2R.-GA-$4$-=$$&J?-2+?

2R.-GA-$4$-=$-$&J?-2+?-0R.-UJ%-, 4

.0=-?-*-0:A-=3-:V?-GA-(R?-{R<-$&J?-2+?,

.0=-?-*-0:A-=3-:V?-GA-(R?-{R<$&J?-2+?,

2R.-GA-$4$-=$-8A2-.JR.-#%-,
0R.-UJ%-,
4

2R.-GA-$4$-=$-$&J?-2+?-0R.-UJ%-, 4

.0=-?-*-0:A-=3-:V?-GA-(R?-{R<$&J?-2+?,

2R.-GA-$4$-=$-8A2-.JR.-#%-/?-.0<-20/-8?,

 Institute of Tibetan Classics, 2004

All rights reserved.
Compiled, edited and published by the Institute of Tibetan Classics
www.tibetanclassics.org

.0J- .J2- :.A-?- <A$?-/?-3-.0J- )A- 28A/- 2*<-.- .0<- 20/-36.-o<-.$$-L-3J.,

.J2- :.A- 1983 =R<-<)-0<-?-*- (R?- 5S$?-/?-.0<-.- 20/- 0:A-?-*:A-=3-:V?-GA- (R?- {R<- =$8A- 29%-/?-.0<-.- 20/,

2R.-GA-$4$-=$-$&J?-2+?-0R.-UJ%-, 4

.0=-?-*-0:A-=3-:V?-GA-(R?-{R<-$&J?-$+?,
2eR.-L, .0=-?-*-0:A-=$?-GA- $?%-%$-=3-:V?-2-.%-2&?-0:A-(R?-{R<,

2R.-GA-$4$-=$-8A2-.JR.-#%-/?-KR$?-21A$?-.%-.0<-20/-8?,
,A-=R- 2004 =R<-wA-=A<-.0<-,J%?-.%-0R-20/,

Series title: bod kyi gtsug lag gces btus vol. 4

Volume title: dpal sa skya pai lam bras kyi chos skor gces btus
Author: A selected anthology

1.
2.

Indo-Tibetan Buddhism__Sakya tradition__ Path and fruits teachings.

Virupa-kun dga snying po-grags pa rgyal mtshan- jam dbyangs mkhyen
brtse chos kyi dbang phyug -mang thos klu sgrub rgya mtsho-Fifth Dalai
Lama.

ISBN 81-89165-02-X
Printed in New Delhi, India

? 2R .- GA- $4$- =$- $&J?- 2+?- 0R .- P%?-?3-& -,3-0-(-5%-KR$?-1A $-.%-.0<0/- IA-o- :PR:A- 3,/- nJ/- ;R%?-mR$?- A- <A:-A 3A- <A$?-{- 82?-&J<A- @J<- >J- .%-, Barry
t3-{- #R -/A -@ J <- >J Connie Hershey@J <- >J : A - HA 3- 5%- $A - .$J - lJ.Hershey
2&?- /?-.<- 2<- ..- $+R%-.A/- 2.$- i3?- 5K The Hershey Family Foundation
z$-.R/- w/- ,R$- :.A- KA:A- =J$?-5S$?-2?3-.R/- 28A/-z/-IA?-P2-0:A-(R/- :./-8,

KR$?-1A$-0:A-\J%-2eR.,
.-=3-:.A<-<A ?-3J .-2R.-GA -3#?-P2-;R%?-? -P$?-0-. -3?-2l3?-21A $?-36.-0:A $8%-$=-(J-2-2o-U$-$*A?- z$- 43- 8A$- KR$?- $&A$-+-2#?-+J-2R.-GA- $4$- =$- $&J?-2+?-8J?-0:A0R.-UJ%-$?<-.-KR$?-21A$?-GA ?-.0<-20/-8-2-/A, $4S - 2R-<%-<J:A - 2R.- GA- (J- 3,R :C- <A$- $/?-,A .%-z$-0<-/%-.R /-<A $- 0:A - $/?- 92- 3R - i3?- (- 5%-2-0R .-P%?-3A -3%-2-8A $- $A - ,R $- /?- .J %<2?-]R-$?<-2:A- ;A.-%R<-=J$?- 0<- 35S/-,2- 0- .%-, .J- 35%?-]R- $?<- .R/- $*J<-&/-i3?/?-$=-(J:A- 2!/-2&R?- :.A-i3?-=-,R?-2?3-2IA -2:A- $R- {2?- 29%-0R- ,R2- 0:A- .3A $?-;=- IA- (J ..- ;A/, .3A $?-;=-$8/-;%-<A3- 0?- $=- (J:A- 2R .- GA- 2!/- 2&R?- :.A- i3?- .LA / - ;A $- ?R $?:63-\A%-{.-;A$-$8/-.--12-+<-IA-=3-/?-/3-8A$-$8%-lR3-0-0R:C- 2R.-GA- 3#?-P2- (J- #$- i3?- GA35/-:63-\A%-;R %?-=-P$?-,2-0-3-9.- .J -i3?-GA ?- 2l3?- 0:A-$=-(J :A- $8%-i3?-G%-:63-\A %,A:A- $J- (J:A- $4$- =$- $A- P=-.- aJ2?-+J-*J-c-3%-0R<- 1/- ,R$?-;R%-2:%-YA.- ~3,
0R.-UJ%-:.A-*A.-KR$?-21A$?-8-5=-/A, l- 2- #R- 2R- ,2-2!/-.A/- 0?- :$/-#<-IA?-=R>?-<A%-.0J-36S .-#%- 3%- 0R<-.J.-8A 2- GA?- 0R.- UJ %-:.A-/%-)A - 28$?-GA-K$-.0J :A-35/-,R :C-$8A 3-2!R.-21A$?-8?- >A%-, =?-.R/- :.A:A- ,R$-7,A- /R<- $R%-?-7*2?- 3$R/- (J/- 0R?- .2?-<A?-3J .]-(J/-#$-.%-.J- 35%?-2R.- GA- 3#?- .2%- #$- =:%- 2!:- aR2-8?- ;R., .J-;%-,A<- <%- &$- 2R.GA-{.- ;A $- /%- }R/- IA - $?%- YR =-=-<A $- $/?- (J-2-s-.%-( %-2-s-8J?-P$?-0-v<-(R ?- .%- :)A $gJ/-IA-=3-=$?-$- 5S$?-!R/ - 0:A- 2!/-2&R?- OA-U$-2c=-2-28$?-3R., :.A<- /A- $4S- 2R:A- .2%.-L?-+J-KA -=R-. ?-<2?-2./- 0:A-/%-.-v-;R %?-?-P$?-0:A - 2R.- GA - ;A- $J - :.A:A - YR=- $+R .-0-/?29%-.?- <2?- *A- >- 0:A- !R. - (:A - 2<- IA- . ?-;/-3A- =R - (A$-!R %-?3- 2o- 43- :.A:A -/%-.-L %-2:A 3#?-.2%-5.-w/-$=-(J -2-i3?-GA -lR 3-$8 %-$/.-(J -2-#$-3%-43-8A $-0R .-UJ %-:.A -/%-$&J ?2+?-8?-;R ., .J- ;%- $4S- 2R-2eR. - L:A - .2%-.- L?- +J- ,R$- 3<- 2R .-.- =R- o?-GA-/%- L%-2:A- (R ?2o.- (J/- 0R - )R- 2R -2!:-$.3?-0, ?- .$J- 2!:- fA %- )R-/%- 2R /-.%-2&?-0-?R- ?R :C-, /- 3R%-3-;A /0:A-3/-%$-!R /- 0:A - \J $?- 23- #$ .J -/?-o=-Y?-GA -,R .- 0:A - {R <, #R 3-0-$? 3- IA -i3-$8$
}$?-]-3J.- GA- 2*J.-<A3- .%- mR$?- <A3, .0=-.?-GA- :#R<-=R:C- i3- $8$ .J- /?- 35/- *A.- GA-

#J-5/-=-1<-KA/-.%-, 92-3R- .2- 3:A-v-2, 5.- 3- <A$- 0, 3%R/- 0- $R%- :R$- $*A?, P2-3,:A-i3$8$-2&?-.%-, .J- 28A/-.- =J$?-2>.-=$?-GA-2a2-L-?R$?-!R/- 0:A-3#?-0-.%-P2-0-=-:)$0:A-|R:A- $8%- $&J?- 2+?-$- 5S$?, $8/-;%-$?R-2-<A$-0-(/- IA- $8%-, }<-YR=- IA- lA?, 2R.-GAz- 3R:C - $8%- (J/- #$ o=-<2?-.%-(R?- :L %- fA %- <A$?-$=-(J - .0J - 35S/- 2&?-#J -5/-:.A -(-5%0R.- P%?-?3-&:A -/%- =J$?- 0<- 35S/-,2-0- 8?-;R.,
0R.-UJ% - :.A- 28A/-8-1A$ - .%R? - $8A- 8- {2?- ,R$- 3<- $8%- ?R- ?R-!3-0-B:A-/%-:)$-.?3-.0J- 2R.-.0<-fA%-0-5.-w/-8A$-A-5$?-GA?- :5S=- 8A2- L?- +J- .J- KA- 3R<- 29%?, .J-/?-$8%-.J:-A
3-.0J-2R .-.0<-3A-:S-2-)A -28 $?-1/- 5 /- 8A 2- 2#<- L?- +J - 3- .0J -3A - :S- 2: A - /%- .0<- ;A $3, /-3A /-)A -;R .-%R ?-=J $?-0<-29%-!J -3(/-,R -2!R .-+J -3-.0J :A -/%-3%R /-$?=-&/-IA -/R <-<A $?i3?-2&R?->A %-$>3-. -3(/-/%-.J -.R /-$?=-2>.-.%-, $8/-?R $?-$8A -;R .-0-i3?-<%-?R <28$-!J-:R $-$A -3(/-/%-/R <-2&R ?-)A -v<-.$R ?-3A /-IA- 2?3-:(<-1 =-;R .-0-=?-l-2:A -3-.0J -2R ..0<-$%-=-$8A-2&R=-2-.J -5.-w/-<%-.-L?-+J-8 -.$-$4%-%J ?-,J%?-.-3-?R%-2-8?-;R., .J -.%(2?-&A$-[R $-0-0R-.R /-$*J <-&/-i3?-/?-# %?- 2&R=- IA - ;A $-(-#$-=-.J.-8A2-$/%-2.J :A -a.=%-$8%-?R-?R:C -/%-=%- :SJ /- )A- ;R.-$%-,2- %R?- :6B /- IA?-2!:-2!/- .%- $?%- :23- ?R $ ?-$%;A/-5.-w/-.0<-3-8A $-$A -!J %-/?-K$-.0J -?R -?R :C -35/, .0<-3-$%-;A /-IA -%R ?-:6B /, 0R .-A%P%?, >R$-2-.%-;A$- UJ%- $A-A%-P%?-2&?-$?=-0R- 2!R.-.J- $>3-.-8-1A$ - 0:A- 3(/- 8J?- 0:A/%-2&$-;R., .0J-.J2- [R$-{2?-$8%- $A-5/-0-$=-(J- i3?- %R?- :6B/-a-2-.%-, K$- .0J- $9A$?2.J- 0R- ;R%-(J.-$8%- .R/- $=- (J-2-i3?-.J2-GA- .2<- .!<-($-=R$?-?-2!R.-0-v<-5/-0-?R-?R<-2$R ?+J- :$R <-?-2&.-(J-#$-$%-;A /-2!R .-0-3-9.-/%-.R/-i3?-G%-.J %-<2?-GA - .0J- .J 2-1A $-=$?- v<. 3-2 - ?R - ?R <-L?-+J -}-KA :A - .LJ -353?-$?=-0R- %R ?- :6B /-, 2-0-L?-;R., $8/-;%-0R .-?R - ?R :A -/%-)A 28$?-GA- $8%-$%-;A/-<%-.J-.%-:VJ=-2:A-.R/-$/?-.0J<-/-lR3-0-0R:C-=R-o?-~A%-.R/-.%-, $8%-?R?R:C - .R /-<$?-<A 3- 43- :PJ =-2eR .-?R $?-$?=-2:A -}R /-\J %-%R -3R .-G%-2!R .-;R .-0-2&?-}-KA :A -=?.R/-3,:-.$-=-$%->J?-GA?-.3- .R/-&A- /?-8-#=- ;%- .-.%-;A-$J-(.-z$-.%-, $8%-353?-}-KAKJ-5=- ?R$?-$%-,.-/?-/R<- :O=-I<- ;R.- %J?- 0?- 3HJ/- w/- i3?-/?-29R.- 0<- 36.-:5=,

.J-28A/-. -%-5S-8 -1A$-0-i3?-$8%-3,R%-o-8/-0-.%-, z$-0<-3-.0J -=$-?R/-3-I <-2?R$?-GA?-0R.-UJ%-:.A -/%-%J?- 0<- 28$?-?- :R?- 0:A - .0J- $8%- $=- (J :A- <A$?-3%-0R- 8A $-=?-;R .%J ?-0?-3%-,R ?-3#?-0:A -3. /-?<-29R .-$?R =-8 -2-.%-(2?-&A $-a.-/?-G%-<A 3-0?-0R .-UJ %:.A<- 0R .-P%?-$?<-0-2$R/- 0:A - $R - {2?- G%- :R%- YA .-/-.J <-(/-0:A-2!:-aR 2-.$R %?-:(<-;%z$-)R=-;R%-2-8J?-<J-2{=-;%-8-o,
3,:-.R /-2R .-GA - $4 $- =$- $&J ?- 2+ ?- GA - 0R .- UJ %- :.A -28A /- KR $?-21A $?-GA ?- .0<20/-<A3-0?-8-2:A -$=-(J:A-=?-.R /-:.A-,R $-%-5S<-7-< -E-?A-2R .-GA-(J ?-3,R:C-aR 2-$*J<-#%-/?-81A$-0-5S<-3,R -aR2-GA-.0J -36S.-#%-.-)A-28$?-GA -2R.-.0J-i3?-z$- 0<- .J.- 8A 2-8-o:A- $R - {2?$/%- 2- .%- , .J -35%?- 3- .0J-i3?-!3-0-B:A-/%-:)$-o:A-,$?-:$/-.$:-w/-><-lJ-95%-$A- .0J- 36S.- #%- /?- 28J?-0-2&?-=-,$?-eJ- (J-8-o,
$8/-;%-K$-.0J-8 -1A$-$4S ?-=%-# %?-:5S=-8A 2-?R$?-GA -=?-.R /-(J-U:A -<A $?- i3?.$J-2>J?-,2- 2!/- ;R/- +/, .$J-2>J?- ]R-29%-(R?- .<, A4$- ]R-29%-hR- eJ- <2-\A%-, A4$2!/- :6B/- /R<-2-2&?- /?- $/%- 2- .%-, .$:-w/-.-K$-.0J-!3-0-B<-:)$-o-.%- , .0J- 0/=- *J-2<-3#R -2:A -=?-.R /- (J-U-. - 3:A -:$/-(-5%- .$J- aR %- L3?- 0- .!R /- 3(R $- $A ?-$/%-2-.%-,
#R%-=-!3-0-B<- 2&$-9A/ - i3?- 3- .0J- .%- 2#<-8A2-GA ?-8- .$- $+R%-o<-=?- <R$?- .$J-2>J ?]R-29%-:)3- .L%?- .%- .$J - 2>J ? - ]R -29%-(R ?- :1J =- $*A ?- /?- $/%- 8A %-, 8-1A$-0-5S ?2!R.- 0:A- /R<-2&R?- .%- 3(/- i3?- .%- .J:A-!J%- #R- 2R?- 3,:- 3:A-8-1A$- ,J%?-:$:->?-2IA?- 0:A /R<-2&R?-.%-3(/-#-2$R/-i3?-3-/R<-2<-{2?-?R- ?R<-:#R.-0-?R$?-=?-.R/-.-3:A-:$/-A4$]R-29%-hR-e J- <2- \A%-/?- $/%- 2- .%-, wA- =A<- .0<- 20/-8-o:A- =?- .R/- $%- &A<- K$- <R$ ?-mR%(R?- .$J- aR %- 2!/- :6B/- (R?- o=- /?- $/%- 2- 2&?- 5%- 3<- , $?-eJ -(J - 8-o-2&?-} R /- :PR:A \J%-2eR. -GA- 5=-., 2R.-GA- $4$-=$-$&J?-2+?-GA-KR$?-1A$-.%-8-1A$- :$/- :6B /- \%- <A- 2z- <3?-,2- 2!/-.A/- 0?- 2003 KA-^- 5K?- =,,
,,

.!<-($
}R/-\J%-%R-3R.,----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------xi
.0J-0/-$?=-2>.,------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------xvii

.0=-?-*-0:A-=3-:V?-GA-(R?-{R<$&J?-$+?,
1 =3-:V?-hR-eJ-5B$-b%-3, .0=-7A-<-0,----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3
2 $8%-2>.-$*$?-3, ?-(J/-!/-.$:-~A%-0R,--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------11
3 =3-:V?-#R$-12, :)3-.L%?-3HJ/-2lJ-.2%-K$----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------87
4 =3-:V?-#R$-12-GA-8=-{R%-, !/-.$:-.0=-w/,--------------------------------------------------------------------------------195
5 2>.-12-L-5=-IA-9A/-VA?, :)3-.L%?-3HJ/-2lJ-.2%-K$------------------------------------------------------------223
6 $%-2-$?3-.-2!/-0:A-=3-IA-9A/-VA?, :)3-.L%?-3HJ/-2lJ-.2%-K$--------------------------- 245
7 o.-$?3-.-2!/-0:A-=3-IA-9A/-VA?, :)3-.L%?-3HJ/-2lJ-.2%-K$--------------------------------307
8 KA-2*J.-<A3-IA-9A/-VA?, :)3-.L%?-3HJ/-2lJ-.2%-K$-----------------------------------------------------------------------367
9 /%-2*J.-<A3-IA-9A/-VA?, :)3-.L%?-3HJ/-2lJ-.2%-K$------------------------------------------------------------------ 411
10 23-.2%-$A-kA-=3-3/-IA-9A/-VA?, 7o=-3(R$-s-0-(J/-0R,-------------------------------------------------------------419
11 =3-:V?-OA.-.0J-$/.-21A=-2:A-*3?-=J/-~A%-0R, 3%-,R?-[-12-o-35S,-----------------441
8-1A$-0:A-3(/,-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 449
=%-:SJ/-K$-.0J:A-35/-$8%-,--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------471
8-1A$- 0:A-#%?- 2&R=- IA- ;A$- (- #$---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------477

}R/-\J%-%R-3R.,
!, ,.?-$?3-IA- o=- 2- ,3?- &.- GA - 2PR.-0-$&A $- 0:A- =3, i=-:LR <-IA-.2%-K$.0=-w/-2A! -0:A-,$?-GA- *A%-# , eJ- 24/- ?-*-0-;2-Y?-<A3-0<-LR/-0-i3?-GA-,$?.3-IA- ~A%-0R, $?%-%$-<A/-0R- (J- =3- :V?-2-.%-2&?-0:A-$.3?-%$-&J?-;R%?-?-P$?0- :.A- /A, 2.$-&$-$A-!R /-0-2&R3- w/- :.?- i3- :SJ/- 28A -0-%J?-.R/-. -2{=-0-.0$-+3J.- 0:A- }R/-<R =-/?-?%?-o?-+J, a<-;%-:63-2:A- \A%-. -?%?-o?-0:A -5=-2!/- /?,R$-3<-,J$-0-$?3-IA- (R?-GA- :#R<-=R- <A3-0-$?3- 2{R<- 2:A- eJ?-?, ($?-0-.%-V=-2:A=3-IA?-:.=-2<-3A-/?-0-i3?-GA- .R/-., }R /-!R/- 0-3=-{-:V?-2:A- @J-<- !?- $?%?0:A-o.-i3?-a<-;%-2*<-2>.-GA-5=-., $/?-<A- <2- GA- lJ- 3R-=-?R$?-0<-$?%-}$?GA-o.-#J -:$:-8A$-.%-, H.-0<-.-.0=-GN- hR - eJ:A-l-o.-2#?-0-2g$-0-$*A?-GA - 2.$*A.- &/- .%-, .J:A-,/- 3R%- 3- ;A /- 0:A- 2>.-o.- hR- eJ-$<, o.- $8/- .%-,/- 3R%- $A 2>.-o.- .0=- ?\- BA- i3?- $?%?-+J-$?%-}$?-GA- (R?- :#R<-]-/-3J.- 0- 2{R<,
.J-eJ ?-?%?-o?-{-M-%/-=?-:.?-/?-=R -!R%-.%-*A ->-z$-43-/-$.3?-0:.A-*A.-GA->A%-g:A-YR=-:LJ.-eJ-24/-i=-:LR<-IA-.2%-K$-P2-(J/-2A!-0-LR/-0-!J, .J;%-,R$-3<-o-$<-><-KR$?-?-o=-0R:C-<A$?-?-{-2v3?, {-$8R/-/:A-.?-.3-0:A<A$?-?.-/?-<2-+-L%-, <A $-0:A-$/?-,3?-&.-=-3#?-0<-2a2?, .J-eJ?-;=.2?-.0=-/-=f:A-$4$-=$-#%-.-LR/-+J, 3#/-0R-(R?-GA-2>J?-$*J/-=?-2~J/-0<mR$?, ,J$-0-(J -(%-.%-eJ?-?-:VJ=-2:A-.3-0:A -(R?-2?3-IA ?-3A-H2-0-.%?->A %-,
:#R<-=R -2.J -3(R $-$A -.2%-.%-$.3?-%$-G%-8?-=, ,A<-;%-<%-.%-$8/-IA -P 23,:-o-35S:C-1-<R=-+-?R/-0<-I<-+J, >A%-g-(J/-0R -.0=-w/-(R?-*R%?-8J?-;R %?-?P$?, .J-/?-3#/-0R-.J-*A.-:.?-0:A-eJ?-?-.0=-/ -=f:A-3#/-0R-36.-.J, *A/-3R -

xii

.0=-?-*-0:A-=3-:V?-GA-(R?-{R<-$&J?-2+?,

:.=-2-=-?R$?-0:A-(R?-:(.-&A%-, 35/-3R-2.J-3(R$-$A-212-0-=-2lR/-0-;/-<A%.-36.-0?-.J:A-%R?-/?-.%R?-P2-GA-35/-3-3-L%-, .J-/?-{2?->A$-+-?-$-^-2:A-*A>-$*A?-GA-/2-3R-3/=-=3-.-;J->J?-GA-3#:-:PR-2.$-3J.- 3-2.-3J.-,-3=-0:A-5=.-L?-/?, HR.-GA-=?-2?$?-0:A-z-%-;A/-0?-.%R?-P2-M<-.-,R2-2R-8J?-$?%?-/?3A-$%-2<-?R%-2-.%-, 3/=-?.-/?-.J :A-2!:-28A /-L?-0?, .J:A -/2-3R-;J ->J?-GA 3#:-:PR -3?-2.$-3J .-3-z-3R -2&R -s:A -.GA =-:#R <-3=-/?-.2%-28A -2{ <-2?-?.%-0R:C-gR$?-0-*J?->A%-, .J-/?-*A->-.$:A-2<-=-?-S$-$A-gR$?-0-2fJ?-0?-/, .?.J-/?-29%-35/-:)A$?-V=-3,-!R2?-GA -.2%-K$-2A! -0-8J?-*A -^-v<-P$?->A %-,
3,-!R2?-GA-|R-/?-3-!J$?-0-i3?-5<-2&., i=-:LR<-]-/-3J.-0:A-o.-#J-,A-.%-, LJV$-GN-hR -eJ :A -l-2>.-GA -o .-$?3, H.-0<-o .-,3?-&.-GA-o=-0R -GN -hR -eJ -o .-GA .$R%?-0-eJ-24/-hR-eJ-2.$-3J.-3:A-2!:-28A/-.-$?%-%$-<A/-0-(J-=3-:V?-2-.%2&?-0:A-$.3?-%$-$A -|R-/?-.<-8A %-o?-0<-36.-.J, P2-(J/-><-KR $?-/$-0R -0<%-*A .-.%-gR $?-0-3A -3*3-0-=-3#:-:PR :A -8=-_%?-, -=J -2:A -$.3?-%$ 2!:3.R-o.-,3?-&.-GA-2&.-K%-2-~A%- 0R:A- ~A%- 0R- 92- 3R-hR- eJ:A- 5B$- b%-2eJ.-,R <-$/%/?-gR$?-0-3*3-0<-LA/-IA?-2_2?,
.J-/?-]-3-2o.-0-o-$<-2-i3?-2o., 2R.-;=-.-]-(J/-:VR$-3A-=R-4-2-=2!:-22, .J?-3/-%$-:6B/-0:A-aR2-3:A-3(R$-?J-!R/-!/-<A$-=-$/%-8A%-, .J:A-aR23-8%-!R/-(R ?-:2<-/?-2o., ]-3-?-*-0-(J /-0R-!/-.$:-~A%-0R -=-<A%-2o.-.%-,
;%-i=-:LR<-IA -.2%-K$-.0=-w/-2A ! -0-*A .-?-.!<-0R-o2-;R =-IA -5=-.-36.-.J .%R?-?-8=-$9A$?-/?-$/%-2:A-*J-2o.-$*A?-GA-|R-/?-$?%-%$-<A/-0R-(J-2!:-22&A%-,2-2!/-;R%?-mR$?-GA-2.$-0R<-I<, eJ- ?-*-0-(J/-0R?-hR-eJ:A-5B$-b%-=-8-2-0R?R-?R:C-%R<-$?%?-0:A-i3-:PJ=-2&-$&A$-36.-&A%-, Y?-eJ-24/-{-3(J.-.%, (R?-

}R/-\J%-%R-3R.,

xiii

eJ-#-.2R/-?R$?-/?-<A3-0<-2o., o=-2:A-=%-2!/-2fJ?-0:A-*J?-2-(J/-0R-%R<-(J/hR-eJ -:(%-!/-.$:-29%-0R -=-eJ-24/-7$R%-3-i3-s?-.?-$&A$-+-8=-$9A $?-/?=3-:V?-2!:-o-,A 3-0:A -$9A $?-$%-%R -35<-&/-L %-2-?R $?-$? %-%$-2!/-0:A 2.$-0R<-I<, $%-$A-o=-52-3?-(J/-?J3?-.0:-(J/-0R-.!R/-3(R$-o=-35/-;/-=5S$?-aR2-$*A?-.R/-IA?- 28$?-G%-2o.- 0- ?R- ?R<- 3J.- &A%-, eJ-3?- (J/- IA ?-2.$(J/-]R -PR ?-o=-35/-{-n%-=->A /-+-92-0:A -3/-%$-i3?-9<-.-2)=-2-/?-29%5S$?-aR2-2o.-0-?R-?R<-KJ-8A%-, eJ-hR-<A%-0-/?-2o.-5<-(J/-(R?-GA-o=-0R-]R-$?=-o35S-=-$?%-(J/-aR 2-2>.-92-3R:C -2!:-22-&A%-, $%-$A -,$?-Y?-*A-^-v-2-:)3.L%?-3HJ/-2lJ -.2%-K$-.%-, 3%-,R ?-[-12-o-35S-i3-$*A ?-GA?-OA .-;A $-i3?36.-0-/?-29%-, =3-:V?-2-.%-2&?-0:A-$.3?-%$-=-?R$?-0-(J-2-2&-$&A $.%-w/-0:A-$?%-%$-=3-:V?-:.A-.?-.-v:A-2<-3-*3?-0<-28$?,
$.3?-0-92-3R- :.A:A - 2>.- L- /A, 2eR.- L- *A.- =- $/?-5=- IA ?- .2%-.L?- 0:A- =3- :V?- .%-, eR.- LJ.- $8%- $A- 2!/-5=- IA?- .2%-.- L?-0:A -=3-:V?$*A?-;A/, .J-=?-.%-0R-/A-=3-:V?-2-.%-2&?-0-8J?-0-35S/-0-43-!J, 8A2-+- /-o:A.?-?-=3-IA-L-2-:)$-<%-.%-, :V?-2:A-;R/-+/-z/-P2-+-;R.-0?-o-=3-.%-2&?0- .%-o-:V?-2-.%-2&?-0- 8J?- L, =3-.?-?-o:A-SA- 3-.%-<%- .%-, :V?-2:A- ;R/+/-*J-<%-.-;R.-0?, =3-o-.%-2&?-0-.%-=3-:V?-2-.%-2&?-0-8J?-L-=, :V?.?-?-o:A-;R/-+/-$/?-:I<-.%-, =3-IA-;R/-+/-;<-w/-.-;R.-0?, :V?-2-o-.%2&?-0-.%-, :V?-2-=3-.%-2&?-0-8J?-L-8A%-, 3.R<-/-$8A-=3-:V?-$?3-%R-2R.LJ<-3J.-=, wR$-5=-:VJ=-0-&/-.-$/?-0-8A$-=-2eR.-L-*A.-=-$/?-5=-IA-.2%.-L?-0:A-=3-:V?-:)R$-$R,
$*A?-0-eR.-LJ.-$8%-$A-2!/-5=-IA-.2%-.-L?-0:A-=3-:V?-=-2PR.-L:A -

xiv

.0=-?-*-0:A-=3-:V?-GA-(R?-{R<-$&J?-2+?,

=3-IA?-.2%-.-L?-/, :)A $-gJ/-.%-:)A $-gJ/-=?-:.?-0:A -=3-$*A?, :#R <-=R :(3?-0-.%-:#R<-=R-2{R<-2:A-=3-$*A?-=-?R$?-0-2&-$*A?-;R.-0?-.J-.$-$A-%R-2R/A-(R ?-*A .-GA -2.J /-0-3-gR$?-0-.%-gR $?-0:A -$/?-{2?-GA -=3-;A /, 2PR .-LJ .-GA =3-IA?-.2%-.-L?-/, =3-o?-:VA %-2#?-$?3-2!/-0:A-{2?-:#R <-:.?-,/3R%-2:A-$8%-5S3-2-2./, :#R<-=R-:(3?-0-:)A$-gJ/-0:A-$8%-5S3-2-2./, :#R<=R-2{R <-2-:)A $-gJ /-=?-:.?-0:A -$8%-5S 3-2-28A -!J-2&R -2o.-2!/, .J -=-:#R <:.?-,/-3R%-2:A-=3, $%-2-$?3-.-2!/-0:A-=3-/?, ,2?->J?-GA-KR$?-?-z%2:A-Y%-2:A -LJ-V$-2!/-0:A-2<-IA-2./-0R-.J-i3?-<J -<J?-G%-<%-<%-$A-%R- {=-.-I<0:A-$8A-=3-:V?-$?3-5%-2-<J-!R/-0?-:#R<-:.?-,/-3R%-2:A-=3-8J?-.%-, :#R<=R-:(3?-0:A-:)A$-gJ/-0:A-$8%-5S3-2, +A%-%J-:6B/-*J-2:A-o-3.R<-2!/-0-/?, .J .$-$A-3)$-#.-2!/-0:A -2<-IA -2./-0R -.J -i3?-GA?-:)A $-gJ /-0:A -=3-IA- {2?-? +A%-%J-:6B/-3-*J?-0-2*J.-0, *J?-0-2R$?- :LA/- 0, .J- .$- $A- $J$?-?J=- 2- i3?-!R/0?- :#R<- =R-:(3?-0-:)A$- gJ/- 0:A- =3- 8J?- L- 2- .%-, :#R<- =R- 2{R<- 2- :)A$- gJ/=?-:.?-0:A- $8%- 5S3 -2, P2-3,:-.%-0R- :#R<- :.?- .LJ<- 3J.- /?, 2.J-!R%- o(J /- 0R :C - 2<- IA - 28A - 0R - .J ?- (R ?- *A .- GA - 2.J /- 0- gR $?- 0- ;/- (.- GA - =3- IA -i3-$8$!R/- 0?- :#R<- =R- 2{R<- 2- :)A$- gJ/- =?- :.?- 0:A- =3- 8J?- L:R,,
=3-92-:VA%-,-$?3-.-2!/-0:A-{2?-=3-92-3R-]-3:A-i=-:LR<, :VA %.3-5B$-.%-#R3-0:A-=3, ,-3-=?-?R-?R-2g$?-0:A-:$R$-0-.%-$?3-=?, .%-0R-/A$%-9$-.2%-0R -;%-<2-.2%-2{<-35/-*A .-.%-w/-0-,R 2-0:A -]-3-=-3R ?-$ ?-.%82?-+R$-n%-0?-PR=-2:R, ,$*A?- 0- /A- ]- 3- =- 3R?-$?-GA-!J%-.-.3-5B$-*A->- =-Y%#R3 -5=- 28A/-.- L?- 0?- PR=- 2:R, ,$?3- 0- /A- ]- 3- =- 3R?-$?- .%- .3- 5B$- =-Y%#R3 -5=- 28A/-.-L?-0:A-!J%-.- =3- <A3- $*A?- :2.- lR=- S$- 0R?- *3?-?- ]%?-0-=-

}R/-\J%-%R-3R.,

xv

2gJ/-/?-5K-:.A<-P2-3,:-~R$?-0:A -.2%-.-L?-0:R, ,:V?-2-/A-(J-2-$?3-w/-+J,

2.$-.R/-IA-(J- 2-{-28A-;J->J?-s-w/, $8/-.R/-IA-(J-2-=R%-2?-3A$-,R2-0-=-?R$?-0,
2.$-$8/-$*A?-!:A-(J-2-:#R<-5S3-2-$&A$-.%-2&?-0-:5%-o-2:R,,
.J - v-2 :A -=3-:V?-.J -:(.-0<-LJ .-0-=-5.-3-.%-, ~/-2o .-$*A ?-=?,
.%-0R-/A-:)A$-gJ/-IA-,-~.-.3-gR$-$J-=-?R$?-0-.%-3,/-0<-3A-2a- 2-!J, .J-;%-]-3/A-$.3?-%$-!R/-0-=-3A-2a, *3?-MR %-/A-*3?-?-MR %-2-=-3A-2a, 2!/-2&R?-/A .$R%?-0-:PJ=-2-=-3A -2a, =%-/A -<%-$A-2!/-L:A -.R/-=-3A -2a-2:R, ,$*A?-0-/A .2%-$A-(-2R- 3-/2, LA/-_2?-GA-2o.-0-3-*3?, $.3?-%$-$A-?c-3-=R$ 3R?-$?GA-2?3-0-5B 3-0-!J-~/-2o.-28A?-/A -2o.-0-3J.-0:A -(R?-=-*/-2>.-2|R 3-$?3LJ.-0-v-2-3-;A/-0<-.2%-OA .-GA-2h-.R/-.%-=$-=J/-i3?-?%?-o?-/?-<%-$A -]-3=-,$-$A- 2<- 8=- /?- 8=, ~/-/?-~/-.- 3,R%-2-2o.-0-2<-3-(.-0<-;R.- 0:R, ,:(.0:A-5=-/A-5.-3-28A-.%-, ~/-2o.- 28A:A- |R-/?-:(.-0:R, ,)A-v<-2>.-0-v<-*3?-?]%-2:A-5=-/A, =3-IA- $8A -2&:-2-$%-2-$?3-. - 2!/-0, *3?-? - ]%- L:A- =3- .%R ?2o.-$?3-. - 2!/-0, =3-IA-3R ?-0-$&R.-LJ .-5.-3-28A - .%- ~/- 2o.- 28A <-2!/-0,
=3-IA -?-353?-:)R $-LJ .-gJ /- :VJ =-s<-2!/-0, =3-IA - 2R $?-:.R /->J ?- 0?- 1/:.R$?-0:A -3/-%$-2./, =3-IA-$J $?-?J =- 2-Y%-2-?3-& -.%-$.3?-%$-S $-=?R$?-0, =3-IA- 1/- ;R/-P2-3,:-:V?-2-.%-2&?-0-!J- .R/-2./-.- 2#- 2<- 36.- =,
.J:%-eJ -24 /-<A /-0R-(J -P$?-0-o=-35/-IA ?, $8%->A %-.%-0R :C -OA .-;A $=?, .J:A-KA-3-s-(<-o.-$?3-.-2!/-0:A-=3-IA-$?J2-5$?-?-.<-/?, }R/-:PR $%-2-$?3-IA-=3-IA -$8A -2&:-2, .%R ?-$8A -o.-$?3-IA -.NA -2-$*A?-? -2#-2<36.-0?, ,R$-3<-$%-2-$?3-IA-3-.$-0:A-$%-2:A-OA.-=-2gJ/-/?-:#R<-2-=-;A.:L%-2*J.-.J-2lR/-:P?-(J/-0R?-$8/-=-$/R.-0<-:I<-2-$8A-.%-2&?-0-=?-=R $-

xvi

.0=-?-*-0:A-=3-:V?-GA-(R?-{R<-$&J?-2+?,

0<-L?, ,/-3R %-2:A -*3?-GA-$%-2-=-2gJ /-/?-2.$-0?-$8/-$&J ?-0<-gR $?-+J $8/-1/-L%-(2-GA-?J3?-.%-w/-0<-L?, ,/-3R%-3-;A/-0:A-*3?-GA-$%-2-=-2gJ//?-$?%-}$?-GA -=3-=-3R -2-2*J .-0<-L?, .$-0:A -$%-2-=-2gJ /-/?-}$?-GA :V?-2- =-3R-2-2*J.-0<-L?-+J, 3.R<- /- hR- eJ- ,J$- 0:A-(A/-PR=-IA-=3-=-.R/-$*J<-IA2lR/-0-*J ?-/?, (A /-LJ.-.2%-$A -(-2R -}R /-.-:PR -2:A -|R -/?-=3-IA -.%R?-$8A -o .$?3-IA-2NA-2:A-5=-/A, v-2?-3R?-0-2&.-0:A-KA<-!/-$8A-o-o.-=-:#R<-:.?-.LJ<3J.-GA -v-2-2|R3-0-.%-, =3-IA -*3?-2*J .-0:A-KA <-=?-,2?-o.-=-.2%-28A -.%eJ?-?-:VJ=-2:A-=3-2|R3-0, K$-o-(J/-0R-:V?-2:A-o.- =-{-28A-;J->J?-s-3%R/-.:I<-5=-2&?-GA?-2!/-/?, .J -v<-*3?-?-=J/-0:A -i=-:LR<-0-=-$?%-2-2&?o?-2+2, <%-.R/-212-0:A-=%-.A/, $8/-.R/- 2>.- 0:A-=%-.A/- 0:A- |R-/?-{=-w/IA-aR2-3-=-1/-0<-$.3-0-!J,
3.R <-/-2>.-,2?-GA -3/-%$-$%-$A ?-:(.-0, .J ?-2>.-0-v<-)A -v<*3?-?-]%?-0:A-5=, {=-w/-IA-aR2-3<-1/-0<-$.3?-0-$?3-IA-|R-/?-$+/-=12-0:A-92-(R ?-GA-;%-lJ - H.-.-:1$?-0-:.A -*A.-GA -l-2-hR-eJ :A-5B $-b%-.%-, ?-(J /!/-.$:-~A %-0R:C-$?%-$8%- 2>.- $*$?- 3, 3HJ /- 2lJ- .2%-K$- $?%- #R $-12.%-OA.- {R<, o=- 3(R$- s- 0:A- $?%- OA.- GA-#-{R %-, 3%-,R?-[-12- o- 35S:C - $?%OA.- .0J- $/.- 21A=- 2:A- *3?- =J/- ~A%- 0R- 2&?- #J -/-D-3R/- BA- ;=- 2R.- GA- $4$- =$*3?-8A2-#%-/?, $4$-=$-$&J?-2+?-GA-0R.-UJ%-#R%?-?-0<-20/-$/%-:(<- =,
}R/- $+3- =3- :V?- GA- ~A%- 2#?- >A $-.$R?-0<-2gJ/, }R/-:PR:A -\J%- 2eR.- :.A - v<VA?- .$R?-8J?-<%-3$R/-7*2?-3$R/-7$R%-3-2.$-OA-hR-eJ-:(%-(J/-0R-3(R$-$A-8=-}/?-=3-!R/-2!:-aR 2-.%-2&?- 2!:-=%- )A - v<- 1J 2?- 0-28A /, 2!:-2& - 0-,/;%?-o-35S?-.<- 2:R,,

.0J-0/-$?=-2>.,
!, ,.-=3-:.A<-%-5S?-2R.-GA-$4$-=$-$&J?-2+?-GA-0R.-UJ%-#R%?-.0=-?-*-0:A3/-%$-,/-3R %-3-;A/-0-$? %-%$-=3-:V?-GA -(R?-{R <-=?-$=-(J -2:A -OA .-;A $-.%5.-w/-IA-2!/-2&R ?-#$-KR$?-$&A $-+-21A$?-0:A -\J$?-23-8A $-.J%-<2?-GA -YR =.%-3,/-0<-.J 2-$9$?-?-.0<-20/-8?-;R ., .J-;%-:.A <-28$?-0:A-K$-.0J-,A LA%?-i3?-,R $-3<-.0=-?-*-0-(J /-0R:C -.2-OA.-7*2?-3$R /-$R%-3-2.$-OA -<A /-0R (J-3(R$-/?-(J.-:.J3?-$/%-8A%-, .J:A-!J%-7$R%-?-7*2?-3$R/-(J/-0R-3(R$-/?-.J2:.A:A-/%-3%-,R?-[-12-o-35S:-A $?%-8A$-L%-/-8J?-.$R%?-:(<-1J2?-0-28A/-*<-.?-*-2.$-OA-<A/-0R -(J<-2!:- aR 2 -8?- +J- 3%- ,R ?-[-12- GA- $?%- =3- :V?- OA.- .0J $/.-21A=-2:A -*3?-=J/-~A %-0R -2&?-28$?-?-$?R=- +J - \J $?-23-(- 5%-2<-L?>A%-, .J 2- :.A:A- }R/- \J %- %R-3R.- G%-7*2?- 3$R/- 2.$- OA- <A/- 0R - (J:A- 2!:- H2- :R $.J%-<2?-GA - ?-*:A - 3#?- .2%- 2!:- 2& - 0-,/- ;%?- o-35S -3(R $-/?-2l3?-VA ?$/%- 2- 2&?- l- (J:A- \J $?- 23- :.A- KR$?-1A $- $A- =?- .R /- }- KA- 2<- $?3-.-7*2?3$R/- 2.$- OA - <A /- 0R- (J - 3(R $- /?- 2!:- aR 2- =3-!R/- o- (J - $/%- 2<-$?- 2+ .- .%4$?-~A%- ,$- 0- /?-,$?-eJ- (J-8,
:.A<-28$?-0:A-K$-.0J-i3?-GA-3-.0J-/A- 1983 =R<-o-$<-<)-0<-.- ?-*(R?-5S $?-/?-.0<-. -20/-0:A -=3-:V?-GA -(R ?-{R <-=?-0R .- 1- /%-28 $?-0:A :)3-3$R/-3HJ/-2lJ:A-=3-:V?-aR2-2>.-OA.-;A$-.%-, 0R.- .-- =3-:V?-$8%2>.-0R.-?J <-2&?-=-$8A-2&R =-8A%-, .J -i3?-!R%-3=-;R /-+/-o-35S:C -$.3?-%$36S.-.-)A-v<-28$?-0-i3?-.%-2#<-8A 2-GA?-8-.$-$%-,2-8?-;R., .J-28A /-.-

xviii

.0=-?-*-0:A-=3-:V?-GA-(R?-{R<-$&J?-2+?,

7o=-3(R $-s-0:A -OA .-;A $-.J -28A /-s-0-(J /-0R :C -$? %-:2 3-.%-2#<-8A 2-8?-;R .,
$8A -b%-%-5S ?-8 -.$-L?-{2?-3-.0J <-/R <-2&R ?-8 -!%?-$%-;A /-2R .-GA -$4 $-=$$&J?-2+?-1A$-0-0R:C-}R/-\J%-/?-3HJ/-%J?-=-.J2-:.A:A-/%-/R<-2&R?-)A-8?-$>3-IA8-1A$-0:A -3(/-/%-$?=-2>.-1=-2-.J<-$9A $?-0-:5=, =%-:SJ/-GA-#%?-S%?{2?-$%-=-$8A-2&R =-2:A -K$-.0J -i3?-.0<-3-$%-;A /-%R ?-:6B/-$?=-0R -8 ?-;R .&A%-, 2!:-2!/-IA-=%-%R?-:6B/-{2?- #J - .$J- 8J?-0:A-#.-;A$-.J-/A-#J-.$J -2!::I<-.%-2!/-:I<-=-$R-.$R?->A%-, .J-;%-%-5S?-.J.-8A2-8-;=-/A-o-$<-wA-=A-/?$?<-20/- $/%- 2:A- .0<- 3- .J - ;A /- 0?- 0R .- GA - A%- P%?- .%- >R $-P%?-?R $?- $%2!R.-0-i3?-.0<-3-:.A-$8A-29%-;A/, .J-;%-3./->R$-=-g$?- /-- .%-, o2->R$=- 2-- 2&?-2!R.-&A%-, .J:A- 3)$-+- ;A$- UJ%- ;%- %R?- :6B/-8?- ;R., #J- .$J:A- .0J3,R-A%-P%?-/A - *A- @R %- +R- @R -!- 3,R- aR 2- GA- .0J - 36S.- /?- KR $?-21A$?-$/%-2:A -#J .$J- 2!:- 2!/- IA- .!<- ($- $8A- 29%- $A- A%- P%?- .J- i3?- ;A/, 0J-&A% - 8J?-0-/A-0J&A%-/?-.0<-20/-$/%-2:A-2!:-2!/-=-$R-.$R?->A%-, :.A:A- .0J- 3,R:A-A%-P%?/A - *A - @R %- /?-0J -&A %-.0<-3-:.A -*A .-.J 2-$9 $?-? -2*<-. -.0<-20/-$/%-{2?2!:-2!/- /%-)A -28 $?-GA -K$-.0J :A -35/-,R -21A $?-0-.J -;A /-=$?, ?-*-2!::23-.-28$?-0:A-=%-i3?-%-5S ?-*A-@R %-+R-@R-!-3,R-aR2-#%-/?- 1968 =R<-.J 2$9$?-?-.0<-.-2+2-0:A -.0<-3-.J-$8A <-28$-8?-;R .-0-2&?-l-(J:A -\J $?-23:.A-KR$?-1A$-.%-8-.$ =%-:SJ/-#%?-:5S=-?R$?-}-KA:A-=?-:$=-3,:-.$-%-5S?:2.- 0- $%-/?-8?- ;R.- =$?- 0- 2&?- 3HJ /- w/- [R$- 0- 0R - i3?- /?- .$R %?-3%::5=-8J?, 2R.-GA-$4$-=$-8A2-.JR.-#%-/?-VA?-0-.$J-=J$?-:1J=,