- 2>.- k.- .- L%- 2:A- 2!/- 2&R?- G%

}-:I<-(R/-=3-(J/-3R,

48

{2?-*J<-$?3-0,

{R<- 5S- 2&- $?3- =- 0!A- !- 2&- S$- $A- i3- 0<- 28$?- >A%- $.=- L- i3?- (A/- &A%- PR=- 2<- 36..R,,
.J- 28A/- .- $+J<- =%- =?- $?=- 2- 28A/,,A- =R- 1676<2-L%- 110:A- 3J- 1R- :V$- $A=R<-$%?-uR%?-.2?-KR$?-GA-9-KA-<-#R3-0-$?3-IA?-o.-2#3?->A%-2>.-12-GA-L-2?-.?:.:- 2:A- KA<- .- $?%- (J/- }- :I<- 2:A- 2!:- $+J<- 3- =?- 0:AA- :L%- $/?- 2>.- 12-GA- (- $+J<(J/- 0R- :R$- 3A/- AR- o/- (A/-PR=- \A%- $A- $./- ?- :.A-*A.- ,R$-3<-K$-2+2-!J-.$J- :./-?3-2o-*J2-43-$?<-.-2#?-+J-o/-($?-0-.%-,.J-.$-$A-$/?-3=-.%-gJ/-$?3-3(R.-(,.?-28A:A12-3(R.- GA- ;R- L.- .%- fJ.-0,$8/- ;%- VA?- :2<- IA- {- 2f/- 3%- 0R- .%- ,$?J<- .%=- IA?- VA?0:A- 2!:- :I<- IA?- 35S/- \J$?- 23- s- 2o- 2c=- 2,}- :I<- IA- :PJ=- 2>.- (R$- UA/- =- ?R$?0:A- %<- 3%- 0R,{- :23- 3,R%- PR=- (J/-3R?- ,R$- S%?- 0:A-{- $?%- ,$?- GA-gJ/-.- 3 - 28J%?- 0<36.- &A%-,$+R%- 2- 1/- ?3- 5S$?- 0?- KR$?- .%- <A?- ?- 3- (.- 0:A- 3(R.- .A/- IA- ;=- i3?- =5S$?- $*A?- GA- o<- z$- 0<- $+R%- 2- ?R$?- 2!/- :PR:A- 1/- 2.J- o?- 0:A- 36.- 0- _2?- (J/- #R- /2.$-$A<-28J?-0-%R-35<-k.-.-L%-2:A-i3-,<-2?3-IA?-3A-H2-0-;R.-0-=?-L-2-=?-GA-:#R<=R-)A-v<-36.-0:A-{R<-3.R-43-2!R.-0:R,,
.J- v- 2:A- $+J<- (J/- :.A- *A.- $?<- fA%- 2!/- 0- ;R%?- mR$?- =- .%R?- .%- 2o.-/?- 2!:SA/-(J-2-3-9.,)R->%?-8A-$&R.-2R-.R%-2-?R$?-(R?-o/-U-2-i3?-<%- !R2?-.%-$8/-2{=-=gJ/- $.3?- %$- $A- YR$- 3,.- 0- v- 2- .%- ,;%- |R?- OA- YR%- 3(R.- ;R/- IA- K$- eJ?- }- :I<- fA%- 3:A2!:- 3- 3.R- +- ?J3?- $?3-IA- $4S?- <A%- =$?- k.- .- L%- 2- i3?- GA- 2>.- 12-$3- 9.- GA- 3<- 3Jv- 2<- 3/=- .- *J- 2- /,,$?- !R2?- 83- 0- 3J.- 0:A- :2.- 2lR/- (J/- 0R?- 24=- +J- 2>.- 12- =?$?3- IA- |R- /?- 2!/- 0- *3?- 0- k%- /?- $?R?- >A%- ,.R/- IA- ~A%- 0R- eJ- 24/- (J/- 0R- :.A- *A.- 3(J.8=- $.%- o.- .%- 2&?- 0:A- 2!:- SA/- =- 2gJ/-$?%- }$?- fA%- 3:A- 35/- .R/- .%- 3,/- 0- :O=3J.- 5.- ,2- GA- o/- .- v:A-2<-3A- *3?- $R%- :1J=-o?-0-:.A- L%-2?-/-%R-35<-2:A- 2!:- SA/-.%

}-:I<-(R/-=3-(J/-3R,

49

{2?-*J<-$?3-0,

K$-eJ?-=-??-G%-:P/-^<-3-I<-0?,a.-GA-fA%-3-0:A- (R?-P=-.-*J?-0-i3?-/?-G%-92(R?- ?- 2+$?- 0:A- (R$- UA/- *A- 5K- 2- 43- =- ]R- 3A- $+R.- 0<- 2!/- 0:A- 1R3- (J/- 0R- KR$?- :.A:A- <A%=$?- o- (J<- :6B/- &A%- %J=- 2- =- 2lR/- 0- (J- ,%- .- 2*J.- 0<- <A$?- ?R- 8J?- KA?- GA- =R- o?- .%- (R?:L%-i3?-?-$?%?-0-/A-]R-$9-2R<-$/?-0:A-$+3-=$?-?R,,
.J- v- 2- $?%- 2- 2?3- IA?- 3A- H2- 0:A- 36.- 0- <J- 8A$- 3,<- KA/- 0<- *J- 2- !J,.$%-=R- <J.$- 0- >A%- g- @R<- ^- .%- 0R-/?- &%- 9.-~/- 0:A- 5=- 2!/,H.- 0<- 5K?- *J<- s- /?- #- .2R/- i3?=-8=-$.3?-KA-3,:A-2a2-L-2)=,.J-/?-29%-82?-:VA%-.-$/?-0-i3?-GA-$%-%R<-/2-GAKA:A-lA$-%R?-/-;R.-0-:S-2<-o-\A%-v-2:A-1->A/-+-~/-0-o/-($?-?-L%-8A%-.J-35%?-$-2<-v2:A-SA-%.-GA?-$9A3-(%-KA-/%-,3?-&.-H2-0:%-L%- ,@R<-^-$*A?-0:A-*A-SR?-=-><-KR$?-?$R3- 0- 2./- :PR- .$R?- 0- ;R.- $?%?- +J- 28J%?- /?- 82?-$R3- 0- 2./- %R?- 3,<- *A=- N%- $A?28$?-+J,$%-P$?-<A$-$?3-z-}$?-(R?-{:A-%%-,,{-.%-;J->J?-<R=-0<-:L3?-[?-0,,
92-$?%-i=-:LR<-(J/-0R:C-*3?-=J/-=,,.LJ<-3J.-,$?-GA-,A$-=J<-<R-$&A$->R$,&J?-:.:#<- 8=- (J3?- GA- 5=- .- $?%?- eJ?,.- !J- 3#:- :PR:A- 2?- 2- ;%- L%- %R-$?%?- +J- K$- $*A?- DSA=-:OR=-2:A-2h-.%-,/-v-!%?-.%-2&?-{.-&A$-=-%R-35<-2:A-v?-.%-m-:U=-(J/-0R-3%R/0<-36.-/?-?-,R.-0E-:R.-GA-8A%-#3?-(J/-3R<-$>J$?-0:A-5=-2!/-+R,,.J:A-5K-:):-:R.-GA$<-HA3-.%-,?-$;R-2-?R$?-k.-.-L%-2:A-.$J-35/-i3?-.%-,$.%-8$?-=-1=-2:A- {2?,$?-.%-,.2-,R.-3J?-3-k?-0<-1J2?->A%-{-$.%-<A%-2YJ=-IA-5S$?-.%-,8/-,A$-=-?R-?R<gR$?- 0:A- ;J- >J?- GA- <%- 3.%?- 3%R/- .- I<- 0:A- g$?- ?- o=- 2- :R.- 35/- !R%- :2<- IA- {- 2f/$9A- LA/- .%- w/- 8A%- :)R/- $4%- 1J2?- 0- ?R$?- ,J$- 0- 3(R$- $A- g$?- 3- 5%- 2- 3J.- 0?- $.=- Li3?-(A/-PR=-..-0:A-$/?-=-2!R.-0<-L?-?R,,

lR3-1A$-0?,

}-:I<-(R/-=3-(J/-3R,

50

{2?-*J<-$?3-0,

?7*2?-eJ-!$-=%-lJ-3=-<A/-0R-(J:A-$?%-:UA/,
1/-2.J:A-$8A-3-o=-2!/-.<-8A%-,:PR-!/-2.J-2:A-KA<-2!/-0:A-$?=-LJ.-7*2?-eJ.<-,%-<A/-0R-(J:A-,$?-2*J.-]-3J.-GA?,$/?-3(R$-hR-eJ-$./-.-%R-35<-3(R.-3A/-.0$-3J..%- 2&?,}- :I<- :.?- 0- o- 35S- z/- :6S3?- GA?- (R/- =3- (J/- 3R- $?<- :6$?- $/%- 2- .J- *A.,
}- :I<- fA%- 3:A- (R?- 5S$?- /?- ,$?- #<- (J<- 28J?- GA?- 3A- *3?- $R%- :1J=- 36.- 0<- eJ?- ?- ;A<%-.%-2&?,.J<-:.?-:1$?-5S$?-:.?-0-o-35S?-G%-,$?-2*J.-]-3J.-.%-:VJ=,2!/0:A- 3A$- o/-.- :PR- 2:A- !/- ,R.- i3- .$- ,R$1/- 2.J:A- $8A- l- o=- 2!/- .<- o?- ;/- $/?- .%- ,
:PR-!/-]-3J.-L%-(2-,R2-0:A-,$?-(R/-IA-353?-.R<-o-(J-;R%-2-8J?-8-o-:.A,?A3-=-hR-V$.$R/-.-}-:I<-<A$-36S.-lR3-1A$-z/-#%-/?-K$-VA?-1J2?-0<-2gJ/,!$-=%-lJ-3=-0?-,A=R-2011,AA-^-95K?-15=-$?-0?-1=,

?7*2?-eJ-.<-,%-<A/-0R-(J:A-$?%-:UA/,

}-:I<-(R/-=3-(J/-3R,

51

.!R/-3(R$-$?3-=-K$-:5=-=R,)A-{.-.,J$-0-3(R$-$A-36S.-=?,
*J-2<-.!:-2-:63-2:A-\A%-=?-GA?- 0- =?- (R?- ,R.- 0:A- ;=- .- *J?,fJ.- 0<.!:- 2- .=- :LR<- 1/- ?3- 5S$?- 0<- fJ.,
:U.- 0<- .!:- 2- ]- 3- .$J- 2:A- 2>J?- .%U.,8$?- 0<- .!:- 2- .3- 0:A- (R?- <A/- 0R(J:A- |R<- 8$?,>J?- 0<- .!:- 2- ]- /- 3J.0:A- 3/- %$- KA/- &A- 3- =R$- 0- >J?,%%- 2<.!:- 2- :#R<- 2- #$- 2}=- IA- o- 35S- %%?/?- ,<- 0- L%- (2- GA- \A%- .- :PR- 2:A- .?- .<J?- 2lR/- :P?- .%- ~A%- <?- 2*J.- /?- 3212?- /,KA- /?- :.A- v- 2:A- 3,/- nJ/- 5%2- 3A- YA.- 0?,.=- #R3- .%- <J?- :)R$- 3J.0<- *A/- 35/- .- 92- 3R:C-.R/- =- |R3- 0<<A$?- +J,:1$?- 0- [:A- .2%- 0R:C- 8=- }/?,
3,/- 0<-I<- 0:A- ;=- /- $/?- 0.%-,,*J-2R-.3-0-=-/A-2gJ/-0-.%-,,2.$$A?-=J$?-(R/-}R/-.%?-2?R.-/3?-*J?,,
:#R<- =R- (J/- 0R- 28A- /A- HR.- =- 3%:,,8J?- 0.%-,:1$?-0-8A-2-z:A-8=-}-/?,

{2?-*J<-$?3-0,

.=- :LR<- :.A- /A- >A/- +- fJ.- 0<.!:,,*J?- 2- .R/- P2- ,R2- 0<- I<- 0- =,,
$=- +J- :.A- =- 2lR/- 0<- 3- L?- /,,KA?- /A;%- .$- :LR<- 0<- $- =- :I<,,8J?- 0- .%- ,
:.A- :S:A- .=- 0-fJ.- I<- /?,,.J%- .- 2lR/0<-3-LJ.-/,,>A-2:A-:R$-+-%/-:PR<-:PR,,
2{=- 0- LJ- 2- 2o- !R%- .,,2.J- :PR:A- 1- ;%3A- ,R?- /,,2.J- :PR- ,R2- 0- (R?- &A- .$R?, ,
8J?-$?%?-?R,,
.J- ;%- .- v:A-2.J- #$- .%- $%- 2- :.A,3?- &.- }R/- IA- =?- =?- I<- =,.-<J?- GA=?- GA?- KA- 3:A- $%- 2- 2*J.- 0- !J,}- 3- ==?- %/-0- L?- 0- i3?- /A- :.A<- ;%- .2%- 0R3- 5%- 2- .%- ,;/- =$- :,A%- P3- =- ?R$?0-.%-,$9$?-%/-8A%-1R%?-=-$8/-.2%.- I<- 0- =- ?R$?- 0<- (A/- =,}- 3- =- =?29%- 0R- 2?$?- 0- i3?- /A- .2%- 0R- $?=8A%- $9$?- 36K?- 0?- 3,R%- /- ;A.- .- :R%- 2.%-,:#R<-.%-=R%?-,R.-.%-w/-8A%-g$-+<%- .2%- :LR<- 0- =- ?R$?- 0<- L%- 2:R,,5KKA-3-=-$%-.- *J-2-;%-.-v:A-2?3-,R.- .$J3A- .$J- =- <$- =?- +J, 5S$?- 2?$?- >A%-

}-:I<-(R/-=3-(J/-3R,

52

.A/-0-.%-5=-OA3?-=-?R$?-0-,R.-0-i3?2.J-:PR-3,R-<A?-GA-:)A$-gJ/-.-*J-8A%-:#R<.%- :LR<- 0?- 3,R- =,29R.- 0- .%- .. - 0- =?R$?- $/?- 0- i3?- $9$?- 36K?- 0- .%- ,
.0%- $*J/- .%- 3$R/- *2?- L?- 0?- ;=.2?-?-*J-2-.%-,!/-IA?-2!<-8A%-$8/IA?- $/R.- 0- 3J.- 0<- *J- 2- .%- ,}- 3<- ]- 3=- $?- >A%- (R?- =- ,R.- 0?,.- v- ]- 3- ;%.$- 0- .$J- 2:A- 2>J?- $*J/- .%- :U.- &A%(R?-=-,R.-0-.%-,}-3-=-,R?-2?3-|R3-0=- .%?- 0- i3?- :.A<- ;%- >J?- <2- (J- 8A%(R?-GA-i3-P%?-5.-3J.-0:A-|R-=-,R?-0-.%2?3-0- .%- |R3- 0?- <%- .%- $8/- IA- .R/$*A?- z/- P2- +- LJ.- 0- =- ?R$?- 0- ;R/- +/.0$-+-3J.-.R,,}-3-#A$-+R-3A-.$J-2:A-=?L?-0-i3?-:.A<-;%-%/-:PR-$-5S$?-?-*J=,3,R- <A?- ,R2- G%- .2%- 0R- 3- 5%- 2- =?R$?-0-1R%?->A%-2?R.-/3?-(%-2<-*J-=,
:.A<- ;%- 3A- .$J- 2- ,.- 0?- KA- 3- =:%- #$2}=-.%-w/-0:A-<A$?-?-*J:R,,3.R<-/-5K}- 3- =- $%- L?- .- v:A- 2.J- #$- .%- =??J3?- GA- i3- 0?- >J?- =,KA- 3- $%- .- *J- .v:A- 2?3- ,R.- =- <$- =?- +J,3.R- #J- #R%- 0R

{2?-*J<-$?3-0,

2!R.-0- =?,}- 3-&iA- L?- =?- =- vR?,,KA3- $<- :PR- ?J3?- =-vR?,, 8J?- ?R,,.J- v<2?3?- /?- G%- .- <J?- 3A- .$J- 2- .R<- .$J- 2212- g$- +- .3- 0:A- (R?- =- ]R- $/?- .$R?+J, (R?- 3- $+R$?- 0- $%- $A?- G%- 1/- 3A,R$?- 0:A- KA<- <R,,2- 3R- <A/- (J/- IA?- 8?0:A-3.R-=?,
:.A-/-1-.%-3-.%-2>J?-i3?-.%-,,
$*J/- .%-l- =$- *2?- ?- 3A- :I<- +J, ,2.%-2-3R-.J-28A/-3$R/-*2?-3A/,,;R/-+/w/- 0- :.A- .$- 3- $+R$?- 0, ,:)A$- gJ/3$R/-*2?-I<-0-$8/-:$:-3J.,,&J?-0.%-,o=-0R-=-$.3?-0:A-3.R-=?,
.?- GA?- $*J<- +J- o=- 0R- :PR- :I<- /,,
=R%?- ,R.- 36:- .%- 2>J?- i3?- eJ?- 3A:V%-,,*J?-2-HR.-/A-$%-/?-$%-:PR-;%-,,
=?- /A- PA2- 3- 28A/- .- eJ?- ?- :V%- ,,8J??R,,
$*A?- 0- :)A$- %J?- 0:A- o- 35/- =2?3?- /?- g$- +- %J?- :L%- .%- *R- >?2*J.- 0- /A,.J- v<- fJ.- .!:- 2:A- .=- 2- ,R2G%-:L%-28A-:.?-0:A-1%-0R-;A/-0?-:)A$0<-%J?-+J-1%-0R-;A/-0:A-KA<,y-2-hR?-0:A-

}-:I<-(R/-=3-(J/-3R,

53

1%- 0R- .%- :S- 2- :.A- /3- :)A$- (- 3J.- 0?,

.- v- 3- 8A$- 0:A- gJ/- :.A- =- 2.$- $A?- ,<- 0.3- 0:A- (R?- L,kA- =3- +- 3- .%- :S- 2- 5K:.A:A- $%- 2- :.A?- &A- LJ.- ~3- .- ~A%- /?2?3-.$R?-+J,<A/-0R-(J-%%?-0:A-o.-=?,
:L%-2-<$?-0:A-$9$?-i3?-=,,
2#.- 0:A- ?- 3J.- ;- <J- (,,*J?- 2- 2g/- 0:A5K-YR$-=,,.?-2+2-3J.-0-;-<J-(,,5S$?S$-;=-IA-$%-2-=,,g$-0-3J.-0-;-<J-(,,
*J?-2:A-S/-2?3-L%-5S<-=,,9.-0-3J.-0;- <J- (,,=?- =?- :L%- 2:A- #$- 2}=- =,,
.%?- 0- 3J.- 0- ;- <J- (,,8J?- ?R,,.J- v<- 3Ag$- 0- ;A/- ;%- ,g$- 0- .%- 2.J/- 0<- :6A/0?- 5K- :.A:A- $%- 2- =- ($?- 0:A- *J- 2R- i3?:O=- 0?,2.$- /A- .J- v<- 3- I<- 0- &A$- L.$R?- ~3- .- ~A%- /?- /%- .- 2?3- 0- .%- ,
2.$- $A?- $8/- =- 1/- 2+$?- ?3, .P2+=- =3, ;=- 29%- %3,&A- L?- G%- .J,3?- &.- =- ~A%- 0R- 3J.- &A%- 2a- 2?- /%- .<%-$A-?J3?-:2:-8A$-2v-2<-L-!J,.0=3<- 3J- 36.- ;J- >J?- GA- 8=- }- /?,GJ- :)A$gJ/- ,R.- 0- .$- =- 1<- 2v?- 0?,,L?- 0,3?- &.- .R/- 3J.- #$- 2}=- o, ,&A- =

{2?-*J<-$?3-0,

2?3?-G%-1/-0-3A-$.:-2,,<%-$A-?J3?=- v- 2- $R3?- 0<- IA?,,8J?- 0- v<- 2?3:5=-=R,,

$?3- 0- :(A- %J?- 0:A- .0J-=-2?3?/?- .$R?- .?- !R%?- 0:A- 92- .R/- |R3- 0<$.3?- 0- /A,,A<- :.?- L?- GA- (R?- 3A- g$0:A- .0J- kA- =3-+- 3- =- ?R$?- 0- .%- :S- !J,
(J.-.-2eR.-0:A- 5S3?-=?,GJ-3-:.?-L?i3-3A-g$,*J->A%-:)A$-0:A-(R?-&/-;A/,,
*J?- /?- :)A$- 0<- :I<- 2?- /,,.J- 2?M<-.-8A-2-2.J,,{<-3-<2-<A2-3<-3J-.%-,,
+- 3- 9A=- 0- (- 2<-:S,,kA- =3- \R$- .%-3A/v-2,,:.?-L?-(R?-i3?-.J-.%-:S,,8J??R,,|R?-*J?-2:A-5K-3A-g$-0:A-.0J,*A-^-#.R<-$?%-2-(J/-0R:C-o.-=?,
$%- 8A$- =?- &/- *J?- 2- i3?,,5K/A- 3A- g$- kA- =3- :S,,kA- =3- IA?- /A- P2- 03J., ,5K- /A- 3A- g$- (- .%- :S, ,:22- (?$&A$- +- 2#.- 0- 3J.,,5K- /A-:6B/- 3J.- _%.%- :S,,_%- $A?- *J?- 2- 29%- 2- 3J.,,5K/A-;/-,%-3=-0-:S,,3=-0?-g$-+-$/?0- 3J.,,5K-/A- 2.J/- 3J.- +- 3- :S,,+- 3?2.J/-0:A-?-29%-3J.,,5K-/A-3A-#R.-:PR/-0R-

}-:I<-(R/-=3-(J/-3R,

54

:S,,:PR/- 0R?- g$- +- 2#.- 0- 3J.,,5K- /A3- %J?-(<- 3A/- :S,,3A/- IA?- .?- 5S.- 29%2-3J.,,.J- v<- *J?- 2:A- 5K-;A- 5.,,:.A-v<$&A$- +- 3- %J?- +J,,\R- 2<- 2- .%- ,R$- 22??,,.?-5S.-:.A-:S<-29%-2-3J.,,&J?-0.%-,(J.-.-2eR.-0:A-5S3-=?,
=-=-3%=-/-$/?-/?-:(A,,=- =.<- =- 22?- /?- :(A,,.J- =- 3A- :.A- $8R/8J?- +J, ,$?R/- 0R:C- $.J%-VR.- &A- 8A$- ;R.,,
&J?- ?R,,.J-v<- 3A- g$- 0?- M<- .- :(A- %J?0<- 2?3?- +J, 5K- :.A:A- L- 2, ($?- #%:,2- lR., =J- =R- $?R$- :)R$ =R- :.R.- (JH.,#J- <A?- KR$?- :6B/,.P- $*J/- :.=*R%-,,R?- G%- .R/- =- 3A- :L<- 2:A- #- 2>..%->J?-$*J/-,3?-&.-GA-&A-1/-~3-.-~A%-/?-2?3-.$R?-+J,$+3-L<,
5K- /A- ;/- ,%- >J?- L:A- i3- 0- 3%- ,,
5K- ;A- 5.- G%- )A- 43- 3A- >J?- 0?,,%%- 0?- (=- :R- 3- =J/- 0- v<,,<%- $A- :.R.- 0- .%- .]%?-2<-LR?,,8J?-0-v<,.J-<A%-*A.-/?92- 3R:C-2?- {.- &A$- 3A- g$*J- >A:A- <A3- Y%2?3- 0?- $>A?- 3A- g$ 5S%- #%- 3PR/- 0R2?3?- 0?- :.?- G%- :V=- 2- i3?- =

{2?-*J<-$?3-0,

2?3?- +J,M<- .- :(A,%J?- 0<- :(A,/3:(A- (- 3A- :.$(R?- 3A/- 0?- 1/- 0- 3A- :.$~3- .- 2?3- 0- .%- ,/%- <%- $A- +- =?- GA- /5S.,?J3?-GA- :(<- |R,*A.-#$- $A- <A3- Y%i3?-}-KA<-:I<-2-=-2?3?-/?-G%-,3Ag$-0-3A-2g/-0-:I<-2-:1R-2,>A-/?-a<wR$-0:A-.0J-3J.-0-i3?-=-2?3?-=,{.&A$- ,%- &A$- G%- 3- ;J%?- 0<- :(A- 2- #R- /2?3?-+J,,R.-:)$-=?,
*A/- 35/- !/- +- 2.$- $A?- /A,,:.A*A.- :2:- 8A$- 2?3- 0:A- <A$?, ,8J?- ?R,,
.J-;%-.J-5K-:.A-=?-]R-3-=R$-$R-2<-.-+A%-%J:6B/- 2|R3- 0- .%- L- 2:A- (R?- ,R.- $8/28$- /?- G%- :.A- #R- /- ~A%- /?- 2?3- .$R?+J,:#R<- 2- =?- ]R- wR$- 0- =- :.A- 2?- 920:A- (R?- 3J.- 0:A- KA<- <R,,aR2- .0R/- 0E:A8=-}-/?-G%-,
3A- g$- ;J%- 3J.- :(A- 2?- 2{=- 3$.2, ,*A/- 35/- ,/- 2&.- g$- +- 2|R30<- L, ,8J?- $?%?- 0- 28A/- /R, ,.J?- /<A%-2-YA.-0-($?-:)A$-=-2?3?-G%-5K-3Ag$*J-2-{.-&A$-,%-&A$-=-2?3?-G%-5K-

}-:I<-(R/-=3-(J/-3R,

55

3A- g$.2%- 0R- .%- ;=- 3A- g$- !J - $/?{2?-:I<,:#R<-:.2-.%-/R<-m?-3A-g$!J- .- v- ;R.-G%- .- v- 3J.,1- 3- .%- $*J/:./- 3A- g$- !J- :.?- /?- 3J.,;=- 3A- HA335K?- 3A- g$- !J- LJ- V=- 3%- ,/3- ^- .%- c/$8R/- 3A- g$- !J- $%- 2- :I<,2.J-#$- .%.P-$*J/-3A-g$-!J-3PR/-#%-:S,
3.R<-/-?J3?-&/-,3?-&.-*J->A-=}?- $+., 2.J- #$- $A- $R?- IR/, $9%:6B/- IA- $./- 2+A%- ,3- <A$- $A- 3=- 2&?,
2.$- :6B/- IA- $*A.- *=,2$- ($?- GA- kA=3-kA,#3?-$?3-:#R<-2:A-#%-2-/-.$s- <%- 35/- =- ,R.- 0:A- :PR- 2- !/- G%- *=;%- =%?- 0:A- $*A.- .%- kA- =3- =- ,R$- 3,:.%- ?%?- 0:A- .?- 3J.- 0- :.A- =- 2?3?- =,
.- <J?- :#R<- 2:A- 3/- #%- /?- ,<- 2:A- ,2?=-:2.-0-:.R/-.$R?-?R,,
=?- .%- *R/- 3R%?- .2%- I<-:#R<2- 0, ,3A- g$- 3%R/- .- I<- G%- 2.J/- 0<:6B/,,*J- >A:A- (- 2R<- z%- ;%-,<- 3A- >J?,,
$-5S$?-#$-2}=-M%?-G%-VJ.-.?-3J.,,
;%- .$- >J?- V=- =3- !R/- 3$R/- 3J.- &A%- ,,
(R?- GA- 3A$- 93- 3- <A$- 3/- 0<- :H3?,,

{2?-*J<-$?3-0,

:.A-.$-2?3?-/?-fJ.-.!:A-.=-2-=,,3R.$:A- ?J3?- 2*J.- .3- (R?- 212- 0<- :R?,,

;%- .$- =3- !R/- .J.- .0R/- 3(R$- I<- 0,,
35/- w/- ]- 3- i3?- .%- 3)=- I<- &A%- ,,
92- 3R- (R?- 3(R$- 2..- lA- ,R2- .?- :.A<,,
2lR/- 0?- 212?- +J- YA.- $?3- o- 35S- ;A,,
1- <R=- 3(R$- +- 2c=- =- 2lR/- :5=- =R,,5K/A- 3A- g$- /2- <A:A- PA2- 3- 28A/,,$;%- #:AuR/- >A%- _%- $A?- 2*R.- :S- 8A%- ,,3A/- .%\R$- 28A/- C- lJ:A- 9A=- 2- 28A/,,M<- 2- *A..- :(A- 2- 2?3- :5=- =R,,.- v- :(A- 8J?- ~A%/?- 3- S/- /,,=J- =R?- $;J%?- 0?- :(A- .?1/- 3A- ,R$?, ,.J- 2?- .- v- ,R$- +- 22- 028A/,,:)A$?-}%?- 0$- 0?- ~A%-0R:C- .R/=- .R%?,,.J%- /?- 2.$- G%- /$?- 5=3J- +R$- &/, ,*J- 2R?- !R%- 8A%- :22- (:A- 1P$- =, ,.2J/- 8A%- ;A.- :R%- V$- <A:A- S%:.$-!J,,.?-28A<-~A%-0R-3J.-&J?-?J3?-0;A,,.$J- 2- o/- I<- :)A$-gJ/- 3A?-20/- 0,,
!/- =?- (J?- 3(R$- 2..- lA- ,R2- I<- &A%- ,,
3A- g$- !R%- 0:A- 1- (J/- 1R$?- 0<- >R$,(/>A%- 3J- +R$- >%- >R%- 36K?- 0- .J<,,(R?- 5=8A- 2- 3A/- IA- ]- <J- &/,,<A$- :6A/- o=- 2:A-

}-:I<-(R/-=3-(J/-3R,

56

{2?-*J<-$?3-0,

$?=- 2- &/,,8A- 2:A- /$?- ?- $&A$- 0 <$?J<- IA- \R$- :I- 2?,,5K- $&A$- :R.- $?=:PR- :.R.- /, ,~A%- /?- (R/- 0:A- 5B$- $A?~A%- 0R- :P2- 0<- >R$ ,,<- 2:A- #%- 29%<A/- (J/- 1R- V%- /?,,(R?- 5=- 8A- 2:A- d- 1.L%?- 5?- 0, ,3R?- .$J- .$- 0?- M<- ..L%?- P$- 0?, ,3- =?- :PR- !/- 3- <A$:P2- 0<- >R$,&J?- o=- 2- !/- 3HJ/- [R%$*A.- ?%?- +J,,$.R.- 3:A- ?- =- 3%R/- 0<(J/- <2- :L3?- GA?- $?%?- 0:A- $.3?L%- (2- >R$,*R- 2?- ?J3?- 0:A- <%- 28A/92-#R=-L%-8?-0-=$?-?R,,
3#/-aR2-eJ-:2%?-PR$?-.%-2!:-$+J<-IA,,
2o.-:6B/-$?%-(J/-}-:I<-SA-3J.-=$?,,
3.R-}$?-2!/-0:A-*A-^-9%-:)$-.0=,,
1/-2.J:A-:R.-$%-KR$?-.?-!/-H2->R$,

&J?-0:%-,R=-L%-.-$?-0?-1=-2-.$J:R,,,,

?7*2?-eJ-8J-(J/-<2-:L3?-<A/-0R-(J:A-$?%-:UA/,
.J-;%-2.$-&$-$A-!R/-0-3*3-3J.-,2-0:A-.2%-0R-*A.-GA?-2!/-0-:.A-*A.-L%-/?-L%.-.<-2<-=%-2!/-0-28A/,$%?-<A-<-2?-;R%?-?-2{R<-2:A-8A%-:.A<-,J$-0-(J-(%-}$?-.%2&?- 0:A- 2!/- 0- <A/- (J/- 5%- =- 3- /R<- 2- .<- 8A%- o?- 0- .J- *A.- $/?- {2?- *J- :PR- 2?R.- /3?.3/- 0:A-.2%- =?- *3?- *J?- ?- KA/- 0- v- 2- $%- /:%- ,o=- 2- $R%- 3- i3?- GA- ,$?- 2*J.- .% 36.- 0- 2?3- IA?- 3A- H2- 0:A- .2%- $A?- .- (- ?- !J%- !/- +- .<- o?- ?- KA/- 0:A- {2?- :.A<,}:I<-2:A-o=-2-$R%-3-i3?-GA?-,$?-eJ-=?-20/-0:A-:63-\A%-?-;A-vJ-2-2{=-29%-$A-?%?o?-!R%-,3?-&.-$%-.-:5%-o-2:A-$/?-3(R$-hR-eJ-$./-:.A<-=R-v<-:5S$-28A/-0:A-}-:I<

}-:I<-(R/-=3-(J/-3R,

57

{2?-*J<-$?3-0,

(R/-=3- (J/- 3R- 8J?- 2!/- 0- ,A- .%- LJ- V$- .<- 8A%- o?- 0- .%- ,7$R%- ?- z- 3A:A- i3- :SJ/- (J/- 0R7o=-.2%-,3?-&.-3HJ/-0?-.2?-<A?-?-3-(.-0:A-2!/-:6A/-*J?-(J/-i3?-{-5K-2g/-&A%,$?-GA-28J.-.R/-:2.-3J.-z/-IA?-:P2-0-.%-,:63-\A%-*J-.$-;R%?-GA?-8A-2.J:A-.0=-=<R=- 8A%-z$-0<-.-(-:L%-2-:O$?- nJ/- IA?-?-$;R?- ?R$?- :L%-28A:A - $/R.-0-(J?- (J<-:1J=2-i3?-8A-2-.%-,.-=3-<%-<J-}-:I<-2-i3?-GA-.2-:6A/-7*2?-eJ-:O=-8A$-<A/-0R-(J-:I<3J.- %$- .2%- (R?- GA- ]R- PR?- $%- *A.- <J- 8A$- 8A%- $8/- .- $>J$?- 0:A- 36.- 0- 2!/-0- $%- $A- 9$3J.- ,$? - GA- .$R%?- 0- ;R%?- ?- mR$?- >A%- 3=- 0:A- ^- 8=-M<- .- LR/- /?- $R%- 3:A- i3- ,<- 2.$$A<-36.-/?-0-?R$?-GA-(J.,:.A<-5S$?-1J2?-$/%-2:A-}-:I<-2:A-.$J-:./-9-24/-}$?$?3-/?-$4S-2R<-.3-0-$?3-IA?-lA?-9A/-,R$-/?-,$?-(R/-$%-92-;R%-2-.%-,,R.-=3-i328A:A- |R- /?- $4S- 2R- :.=- 2- .%- 2!/- +J- :PR- 2:A- 2?R.- /3?- GA- 8A%- 3(R$- .3- 0<-:I<- ,2- 08A$-;R%-2:A-$?R=-:.J2?-8-o-2&?,
8J- (J/- <2- :L3?- 3=- 3A%- :I<- 3J.- 2>.- 12- (R?- GA- ?J;J- /?,2R.- o=- =R- 2138
t$?-;R?-^-2-75K?-29*A/-29%-0R<-1=,

?7*2?-eJ-(A/-\A%-3#/-(J/-<A/-0R-(J:A-$?%-:UA/,
.-=/-;%-<%-&$-}-:I<-fA%-3-,A-;R%?-/?-o=-2:A-2!/-0-<A/-0R-(J-.%-,LJ-V$-o=.2%-0E-!-<:A-<A%-=$?-(J-2-S$-w/-$?%-(J/-hR-eJ-,J$-0:A-2!/-0-<A/-0R-(J-$?J<-.%?-24S3-v-2-:.A-*A.-.<-8A%-o?-=-;/-/?-;/-.-$/?-0-.%-,.J<-:6B/-IA-*J?-(J/-.3-0-7$R%-?z- 3A:A- i3- :SJ/- o=- .2%- K$- /- 0ER- 3(R$- $A?- $4S?- <A?- 3J.- GA- 2!/- :6A/- .3- 0- i3?- {- 5K82?-0.-2g/-0-.%-,2R.-$%?-&/-uR%?-GA?-35S/-:63-\A%-$%-?<-L%-.%-:L%-28A/-0:A

}-:I<-(R/-=3-(J/-3R,

58

{2?-*J<-$?3-0,

/.-;3?-.%-.3$-:O$?.-,/,3-$J-?R$?-.?-GA-c.-0-3,:-.$-z$-3J.-.-8A-!J-$R-=-^30R- :.A<,8A- 2.J:A- :R.- $%- $A- *- <J%?-$?<- 0- :(<- 2- ?R$?- |R- .- 3<- .3A$?- +J,}- :I<- (R/=3- (J/- 3R- {2?- *J<- $?3- 0-: 5S$- 0:A- {2?- .%- 2!/-<J- 2{=- &%- 9.- 8- o<,.J- ;%- ,2?30-.$J-.%-3A-.$J:A-LJ-V$-=?,,.$J-#A$-$9$?-2f/-(J-(%-eJ?-3A-:V%-,,8J?-$?%?-0-v<$4S-2R-}-:I<-(R/-=3-(J/-3R-:.A-*A.-GA-{2?-5S$?-=-8$?-43-.%-,$/?-3(R$-hR-eJ-$./-.aJ2?-43-IA?-1/-0-(J<-3J.-0-;A/-0?,.J?-/-2?3-0:A-!/-aR%-29%-0R-8A$-$A-,R$-/?-.3:3,:-;%-5S$?-(J/-*A/-P%?-2&:A-<A%-,:)A$-gJ/-(R?-2o.-GA-|R-/?-,R2-.%-$R-?-?R$?-<A%-..R<,1/-5/-:P/-?J3?-.%-$;R-+-U$-.R$-?R$?-%%?,?J3?-o.-~A%-eJ-.%-L3?-?J3?-GA-v2<- $%- ,2- 2lR/,<%- $8/- $*A?- !<- 1/- 0:A- (R/- =3- i3- 0<- .$- 0?- 353?- .<- +J- 5S$?2?$?-_2?-(J-:I<-2-=-.3A$?,KA-/%-..-w/-i3?-GA?-1=-2:A-..-m?-(.-9R?-?-3A-:PR2- .$J- l- (A/- %J?- ?- :R%- 2- 8A$- 2&?,<J- :./- ~A%- ,$- 0- /?- 8- 2- =$?- /- 9- 24/- }$?- $?3IA?- 3.R<- /- ..- w/- .%- 2- :SJ/- 0:A- 3A$- o/,:LR<- w/- 2?R.- /3?-$?R$- 0:A- 8A%- ?<- :I<%J?-0-.%-,}-:I<-2:A-(R/-=3-(J/-3R:C-{2?-fA%-3-2:A-82?-3A-:SJ/-0-8A$-%J?-0<-.-,$?=-2i$-0<-8-o-.%-,o.-GA-o=-0R-:)3-.0=-35/-2eR.-.%-,(R/-=3-IA-o=-0R-29%-0R-,R.0:A- (R/- =3- $*A?- 8=- :.R/- $/%-{2?- 5B$- .R/- ;A.- =-S/- 0<-L?- +J- #- $;J%- 3A$- $;J%-.- 3?R%-2- 8A$- $/%-.$R?- +J,!/- 3HJ/-(J/- 0R?,.R<- 2- ?J3?- 2*J.- .%R?- $8A- .3A$?- 0- 3J.,,
eJ?- =-2 }R- 2?- ;R%?- ?- 9A/- 0- /A,,,<- =3- 2PR.- 0:A- $&J?- 0- i3- $?3- ;A/,,8J?- $?%?- 0v<,.R<- 2:A-$/?- {2?- L%- (2- 3(R$- +- ?J3?- 2*J.,.%R?- $8A- $/?- {2?- ?- 2?3?- G%1/- ?3- 5S$?- 0:A- {2?- :.A<- :.A- KA<- 1/- 0- =- .J- =?- (J- 2- 3J.- 0- !/- IA?- .$R%?- 3%:- 28A/=$?-0?-3%-0R-(R?-3A-.$R?,;%-2!/-0:A-$?=-LJ.-.3-0-fA%-3-2:A-]-(J/-#$-.%-,.$R/#J- (J- U- !/- IA- .2- :6A/- i3?-.%- ,3#/- 3=- .$J- :./- :.?- 0- !/- 2!/- :PR:A- 36.- VJ=- (J;%- ,(R/- =3- (J/- 3R- *A/- P%?- 2&- =?- o/- <A%- 0R- 3J.- 0?- 5S$?- 1J2?- $/%- o- >A/- +- $=- (J,
,A<-?%?-o?-GA-2!/-0-.%-,;%-.$R?-$?%-(J/-hR-eJ-,J$-0:A-<A%-=$?-3A-*3?-$R%-:1J=-.%

}-:I<-(R/-=3-(J/-3R,

59

{2?-*J<-$?3-0,

*3?- 0- ?R<-(.- a.,,$?- 2*J.-(R/- =3- IA- 353?- .R<- .$R?-0-3-9.,}- :I<- :.?- #J- !/z/- &A$- :5S$- 0:A- $R- {2?- G%- :.A:A- {2?- 43- =$?- 0?- $%- ,.- /?- .$R?- 0- .%- o- 35/- gJ/:VJ=- ?R$?- >A/- +- (J- 2?,$%- 3%- 3%- 5S$?- 2&<- ,2- %J?- $/%- o- .%- ,.J- ;A- {2?- 9- 24/}$?-$?3-?-;A/-<%-2!/-0:A-82?-:SJ/-.-3-?R%-2<-,A<-5S$?-(J/-:.A:A-OA3?-.%-,LJ-V$$./-?-?R-?R:C-1A$?-.%-3A-:$=-2<-$/%-.$R?-+J,!/-3HJ/-3A-13-0?,:.?-#J-2&:-OA3?<%-.R/-36K?-o/-;A/,,2>J?-$*J/-2!J/-0-=3-IA-l-2<-2}$?,,8J?-$?%?-0?,!/-IA?|R-$?3-IA-,R.-0-(R?-.%-3A-:$=-2<-$92-0<-:5=-8J?-8-o-.%-,}-:I<-IA-$./-?-(J/-3R.$-$A-$4S?-(R?-#J-3,:-.$-}<-1/-.3-5B$-.$-$%-:R-(-$&A$-:SJ?-,R$-/?-}-:I<-fA%-3-2i3?- ,$?- 3, /- OA3?- $4%- $A?- $/?- 3?- 28A/- .- .%- ;%- .J- 28A/- o/- $/?- ;R%- o<- :2.2lR/- .%- $?- 2!<- 8- o- .%- ,}- :I<- (R/- =3- (J/- 3R- :.A- *A.- :#R<- 2- 3- !R%- $A- 2<- 5$?- ,20:A-(R/-:./-.%-2&?-(A/-\A%-3#/-(J/-3A%-0?-}-:I<-<A$-36S.-lR3-1A$-z/-5S$?-GA-2!:28A/-,A-=R-2011^-2-105K?-5*A/-1=-2-=$?,

?7*2?-eJ-mR$?-(J/-<A/-0R-(J:A-$?%-:UA/,
3#/-aR2-(R?-$?3-IA-<%-=$?-$4%-3-:6B/-0:A-}-:I<-2-;R%?-=-3A%?-.R/,<%-<Ji3?-GA?-.?-.%-i3-0-!/-+-3J-+R$-$%-=-1R$-0:A-z-{=-<A$?-2.$-+-29%-/?-$8/-2!/!/-=-.$-$%-L-o-2>.-0:A-~A%-0R-<-?R%-,.J-;%-$?%-(J/-,J$-0:A-;%-lJ-}-:I<-<%-=$?-/A:.?- 0:A- 3A- =R- !R%- U$- z$- $A- ;<- }R/- /?- 3(R.- #J- $*A?- GA?- @A-3 - =- ;A- <A- o.- $4S?- KR$?- $%?<-!R2?-:LR<-<A$-$?3-IA?-L?-eJ?-<2?-.%-<A3-0-28$-;R.-0-3-9.-<A-2R-@A-3-=-;A-<A-o.;R%?- ?- 2c=- 0:A- =R- o?- G%- $?J<- ;A$- #$- +- :#R.- ;R.- v<- <J.- =,.J- /A- 3A- =R- !R%- U$- z$- $A

}-:I<-(R/-=3-(J/-3R,

60

{2?-*J<-$?3-0,

;<- }R/- IA- 35S- *J?- 3- @- $- <- aR2- .0R/-0E- :L%- $/?- .%- ,3#/- (J/- ?J3?- .0:- (J/- 0R- /?2o.- 0:A- <%- <J:A- l- 2- .%- 2o.- 0:A- ]- 3- i3?- GA?- $?%- $A- $%- 2?- ?- !J%- .R$- 0R<- L?- 0:A2!:- SA/- *$- $&A$- ;A/- 0- .J- 2?- G%- (R?- ?- 3J., <%- <J:A- 7*2?- eJ- i3?- /A- $&A$- =?- $&A$35<- $?J<-<A:A- UJ%- 2- 5<- .- .%<- 2:A- *2?- :R$- /?- <%- <J- {=- 29%- .- I<- ;R.- 0- ;%- 2eJ.- .3J.-0:A-$/.-.R/-8A$-+-I<,%-5S?-3A$-.0J-29%-0R?-2!:-SA/-eJ?-S/-IA?-2!/-0-(R?-28A/*R%- .$R?- 0- .J- <J.- =,:.?- ?R%- $A- 7 *2?- eJ- 2..- :)R3?- <A/- 0R- (J- .%- ,7*2?- eJ- 3HJ/- 2lJ<A/- 0R- (J,.- v- :5S- 8A%- 28$?-28A/- 0:A- 7*2?- eJ-hR- P2- <A/- 0R- (J,7*2?- eJ- L- V=- <A/- 0R- (J,
7*2?-eJ-!$-=%-lJ-3=-<A/-0R-i3?-GA-2!:-.$R%?-$8A<-29%-.%-,H.-0<-fA%-2!/-$4S?<A?- ?- 3- (.- 0:A- 2!/- 0<- _2?- (J- 8A%- SA/- 3,$- 0:A- #3?- $?3- 7(R?- GA- o=- 0R- 3#/- (J/:)A$?- 3J.- 1/- 5S$?- .%- ,7*2?- eJ- P2- .2%- 0E- /R<- 2-9%- $A?- 2!/- .R/- 2*%?- 5=- =- KA3A$-;%-;%-2v?-/?-<%-2!/-$&A$-1A=-.%-3*3-=?-?R$?-_2?-(J-2:A-K$-=J/-=-$9A$?o-.J-2?-G%-$=-(J,.J-28A/-{2?-:.A<-2R.-KA-/%-$4S?-0:A-$8/-:V$-.%-,:V?-uR%?,=?$?,#- /,3R/- 0,g- 3%- ,><- 0- =- ?R$?- @A- 3- =:A- <A- :.2?- GA- ..- w/- ,<- 2- .R/- $*J<3#/- $&A$-eJ?- $*A?- 3,.-/?-K$-3(R.- {=- 29%- =- <J-2:A-{2?-.J<- }- :I<- (R/- =3- 5S$?0:A- $R- 1A$- :R$- 3#/- (J/- i3?- GA?- /%- (R?- %R- 3R.- <J- $/%- o- #- 5- .$R?- $+$?- GA- L- 2- $=- (J/8A$-=-%R?-:6B/-.$R?,}-:I<-fA%-3:A-(R/-=3-9J<-2-.R/-w/-IA?-:63-\A%-$%-?-/?-1J2?0:A- 2o.- <A3- w/- 0:A- 3#/- 3=- ]- aR2- 5%- 3<- $./- ,R2- .%- ,3,/- nJ/- $&A$- 35%?- GA?3*3-=?-3*3-:5S$?-LJ.-o-.J-2?-G%-(R?-3J.-<J.,.J-28A/-.J%-$A-.?-/-2R.-2o.-/%-2!/8J?- :63- \A%- /- ~/- 0:A- 2!/- 0- <A/- 0R- (J- :.A- *A.- .?- <2?- *J<- $&A$- 0:A- /%- 0- .%- /%- 0:A.$R/-#J-#$-.J%-<2?-.%-,.J%-<2?-;<-,R/-IA?-2!/-0:A-1A$-:6$?-=-,$?-2?3-z<-=J/0:A- 3#?- .2%- .3- 0- 3#/- (J/- 5=- OA3?- ]R- PR?- .%- ,LJ?- GA- 3#/- (J/- .3- 0- 0E- >J?- <2?R$?- =- .?- .%- .?- ?- 2!:- .$R%?- =3- !R/- 8?- /?- <%- <J- 24/- LR=- ,A- 5S$?- OR.- GA- 2!/- 0:.A- 1$?- o%- <A%- 0R<- o/- $/?- o/- *R%- LJ.- 0:%- $=- (J/- .- 3,R%- ,.J- 28A/- }R/- ?R%- .3- 0

}-:I<-(R/-=3-(J/-3R,

61

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i3?- GA?- K$- eJ?- GA- <A- 3R- 3- ;=- 2<- L?- /?- (R?- (R?- 28A/- LJ.- o- =?- (R?- YA.- .- 2YJ?- /?2!/-0:A-~A%-0R-M<-=3-mR$?-0-(J/-0R:A-<%-3.%?-;=-2<-3A-:I<-2:A-.R/-=-!/-IA?-2?3$8A$-$A?-$%-/?-&A-tR$?-GA?-2!/-0:A-~A%-0R:C-<J-:V?-o.-=-=R/-0:A-,2?-=3-=-:2.-0<:5=- 8J?,P2- .2%- 2./- 0:A- 3A%- :6B/- :)A$?- 3J.- ]R- $?=- .2%- 0R:3- 2!/- :6B/- :)A$?V=-z/-0R-/?-}-:I<-<A$-36S.-lR3-1A$-0:A-2!:-.$R%?-v<-(R/-=3-(J/-3R-,J%?-230<,
2R.-<2-$/?-t$?-3R-;R?-=R:C-^-75K?-10*A/-VA?-0-.$J-=J$?-?-I<-&A$,

?G-=R-<A/-0R-(J-3(R$-$A-$?%-:UA/,
}-:I<-(R/-=3-(J/-3R-{2?-*J<-$?3-0-:5S$-=-*J-2:A-.?-:.A<-{=-2-29%-0R-;A.-=.%- .%- {2?- ?- }- :I<- <A$- 36S.- lR3- 1A$- z/- 5S$?- GA- 2!:- {=- ^R$- +- 3- 2+2- 0<,$?}$?-c/-IA-2?3-5=,}-:I<-2!/-0:A-$?=-LJ.-7*2?-eJ-.<-,%-<A/-0R-(J-/?-,$?-2*J.92- 3R?- :63- \A%- 8A- 2.J:A- }- :I<- (R/- =3- (J/- 3R - .2- :6$?- $/%- !J,H.- (R?- (J- 2- S$- $A?3%R/-0<-:1$?-0:A-3#/-aR2-(R?-$?3-IA-<A%-=$?-SA-3-3J.-0-:.A-28A/,hR<-$./-}-:I<(R/-=3-(J/-3R:C-.2-:6B/-7*2?-eJ-2.J-2<-$>J$?-0-$R%-3-/-<A3-i3?-/?-=R-%R-*J<-$*A?-GA<A%-=-<%-&$-}-:I<-(R/-=3-(J/-3R-*A-3-><-2-v<-$R%-/?-$R%-.-.-2<-%J=-G%-,<%-&$-fA%3- 0- i3?- =- nJ/- %/- 2<- (.- GA- .2%- $A?- 7*2?- eJ- hR- eJ- :(%- P 2- .2%- <A/- 0R- (J- 8A%- $8/- .$>J$?-0-.%-,.J-28A/-.-7*2?-eJ-:O=-8A$-E-3=-hR-eJ-:(%-,7*2?-eJ-(A/-\A%-OA-(J/-<A/0R-(J-2&?-8A%-#3?-$8/-.-$>J$?-0:A-]R-13-5.-3J.-<A-=$-0-,$-0?-3A-:.?-8J?-0-.J-L%-,
:R/-G%-eJ?-28$?-*2?-eJ-i3-0-.%-,]-3=-3#/-0R-i3?-/?-8A-2<-$>J$?-0-7*2?-eJ-hReJ-:(%-P2-.2%-<A/-0R-(J-3(R$-.%-,7*2?-eJ-:O=-8A$-E-3=-hR-eJ-:(%-i3-0:A-,$?-28J.v<-}-:I<-(J-2-S$-w/-IA-1-(R?-$4%-3:A-<%-2!/-2o.-:6B/-i3?-hR$-l-$&A$-1A=-%%-/?8A%-$>J$?-.3-0-i3?-GA-,$?-.$R%?-92-3R-212-o-/A-<%-<J-fA%-3-0-,A-=-,R$-22?-GA-=?

}-:I<-(R/-=3-(J/-3R,

62

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NGAGYUR MONLAM CHENMO

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23rd ANNIVERSARY

The brief Biography of Trulshik Ngawang Chokyi

Loday, the 5th President of Ngagyur Nyingma, and
His Attainment of Mahaparanirvana

is Holiness Trulshik Rinpoche was born in Yar-Drong Taklung of U-Tsang on 10th of September
in 1924 to father Tenzin Chodhar and mother Jamyang Wangmo with various auspicious signs as
prophesied.

At the age of 4, he was recognized as the flawless reincarnation of Za-Due Kunzang Thongdrol
Dorjee or Trulshik Do-Ngag Lingpa by his ex-disciple Zatrul Rinpoche Ngawang Tenzin Norbu and named
Ngawang Do-Ngag Tenzin Pal-Zangpo. Once when Zatrul Rinpoche, made prayers from depth to his late master
there radiated in his pure vision the three rays from Nga-Yab Ling (the Heavenly Abode of Guru Rinpoche) of
which two radiated on uncertain place, but the one radiated on the resident of His Holiness, thus validating it as
the definite sign of the coming back of His Holiness Trulshik Do-Ngag Lingpa.
At the age of 12, His Holiness was instructed all the teachings on Pratimoksha, Boddhicitta and
Mantrayana by his Lord Zatrul Rinpoche with great gladness, and became the heart-son of him. Not only
listening of the instruction had he perfected but remained in strict retreat for three years at the age of 18. His
Holiness was infinitely industrious on meditation.
His Holiness shouldered the liability to hold the administration and development of the Zarong DoNgag Choling Monastery in accordance with the command of his master Zatrul Rinpoche. In addition, he
was conferred upon the title of Khenpo by H.H. Chung Rinpoche Ngawang Chodak since he made his
frequent visits at the age of 21 to Yog-Min Ugyen Mindroling Monastery.
His Holiness was fully ordained from Khenchen Khentse Norbu Rinpoche with exact number of
monks, and was renowned of preserving pure observance. His Holiness relied upon more than 30 masters,
such as: Dzongsar Khentse Rinpoche Cokyid Loday, Khuna Lama Tenzin Gyeltsen, Tanag Thubten SheNyen Phuntso, H.H. the 14th Dalai Lama, etc. and received all the teachings of Four Sects of Dharma
Tradition impartially. In short, His Holiness had elapsed his time by learning, contemplating and meditating
since young age.
In addition, His Holiness received Four Heart-Essences of Longchen Rabjam from Lord Mugtshang
Rinpoche in Gangri Thokar, the retreat place of Longchen Rabjam, and at the age of 31 he received Terzod
Empowerment, Seven Treasures of Longchen Rabjam, and many the like, from His Holiness Dudjom
Rinpoche.
At 36, His Holiness received the empowerment and transmission of Ngagyur Kama. Above all, he
met His Holiness Dilgo Khentse Rinpoche and received the teaching of 'the Letter to Friend' as the first
teaching from him. Then His Holiness received the empowerment on profound treasure of Nyag's Kilaya.
Later, at the request of His Holiness, H.H. Dilgo Khentse Rinpoche bestowed the transmissions on Kangyur
(translated word of Buddha) at the Boudha-Stupa in Nepal, and thus said that this was one of the great means
he had conducted in life. His Holiness Dilgo Khentse Rinpoche was then invited to Thupten Do-Ngag
Chokhor Ling monastery, where His Holiness received several empowerments and transmissions on teachings

NGAGYUR MONLAM CHENMO

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23rd ANNIVERSARY

by Longchen Rabjam, and the like. From then on His Holiness relied upon H.H. Dilgo Khentse Rinpoche as
his Supreme Root Guru. His Holiness became the heart-son of guru. His root guru foreseeing the future
followers appointed His Holiness as his representative.
Though His Holiness became equivalent as the great masters, but for the sake of sentient beings he
elapsed his times on studies and meditations, and established Thupten Do-Ngag Chokhor Ling Monastery at
Shar Khumbu in Nepal shouldering the core responsibility to hold the lineage of Ogyen Minling. Presently,
there are 500 resident monks and nuns. On auspicious occasions great offerings are made.
Furthermore, His Holiness bestowed the instructions on heart-teachings of Ngagyur Nyingma to
His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama and became the spiritual guru of him. There are numerous disciples of His
Holiness from all the four sects of dharma tradition. In brief, His Holiness had always acted for the benefit of
all the sentient beings. Especially, on 15th January, 2010, at the insistent request from senior masters of
Ngagyur Nyingma for His Holiness to accept the post of the 5th President of Ngagyur Nyingma, His
Holiness compassionately accepted it bearing on shoulder the key responsibility to uphold the Nyingma
tradition. But unfortunately His Holiness entered the nirvana displaying many auspicious signs on 2nd
September, 2011, at the age of 88.

Attainment of Mahaparinirvana
At the age of 88, on 2nd September 2011, at 8:30 a.m. in the morning His Holiness attained the
mahaparinirvana dissolving his wisdom mind into the sphere of ultimate reality. His Holiness remained in
Thugdam (the meditative state of clear light) for three days. At his own monastery in Shar-Khambu Thubten
Dongag Choeling, the whole assembly of sangha performed the supplication and aspirational prayers with
deep longing devotion with vast cloud of actual and visualized offerings during memorial ceremony for forty
nine days. Similarly, the representatives from Nyingma monasteries in India, Nepal and Bhutan,
representatives of Tibetan Government in exile, the president of Buddhist Association of Nepal, Kyabje
Khentse Yangse Rinpoche, Dudjom Yangse Rinpoche and so forth had also congregated in one after the other
for participating in the memorial ceremony.
On 5th September, at 12 noon, the chief justice, judges, all the standing committee of the general
representatives of Tibetan people, the secretaries of the various offices and so on had gathered in the assembly
hall of Gangchen Kyidshong in Darmsala and performed the aspirational prayers for an hour. On that day, all
the offices under the Tibetan Government in exile remained closed as a mark of respect and condolence for
the late His Holiness.
On 7th September, the whole assembly of the monks and nuns of the great seat of Drubwang
Padma Norbu Rinpoche, Theg-Chog Namdrol Shedrup Dargyeling, had performed the extensive feast
offerings of Vajrasattava mandala. Similar feast offering rituals were also conducted by the other Nyingma
monasteries in India, Bhutan, Nepal, etc. for the memorial ceremony.

Notice
We have contacted several times the monastery for the information on mahaparinirvana of His Holiness, but
due to the lack of time and the like have unable us to include it here.

NGAGYUR MONLAM CHENMO

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23rd ANNIVERSARY

Depressing News on the Attainment of Mahaparinirvana of

Khenpo Achuk, the great Illuminator of Ngagyur Nyingma

tarting from the 17th day of the third

Tibetan month, 2011, he displayed the sign
of illness. So, the whole world in general
and his devoted disciples from China and Tibet in
particular had performed boundless rites for his
longevity.
Many great lamas headed by Khenchen
Tshultrim Lodroe have flocked there and
supplicated before him to live longer as the
ultimate protector of the Buddha dharma and the
sentient beings; to that he accepted their request
to live longer for a while and accordingly, he
recovered for the time being.
But not being able to embrace by the
virtues of the beings, His Holiness entered the
mahaparinirvana, at 2:40am on 22nd of fifth
Tibetan month in Yachen Ugen Samtenling.
When he was about to depart, he told his heartsons like trulku Asang and so forth, that chief
disciples should be compatible among themselves
and the son-like disciples to consider the next
lives more important than the present ones. These
are his last two key testaments left for his
disciples. Then he said, it is a natural disposition
of the bodhisattvas in common to accomplish the
purpose of sentient beings with millions of
emanations, but there won't be his particular
reincarnation to be recognised. In reply his heart
son, trulku Asang earnestly insisted him for the
reincarnation, so he said; there will be one to
whom you will not have to go in search of, but he
will come in search of you all.

He also gave the instructions on what to

do after his departure that his relics after the
cremation will spread into four great rivers and
his holy-bodily-remained can be preserved
temporarily if necessary, and Khenpo Yeshey
Dentog should take the responsibility during the
ceremony for his holy remains.
The chief disciples discussed and
maintained seven days of secrecy due to many
external and internal reasons. On 30th, it was
declared publicly and subsequently his sacred

corpse was seated in the posture of

sambhokagakaya with its adornments by Khenpo
Yeshe Dentok, Trulku Asang and his nephew
Choedak. On 1st of Sixth Tibetan month, many
Khenpos and the Trukus from Serta Larung
headed by Khenpo Tsultrim Lodroe had visited
the monastery and Khenpo Tsultrim Lodroe had
promised to look after the Yachen religious centre
without any differentiation with the Larung
Buddhist learning centre. He also gave consoling
advice to all the disciples left behind. He said that,
they must endeavour to maintain the
administrations, both within and outside as the
time of Rinpoche himself. On 2nd, the
representatives of the non-sectarian sangha
associations of twenty four monasteries of Drago
headed by the chief of Drago monastery UgenChab, the representatives of Nyag-Rong sangha
associations led by Nyag-Rong Khenpo Tsultrim,
representatives of the religious affair department
of Karze autonomy and the governor of Payul
District have also arrived one after other to offer
their condolence. Starting from the day of
opening audience to the public till third day,
within three days, more than fifty thousand
people have gathered there for paying their last
homage before the holy body. In spite of
restrictions by the government, too many Chinese
disciples also rushed for the audience.
His Holiness Khenpo Achuk was born
in the family of Atshab Tsethar of the six Atshab
patrinomy in Fire Rabbit Year. To avoid curse
from other people, he was given the name KheWo (infant boy). He was said to have guarded by
the four great kings (directional guardians) during
his infancy. He had received many
empowerments and oral transmissions like LamDrey (path and fruition) and so forth of Sacha
tradition from Khen Jamyang Kunga Namgyal
and also received the vow of renunciation and was
given the name Jamyang Kunga Tenphel. He had
also
received
numerous
empowerments,
transmissions and instructions of the great secret
doctrine of Ngagyur Nyingma and others from

NGAGYUR MONLAM CHENMO

Throm-Tod lama Tra-Tshe, Drungpa Jampel
Drakpa, Sera Yang-Trul, Khenchen Jigmed
Phuntsho and so on. In particular, he relied upon
Throm-Ge Arig Rinpoche as his root guru and
perfected the three ways of pleasing master by
enduring untiring hardships.
Then having accomplished the self
purpose, everything revealed as the pure
perception and had visions of yidam deities. Even
during his first initiation on the instructions of
preliminary ripening and the six intermediate
states,
several
disciples
showed
many
extraordinary signs of having recognised the very
essence of awareness. In particular, he brought up
many fortunate disciples by expounding
exclusively the profound teachings of the great
perfections for his whole life. He had also led
numerous beings of evil karma on the path of
liberation by performing bone sadhana. Many
miraculous signs were noticed while he undertook
the constructions of the temples and the supports
of body, speech and mind. He had accomplished
great enlightened activities for the purpose of
sentient beings by arousing the deep faith in the
mind of his disciples by foretelling numerous
unmistaken birthmarks and prophecies.

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23rd ANNIVERSARY
His Holiness had opened the doors of
countless holy sites and especially established the
Yachen Ugen Samtenling Religious Centre in
1985. Gradually, the centre expanded as the
followers from all the directions gathered and later
it was divided in to ten great lands as; the five
lands of dakas, four lands of dakinis and a land of
upasakas (lay- practitioner) with two masters of
teachings in each land. There are 4000 resident
monks, around 7000 resident nuns and around
1000 upasakas, nearing twelve thousand in total.
There, the sangha committee stressed mainly on
practice rather than exposition. They execute a
gradual
course
of
meditation
practice
commencing from the common outer and inner
preliminary practice to the actual practice of
Trek-Chod and Thod-Gal according to the orders
of instructions. In fact, it has become one of the
largest religious centres of practice in the Land of
Snow. Even from now, it will continue to survive
with the uninterrupted administration and
management by His Holiness's heart son, the lord
of dharma trulku Asang Rinpopche and other
Khen-truls recognised by himself as his lineage
holders.

NGAGYUR MONLAM CHENMO

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23rd ANNIVERSARY

The Merit of Manjushri Nama Samgiti

(Praise to the Lord of Soft Speech by Eight Maidens)
he merits of reciting the names and
mantra of Manjushri, praising and
engaging in the meditational practices on
manjushri are boundless and beyond the
understanding of ordinary beings. Nevertheless, a
drop of it from the ocean of merits will be
described here with the help of Buddha's
doctrines and their commentaries.

kayas and wisdoms; and is matchless, endowed

with the great benefits. Thus, its benefits have to
be known as described in the texts concerning the
spiritual benefits of this prayer." And also: "It
must be understood as the primordial source of
Buddhas, means of salvation, object of the
Buddhas and spiritual friend of all the Buddhas
and so forth.

The great mahapandita of Ngagyur

Nyingma, the omniscient Rongzom said: "What
is the intrinsic nature and names of Jampal, the
sage Manjushri? How the perfectly uttered names
are described? The word Sage Manjushri refers to
the non-dual wakefulness; which is the nature of
all Buddhas, the nature of bodhicitta the
enlightened mind - reality of all phenomena - the
appearance of physical manifestation, Complete
Assets Body and emanation body, experienced by
them in the very nature of Wisdom Body. And
the entire phenomena of the Buddhas and
Bodhisattvas described in the Mahayana and
Hinayana texts are also considered as Phagpa
Jampal." Thus knowing the meaning of Phagpa
Jampal, the benefits of uttering his spiritual names
will be highlighted in the following lines.

The fortunate noble sons and daughters,

having expectations of achieving enlightenment
by the means of secret mantra must write this in
the form of volume; then whether this is read,
contemplated or meditated properly on the
ultimate reality - acting in this way will obtain
boundless positive qualities and benefits. So, as
praised by the Lord Buddha this must be handled
perfectly."

In the Namasangirti Tantra, it is said:

"Vajrapani, the Lord of Tantra! Immeasurable
good qualities and lot of other perfections will be
achieved. Vajrapani, a person perfectly holding
the recitation-prayer of ultimate names of
Manjushri will very swiftly achieve enlightened
qualities and thus liberate upon the perfections of
two accumulations: the accumulation of merit
with concepts and the accumulation of wisdom
beyond concepts. Then he will expound the
supreme dharma to beings without entering into
the nirvana for eons; and will become the great
dharma king who will hold the dharma in the ten
directions."
And from the Namasangirti Elucidation
by Rathna Akar Gupta: "the Namasangirti is
consolidated by vast and profound qualities of

As stated in the 'Delighted Followers of

Middle Way - Namasangirti Elucidation': "It is
more virtuous to recite the names of Manjushri
for a single time than reciting the names of other
Buddahs equivalent to the numbers of sand
particles of the Ganga River for eons or more,
for Manjushri has been the spiritual teacher for
limitless Buddhas."
From the Three Aspects Namasangirti
commentary by Omniscient Rongzom Pandita:
"the fortunate sons and daughters, having
generated the pure intention for enlightenment
and entered the greater vehicle with the full faith,
one must at the very beginning recite the names
of Manjushri- the great nature of all Buddhas of
the ten directions, holder of the precious qualities
of them. As the compassion and the enlightened
activities of the Buddhas never cease, he fulfils the
entire wishes of sky pervasive Buddhas, and
complete realms of all beings. Thus, even the
merits of reciting the names of all the Buddhas for
eons equivalent to the sand particles of the Ganga
River cannot exemplify the merits of reciting the
names of Manjushri.

NGAGYUR MONLAM CHENMO

Furthermore, it is said: "One must know
that, uttering the names of Manjushri is like
uttering the complete auspicious qualities of all
the Buddhas." And again it is said: "The
fortunate sons and daughters desiring to achieve
the practice of the greater vehicles, desiring to free
from entire sins swiftly and wishing to illuminate
the various aspects of Buddha dharma like the
appearance of various images in the mirror for the
welfare of all beings, one must endeavour to
generate the non-duality wisdom by uttering the
names of Manjushri. How is the non-duality
wisdom generated by the recitation of
Namasangirti? One must understand that it is in
this text that all the immeasurable Buddha
Dharma, the Eighty-Four Thousand Dharma
Teachings of truths and so forth, meant solely for
benefitting the beings had been taught.
And also: "by uttering names of
Manjushri, the true nature of phenomena must be
expected, minded, enthused, and also the faith of
confidence must be generated. Through these
powers, the faith, diligence, mindfulness, samadhi
and wisdom which accords with the non-duality
phenomena can be generated in one's mind
stream. Through this, the view of me and mine
can be avoided. If these are achieved, then a
person will be free of conceptual thoughts-which
results in the non-apprehension of dualism and
non-attachment, where a devotee will be left
Passionless and free of grasping. Indeed, there
will have no source for the generation of suffering.
Thus, having familiarized oneself with the nonduality of phenomena, it should be practised
constantly. By becoming extremely accustomed
with it, the entire defilements will be diminished
and your mind will become inseparable with the
non-dual wakefulness. The very means of

68

23rd ANNIVERSARY
achieving this is the recitation of Manjushri's
names. In this way, the two-fold accumulations of
merit and wisdom can be achieved at the same
time. By describing the spiritual qualities of
Buddha which is beneficial to the sentient beings,
the accumulation of virtues is achieved. While by
having highlighted the authentic meaning of nonduality phenomena, the accumulation of wisdom
is achieved.
And also Jamyang Khentse Wangpo
Padma Wodsal Dongag Lingpa says: "In this way,
if one puts effort in this recitation, all the
Buddhas and Bodhisattvas will bless and one will
accomplished the audacity, become the
intentional subject of the Hearers and Solitary
Realizers, the gods of the mundane and beyond
the mundane world will guard and defend, one
will never take rebirth in the eight bad moments
and thus will remain fearlessly, filled with the
wondrous three fold perfection. Having endowed
with the boundless magical formulate, knowledge,
morality, and the like without deteriorating will
enable the attainment of enlightenment very
soon. Therefore, this tantra of Manjushri
considering as a focus of prayer is highly
advantageous!
The extensive and concise merits are
described in the commentaries of Manjushri
Nama Samgiti by Master like Tsendra Gomi, Pal
Nyimed Dorjee, Dombi Heruka, Sangdan, Due
Zhabpa, Jigten Wangcchuk Padma Karpo,
Drubchen Paimai Tsho, Nyima Pal, and many
others. The knowledgeable readers may go
through these commentaries for more
information.

By Rigzod Editor

NGAGYUR MONLAM CHENMO

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23rd ANNIVERSARY

The Merit of Phagpa Zangpo Chodpa (Bhadracarya

Pranidhana, the Conduct of the Excellent Noble ones)

ollowing the thesis of scholars of India and

Tibet, the merit of the Conduct of the
Excellent Noble ones will be briefly
articulated here. The commentary on the
Conduct of the Excellent Noble ones by
Nagarjuna states:
"The tenth topic is the merit of prayer.
That is of two kinds: the merit obtained within
this and the next lifetimes. The four kinds of
merits are associated with the present lifetime.
They are as follows:
the acquirements of the distinct virtues
attainment of ability to see the Buddha
achievement of equivalent status of that of
Bodhisattva
purification of complete Karmic obscuration
And the merits obtained in the next
lifetimes are of two kinds: the merit belonging to
the cause and the effect. The merits which belong
to the cause are: achievement of perfect body,
auspicious major marks, auspicious minor marks,
noble race, good lineage, and become the object
of worship. And the merits which belongs to the
fruition are: enable to follow the path of the
essence of enlightenments, acquire the lionthrone, power of taming demons, attainment of
Buddha hood, turning of Dharma Wheel and the
like."
Thus, merits are grouped under the
cause and the fruition. In the short commentary
on Phagpa Zangpo Chodpa, the 'Limitless
Entrance of the liberation,' by Lochen Dharma
Shri, the great ancient master of Ngagyur
Nyingma Tradition, it is said that; even the merits
accumulated from an instant faith in this 'King of
Aspirations' is greater than the merits
accumulated by offering variety of precious jewels
and the entire supreme bliss of humans and gods'
realms till the end of many eons. Therefore, it's
needless to talk about the accumulation of merit
by placing faith in the 'King of Aspiration' for a
long time.

And also: Whoever puts sincere efforts

in reciting this 'Excellent Conduct Prayer' with
the sublime faith, will obtain the following
thirteen merits successively.
The first merit: the cause of rebirth in
the hell realms by the influence of one's own past
actions can be avoided.
The second merit: the bad companions
can be abandoned both in this and the next lives.
The third merit: it can enable to take
rebirth in the Western Realm of Great Bliss and
see the Lord Amitabha swiftly in this lifetime.
The fourth merit: whoever strives hard
on this prayer can have harmonious conditions
and obtain the best possessions.
The fifth merit: enable to live without
any obstacle until the completion of present life
and ensure the continuation of peace and
prosperity all throughout the life.
The sixth merit: make this very life
meaningful and perfect, thus it can be termed as
the truly suitable life.
The seventh merit: just as exactly as
Samantabhadra Buddha is, the knowledge and
manifestations of him will be achieved before
long.
The eighth merit: person who recites
this prayer with the deepest faith from his heart
can even fully purify the sins of the five heinous
crimes. Killing one's mother, one's father, an Arhat,
causing schism in the Sangha community and
drawing blood from Buddha with evil intention are
known as five heinous crimes.
The ninth merit: a person will be
endowed with the perfect wisdom - the origin of
non-discriminating wisdom of noble ones.
The tenth merit: the good-looking body
endowed with the excellent major and minor
marks will be achieved; and will be born in the

NGAGYUR MONLAM CHENMO

royal lineage.
The eleventh merit: the evil-aspirations
of heretics, demons, malicious antagonism and
the like, cannot harm and seek faults.
The twelfth merit: the devotees of this
prayer will be worshipped, respected and helped
by the humans and gods in the three realms.
The thirteenth merit: will accomplish
aspirations and perfect the two accumulations of
merit and thus before long, and will take seat
beneath the Bodhi-tree, tame the forces of maras,
attain complete enlightenment and turn the
Dharma Wheel for the sake of all the beings."
And it is also said: "Whoever upholds,
writes, teaches or reads the King of Aspiration, its
karmic maturation and merits are inconceivable.
Even if the wisdom of the noble shravakas,
pratyekabuddhas, and the like fail to conceive the
very merits of this prayer, forget about the
wisdom of ordinary beings. Thus, its maturations

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23rd ANNIVERSARY
can be discerned only by the perfect wisdom of
the Buddha. Hence, the merits of obtain from
this King of Aspirations will definitely lead to the
supreme enlightenment.
Likewise, recalling the profound merits
of this prayer as described by the great ancient
masters like Dignaga, Sakya Mitra, Bhadravaha,
Vasubandhu, Lochen yeshe De, Azom Gyalse
Rigzin Gyurmed Dorjee and the like; we may well
chant this prayer at all times, according to the
noble enlightened activities of bodhisattvas, the
sons of the victorious ones and dedicate every
virtue for all the beings with the threefold purity
as instructed by the great Buddhist Master
Omniscient Longchen Rabjam:
Begin practice with altruistic mind in the beginning,
Actual practice with non-conception in the middle,
And blend with dedication at the end.
These are three essential paths to the liberation.
By Rigzod Edit

NGAGYUR MONLAM CHENMO

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23rd ANNIVERSARY

The Grave Consequences of Disrespecting

the Three Shrine Objects
Homage to thee, the lord of subduers, victorious
Sakaymuni!
Who had specifically expounded that, until
extinction of subtlest dualistic appeareance
If one do not strive to act according to the dos
and don'ts of good and
bad actions
One will have to bear the infallible effects of one's
action.

simply do not know how to abide by the laws due

to their ignorance about the do's and don'ts of
good and bad actions and there are others who
intentionally break the laws of cause and effect,
doing whatever one like. So, with the hope of
helping the former of these two groups of people,
the collection of verbal testimonies of the bygone
scholar-adepts on the grave consequences of
disrespecting the three shrine objects or the three
supports has been included in this issue.

hough, it is an unquestionable fact that

one must bear the effect of one's action,
be it wholesome or unwholesome, some

a) A brief Introduction of the three shrine objects

The cast statues, drawn pictures and
engraved images of the Buddha are identified as
the body supports. The speech supports are the
Dharma texts that possess the two virtuous
qualities of treatises; healing and protecting,

which are composed by Buddha and his learned

disciples and the stupas are the mind supports.
These identifications are found in the verifiable
texts of Buddhism.

b) The collection of the verbal testimonies of the bygone scholar-adepts on

grave consequences of disrespecting the three shrine objects
As (Jowo-je) Dipamkara Shri-jana said:
It is the refuge that makes the difference between the
Buddhist and a non-Buddhist.
To become an authentic Buddhist, the
foremost thing is to receive the vow of refuge, as
said in the seventy stanzas on the refuge;
Indeed, everyone can take the vows,
Except those who have not taken refuge.
But, receiving the vows alone won't help
us, if we do not follow the instruction of do's and
don'ts. As the great bodhisattva Patrul Rinpoche

writes on the instruction of refuge in his 'Words

of My Perfect Teacher':
These days, some people claim to be
followers of Three Jewels, but do not have the
slightest respect for their representations. They
consider paintings and statues representing the
Buddha or books containing his words as ordinary
goods that can be sold or pawned. This is called
'living by holding the Three Jewels to ransom'
and is a very severe fault. To point out the
ugliness of a drawing or statue of the Buddha or
otherwise criticize it, unless you are evaluating its

NGAGYUR MONLAM CHENMO

proportions in order to fix it, is also a grave error
and should be avoided. To place books containing
the scriptures directly on the floor, to step over
them, to wet your fingers with saliva to turn the
pages and similar disrespectful behaviors are all
serious mistakes as well. The Buddha himself said:
At the end of five hundred years
My presence will be in the form of scriptures.
Consider them as identical to me
And show them due respect.
It is an everyday maxim that one should
not put images on top of the scripture. For it is
the representation of the Buddha, rather than that
of his body or mind, that teaches us what to do
and what not to do and also ensures the
continuity of his doctrine. The scriptures are
therefore no different from the Buddha himself,
and are particularly sacred.
Furthermore, most people do not think
of a vajra (Dorji) and bell (Drilbu) as anything
but ordinary objects. They do not appreciate that
they are representations of the Three Jewels. The
vajra symbolises the Buddha's mind, the five
wisdoms. The bell bears the image of a face
which, according to the outer tantras, is that of
Vairocana and, in the view of higher tantras, is
Vajradhatvishvari. In other words, it bears an
image of the Buddha's body. The letters engraved
on it are the eight seed-syllables of the eight
consorts, and the bell itself symbolizes the
Buddha's speech, the sound of the Dharma. So
together, vajra and bell fulfil all the criteria of
representations of the Buddha's body, speech and
mind. More particularly, these two objects
contain all the mandalas of the Secret Mantra
Vajrayana, and so are considered extraordinary
samaya objects. To treat them with disrespect is
therefore a grave fault. Always venerate them.
And also in his commentary on vajra
and bell Patrul Rinpoche writes:
The vajra represents the five indestructible kayas of
the Buddhas
The bell represents the indivisible state of appearance
and emptiness of Buddda's body
The sound of the bell is the inexpressible natural
resonance of dharma
The letters of the syllables inscribed on the bell are
the representation of Buddha's exalted speech

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23rd ANNIVERSARY
Vajra, the representation of the wisdom minds of the
Buddhas
Is the ultimate nature of the five wisdoms of
Buddha's mind and
Thus, it is the representation of the body, speech and
mind of all the Buddha
Whoever despises or disrespects these objects without
consideration
He will have violated the secret samaya having given
up the Three Jewels
Such a degenerated person will be forsaken by the
protective Gods
And will be re-born in the endless and boundless
sufferings of vajra hell in future.
Again his assembled instruction to
Bodhisattvas says:
Denigrating the authentic precepts of
Buddha, saying it is not the words of Buddha is a
grave action forsaking the dharma, the second
root downfall of the Bodhisattvas.
And also, in his book on the mode of
respecting the three shrine objects, the noble
antidote of the right path:
It is said in Vinaya scriptures that, even
if you used the same broom of the monastery to
clean your house, you will be re-born in the
broom like hell and if you dirty the walls and
pillars of the temples with snot, etc. you will be
re-born in the hell like pillars and walls. In
particular, using the money, substances etc.
offered for the welfare of the monastery is a
serious offence, similar to an inexpiable sin, it is
also considered as the root down fall of the
bodhisattvas as he plunders the wealth in the
name of precious Jewels. So, immediately after his
death, he will take rebirth in the hell realm of
drinking the boiling metals and after that he has
to take thousand rebirths among the hungry ghost
and so forth. Even if one offer the substances
meant for offering in the morning in the evening,
in autumn which is meant for summer and
leaving gap between the actual times of offering,
he will be born among the trifling hell with many
bodies joined with a tiny particle in between.
Zhichen Gyal-tshab's collection
stories from Sutras expound thus:

of

Dumbness is caused due to deprecating

Dharma, while deafness is fruition of disliking in

NGAGYUR MONLAM CHENMO

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23rd ANNIVERSARY

hearing Dharma teachings and misshapen noses

are the fruition of offering foul smelling incense
to Buddha.

Firstly the definition of Buddha's words

given in the treatises in the sublime continuum is
thus;

And also: People with the dark grey

complexion and angry countenance are the result
of keeping the statues of Buddha in open fields,
halls, courtyards, houses etc.

Those scriptures with great meaning and

stainless words, which expound the ways to
eliminate the afflictions of three realms praising
the virtues of the ultimate peace are called the
words of Buddha.

And also: If anyone enjoys the wealth or

materials offered to Three Jewels, by destroying
temples and stupas, he will be reborn in the hell
of ceaseless sufferings. Once he is realised from
such hells, he will be reborn among the pigeons,
sparrows, ducks, parrots, tortise, pigs, deers and
monkeys etc. Even if he is born among the
human, he will be born as woman,
hermaphrodite, prostitutes and so forth.
And also: If one treads on the shrine
objects, he will be born as camel and if one walks
in temples with shoes he will be reborn as frog.
And also: The ten actions resulting
ugliness are; anger, resentment, littering the
surroundings of stupas and temples making it
untidy, putting off the butter lamps offered to the
shrine objects and so forth.
And also: Leprosy is a karmic result of
dismantling the shrine objects of the Three
Jewels.
And also: If one dismantles temples and
stupas and impiously disrespects spiritual
community, parents and abbots in the present
life, he will be reborn in the eight burning hot
hells successively.
And also: Bent body is a result of
turning back towards the statues of Buddha
wearing dirty clothes and one will be reborn
among the barbarians if he do not join the palms
while prostrating before statues of Buddha.
Three statements of essential meaning
also states thus:
Scriptures are certainly equivalent to masters
As they teach unmistaken noble paths
They are no less than Buddha in person
No ordinary masters can match them
The reason for teaching unmistaken noble paths
Can be clearly understood from the respective
definitions of
Buddha's words, treatises and the oral instructions.

And also: The definition of treatises;

texts written by someone free from the
distractions, without diverting from the original
teachings of Buddha, which accords with the path
of liberation are known as treatises, so it also
should be regarded as the words of Buddha.
And also: It is also because all these texts
are composed by ones who are endowed with the
three qualities of composing treatises. Therefore,
these texts are flawless, bearing the dual qualities
of healing and protecting.
And also: Scriptures are equivalent to
Buddha himself; as it is quoted in Sutra;
At the end of five hundred years
My presence will be in the form of scriptures.
And in the excellent doctrine of white lotus it is
said thus;
Emanating in the different forms of bodies
I will fulfil the purpose of leading the beings to the
virtuous acts.
And also: Verbal testimonies supporting
that, the ordinary masters cannot match the
scriptures;
As all the superior qualities of abandonment and
realization
Of the Buddha are condensed in the scriptures
The ordinary masters cannot even make
Hundredth or thousandth part of its qualities
They cannot even exemplify them
So, these days it will be far better to have a single
text
Than relying on many ordinary popular masters.
It is said in tantra text that:
If one does not consider the teacher who
has taught you a single stanza as equivalent to
one's own masters, he will be reborn as dogs for
hundred times before he attains the next human
form in a family of low descent. Similarly, if you
disrespect the scriptures, it is for certain that, you

NGAGYUR MONLAM CHENMO

must have to bear the similar consequences since
scriptures and the masters are inseparable.

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23rd ANNIVERSARY
actions are similar to the five heinous sins, the
most serious crime.

The Mahayana sutra, called the great strength of

noble beings says:
The lord of secret! Vajra bearer!
Whoever disrespects this sutra, he will be reborn
in the eight great hells.
The sacred incantation called Noble ones
endowed with the victorious qualities quotes:
Whoever strays away from this queen of
knowledge mantras, it would become insult to
victorious Buddha.
The sutra of ko-Shi-ka on Confession states:
If one sells scriptures, he will be reborn in vajra hell
If one cuts and uses the scriptures, he will be reborn
in the rounding-up and crushing hell
If one trade the scriptures and despatch it carelessly
He will bear five hundred tongues with ploughing
yaks on each
If one do not read scriptures properly, leaving the
words in between
He will be soon dragged through the marsh of rotting
corpses and so forth and on.................
As the aspirational prayer of the
sukhavati paradise of Amitabha Buddha by
scholar-adept Karma Chagmed says:
Vandalizing statues, stupas, temples and so on
I acknowledge my commitment of those grave sins
which are similar to the five-heinous sins and confess
before you!
And also:
Keeping the Triple Gem, temples, Dharma-texts, the
three replicas and so forth as the witness
Undermining their qualities, swearing before them
and so on.
I acknowledge and confess those grave actions of
forsaking Dharma.
So, disrespecting the shrine objects are
considered as one of the greatest non-virtuous
actions, as the omniscient Mipham wrote in his
book called the gate way to knowledge, that these

c) Conclusion
Today, at the time when the signs of five
generations are swelling from all the directions,
some unfortunate beings due to the propensities
of their evil karma, they are exchanging the
priceless old sacred objects with the daily
necessities like food and clothes. They also try
every headless alternative to make the new shrine
objects to look like the old ones for selling and
there are also some sangha members who use the
sacred objects of tantra like vajra and bell as the
playing objects. Since these actions are really
dreadful crimes which will result in boundless
sufferings in their future lives, this collection of
the genuine verbal testimonies of the past scholaradepts are anticipated to be a little benefit to these
people gone astray. As it is said:
The verbal testimonies are the words to be trusted
While the false words are merely the source of
troubles.
These words are reliable for everyone to
follow without questions, since they are collected
from the verifiable texts by the past authentic
masters.

Dedication
Though the four streams of true-writings of the past
masters flows continuously in the words and the
treatises respectively
With the pure intention of quenching the thirst of all
the assembled fortunate dharma brothers and sisters
here
We have condensed all these into a single ocean of
testimony
By the virtues of this endeavour, may all the sentient
beings gain the eyes of discernment!
By Rigzod Editor

NGAGYUR MONLAM CHENMO

23rd ANNIVERSARY

75

Brief account of Nalanda

he Buddhist educational institution plays

major roles in spreading the messages of
peace, love, compassion and truth within
the mind streams of all the beings. Nalanda
University was renowned as one of the first and
great universities of world. It was flourished in
South Asia long before the establishment of
Oxford, Cambridge and Harvard Universities.

The Origin of Nalanda

The name 'Nalanda' in Sanskrit means
'enthusiastic giver of knowledge'. The site of
Nalanda is located in the Indian state of Bihar,
about 55 miles from Patna, the capital city of
Bihar. Lord Buddha visited and blessed Nalanda
quite frequently in the 6th century BC. Nalanda is
the birth place of Sariputra, one of the two main
disciples of Lord Buddha. It is also believed to be
the site where Sariputra along with his eighty
thousand arhat disciples attained nirvana. More to
the point, Nalanda became centre of the Higher
Buddhist Studies and Research in ancient days.

Nalanda University
The dharma king Asoka made extensive
offerings to the stupa of Sariputra and built a
huge temple for Buddhism. Nalanda temple was
firstly built in the 3rd century BC at the time of
Chakrawartin king, a former incarnation of
Buddha Shakyamuni. Subsequently about 5th and
6th century, when its structural development
touched the minds of noble beings, the five
hundred Buddhist spiritual masters of Mahayana
Tradition sat together and decided that the
Buddhist centre be established here to preach
Mahayana Buddhism.
Foreseeing the auspicious signs of
spreading Mahayana Buddhism far and wide if it
was preached there, the holy birth place of
Sariputra, the eight Brahmin brothers (teachers)

built eight temples and the king Laksha Asho

invited five hundred Mahayana masters where
they were each given a temple to reside in the
newly built five hundred temples at the peak of
mountain called Abhu.
The king advised his five hundred highly
devoted and wise attendants to ordain and receive
the teachings of Mahayana Buddhism. With the
intention of compiling scriptures, the king
enquired about the quantity. The king was
informed that out of limitless scriptures, there
were around hundred thousand lakhs available at
hands. Though it was too much, but he
sponsored the translation works and thus all the
scriptural collections of Mahayana Buddhism
were compiled and distributed to the monks and
these were housed by the temples.
During the tenth century, Nalanda was
magnificently renowned as the great university in
India. This University was main research centre of
ancient Buddhism in India and produced many
highly learned scholars. The university had got
three large, middle and small libraries, clinics for
regular treatment and dairy farm for supplying
milk and butter to the sangha community. In
their heyday, Buddhist courses on Mahayana and
Hinayana to over 10,000 resident students by
over thousand professors and lectures were
provided. Consequently, over thousands of highly
learned scholars of the three collections of
scriptures graduated annually from Nalanda
University.
The survival of sangha community
depended on the collected grains from the two
hundred large villages given by the king as grants.
Almost all the highly learned and renowned
masters of ancient India were the exemplary fruits
of Nalanda Buddhist University.

The Development of Nalanda

hundred

In due course of the time, when the five

teachers of the philosopher of

NGAGYUR MONLAM CHENMO

Cittamatrin School, the practice of systematic
meditation, two brothers of non-Buddhist
Brahmin Thotsun Drubje and Degye Dagpo left
their religion and ordained as monk. After
mastering the entire course in Buddhist
philosophy, they had composed the text titled
Praise of The Buddha and Exceeding the Gods'
respectively, differentiating the quality of
goodness and badness between Buddhist and nonBuddhist. Two brothers sponsored the meals to
five hundred Hinayana monks at Bodhgaya and
five hundred Mahayana monks at Nalanda as
well. Then the Mahasiddha Sarahapa (Rahula),
Lord Nagarjuna and the like came to Nalanda
and propagated the Madhyamika, the middle
path of Mahayana Buddhism.
This university had immensely benefited
the ancient Buddhist followers of both Mahayana
and the Hinayana. The vinaya vows were
protected and maintained strictly by expelling the
apostate-monks. The foods for the five hundred
proponents of Mahayana were managed by the
practice of alchemy. The five Collections of
Reasoning and other texts were composed for the
reversal of debate from the Proponent of True
Existence, the first three of the four schools, thus
protecting the Buddhism properly.
In the meantime, the Brahmin Su
Vishnu constructed one hundred and eight
temples at Nalanda. During the days of King Sala
Tsanda Gupta, the master Aryadeva and Naga
Hawa extensively maintained and spread the
doctrine of Buddha. The acharya Asanga spent his
later life at Nalanda for twelve years, where the
attacks of non-Buddhists were refuted with
multiplicity of logics, taught the dharma and
nearly thousand of them received the monastic
vows and joined the Buddhist society.
After the mahaparinirvana of Asanga, his
brother Vasubandhu became the abbot of
Nalanda and looked after the doctrine of Buddha.
During the reign of Dignaga, when the Buddhist
faced difficulty in winning the philosophical
debate from Non-Buddhist School, master
Vasubandhu was invited where he had conquered
Sudu Raja, the great and renowned master of
Non-Buddhist School for thrice.
During the era of King Singha Tsanda,
Chandrakirti came to Nalanda and subsequently

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23rd ANNIVERSARY
became its abbot. Through the commentaries of
Nagarjuna's Root of Wisdom, Aryadeva's Four
Hundred stanzas, and Sixty Stanzas of Reasoning
and the like, the Tradition of Buddhapalita spread
like a bright sun shine.
Chandrakirti
miraculously milked from the painting of cow
and served sangha with milk-noodles.
Chandrakirti and Tsanda Gomi met in Nalanda
where they had examined and refuted thesis on
scholastic sectarianism of Madhyamikas and
Chittamatra with scripture and reasoning for
almost seven years. Then many spiritual masters
such as Dharmapala, Gyalwa Lha, Shantideva,
Shantarakshita and so on continued to uphold the
distinct doctrine of Buddha.
During the time of King Abhivyakti and
King
Simha Pajcama, Dharmakirti visited
Nalanda where he had defeated the great NonBuddhist masters Zhonu Rolpa (Kumara Lalita)
and Samgar Acharyana and written Seven
Treatises on Logic, which also proved Lord
Buddha an authentic person. Likewise, the
seventeen great Pandits and many junior Pandits
of Nalanda University carried out the spiritual
activities of learning, contemplating and
meditation for oneself; explanation, debate, and
composition for others; and teaching, practice and
virtuous actions for self and others.
Nalanda enjoyed patronage from
regional rulers, thus securing its finances and even
being acquired their necessary requirements.
Thus, the banner of Buddha Dharma was raised
higher in the expanse of the sky.
The Structural Beauty
Nalanda was of multi-storied buildings
containing many class rooms and meditation
halls, with eight separate compounds and many
temples, spotted with lotus-adorned lakes and
parks filled with abundant mango trees. The
university was considered an architectural
masterpiece. The library was located in a nine
storied building where meticulous copies of texts
were produced. The University complex had a
great Stupa. The research shows that this Stupa is
flanked by flights of steps and terraces.
The main Stupa at Nalanda contained a
huge carved image of Buddha Sakyamuni. It has
been found that the very small original structure
was enlarged by later temples built over and

NGAGYUR MONLAM CHENMO

around the ruins of the earlier ones. Its compound
was occupied by a row of monastery sites lies from
south to north. Almost all of them have the same
pattern. The monasteries had many monks' cells
with wide verandas. It was originally a building of
two or probably more storey as the existence of
stairs in the south-east corner clearly proves that.
In the courtyard of monasteries, there used to be
Lord Buddha's shrine. The wells were dug in the
ground from which the water was supplied.
Today, the rush of pilgrims from all over
the world comes to India to visit Nalanda for its
architectural beauty and sacred site. All the
structures are of red brick with beautiful gardens.
Pilgrims can still see the remains of those red
bricks at Nalanda.

The Programme of Studies

As explained above, Nalanda University
provided the entire courses of Buddhist
philosophy on four schools under the spiritual
guidance of highly qualified professors like
Nagarjuna,
Vimalamitra,
Dharmakirti,
Shantarakshita and the like. The four school of
Buddhism are: 1) Sautrntika, 2) Vaibhika 3)
Cittamatra and 4) Mdhyamaka
The University attracted large number
of Buddhist students and scholars from India,
Korea, Burma, Japan, China, Tibet, Indonesia,
Persia, Turkey and different parts of the world.
The main courses which were taught included
the Buddhist scriptures of Mahayana and
Hinayana, Vedas, Logic, Grammar and Medicine.
The instructors also taught various subjects like
fine arts, mathematics, astronomy, agricultural
science, arts and crafts, etc.

The Decline and Restoration of

Nalanda
The first effort of ruining Nalanda
University was made when it was only a few years
old. Shortly after the enthronement of Nema
Tsandra as king, the Brahmin called Pushya Mitra
revolted king and ruled his kingdom. When an
old woman, the relative of Brahmin came to

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23rd ANNIVERSARY
Nalanda and rung the dharma bell, it produced
the sound 'phataya'. When examined, it
interpreted the meaning: "vanquish the brain of
non-Buddhist". Then the non-Buddhist like King
Pushya Mitra and others led war and
consequently many Buddhist temples from
Bodhgaya to Dzalandha were burned up. Monk
Bahuzruta Nanda and many others lost their lives.
Thus, Nalanda was damaged severely by that war.
Later the powerful and rich king named Godra
Phelgyed of Godra, the sub region of eastern
Bengal rebuilt all destroyed temples and restored
Nalanda.
During the period of king Dharma
Tsandra, the son of King Sri Tsandra and the
king of Molatana and Lahor called Bendaro
quarrelled occasionally. Once when the peace was
restored between the two kingdoms, the king of
Persia sent horses and varieties of jewels as a
gesture of goodwill to the king of Magadha,
Dharma Tsandra. In return, the king of Magadha
sent him the elephants, very fine silk and brocade
clothes, and so forth. One day, the king of
Magadha sent him the special dress without slit,
but accidently the foot-mark-like-form appeared
on the centre of the woven cloth. This suspected
the performing of evil spells. Again when the king
of Magadha wished of sending fruits as gift, a
Brahmin wrote the Tantric wheels on many barks
of tree, which were carried out by the wind while
keeping in the sun light, entered into the banana
fruits. Banana and many other fruits were placed
into the box filled with the butter and sent to the
king of Persia. One day, when the king noticed
the Tantric wheels in the fruits, the king thought
and came to the conclusion that the king of
Magadha was doing evil spells to him. Thus the
troops of Turushka conquered the whole regions
of Magadha; many temples were demolished and
even the Nalanda was severely destroyed. The
ordained monks had to run away from Nalanda.
Then, Sangye Chog the king of
Varanasi, sent some of the teachers of Sautrantikas
(Proponent of Sutra) to China, where the Chinese
king in return for kindness sent him gold and
many other worthy things. The king won the
hearts of all the kings of Eastern and Central
India with this wealth. They united and fought
battle with the king of Persia where the king
Khunim Mapta and nearly all the courageous men

NGAGYUR MONLAM CHENMO

of Persia were killed. All the destroyed temples
were rebuilt and monks were invited. Out of the
eighty four temples for the support of the
religious institution, the seventy one had been
built by the king himself, whereas the remaining
ones were built by queen and the ministers. Thus,
the deteriorated dharma of Buddha was restored
completely.
After the extensive flourish of the
doctrine of dharma for around forty years, when
the minister called Kakuta Singha laid the
foundation stone for the new temple, the huge
crowds of people were present where they were
entertained by the show. The two beggars of the
non-Buddhist came for the begging. Those
barbarous novices spread the swill on them and
chased them until the gate and sent ferocious
dogs. These angered them and one of them
entered the retreat to recite the mantra of Aditya
(Nyima) where as the other managed foods.
Living in the far depths of the ground he recited
the mantra of Aditya for nine years, but failed to
accomplish it. Thus, when he attempted to run
away from the depth of the ground, his friend
warned him that he will be beheaded if he goes
away without achieving their goal. Out of fear, he
went in and recited it for three more years. So, he
accomplished it after twelve years and performed
the fire ritual.
He recited mantra and blew on the ashes
and scattered it, where it glows of itself and
burned all the eighty four temples there. The
library of Nalanda was known as Dharma
Gunj (Mountain
of
Truth)
or Dharmagaja (Treasury of Truth). The three
temples called Ratba Sagara, dadhi and Ratna
Randraka housed the entire scriptures of
Mahayana were also burned by the fire. The flow
of the water sprang from some scriptures of ninth
floor of the Ratna Dadhi Temple and controlled
the fire. Wherever the water fell, it saved the
scriptures from the fire. When examined, these
scriptures were found to be the scripture of the
five Tantras of Mahayana. Some sources revealed
this text as Guhyasamaja.

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23rd ANNIVERSARY
Likewise, many temples in different
regions were also raised to the ground. Fearing the
harsh punishment of king, they escaped to the
Hasama in northern India, but the karmic
fruition of their sins took away their life with the
self burning fire from their bodies.
Then many learned monks from all parts
of the India assembled there, collected available
scriptures, and wrote out the teachings in their
hearts on papers. The king of Varanasi, The
Brahmin Sangku and many devoted people
gathered there and restored the destroyed temples.
Out of the fifteen portions of the scriptures of the
Mahayana which spread in the human realms,
about four of them were lost during first two
battles. The two portions of them were lost due to
the natural factors, and the remaining nine
portions were completely destroyed by the fire.
Thus, only a portion of scripture was left for the
betterment of the beings.
In 1197, the Muslim king named
Mahamati Jarju of Turky let a battle to India and
occupied many parts of India where the Nalanda
was also occupied and set on fire by the invaders.
Shakyashribhadra was believed as the last abbot of
Nalanda University, The monks and the scholars
of Buddhism fled to Tibet, Nepal, and to other
parts of the world.
From 1915 to 1937, the archaeological
department of Indian Government discovered the
ruins of Nalanda. There were 14 acres with 300
quarters for monks. In brief, Nalanda was
destroyed thrice in the 5th, 7th and the 12th
centuries. As explained earlier, the rulers of that
century rebuilt and restored the University from
the first two destructions. When the Turkish
Muslim invaders destroyed it for a third time in
1197, there was nobody in the region to restore
the institution to its former glory. The only its
ruins are visible at present generation.

By Rigzod Editor

NGAGYUR MONLAM CHENMO

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A Brief Biography of Rigzin Terdag Lingpa

Padma Garwang Gyurmed Dorje

s prophecy from his own treasure called the

seal of secrecy reads;

At the time of increasing the five degenerations,

where the average life span of general people is too
short
In a place called Yoru in the province of Dra to the
south west of
Samye
At the junction of a north facing valley which looks
like hanging breeches in Lha Zhol
To a father named Tse an emanation of Buddha
Jana and the mother bearing the name Yangchen an
emanation of Shelkar Tshoden
A child named Pema a yogi with a manner of tantra
practitioner will be born in fire dog year; he will be
neither too short nor too tall with a glossy complexion
symbolizing the Ratna family
He will have firm devotion to me the Pema and at
the age of eighteen he will start discovering treasures.
According to this and many similar
prophecies from other treasures, the sovereign
lord of the great secret doctrine, the speech
emanation of the great translator Vairocana,
Minling Terchen Pema Garwang Gyurmed Dorje
was born to his father Noeten Chenpo Sangdag
Thinley Lhundup, a descendent of Noe family
and mother Rigza Hazin Yangchen Dolma an
emanation of Shelkar Dorji Tsho in 1646 A.D on
tenth day of second Tibetan month
corresponding to the fire dog year of eleventh
rabjung in Dranang Dargye Choling with many
auspicious signs.
As soon as he was born, his revered
father bestowed him with empowerments and
blessings for clearing away the obstacle. He was
guarded by the protective deities in the form a
yogi with a plaited hair and two beautiful girls
from very young, which he could remember even
later. When he was still in the lap of his mother
and while playing with other kids, he displayed
the gestures of samadhi and many other
auspicious sign which instilled faith in many

people. At the age of four when he received the

empowerments of the complete secret of the eight
sadhana teachings (Kagyed Sang-Dzog) he
established the perfect meaning of the four
empowerments in his wisdom mind.
At the age of ten, while he was receiving
the empowerment of assemblage of Sugatas
(Desheg Duepa) he was empowered and blessed
by the great Ugyen in a luminous manifestation
by the power of which he experienced the real
intuitive meaning of the vase empowerment (Bum
Wang). By then, he had mastered all the
fundamental requirements of a master like reading
writing and traditional methods of rituals and so
forth without any difficulty. So, beginning from
then he accomplished the enlightened activities
representing his revered father.
At eleven he met with the great fifth
Dalia lama in Pelden Drepung who performed his
first hair cutting ritual and gave him the name
Ngawang Pema Tenzin. As the time of their
meeting coincided with the arrival of the selfarisen image of the Avalokiteshvara of Kyidrong,
he expressed his delight for such an auspicious
coincidence. During that incident, a ray of light
emerged from the heart of the self arisen statue
and dissolved into Terchen's body. Later, when he
met the great fifth Dalia lama at Samye, he
appeared in the form of Avalokitesvara to the
latter's vision. He considered his own father and
the great fifth Dalia lama as his two peerless root
gurus, as they were not only grateful during their
life time, but also after entering the nirvana, as
they blessed him with their wisdom bodies. He
also had sixteen great masters from whom he
received the profound doctrines on the
maturation and liberation and thirty five other
teachers from whom he received various profound
teachings. It was from these masters that he
received the three vows as the basis and got the
oral transmission of all the canonical teachings of
earlier translation that exist today, such as the

NGAGYUR MONLAM CHENMO

scripture of the Great assemblage (dupa-do),
Magical Emanation (gyu-trul), Kilaya (phurpa)
and so forth along with numerous such teachings
of later translations and the complete set of the
translated words of Buddha (Ka-Gyur) which is
like the root for all other teachings of Buddha.
In particular, he received all the
empowerments and oral transmissions of Ngagyur
Kama and Terma which were at the verge of
extinction with great hardship. So, he gave the
new life for the continuation of Kama and Terma
teachings. Starting from thirteen, he had recieved
lectures from his father on the root tantra, the
essence of secret (tsa gyud sangwa nyingpo), the
sublime continuum (gyud lama), relaxing in a
natural state of mind (sem-nyid ngal gso) etc. and
had memorised both the root texts and the
commentaries. Particularly, he had given more
important to the writings of Kunkhen Longchen
Rabjam which gave him the power of
understanding every phenomenon cutting all his
doubts.
In short, he had studied and mastered all
the teachings of Buddha, both earlier and later
translations without any bias which are condensed
into sutras, tantras and the pith instructions. This
is a brief account of how he accomplished the
wheel of study through reading, listening and
contemplation (Logpa thoe-sam gyi khorlo) out
of the three-fold wheels.
Having cleared the doubts and
misconceptions on all the profound sutra and
tantra teachings with certain understandings, he
set forth to practical application through
meditation. He had entered into solitary
meditation starting from one month, three
months, six months and year's sessions in
hermitages like, Dragmar Chimphug, Yamalung,
Yodsel-tse, Samten-tse and so forth, on recitation
practice of peaceful and wrathful guru,
vajrasattava, eight great deities etc. His core
practices were on cutting through (tregchod) and
leap-over (thod-gal) of Dzogpachenpo along with
prana-practice. Having perfected these practices
with development stages and completion stages all
his impure perceptions ceased and enlightened
intent of awareness's own manifestations was born
in him. So, he could accomplish all the four
activities without any hindrance.

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As every appearance and action was a
mere display of wisdom, the wisdom bodies of
great Indian and Tibetan learned sages such as,
the great Guru Padmasambhava, Vimalamitra,
Hungze, Sangye Sangwa, Vairocana, Tshogyal,
Nangral, Kuenkhen Choje and so forth, appeared
before him and projected the mandalas of
emanations and bestowed the empowerments of
numerous Kama and Terma along with their
respective treasure teachings, with the
explanations of all pith instructions for the
profound path. The tutelary deities like
Vajrakumara (Dorji Zhonnu), Vajrasattava
(Dorji-Sempa), Avalokitesvara (Thugje Chenpo),
peaceful and wrathful deities (Zhi-Thro), NalJorma (Yogini) and so forth had also revealed him
and bestowed empowerments and blessings. He
could travel to many pure lands like blissful pure
land
(Dewachen),
glorious
mountain
(Ngayabling) and etc. having mastered the ground
purification samadhi. He also had boundless
wondrous visions such as receiving secret massages
from dakinis and the dharma protectors and they
also spontaneously accomplished all the dharmic
activities. As he possessed the perfect clairvoyance
without desire and obstruction, he made many
predictions about the future happenings which
later came true and became the valid justification.
These are a brief account on how he accomplished
the
wheel
of
abandonment
through
concentration.
Starting from the age of ten, he began
accomplishing
the
enlightened
activities
representing his great father through explanation,
debate and composition and teaching, practicing
and activities.
According to the prophecy
mentioned above, he revealed the Rigzin Thugthig (heart essence of vajradhara) from Yamalung
at the age of eighteen corresponding to the tenth
day of fifth Tibetan month of water rabbit year.
At the age of twenty two, on eighth day
of eighth month of Fire-Sheep-Year, he
miraculously discovered the Shinje-Shed Drekjom (yamantaka) from Sheldrag. At thirty one he
discovered Gur-drag (wrathful guru) and ativersion of Dorsem (vajrasattava) form Ogar-Drag
and at thirty five on twenty ninth of sixth month
of iron monkey year, he revealed Thugje-chenpo
Desheg-Kundue (Avalokitesvara the embidiment
of all the sugatas) from Shawog Tago amidst a

NGAGYUR MONLAM CHENMO

crowd of people. As he had mastered whole
Buddha's
teaching
through
hearing,
contemplation and meditation, he had benefited
numerous beings through empowerments, oral
transmission and instructions. Though he taught
all the teachings of Buddha without bias in
general, he particularly stressed on rendering
profound instructions that directly introduced the
fortunate ones to the Self-originated primordial
wisdom.
His chief disciples were: the great fifth
Dalia lama, Desi Sangay Jamtsho, Dodrag Rigzin
Pema Thinley, Sakya Trichen Kunga Tashi,
Tsedong Zhabdrung, Taglungpa Tenzin Sidzhi
Namgyal, Drukpa Thamchen Khenpa, Tsurphu
Gyaltsab, Drigung Kunchok Thrinley, Kathog
Gyalse, Second Dzogchen Jurmed Thegchog
Tenzin, his own son Pema Jurmed Jamtsho and
his only inner heart son Lochen Dahrma Shiri etc.
In short, all the people holding high post
and the great spirituals masters of his time became
his followers. In this way, he had bestowed the
instructions, empowerments and the oral
transmissions continuously on the orally
transmitted teachings and the revealed treasure
teachings of earlier translations (Ngagyur Kama
and Terma), new tantras (Ngag-Sarma) and Sutra
teachings to all fortunate beings flocked there
from Utsang, Kham, Kongpo, Lho-mon, Ngari
and so forth. With the noble intention for the
continuation of Buddha dharma, he had compiled
as many as sixteen volumes of excellent treatises
on sadhana, mandala and empowerment rituals of
Kama teachings and the teachings of both earlier
and later treasures which are still continuing to
ripen and liberate beings. Thus, he became
peerless in illuminating and propagating the
stainless teachings of Buddha.
As prophesised in treasures, he had
established Wog-men Ugyen Mindroling seat, the
source of Kama and Terma teachings of the secret
Ngagyur Nyingma in central Tibet, in 1676
corresponding to fire male dragon year of eleventh
rabjung. There assembled around three hundred
resident monks, to whom he provided with
clothing, shelters, ritual objects and so on. He had
generously sponsored the writing of more than
five hundred volumes of Kangyur and many other
Ngagyur treatises in gold and silver. He had also
built numerous statues of paintings and carvings,

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23rd ANNIVERSARY
the great tangka of 100,000 images (Kubum
thongdrol chenmo) and many other shrine objects
of body, speech and the mind. These are a
glimpse of a few enlightened activities of this great
master out of his limitless activities with his
selfless generosity, solely for the welfare of the
Buddha dharma and the sentient beings or a
concise account of how he accomplished the
wheel of service through activities.
In this way, Terchen was benevolent to
both the earlier and the later translation schools
either directly or indirectly. He was also very
instrumental in developing the tiny streams of
doctrines like Jo, Shang, Zhi-chod and Bodong
etc. akin to giving new life. One of his most
significant achievement was the reviving of the
excellent tradition of Sutra, illusion and mind
(do-gyu-sem-sum) doctrine of Ngagyur Kama,
through teachings, practice and activities which
were at the verge of extinction. In fact, it was due
to amazingly matchless kindness and the works of
the great Terchen and his descendants that made
the name of the ancient tantric tradition (SangNgag Nyingma) authentic, with the meaningful
back ground, which is still flourishing further.
Therefore, it is very important to strive to follow
and propagate this particular great tradition once
you enter the boundary of Ngagyur Nyingma
followers instead of relying on minor doctrines
bearing the name of profound teaching.
As the time for concluding such
activities of an inconceivable secret approached,
he displayed the signs of minor illness from the
first month of wood horse year at the age of sixty
nine. Starting from 25th of that month he gave
final advice to his uncles, nephews and
descendants. From then, the continuous
melodious sound of trumpet emerged from the
west of the fortress to the appearance of those
who have flocked there for rites and similarly,
fragrance of camphor pervaded the whole
chamber and its surroundings. Then, on the
morning of the second day of second Tibetan
month of that same year, he said to his disciples
nearby that he had to take seven footsteps facing
the east direction and thus, he stood up and took
seven steps and sat in cross-legged posture. Sitting
in this posture he spoke out the following last
words of aspirations;

NGAGYUR MONLAM CHENMO

Appearances, sounds and awareness are experienced
as the deity, mantra and Dharmakaya
Within this vast expanse of the display of enlightened
embodiments and primordial wisdom
Through the practice of the Great Yoga of the
profound and secret
May we remain indivisible with the quintessence of
the one-taste of the Enlightened Mind!
After this he said, "Now the reception
from dakinis had also appeared". With this, he
departed for the paradise of Lotus radiance
(Pema-Wod kyi zhingkham) in the gesture of

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playing drum and bell with a yogic gaze
accompanied by many astonishing signs and
miracles such as, encirclement of rainbow,
trembling of earth and so forth. During the
cremation of his holy body, many similar
miraculous manifestations like, crown of his head
left behind as the fire did not burn it, many other
relics were also appeared and so forth, as the sign
of great accomplishment which instilled deep
faith in the mind of his disciples and people
present there, transporting them on the path of
maturation and liberations.

NGAGYUR MONLAM CHENMO

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23rd ANNIVERSARY

Message from H.H. Taglung Tsetrul Rinpoche

Through the unsurpassed kindness of His Holiness Darthang Rinpoche in spreading the source of
peace and prosperity and wellbeing of all the beings, the continuation of the World Peace Ceremony of
Nyingmapa by numbers of the followers of Nyingma Tradition at Bodhgaya continues to remain without any
degradation. Hence, with rejoice, for the longevity of Buddha Dharma and attainment of enlightenment by
all the beings, I request the huge noble assemblage of sanghas and lay practitioners to pray with great
aspiration and perfect conduct.
At the behest of Ngagyur Rigzod Editorial Committee, this message was sent by His Holiness
Taglung Tsetrul Rinpoche from Dodrag Monastery, Simla, on 15th of September, 2011.

Message from H.H. Dharthang Rinpoche

Homage to the Three Jewels

As said in the Treasury of the Supreme Vehicle: "We are born in this world, which is very hard to obtain, as
human being where dharma is present. When we have obtained all those which are extremely rare to obtain,
such as: born in this world where dharma is present with perfect well-favoured human birth, met perfect
master to guide upon, practise Buddha Dharma with leisure, know the ultimate meaning of marvellous
instructions, and abandon the ocean of sufferings and be liberated to blissful land, we must practise the
Buddha Dharma conscientiously. If we don't practise it conscientiously now when entire requisite is in hand,
such are scarce to meet in next life. Hence, one has to practise on ultimate mean with great endeavour all the
time.
As Lord Nagarjuna had said:
Abided in the place well-endowed with pleasure,
Relied on a perfect spiritual master,
Accumulating virtuous deeds and purifying sins by ideal prayers,
Thus, you have possessed four great wheel.
Shantideva said:
So hard to find such ease and wealth
Whereby to render meaningful this human birth!
If now I fail to turn it to my profit,
How could such a chance be mine again?
And also he said:
Though you have obtained well-favoured human body,
If you don't practise productively in this life,

NGAGYUR MONLAM CHENMO

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You will take birth in the hell realms;

For many years and eons.
Even the sound of happiness won't be heard,
So to talk about good rebirth is needless.
All the happiness and sufferings we experience now are the consequences of our previous karma.
Likewise whatever we are to experience in our next life depends on our present action.
If we have had accumulated evil-deeds in our previous lives we will be born as blind, deaf, ugly,
poor, without freedom, etc. And if we have had accumulated virtuous deeds in previous lives we will take a
birth with complete sense, beauty/handsome, admirable, wealthy, always powerful, freedom, etc. Therefore,
where and in what condition we are to be born in next life depends all upon one's evil or virtuous attitude
and action of this life.
If one accumulates merit by giving, preserving vows, etc. one will be born in higher realm with good
wealth and power. By tolerating one will take a birth with good looks. By saving and guiding others one will
take a birth where there is dharma and free to practise it, get respect from all, and there will be no
disturbance. By being obedient to one's master in previous life one will take a birth in good place endowed
with wealth, meet with master and receive teachings.
The consequence of having faithfully made offerings in previous lives will achieve ultimate goal in
this life by being fully ordained and practising the supreme dharma well. It will be wise and intelligent blessed
with proper quality to understand all the means if we have had listened and contemplated properly in
previous life; so could the means for both self and others be done.
If accumulated evil deed in previous life one will be born in lower realm and even if one takes birth
in higher realm, one will lack the skill of sense, wealth and power, and be less fortunate. Similarly, if one
commits evil-deed now one will take a birth filled with sufferings.
In short, one will know what one had done in previous lives by outlining the mode of happiness and
suffering one experience now. And where one is to take a birth will be outlined by judging one's present
attitude and action. Hence, all depends upon karma. It is said:
See the present body, to know what action one might had done in previous lives.
See the present attitude, to know where one is to take a birth in next life.
Thus, storing this in mind one has to avoid evil deed and always accumulate virtuous deed; because
there is no other aid than virtues. It is said in Sutra:
Not even parents or family, either relatives or kinsman,
And not even son or daughter, are the protector,
Other than Triple Gem who contains all qualities;
There is no other protector in this world.
In the sutra of Instructions to King:
Even if the king dies when the time comes,
He cannot with him take a wealth, queen, relative or friends,
So, whoever dies and is reborn in any realm,
Karma is only the thing which follows like a shadow.
Secondly, how to feel depress and arise desire to get out of samsara, and realize the fact always by
thinking of the certain death or fall? Even if we obtain a complete human-body, it is certain to fall for it is just
a combination of four elements. So, there is no surety when our body is to disintegrate. Therefore, one has to
practise dharma wisely when one has power to do so.
One must think from depth that there is no mean of visions that is experienced for it is just like a
dream or illusion.

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From the Sutra of Collective Jewel, it is said:

It is surprising that there is no place to reside on material formed body,
It is surprising that all the men are impermanent, having no valid time to live,
It is surprising that all visions experience by six senses are temporary,
It is surprising that the thought and sensation of human is endless,
It is surprising that there is no clearance to the sufferings formed from body.
Though all are impermanent but one gets attached on the visions of this life by considering it
permanent. Always examine one's mind, for there is no mean whether one benefits others or tame an enemy,
or be saviour or anything else, indeed it deceives us.
Pal Mazhi Zod Yeshi Said:
Ah! When I look on to the worldly activity,
I see all the acts nil of mean,
There is nothing beneficial if thought,
So, always examine only one's own mind.
Thus, think in this way!
Thirdly, here is the instruction to realize the certain of death and achieve ultimate bliss: Generally,
the compound phenomena are impermanence like dream, illusion, etc. It is said in Udanavarga:
Alas! All the compound phenomena are impermanent,
It is the subject that they disintegrate after born,
So, be liberated from all these,
For it is to disintegrate after born.
The entire compound phenomena are like:
The twinkling star, the butter lamp,
Illusion, dew-drop, bubble of water,
Dream, flash and cloud.
And particularly the impermanence of human beings is like said in the tantric treatise, the Supreme
Secret of Union Moon and Sun:
The lives of the living beings are:
Impermanent like a dream, for it doesn't exist,
Impermanent like a waterfall, for it cannot stay in collection,
Impermanent like air, which cannot be grasped,
Impermanent like a magical creation, which cannot remain for long,
Impermanent like an illusion, in which there are no piece to rely on,
Impermanent like a guest, who doesn't stay in one place,
Impermanent like rains, in which cloud cannot be predicted,
Thus, the limit of the lives of people,
Are never the certain to make out;
For it is sudden and direct.
Therefore, the time cannot be beheld,
It is also said in the Lalitavistara Sutra:
Life is like a display of cloud,
It will disappear quickly like a fall of water.
As in Udanavarga Sutra:
Some die in the womb,
Some die just after the birth,
Some die when they just start to crawl around.
Likewise, some die while running,

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Some die in old age and some in infantile age,

Some die in youthful stage,
Therefore, one cannot say for confident that
This young person will live.
Thus, one has to think from depth the certain of death and discard all the worldly activities like,
attachment and hatred, quarrelling, laziness, hoarding, yearning for greatness, partiality, protecting friends
and conquering enemies, and the like. It is said in Tamjar:
The aspect of phenomenon is vast, and the life is short,
Even the limit of life to live is unknown,
So, earnestly endeavour on one's own advantage,
Like a duck extracts milk from water.
Thus, be realized that there is nothing permanent to rely upon; for all are, soon or later, but certain
to expire. Don't get distracted even for a while for all the human bodies, thoughts, happiness and misery, and
so forth are unstable. Moreover, one must think that the death cannot be reversed away. Therefore sincerely
practise dharma which is only the thing beneficial.
Shantideva said:
All the day and night, one must
Think the fact of impermanence.
There is no other profound way than practising the awareness of impermanence-fact to be
liberated from samsara. Hence, one must avoid all the actions, even meditating, unless the fact of
impermanence is realized.
Guru Padmasambhava said:
Plant an exhortation of impermanence without distracted mind,
And meditate on it all the days and nights.
Even if we think on the longest length of the beginning and end of the world it is impermanent, and
to the shortest moment as well it is impermanent. In short, all the sentient beings are impermanent as their
senses and objects change moment by moment, the wealth and retinue one possessed disappear, parents,
relatives and neighbour decease, and the like. So all the happiness, misery, enemy, relatives, and so forth, are
like a guest who meet for a while and then disperse.
In this way, all the sentient beings are in the dark home of samsara bound by five poisons.
Therefore, when one has opportunity in hand, should bear in mind to get liberated from the dark home of
samsara following the methods to liberation.
The samsaric beings are overpowered by affliction and karma,
Clung as true existence though the impermanence is faced,
Unable to escape even if drowned in the river of birth and death,
Not scared even if experienced various sufferings.
No protector to guide or a spiritual master to instruct,
And wandering in the darkness without dharma;
Thus, think this rarity of the possession of leisure and fortune,
And practise the dharma with Boddhicitta mind captivatingly.
May we meet with perfect spiritual master ever!
And when the profound nectar of dharma is obtained,
May we with industrious effort cross the ocean of three worlds!
Thus, industriously make an effort to reach liberation.
The impermanence of life is like a shadow of western mountain;
It is like a tree on cliff blown by wind;
It is like a cloud, lightening, and dew on tip of leave,

NGAGYUR MONLAM CHENMO

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Thus, think that we are soon to die.

Think vigorously one is to die now;
If not the laziness won't help when deceased,
Thus, practise the nectar of profound dharma
With fear that the death has reached you!
From now, in the forest of flowers, I will step,
Where it will be void of people with sound of water fall,
Will seat in the pleasant isolated place,
And contemplate that all the four seasons as peripheral,
It will be adorned by virtuous actions,
And thus, obtain the profound nectar;
May the great sound of impermanent be proclaimed!
By practising well the nectar of dharma in the beautiful isolated place,
May the core luminosity of Buddha be obtained in this single life!
From the bejewelled abode of liberation,
The sound of dharma is intoned,
So may all the beings awake from ignorance
And attain the enlightenment!
To clear the mind of spontaneous sorrow,
Desires to wander in the forest lonely,
Thus, this is intoned prayers from depth,
So, may all realize this soon faithfully!
This profound advice is written by Omniscient Longchen Rabjam.

Khen-Lop-Cho-sum, their disciples, and the teachings of Kama and Terma,

The holders of spotless lineage of Ngagyur Nyingma,
And the union glory of Sutra and Tantra,
May these rays of benefit and bliss shelter every nook and cranny!
Thus, submitted by Dharthang Rinpoche

NGAGYUR MONLAM CHENMO

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Message from H.H. Shechen Rabjam

Rinpoche
The complete and flawless doctrine of our peerless teacher, the lord of subduers, which encompasses
both lesser and greater vehicles including the tantra teachings have flourished and disseminated in the Land of
Snow as prophesied by Buddha himself. But owing to the power of inferior virtues of the sentient beings, it
had appeared to be degenerating for time being. However, today, due to the great kindness and the
unimaginable enlightened activities of the past Buddhas and Bodhisattvas it is disseminating throughout
globe. So, at this juncture, we the followers of Nyingma are annually gathering at Both Gaya, the supreme
sacred site where the one thousand Buddhas of this fortunate eon are said to attain enlightenment, with the
aim of spreading and flourishing the Budddha dharma in general and the doctrine of Ngagyur Nyingma in
particular and for the longevity of all the great adherents of the dharma headed by H.H the Dalia lama, the
great saviour of Gods and human beings with their enlightened activities accomplished spontaneously, so that
all the living beings of this world enjoy the glory of peace and happiness. And in particular for the pacification
of increasing disasters like earthquake caused by the upsetting of the four element and for the swift
reincarnation of the fifth supreme head of the Ngagyur Nyingma H.H Kyab-Je Thrulshik Rinpoche Jurmed
Ngawang Choki Lodroe, who have entered the maha-parinirvana recently, for continuing his enlightened
activities.
Therefore, I humbly request everyone assembled here to put your utmost efforts to make your
aspirational prayers as profound as possible by embracing it with the three excellences for fulfilling the above
mentioned wishes.
I also would like to appeal everybody to make earnest efforts to accord with four modes of conduct
taught in the vinaya teaching, so that we can become eye-catching ornaments for the faithful devotees and an
ideal object for the wealthy ones to accumulate merits.
By Shechen Rabjam Gyurmed She-Drub Choeki Singye
On 29th day of 7th Tibetan month of Iron Rabbit year (2138 Tibetan Royal year)

Message from H.H Minling Khenchen Rinpoche

As we are assembling here for the 23rd Ngagyur Monlam Chenmo with the noble intention for
spreading, flourishing and the retention of the Buddha dharma in general and the tradition of Gyalwang
Pema Kara, the great secret Vajra-yana teachings which is akin to the pure refined gold endowed with six
excellences in particular with its great nonsectarian adherents headed by H.H Dalia lama living long. And for
the complete pacification of diseases, famine, blight and drought, wars, etc. which have occurred and are
occurring everywhere in the world. I would like to make a few reminders with respect to the period of this
great event: As it is said:
The magnitude of the merits and the demerits cannot be measured from physical appearance
Rather, it can be measured from the degrees of good and the bad intentions.

NGAGYUR MONLAM CHENMO

89

23rd ANNIVERSARY

It is not that beneficial to be just a member of this prayer ceremony and merely to get here in the
great sacred site of Vajrasana. So, at least for ten days assembly endeavour with a pure intention to keep away
with the eight worldly concerns such as gain, rank and so forth, abandoning the spirit of jealousy, deception,
envy, etc. and cultivate the loving-kindness and compassion in your mind streams. Try to focus on
transforming your accumulations in to great merits by connecting it with the completely pure aspirational
prayers beneficial for self and others. Try to channelize the things offered by the faithful peoples both from
within and outside in a meaningful way without wasting them. In short, I earnestly request all the monks,
nuns and the lay-practitioners to bear in mind to become an eye catching ornament for those endowed with
devotion and a supreme field for accumulating merits for those wealthy ones. You must avoid disgracing
Nyingmapas during ten days of Nyingma Monlam Chenmo.
Even during the recitation of Arya Bhadracaryapranidhanaraja and Nama Samgiti you must try to
recite with remembering their meanings in your mind without distractions. As Kunchen Longchenpa said:
Begin practice with altruistic mind in the beginning
Actual practice with non-conception in the middle
And blend with dedication at the end
These are three essential paths to the liberation.
It is very important to blend all your dharmic activities with these three excellences; the excellent
beginning of bodhichitta, the excellent main part without conceptualization and the excellent conclusion of
dedication.
It is very important for all the chief lamas of the Ngyingmapas, head of the monasteries, Khenpos,
trulkus and all the sangha members to take part in this great prayer ceremony, despite your hectic schedules
for the purpose of Buddha dharma and the sentient beings. For it is the only occasion on which the whole
assemblage of Nyingmapas gather together, which is an auspicious circumstances for us to connect pure
intentions and prayers for revival and further advancement of the Buddha dharma in particular and the great
secret Vajrayana tradition in particular. So, I request everyone to make the gathering as big as possible,
because it is just for a period of ten days which is not too long.
During the Monlam Chenmo, avoid disgracing Buddhists by observing the general rules and
regulations of this great congregation and the specific disciplines of your particular monastery. As Kunkhen
Mipham Rinpoche said:
Monastic precepts are the self-benefitting elegant ornaments
While, following a spiritual master is praised as the root of path.
I humbly request everyone not to transgress the dharma precepts in terms of your conducts through
three-doors. I also take this great opportunity to make this earnest appeal for everybody to put combined
effort to continue with the same spirit of loyalty, integrity, mutual agreement and pure-precepts among all the
dharma communities of Ngagyur Nyingma headed by the great seats, like the milk mixed with water as it had
been till date.
With wish and aspirations for continuation of the Ngagyur Monlam Chenmo until the samsara is empty!
At the request of Ngagyur Rigzod editorial committee, Minling Khenchen has written this, on 5/10/2011.

NGAGYUR MONLAM CHENMO

90

23rd ANNIVERSARY

Message from H.H. Dzogchen Rinpoche

To all the faithful followers of Nyingma tradition:
By holding our destined lord as the root guru, we ourselves must have pure vision to all others'
tradition. This is the very essence of my request! The pinnacle of Yana, the great secret of Ngagyur Nyingma
has flourished long before the thousand years through the two classes of orders particularly in the Himalayan
regions and rest of the world bringing out vast achievement of supremacy, wealth and lineage, and moreover,
the account of its presence in the whole Himalayan nations was contained in the golden- records.
Since thousand years ago, the lineages of Guru Padmasambhava and great Bodhisattva
Shantarakshita were passed down to our lineage holders and root guru, where their transmissions spread
throughout the world - thus their kindness are pointless to express. All our Rinpoches are one more amazing
than the other and under the protection of their lineages of golden mountains, we are very fortunate and their
gratitude is unforgettable. We should uphold the Buddha Dharma in accordance to Late His Holiness
Dudjom Rinpoche and Kyentse Rinpoche, and foremost, the living masters: His Holiness Dodrub Rinpoche,
His Holiness Thrulshik Rinpoche, His Holiness Jadral Rinpoche, His Holiness Taglung Tsetul Rinpoche,
etc. Particularly, we must look back to the exemplary path of the dharma king Late His Holiness Khenchen
Jigme Phutsho Jungney Rinpoche and His Holiness Drubwang Padma Norbu Rinpoche, who had benefitted
the Buddha Doctrine extensively. And should always remember their kindness.
Likewise, while the fortunate people within and outside Tibet and others from the Himalayan
Range like Bhutan, Sikkim, Ladakh, Khunu, Arunachal Pradesh, and the like from rest of the world
constantly make offerings, bestowing introduction on Buddhism by the Rinpoches and khenchens under the
organizing committee of Ngagyur Monlam Chenmo must be regarded as the most significant service. The
Ngagyur Monlam is not just a prayer carried out in exile, but all lineage holders of Ngagyur Nyingma from
outside and inside Tibet and all parts of the world get seat, share common facilities and pray together for
peace and security in the world. This is very amazing! Similarly, in this century, the so called Tibetan
Buddhism which is highly renowned in the world should be maintained by the Buddhist of 21st century and
Buddhist monastic institutions. And making timely and pertinent call to the sympathetic and paying heed to
the modern advanced Buddhism from highly learned masters like Khenchen Tshulthrim Lodro, Khenchen
Padma Sherab, etc., for the lasting of Buddha doctrines in exile is considered as the priceless goal.
To uphold the great achievements of our past masters, the dharma must be practised accordingly.
Thinking and acting as far as possible to preserve the natural radiance of great perfection without concerning
with the political matter, let's strive hard for the achievement of liberation by the path of skilful means.
Written by 7th Drubwang Dzogchen Rinpoche Jigme Losal Wangpo alias Tenzin Jigdrel Lhunpo, as
requested by the Ngagyur Rigzod Editorial Committee on 10h day of the 7th month of the Iron FemaleRabbit Year for the 22nd World Peace Ceremony.
May this be the source of virtues and auspiciousness!

NGAGYUR MONLAM CHENMO

91

23rd ANNIVERSARY

Message from H.E. Ralo Rinpoche

When the 23rd annual Ngagyur Monlam Chenmo is nearing, while the auspicious occasion is
wavering in the heart, being unable to turn down the request of Ngagyur Rigzod Editorial Committee, with
respect, the feelings of the old yogi will be expressed here.
Through the immeasurable kindness of His Holiness Darthang Rinpoche; the illuminator of
Ngagyur Nyingma, the annual World Peace Ceremony was established, where the stainless Tradition of
Khen-Lop-Choe-Sum (Abbot Shantarakshita, Master Padmasambhava. and King Trisong Deutsen) endowed
with the Six Excellencies continues to flourish and likewise, the presidents of Dorden Ngagyur Monlam
Chenmo; the late masters ensured the continuation of the Great World Peace Ceremony for the last 22 years
like a bright-sunshine. Nevertheless, due to the adverse circumstances and obstacles on the Nyingmapas, His
Holiness the Dorje-Chang Padma Norbu Rinpoche and also His Holiness Thrulzhig Rinpoche and His
Holiness Minling Thrichen Rinpoche had passed away for the sake of the beings in other realms; thus it's
truly heartbreaking - as a saying goes: 'the fallen-mountain cannot be brought back by a rope.' Nonetheless,
for the accomplishment of the noble wishes of our late His Holiness Padma Norbu Rinpoche and His
Holiness Thrulshik Rinpoche, the living masters, lamas, trulkus, khenpos and the followers of Ngagyur
Nyingma Tradition must come together with unity to act accordingly - hence this is the well-timed duty of all
Nyingmapas.
To you, the Rinpoches, lamas, trulkus, Khenpos and the like; the field of refugees, with my extreme
longing, I request one and all to compassionately entreat and generate common intention for the cause of
peace and prosperity in the world while guarding the samayas and living harmonious like milk and water. I,
the old Ralo Yogi single-mindedly make this call.
The late (sugata) His Holiness Padma Norbu Rinpoche had once spoken to me in USA: "I will
attend World Peace Ceremony until I leave my body; similarly, you follow this as well." Thus with this spiritual
advice from His Holiness, I am very certain to attend it until I leave this human body. The refined golden
advice of Rinpoches, khenpos, and trulkus, are being compiled and distributed by the Ngagyur Rigzod
Editor. Therefore, I wish to convey the great thankfulness on behalf of all the followers of Ngagyur Nyingma
Tradition.
Lastly, the longevity ceremony was offered to our 100-year-old His Holiness Jadral Rinpoche; the
lord and the protector of beings and dharma by Rigzin Phodrang Monastery, where His Holiness had
compassionately accepted it. With my aspirations for the longevity and achievements of the noble wishes and
activities of His Holiness Jadral Sangay Dorjee Rinpoche, His Holiness the Dalai Lama, His Holiness Dodrup
Rinpoche, His Holiness Mogtsha Rinpoche, His Holiness Taglung Tsetrul Rinpoche and all the dharma
masters regardless of their lineages - I wish that all spiritual activities of them rise like a Summer-Lake! May
the two sections of sanghas (Monks and Lay Practitioners) live harmoniously, uphold the vinaya vows
properly, and the teachings and practices of Buddhism spread throughout the ten vast directions,
subsequently prevailing peace and security in the world!
The complete and unbroken way of the Sutras and Tantras,
The learned and the accomplished tradition of the awareness holders,
The essence of the teachings of the Able OneThe Secrete Mantra of the Original Translations.
May it soar higher and flourish throughout the world!
Thus, it was written by the 11th Ralo lineage holder H.E. Dorje Dechen Tshal alias Draktsal Dorje
from Rigzin Phodrang Monastery, located near the White House, Washington, USA on 24-10-2011.

 -- -------------------/
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133)

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183)

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213)

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184)

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720

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185)

645

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Nepal

215)

721

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186)

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216)

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187)

647

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217)

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188)

648

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Nepal

218)

727

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189)

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219)

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190)

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220)

733

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191)

657

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221)

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223)

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195)

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Nepal

225)

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196)

674

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Nepal

226)

749

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197)

677

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227)

752

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198)

678

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228)

753

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Nepal

199)

681

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229)

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200)

685

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Nepal

230)

759

-----

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201)

686

-------/

Nepal

231)

760

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Nepal

202)

690

---

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232)

761

--------

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203)

691

------

Nepal

233)

764

----

Nepal

204)

692

-----

Nepal

234)

765

-----

Nepal

205)

693

----

Nepal

235)

773

-----------

India

206)

698

---------

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236)

774

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207)

699

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237)

776

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208)

703

-----

Nepal

238)

777

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Nepal

209)

705

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Nepal

239)

778

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210)

711

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240)

779

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211)

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 -- -------------------/
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India

-----271) 9287

Country

241)

781

-------

242)

782

------

Nepal

272)

9288

-------

Nepal

243)

784

--------

Nepal

273)

9303

------

Nepal

244)

787

-------

Nepal

274)

9305

-----

India

245)

788

-------

Nepal

275)

9308

-------

Nepal

246)

789

--------

India

276)

9313

----

Nepal

247)

790

--------

India

277)

9317

---------

India

248)

791

-----

India

278)

9405

-----

Bhutan

249)

793

-----

India

279)

9409

--------

Nepal

250)

794

----

Nepal

280)

9415

------

Nepal

251)

795

---------

Nepal

281)

9419

-----

Bhutan

252)

797

--------

Nepal

282)

9420

-------

Bhutan

253)

800

-----

Nepal

283)

9422

-------

Nepal

254)

802

-----

Nepal

284)

9453

----

Bhutan

255)

3029

------

Nepal

285)

9455

-------

Nepal

256)

6004

----/

Nepal

286)

9456

-----

Nepal

257)

8014

-----

India

287)

9458

--------

India

258)

9004

-----

Nepal

288)

9460

------

Bhutan

259)

9036

-----

Bhutan

289)

9468

-------

Nepal

260)

9208

-----

Nepal

290)

9469

-----

Nepal

261)

9212

------

Nepal

291)

9471

----------

India

262)

9215

-----

Nepal

292)

9472

----

Nepal

263)

9217

----

Nepal

293)

9477

--------

Nepal

264)

9222

----

Nepal

294)

9480

-------

Bhutan

265)

9225

----

Nepal

295)

9503

-------

India

266)

9229

---

Nepal

296)

9504

------

Bhutan

267)

9235

------

Nepal

297)

9513

------

India

268)

9254

-----

Nepal

298)

9517

----

India

269)

9258

-----

Nepal

299)

9524

-------

Nepal

270)

9276

------

Nepal

300)

9526

------

Nepal

Nepal

 -- -------------------/
No IDNo

Name

Country No IDNo

----301) 9527

Name

Nepal

-------/
331) 9623

Country
Bhutan

302)

9556

---------

Bhutan

332)

9624

-------

Bhutan

303)

9558

------

Nepal

333)

9626

-------

Nepal

304)

9559

--------

Nepal

334)

9627

-------

Nepal

305)

9561

-----

India

335)

9628

-----

Nepal

306)

9564

-----

Nepal

336)

9629

------

Nepal

307)

9566

------

Nepal

337)

9630

----------

India

308)

9568

--------

India

338)

9631

-----

Nepal

309)

9569

------

India

339)

9632

---------

Nepal

310)

9570

-----

Nepal

340)

9633

----

India

311)

9572

------

Bhutan

341)

9635

-----

Nepal

312)

9582

------

Bhutan

342)

9636

----

Nepal

313)

9584

-------

India

343)

9637

----------

Nepal

314)

9587

---

Nepal

344)

9638

-------

Bhutan

315)

9590

----

Nepal

345)

9639

------

Nepal

316)

9593

------

India

346)

9640

----

Bhutan

317)

9594

-----

India

347)

9641

-----

Nepal

318)

9595

-------

Nepal

348)

9642

-----

Nepal

319)

9599

--------

Nepal

349)

9643

-----

India

320)

9602

-------

India

350)

9644

------

Nepal

321)

9607

----

Bhutan

322)

9610

------

India

323)

9611

-----

Bhutan

324)

9612

-----

Nepal

325)

9613

-------

Nepal

326)

9614

------

India

327)

9616

-------

Nepal

328)

9618

-------

Nepal

329)

9620

--------

Nepal

330)

9621

----------

Nepal