Non-linear dynamics and route to chaos in Ficketts detonation analogue

BY: JUSTIN TANG SUPERVISOR: MATEI RADULESCU

Introduction: Detonations
Reaction processes Deflagration: Subsonic. Detonation: Supersonic. Coupled shock and following reaction.

Density x

Introduction: Detonations
Detonation applications
Solid

explosives Dust powder combustion in air Safety and prevention Astrophysical phenomenon

Detonation Propagation
Steady Structure: ZND profile

Density

Temperature
tr

: Reaction time
ti

: Induction time

Instability in Detonations
Detonation are unstable, which has lead to the

formation of complex patterns

2D cellular structures
[Austin, The role of instability in gaseous detonation]

1D pulsating instability behaviour

[Ng et al, Nonlinear dynamics and chaos analysis of 1D pulsating detonations 2005]

1D Pulsating Instability

It is an oscillation in detonation

strength

With increasing sensitivity of

the reaction rate (Ea), various modes of oscillation arise

[Ng et al, Nonlinear dynamics and chaos analysis of 1D pulsating detonations 2005]

Bifurcation behaviour
Studied numerically with the 1D

reactive Euler equations Admit universal dynamics [Sharpe, Ng et al., Henrick et al.]

Period doubling bifurcation following Feigenbaum route to chaos

Bifurcation diagram of 1D detonation [Henrick et al. (2006)]

Summary
1D Pulsating detonation instability

The complexity has made it difficult to identify the

governing mechanism

What is the governing mechanism

Approach: Ficketts model

Simplified toy-model of the 1D reactive Euler

equations

The physics are more transparent Similar to Burgers equation for wave propagation

with added reaction

Pulsating Instability: Reaction Models

Ficketts model Square wave reaction model [Fickett (1985), Hall and Ludford (1987)]

Eulers equation with reaction 2-step induction-reaction model [ Leung et al., Short and Sharpe ]

Present Study

Use Ficketts model with 2-step reaction model Determine the governing mechanism behind

pulsating instability

Governing equations: Ficketts Model

Ficketts model [1] is given for 1D inviscid reactive

compressible flow Governing Equations:

Conservation: Equation of State:

p + =0 t x 1 2 p = + Q 2

1 + = Q r 2 x t x

= r ( , ) Reaction Rate Equation: t

: Density p: Pressure Q: Heat release : Progress variable r: Reaction rate

1. W. Fickett, Introduction to Detonation Theory ,1985

Characteristics Description
Characteristic can be used to describe the wave motion

Wave characteristic: Particle paths:

t

dp 1 dx = rQ, along = dt 2 dt
d dx = r , along =0 dt dt

x Pressure Wave Particle Paths

Reaction Model
2-step Induction-Reaction model An induction delay period begins before the exothermicity

Induction zone reaction rate

i = ri = K i e t

1 2D CJ

Reaction zone reaction rate

: Reaction rate sensitivity parameter

r v = rr = K r (1 r ) , t

Numerical model
Exact Riemann solver with fractional step method Programming framework: C++ Parameters: Q=5, Ki=1, Kr=2, v=0.5

Numerical Simulation
We wanted to examine the instability behaviour Initial conditions: 1D channel of unreacted gas Initial steady ZND detonation profile

Shock Front

Reaction Zone

Induction Zone

Numerical Simulation

We varied and tracked the detonation dynamics

Modes of oscillation Bifurcation diagram

i = ri = K i e t

1 2D CJ

Characteristic analysis to describe the governing

mechanism

Results
A steady solution was present Oscillatory solution occurred for >5.7 We tracked the amplitude of the shock front

Results: Oscillation Over Time

After 5.7 , the detonation transitioned from a stable

solution to a single mode oscillation pattern

= 4.5

= 6.8

Results: Different Oscillation Modes

= 7.6 = 7.8

Period 21 :double period

Period 22 : quadruple period

Results: Bifurcation Behaviour

The detonation was seen to undergo period doubling

bifurcations with increasing

1 2

Period of Oscillation at Bifurcations 4 3

5.7

6.9

7.7

8.72

Results: Bifurcation Diagram

Stable Period 3: 8.72

Period 22 : 7.7 < 7.9 Period 20 (single period): 5.7 < 6.9 Stable Solution: < 5.7 Period 21 (double period): 6.9 < 7.7

Instability Mechanism
End of Reaction Zone End of Induction Zone Shock Front

x x-t characteristics diagram in the frame of the CJ detonation

Instability Mechanism
Stable Solution
t x

Acceleration

Deceleration

Wave Characteristic:

dp dx = rQ, along = dt dt

Conclusion
Ficketts model did admit stable and oscillatory solutions,

and followed the Feigenbaum route to chaos via period doubling bifurcations
We were able to get a clearer picture of the instability

mechanisms by analysing the characteristics in this simpler analogue, in which the dynamics of the acceleration and deceleration feedback were much more transparent [Radulescu & Tang (2011)]
While we did qualitatively recreate the bifurcation

diagram, the mechanisms behind the bifurcations still requires further study

Acknowledgements

NSERC Discovery Grant

SME4SME