Professional Documents
Culture Documents
:
.19
. - ,
' : ' ) ,( .
- , ,
, .
.
. .
. )
, , , ( .
, .
.
.
31
) ( , .
, .
.
: . -,
- , , - ,
)'' ''( .
:
- . ,
, " .
. .
,
95
100- . 113-
12 -" 2.
. ,
, .
.1
.20 ) 155050-11"
(
.
, ,
. ,
.
,
.
, 18 - 19-
. -,
.
,
, .
;
.
.:
P. Beck. & M. Kochavi ,
'A Dated Assemblage of the Late 13th Century B.C.E. from the Egyptian Residency at Aphek', TelAviv 12, 1985, pp. 29-42.
2
D. Ussishkin,
'Levels VII and VI at Tel Lachish and the End of the Late Bronze Age in Canaan', In: J.N. Tubb (ed.),
Palestine in the Bronze and Iron Ages, Papers in Honor of Olga Tufnell, 1985, London, pp. 213-228.
96
,3
' )
( 5. , ;
, , .
, )' (
.
,' ' 6. , . '
60 - , .
) ( ) '
-'; ,"( 7 , ,
81 .
, ,
. 33 135
8.
, .
, ) ( -
100 ) 2 14-13"( , 730-
480] 2 ) ( , 250- [ 9.
,
.1
10
-
, ) - (.
3
G. Edelstein, I.
)(,
, ,1990" .100 -53 ' .60
9 , ,7 ' .109
10 , .8
97
?
? 1
.
.21
: ?
,
, , .
, , ,
, ,
. .
13-"
13-" ) 1
( , .
13 -"; 11
13 -"
12
1000 , )
1( ,
13. ,
1 :
: .1
, .1 1
,Myc III B-C -
14-" .14
M. Kochavi,` The History and Archaeology of Aphek-Antipatris: A Biblical City in the Sharon Plain`, 11
.BA 44, pp. 75-86
12
13
14
98
" , ,
.
: , .
15
) ,(756 :40 )
(979 :46 ) ).16 1163 ,1156 :53
: ' 1
.
17
. .
, .
,
. .
.
.
, . ' '
) , ,(
. ,
.
, ,
1 , ,
.
, ,
13 - 12-
.12-
: , ,1 ,
, )
C.C. McCown, Tell en-Na sbeh I, Archaeological and Historical Result,.Berkeley-New Haven 1947, p. 15
.180
.J.C. Wampler, Tell en-Nasbeh II, The Pottery, Berkeley-New Haven 1947 16
p. 1-36. A. Mazar, `Giloh: An Early Israelite Settlement Site Near Jerusalem` IEJ 31,1981 17
99
,
13-" ' '(.
18
: 1 ,
. 14
, 13- 12-
" 19.
1 13-".
13-".
14-"
,
14 -" .
, .
,
, .1
14-".
20
'
,
.
21
D
.
22
O.R. Sellers, The Citadel of Beth-Zur, Philadelphia 1933, p. 33, fig. 26; ibid., 'The 1957 Excavations at 18
.Beth-Zur`, AASOR 38, 1968, p. 36
Y. Stefansky, D. Segal & I. Carmi, `The 1993 Sounding at Tel Sasa: Excavation Report and 19
.Radioometric Dating`. Atiqot XXVIII 1996, pp. 63-76
Y. Aharoni, V. Fritz & A. Kempinski, `Excavations at Tel Masos (Khirbet el-Meshash). Preliminary 20
.Report on the Second Season, 1974` ,Tel Aviv 2, 1975, p. 97124
2021' , ,- ,1987" .197-198
.
; - )
' .(197 , , ,
. -
.
.I. Finkelstein (ed.), Shiloh: The Archaeology of a Biblical Site, Tel Aviv ,1993 22
100
.
.
1 C, D. J-
23
14-" .
.241
, . ,D
,1 ,
) 2 14-"(.
25
, .2
,1 ' .'I
.
, ,
14-" .
,
14-"
1 . ,
15- 14-
VIII -IX .1
26
, ,
, , :
.
' '.
27
) ( , . VIII
S. Bunimovitz & I.Finkelstein, `Pottery` in I. Finkelstein (ed.), Shiloh: The Archaeology of a Biblical 23
.Site, Tel Aviv 1993, p. 81-196
.M.L. Buhl & S. Holm-Nielsen, Shiloh, Copenhagen 1969, p. 3435, 60 24
25 .23
A. Ben-Tor & Y. Portugali, `Tell Qiri. A Village in the Jezreel Valley. Report of the Archaeological 26
Excavations 19751977`, Qedem 24, 1984, p. 257258
27.
101
14- 13-" , .
.1
28
,
,
,
.
, - .
) A (C, D, J
,
. , , , , ,
, 14-
13-" .1
29
14-".
.
, 6 5-
.1 ,
.
6 ,5- ,1 ,14
14-"
13-".
30
,
.
,
15-" .1
E. Stern & I. Beit Arieh, 1979, `Excavations at Tel Kedesh (Tell Abu Qudeis)`, Tel Aviv 6, p. 138-145.
28
29 - . :
,1
. .
L.G. Herr et al., Madaba Plain Project, The 1992 Season at Tel al-Umayri and Subeqent Studies. Berriens
.Springs, Michigen, 2000, pp. 12-14
30
D. Ilan, `Northeastern Israel in the Iron Age I: Cultural, Socioeconomic and Political Prespectives`.
Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, The University of Tel Aviv, 1999, p. 141, pls. 3.12.
102
) IIIA2 -
14"( .
.
31
1 14-
" , .1
14-" ,
,
.1 14-" , :
. ,
.1
1
14-" , ,
.
1 14- 13- 12-
"
.
.
18
15-"
31
103
14-
"
12-"
)
(
12-"
10-"
.
' ' .
' - , ,
1 .2
3-2-
.
32
,1
' ' . ' '
.1
33.
.
1
, ' :
, .II
'.
34
' :
...
32' ' , ' . :' '
)( . .1990 .' .61
33 .1997 ,' .154
34' , , .1986' .258
104
, ,
'.
35
300 -
400 ,
,
. ,
.
, .
1
,
.
, 11-".
36
' : 1
'.37
.
, .
' - 38 .
, ' ' . ' '
.
35
36
,' .259
:
39
38
Bronze Age III, Late Bronze Age and Iron Age I Ceramic Assemblages`. In: Finkelstein,
.I. (ed.), Shiloh: The Archaeology of a Biblical Site, Tel Aviv 1993, p. 271-277
39
. .
105
?
- ,
.
, ,
,1 ,
, )(.
- ,
: .
40
1
, 1
.
41
, , 50% -
1 .' :
, " " : 1 ,2-
'.
42
. ,
.
2 .1
' ' .
.
,
) (.
106
.22
14-"
300- , . :
. ' ' ' '.
.
.
. : ,
- .
.
.
.
.
107
) ' '
43
' '( .
, ,
: , , ,
, .
44
) ''
( ,
45
.
)
( . -
, - .
, .
, ,
.
,
46
- ) '( ,
. )( 14-13-
" ,
47
,
" .
48
43 . , ,
, ,
" , . ' , 25 , ,- ,1992
" .127-115 ) (.
44 , , ,34' .249
45 , , ;42' ' , ' ," 145-
.135 G. H. .
Gilmour, Levant in the Early Iron Age: An Analytical and Comparative Approach,Thesis Submitted to the
.University of Oxford, 1994. England
.M. Kochavi, `Ostracon of the Period of the Judges from Izbet Sartah`, Tel Aviv 4, 1977. p 1-1346
47 ' , - , ,1978" .135-133
48 .
108
,
.1
49
. .
.
.
, ) -5%20%- ( .
, 50,
) ,(.
.
.23
.
.
51
13 -"
, )
( . ,
''.
' : "" '.
52
14- ?13-
,13-
, .
49 ' ) ( '
.1 . ,
. .
D. Livingston, Khirbet Nisya, The Search for Biblical Ai 1979-2002, Pennsylvania 2004. pp. :
.51-64
50' ' , ' , :' ,' )( , ,
.1990"' .416-403 ' '
' , - ' , 113"," .37-22
' '?.
51 ' ' , ' ' ' :'
' )( , , .311-310 ,1990
52 .' .311
109
,13-
, , ' ,' ,
. 14- 13-" ''
;
53
54
53
54
110
.
. - .
55
:
. ,
? ? , ,
'
?1
.
,
?
, ?
56
.
?
' : ,
" ,
; / ) (
, '.
57
, ) ' ,(
.
,
: , ,
' ' , )
,
58
''
55 , , .34' .318
56 . ,' ,
,
,.2005 ,
57 . ,34' .304
58 , .46
59' , , .2000 ,' .161
111
'' ,(60
) , , ( .
14- 13-" , ,
' ' .
, ,
14- 13-" . ' '
, ,
14 12-".
, '
' . , : , ,
: . .
' : , ........
'.
61
' ' ,
. , , ,
" , ,
. ?
,
? .
,
" , " -
".
62
' '
) , ( ,
. ,1
, ,
" ) (
, .
60 . .47
61' ,- , ,1989' .70
62 .
.
112
' ' ,
' , ,
-'.
63
, .
,
- .
.
. , , .
, , ,
/ . ?
,
.
.
65
64
;
, , .
.25
. ,
. :
, ; ,
.
.
.
,
) '' 12-14-" ''
6-7-"( . ,
66
113
. ,
" .
" , "
' ' ) ,-(,
) ' ,( . 14
' -' "
.
67.1 14 .
, 1
.
.
) ,' - , -( .1
68
' , - ,
- ,
. ,
' ) ( , ,
.
69
) ,(.
, .
,
.
. 14 -";
.1
? ,
67
Reassessing the Chronology of Biblical Edom: New Excavations and C 14 dates from Khirbet en .
Nahas (Jordan). Antiquity 78 2004. p. 863-876.
T.E.Levy. et all
68 , , ,64' ;109-104' ' , '' ' '
)( , ,1990" .256-242
L.G. Herr et al. Madaba Plain Project, The 1992 Season at Tel al-'Umayri and Subsequent Studies. 69
,2000. p. 189-196. Berriens Springs, Michigen
114
.-
70, .
.26
71
, ,
- .
1 - . :
; 72
.
.
73
, ,
)( ,
, .
, .
, .
.
12-";
, . ' -
,
.
;
, .
. , :
70 . :
A. Zartal,` The Iron Age I Culture in the Hill-Country of Canaan - A Manassite Perspective` In : S.
.Gitin, A. Mazar and E. Stern (eds), Mediterranean Peoples in Transition, Jerusalem. 1998. p.238-250
71 -
. , . ,
- .
. ,
, .
.
.A. Alt, Die Landnahme der Israeliten in Palastina 1925 72
W.F. Albright, `The Israelite Conquest of Canaan in the Light of Archaeology'. BASOR 74, 1939, p. 11- 73
23; Y. Yadin, Is the Biblical Account of the Israelite Conquest of Canaan Historically Reliable? BAR 7.
.1982, p. 16-23
115
.
.
. - ,
1 14-"
, , .
-
) ( ,
" , .
- ,
. .
- - )(
74 .
-' )( ) ( , ,
, .
,
. ) ( ,
, .
.
: ) ,( ,
, ,
) ,-(.
. - , ,
.
' : '
. .
... '.
) -( .
74
116
. " .
' :
' ) ' ,(.
.27
) ( .
: ) (,
, , ) ( . ,
' : '
' ) ,( . .
.
.
,
'
: , , .
.
. :
.
75
, .
) (.
. , , 13 -" ,
? ,
.1 ,
, 15 -" ,
) 3 4-
75 ,
, . '
, ' . : , 34' . 56
117
( .
13-".
.
:,
, . , ,
) (
. ,
.
) 12 -
( - ,
.
, . )
,( ,
, 300- .
- 1400".
:
. , 480
) ' ,( 440 . 480
;
19
)" ' ,-( . 25 - 19 , 475
.
" 76. 440 , , 1400
" , .
77
,
.
. 28 -
118
14 -" .
. -
" .
' , ' . 382
.
78
25- ,
.
79
- :
.1 .
, ,
, .
2 .
. .
.3 ,
'' .
.
, .
- .
.
: .
) , ,(.
: -
.
, )
( 80. ' :
119
' )" 81,(228 ' ' ) ,sarru" ,(227
)'( .
' '" ) ,( ,
' : ' ) ,( . :
' ' )(.
: - ,
) ( . '
' ) ,(.
, , , , -.
, ,
) ,( . ) (.
. , '
' ) ( . ,
, . '
' .
, ,
.
: - .
, - .
. ) (
.
- , ,
'' .
'.
: '
.
' ' )" .(288 ) ,(
, ' ' .
: ? , ,
81
" -.
120
) ,-( ' ) ,-( ,
, .
: , ) ,,
' ,(.
, ) ,
- , ,(.
, .
'' , .' ''
) ,-( .
.
82
-
.
' ' : ) ,-(
. , ,
"'.
83
'' -
'' .
84
- .
.
" ) 13 -
"(' . " ,
, "" ""'.
85
''
86. ' :
82 :' ' , ' - , " ," .202-190
' ' , ' , - ," ," .18-16 .
83' ' , ' :" ' )( ,
, ,2001' .107'
. , .
15-" ) ,1992 ,( . - 14-" ,
. .
15- .
.
.
84 :' ,80" .241-233
85 .' .240
86 .' .239
121
- , ,
, ) 14 -" ,"(
, , - .
- ...
' 87. '',
.
, -
, .
,
31 , ?
. ,
. . :
' ' : '
. : ...
? ... '
... . ' ) ' -( .
? ?
- .
- : ;
-
. , .
,
,
, .
:
, .
88
122
.29
89
,
.
, ?
-? :
.1" , .
.
. :
' ... -
- ,
- .
'.
90
.2 , ,
. - .
.
, -
.
.3 . ' ' : '
,
' ) -( .
. , ' '
, -
: ' 11-" 25
13-" . .
89' ' , , ' :' ' )(.
, .1990" .402-348
90 .' .360 ' ,
, :' ' )( , , , ,
" ." .261-253
123
13" . ,
.
-.
91
92
.30
"
"
. ,
, ,
" . .
.
" ' : '
) ,( . ' : ' ) ,( ' :
' ' ) ,( .
.
,
. "
) ' ' (.
1
) ( .
, .
93
,
-.
, , .
,
91 - . )" (149 ,148
;
- .
92 11-" ,
) ' ,; " ' ,(.
93' ,' ' ' ,- ' ,113" ." .43-38
124
13-" .
. ) (
,
.
3- ,
' ' ,
. .
:
. ' ' :
,
, .
, , ,
'.
94
:
,
?
?
.
. , .
,
.
.31
.
;
. ' :
' ) ,( . ,
.
94' , - . ,8 ,
, .1990' .41
125
.
.
.
,
.
: .
) ' (
,
' ' ) ( .
' ' ) 1 (
, , 1
"-".
95
, , ,
' .
, . .
.
; ,
, ,
' : .....
' ) ,( .
.2
, .
' :
' ) ' ,( . ."
,
'' ' .
- , ,
. .
-
. ,
)
95
, .46
126
.
( . .
, ,
, , .
.
, .
-
) ( . .,
200
) "(.
96
?
.
,1985-1972
. )( 14-" .
, 400 -" , ) 1.4'(
' ' .
. 13 -"
.
.
.
. ,
) (
. .
'' .
.
97
13- ,
12-
, .
96 , .59 :
,12- , ,
.
97 :' , .61
127
.
, .
,
, ,
, .
,
.
.32
128
,
98
.
. :
, . 8%-20% .
, .
12-" , '' ,
10-" '' .
' : , ' ) '
' (.
.
,
.
' ,
.
: ,
: .
.
,
, .
.33
.
.
98
, .50
129
, ,
. - .
.
, ,
) ' ,( . ' '
) -( .
,
.
,
,
. .
' ' '
' ) ,(.
99
- , 4-" .
. :
.
) (1 ;
, .
1 .2 -'
-
.
100
. )" ' ,(
) ' ,
-( .
, .
.
99 ' , ,
, ." .219-202
C.C. Mccown, Tell en Nasbeh 1, Archaeological and Historical Results, Berkely 1947 100
J.B. Pritchard, The Bronze Age Cemetery at Gibeon, 1963. Philadelphia. Idem; Winery Defences and
Soundings at Gibeon, 1964. Philadelphia
130
.
,
101
, ,
101 , ' :
' ) ,(.
102' .6' .202
131
' : ' ) ' ,
(.
.
, .
,
) ' ,-( . ,
,
' : ' ) ' ,
(.
103
;
, . ,
,
." .
,
) ' ,-(.
104
, ;
.
.
:
,
. ,
.
.
, ,
, . ,
.
.
132
, ,
. )" ,-(
) ' -( .
. , ,
) ' ,-( , ) ' (.
,
.
.
' ' ' .
,
,
, , , ,
.
, ,
. , ,
.
,
.