pma&;ol\trSm

jrefrmEkdifiHwGif wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkaygif; wpf&mausmf&Sdygonf/ vlrsKd;tm;vkH;ukd

umuG,fay;a&;? yHhykd;jrifhwifay;a&;onf vkdtyfcsufwpfckjzpfygonf/ ,Ofaus;rIa&maESmrI?
EkdifiHa&;pkpnf;rIrsm;Sdwufaomfvnf; twkdif;twmwpfcktxd vlrsKd;wkdif;rSm ukd,fykdiftoGif
vuPm? pkduf? ,Ofaus;rIrsm;Sdayonf/ Sm;yg;wd&pmefrsm; wdrfaumoGm;rIukdyif
umuG,fapmufaSmufay;aom ,Kacwf tcsdeftcgwGif vlrsKd;wpfrsKd; aysmufuG,foGm;rnfh
ta&;rS tumtuG,fay;a&;onf vkdtyfcsufwpfck[kawG;jrifygonf/
vuf&Sd &ckdifjynf\vlOD;a& okH;oef;cefYwGif xuf0ufcefYyg&Sdaeol kd[if*smrsm;ukd
orkdif;aysmufuG,fatmif? wdrfjrKyfoGm;atmif jyKvkyftm;xkwfrIwpf&yfESifh&ckdifwkdif;&if;om;
r[kwf[kxifa,mifxifrSm;jzpfatmif 0g'jzefYrI&Sdaeojzifh vlrsKd;onf rdrdEkdifiHwGif(jrefrm
EkdifiH)wGif bkHaysmufNyD;wpfbufEkdifiHrS pm;0wfaea&; tMuyftwnf;aMumifh &ckdifokdYpdrfh0if?
ckd;0ifvmolrsm;tjzpf trsm;uIjrifEdkifonf/ rdrdwkdYEkdifiHwGif;bkHaysmufEkdifonf/ tajc
taersKd;rS umuG,fvkdaom qEjzifh pmwrf;a&;om;&jcif;jzpfygonf/ jynfhpkHonf[k
rqkdvkdyg/ usef&Sdaeaom taMumif;tcsufrsm;pGm &SdEkdifonf/ kd[if*smay: wpfbufapmif; eif;
tEkwfvuPm oabmjzifhIjrifolrsm;vnf; tjrif&Sif;vif;oGm;Ekdifonf[k ,kHMunfyg onf/
uGJvGJrIrS nDGwfrIokdYa&mufEkdifrnf[k ,kHMunf pmwrf;jykpka&;om;jcif; jzpfygonf/
tbltmeif

]] kd[if*smorkdif;ukd a0zefa&;om;aeolrsm; qifjcifp&m }}

kd[if*smESifhyufoufonfh tjrD;tarmuf rwnfh? aShaemufrnD? ,kwdrJhonfhorkdif;
aqmif;yg;rsm;? pmapmifrsm;awGYjrifae&onfrSm tcsdefMumjyD/ pnf;vkH;nDnGwfrI jydKuGJrnf?
tcsif;csif;pdwf0rf;uGJp&mjzpfrnf[k awG;awmjyD;? ,if;pmayrsm;ukd trSm;axmufjyjcif;?
1

a0zefjcif;? acsyjcif;rsm; rjyKvkyfbJ aevmonfrSmvnf; ,aeYwkdifjzpfygonf/ xkdpnf; vGwf?

0g;vGwf? txdef;tuGyfrJh? usL;ausmfa&;om;aom aqmif;yg;? orkdif;pmayqdkonf rsm;
wpf&ufxuf wpf&uf wkd;yGg;rsm;jym; vmonfukd awGYjrif&ojzifh pmwrf;uav; ukd
xkdxkdaom pmayrsKd;a&;aeaom q&mBuD;rsm; vufxJa&mufap&ef a&;om;&jcif; jzpfygonf/
olrsm;okdYvufwpfacsmif;xkd;jyvQif rdrdbufokdY usefav;acsmif;jyefpkdufvmwufonf/
olrsm;orkdif;ukda0zefvQif ukd,fwkdYorkdif;um; rSefovm;?yDjyifrISdovm;? taxmuftxm;
tajccHjynfhpkHovm;? pdwful;mPf? '@m&Drsm; a&mygaeovm; pOf;pm;&efSdygonf/
tcsdefumvonf ajymif;vJrIrsm;pGm&Sdonfukd owdjyK&ef&Sdonf/ &ckdifjynforkdif;ukd tarSmif
csxm; rdrdpdwfMudKuf wzufoufykHaz:r&Ekdifacs/ ,aeY&ckdiforkdif;ukd &ckdifjynfom;rsm;
tjyif? urmhorkdif;ynmSifrsm;?orkdif;avhvmolrsm;uvnf; ,cifacwfESifhrwl? *CeP
avhvm&SmazG azmfxkwfaeonfukd awGY&ayonf/ okdYjzpf &ckdiforkdif;onf rdrdwkdY
qEtwkdif;jzpfrvmEkdifbJ? orkdif;taxmuftxm;rsm;?acwfNyKdiforkdif;rSwfwrf;rsm;ukd tajccH
jzpfay:vmrnfukd uREkfyfwkdYodSd&efvkdayonf/ uREkfyfwkdYbufrS ,aeY&ckdiforkdif; jyKpkol
ynmSifrsm;tm; enf;trsKd;rsKd;jzifhcsOf;uyf pnf;kH;&efMudK;yrf;rIrsm;awGY&aomfvnf; xkdynm
Sifrsm;u jzpf&yftrSeftm;vkH;ukd zkH;uG,frnfr[kwf/ vGJacsmfa&;rnfr[kwf? csOf;uyfolukd
tm;em wcsKdYtaMumif;tcsufukdxdefcsefxm;aumif; xm;ayrnf/ jzpf&yftrSeftm;vkH;
orkdif;aMumif;rSeftm;vkH; aysmufuG,froGm;EkdifaMumif;ukd uREfkyfwkdY owdjyK&rnf/
pmwrf;onf &ckdifjynfta&;udp? &ckdifjynforkdif;aMumif;udpESifh &ckdif&SdvlrsKd;
udprsm;jzpfaeojzifh jyifypmIYolrsm;u &ckdifukdykdrkd &Sif;vif;pGm odjrifEkdif&ef &ckdifyx0D0if
tajccHtcsuftvufrsm;ukd OD;pGmazmfjyvkdygonf/ &ckdifonf jrefrmjynfr\ taemufzuf
&ckdifkd;rESifhb*Fvm;yifv,fatmfMum;&Sdawmifajrmuf&Snfvsm;aom urf;ajrmifa'ojzpfonf/
awmifESifhajrmuf rkdif 420 cefYESifh ta&Shtaemuf tus,fqkH;aomae&mwGif rkdif 100 cefY
&Sdonf/ {&d,m pwk&ef;tus,ft0ef;onf rkdifaygif; 14200 cefY&Sdonf/ ,ckvlOD;a& okH;oef;
eD;yg;&SdEkdifonf/ tpdk;&oef;acgif;pm&if;xkwfjyefjcif;rawGY&ao; udef;*Pef;twd tus
rjyEkdifyg/
jrefrmjynfrokdY
ajymif;a&GYaexkdifolOD;a&
awmfawmfrsm;rsm;&Sdonfhtjyif
rlqvifxJrSjynfyEkdifiHwcsKdYokdY aTYajymif;oGm;olrsm;rSmvnf; renf;awmhyg/ &ckdifESifhrlqvif
(kd[if*sm)onf vlOD;a& trsm;qkH;vlrskd;pkjzpfMuNyD; cefYrSef;ajctm;jzifh pkpkaygif; vlOD;a&\
xuf0ufpD&SdMurnf/ NrdK? crD;? ouf? 'kdif;euf? csif;? uref? jrefrmBuD;ponfjzifh vlenf;pk
rsm;vnf; &Sdygonf/ ,if;wkdYtm;vkH;aygif; odef;*Pef;rQom &Sdayrnf/ vlrsKd;pkrsm;xJwGif
&ckdifonf av;NrdKYacwfrSp tkyfcsKyfolrsm; jzpfcJhNyD;? ,cktcgwGifvnf; EkdifiHa&;?pD;yGg;a&;?
vlrIa&;? ynma&;t& ykdrkdwkd;wufzGHYNzdK;aeNyDjzpfonf/ &ckdifEkdifiHa&;ukd csKyfukdifxm;Ekdifonfh
tjyif? &ckdifjynfe,f Xmeqkdif&m 0efxrf;avmuukdvnf; vTrf;rkd;xm;Ekdifonf/ &ckdifESifh
vlOD;a&rwdrf;r,drf; &Sdaeaom kd[if*smukd &ckdifwkdYu NydKifbufvlrsLd;pk tjzpfvnf;aumif;?
IjrifaeaMumif; olwkdY\pmayta&;tom;rsm;? owif;xkwfjyefrIrsm;ESifh EkdifiHa&;vkyfSm;rI
rsm;wGifawGY&onf/ kd[if*sm\ &ckdiforkdif;aMumif;rSm yg0ifyufoufjcif;rsm;ukd wdrfjrKyf
xm;csifonf/ kd[if*smukd &ckdiforkdif;aMumif;rS z,fxkwfNyD; olwkdY\tajccHtcGifhta&;
rSeforQukd ydwfyifwm;qD;vkdaMumif;? olwkdY\pmayta&;tom; rsm;uoufaocHaeygonf/
( kd[if*smorkdif;vdrfukd a0zefjcif;? *syef? 2003 ck ukdIyg )

*syefEkdifiHwGif 2001 ckESpfrSm aZmfrif;xG#fqkdolu ]] jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHawmf ESifh

wkdif;&if;om; kd[if*smrsm; }} trnfjzifh pmtkyfwpftkyf xkwfa0cJhaMumif;od&onf/ 4if;ukd
a'gufwmat;csrf;? acw-*syefEkdifiHu '@m&D?orkdif;vdrf vkyfBuHorkdif; ponfjzifh
uifyGef;wyfxm;onfhtjyif &ckdiforkdif;ukd uajymif;ujyef jzpfap&ef tm;xkwfaejcif;[k
pGyfpGJNyD; ]] kd[if*smb,folvJ }} ]] Who are the Rohingyas }} [laom t*Fvdyf jrefrm ESpfbmomjzifh
aqmif;yg;&Snfrsm;a&; a0zefIwfcsxm;aMumif;awGY&onf/ 4if;aqmif;yg; rsm;twGuf
ajz&Sif;csufrsm; ykdYay;cJhNyD;jzpfaomfvnf; wjcm;aemufqufwGJ a0zefpmrsm; xGufvmaMumif;
awGYod&onf/ xkda0zefrIrsm;ESifh a'gufwmat;csrf; aqmif;yg;ygtcsuf wcsKdYukd
onfpmwrf;rSmaqG;aEG;wifjyvkdygonf/ a'gufwmat;csrf;u ol\a0zefpmed'gef; rSm ]] Being
a scholar, I want handle this matter ( Rohingyas History ) without any prejudice or misconception }}
[ked'gef;ysKd;xm;onf/ 4if;rSm ynm&SifwpfOD;taejzifh tmCmwESifhbufvkdufrIrygatmif
ormorwfusus 'Dudp ( kd[if*sm orkdif;aMumif;udp) ukd ukdifwG,fa&;om;rnf[k olYukdol
aMujimcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ oluqufvuf txuf kd[if*sm orkdif;pmtkyfukd a&;om;(ul;,l
wnf;jzwf) onf[kqkdol aZmfrif;xG#f ukd ]]Zaw Min Htut has clearly abused the academic platform for
political purpose, producing a false picture of the Arakanese History }} [k pGyfpGJxm;ao;onf/
t"dyg,fum; azmfrif;xG#fonf EkdifiHa&;&nf&G,fcsuftwGuf orkdif;bmom&yfukd tvGJ okH;pm;
jyKvkyfonf[kqkdvkdonf/
a'gufwmat;csrf;\ txufaqmif;yg;rSmygovkd? orkdif;bmom&yfukd tvGJokH;pm; jyK
olrSm
aZmfrif;xG#fr[kwf
a'gufwmat;csrf;ukdwkdifyifjzpfaMumif;
olYaqmif;yg;u
oufaocHaeygonf/ ynm&Sif[laom *kPfodumukd raxmufrnmbJ? tajctjrpfr&Sdaom?
tjzpfrSefESifhvGJrSm;aom taMumif;tcsufrsm;ukd a'go?arm[vTrf;rkd;aom tokH;tEIH;rsm;jzifh
olYaqmif;yg;ukda&;xm;aMumif;awGY&onf/( tao;pdwfukd tbltmeif\ kd[if*smorkdif;
tay: apm'uwufaeolrsm; okdY ajz&Sif;csufwaphwapmif;? 2003 rSm Iyg)/ olukd;um;
&nfnGef;aom txifu& orkdif;ynm&SifwpfOD;ukdyif tvGJokH;pm;jyKxm;aMumif;? vGJrSm;pGm
ukd;um;xm;aMumif; awGY&onf/ a'gufwmat;csrf;u 19 &mpkaESmif;wGif jrefrmEkdifiH
a&S;a[mif;okawoe t&m&SdjzpfcJhol Emile Forchammer tm; rdrdEkdifiHa&;OD;wnfcsuf? &nf&G,fcsufukd
taxmuftuljyKap&ef
rl&if;pmtkyfyg
taMumif;tcsufukd
jyifqif
atmufygtwkdif;ukd;um;xm;onfukd awGY&onf/
]] We should recall what the great archeologist Emile Forchhammer, seeing the persistent
flights of the immigrants from the adjacent areas of British India, predicted, This land of great prophesies,
Arakan, the Plestine of farther East. ( forchhammer, 1891,1)

}} Forchhammer \ rl&if;pmtkyfyg 0gusrSm

Only another foretelling fulfilled in this land of great

[komyg&Sd ayonf/ a'gufwmat;csrf;u

0guswpfaMumif;wnf;u a&Shutykd'f Only another foretelling fulfilled in qkdonfh tykd'fukd
]]seeing the persistent flights of the immigrants from the adjacent areas of British India [laomol\
EkdifiHa&;OD;wnf csufjzifh rdwfquf jznfhpGufay;aom pmyk'fjzifh tpm;xkd;onf/ okdYjzifh
Forchhammer \ qkdvkdjcif;ESifh a'gufwmat;csrf;\ qkdvkdjcif; wjcm;pD jzpfoGm;onf/
Forchhammer \ rl&if; pmtkyfyg ]] Only another foretelling fulfilled in this land of great prophesies,
Arakan, }} [laom pum;rSm EkdifiHa&;? vlrsKd;a&;? vlOD;a& aTYajymif;0ifvm a&; wkdYESifh
vkH;0roufqkdifyg/ a'gufwmat;csrf;u rMumrD umvwGif &ckdifonf wkdif;wyg;rS
prophesies, Arakan, the

plestine of farther East

vlrsm;pdrfh0ifvm ygvpwkdif;uJhokdY jzpfoGm;rnf[k 19 &mpku ynm&Sif Forchhammer u

a[mudef;xkwfcJhaMumif; t"dyg,fzGifhqkdjyjcif; jzpfonf/ a'gufwm at;csrf; onf &ckdifukd
*sL;ESifhEIdif;vkdovm;? ygvpwkdif; tm&Af ESifh EIdif;vkdovm; rodyg/ ukd,fjynfrS
wkdif;wyg;om;rsm;( ukvm;rsm;)0ifvm rdrdwkdYEkdifiHrJhb0 a&mufEkdif onfukd Forchhammer u
owday;xm;&SdaMumif;[k EkdifiHa&; owd&Sdapvkdjcif;? EkdifiHa&; rD;armif;xkd;jyvkdjcif; uawmh
aocsmygonf/ Forchhammer u tdEd,rS ukvm;rsm; &ckdifjynf 0ifvmjcif;ESifh yufouf
taiGYtoufrQ ra&;cJhyg/ olonf a&S;a[mif; okawoe t&m&SdjzpfcJhonf/ a&S;a[mif;bk&m;
ykxkd;rsm;ESifh oufqkdifaom bmom? ,Ofaus;rIESifhqkdifaom pum;ukdom ola&;cJhonf/
ol\txuftaMumif;ESifh a&;om; jcif;um;
Ak'jrwfpGmbk&m; toufxif&Sm;&SdpOfu &ckdifjynfokdY a'opm&D MuGcsDawmfrl
cJhonf/ &ckdifjynfwGif Ak'omoem ESpfaygif; ig;axmifausmfxGef;um; wnf
whHrnf/ &ckdifonf Ak'omoem\ txGwftjrwf tcsuftcsmae&mjzpfrnf/
Ak'bk&m; ykxkd;rsm; NrdKYtESHY? e,ftESHYrSm jyefYyGg;rnf[k Ak'u a[mudef;
Asm'dwfxkwfxm;cJhonf}} [k &ckdiforkdif;rSm yg&Sdonf/ xkd a[mudef;
Asm'dwf ,Ktcg rSefuefaMumif; awGY&onf/ ESpfaygif; ESpfaxmifhig;&m
ausmfoGm;aomfvnf; &ckdifwGif ,aeYae&mtESHYwGif Ak'bk&m; ykxkd;rsm; awGY&
onf/ bk&iftqufqufu acwftvkduf bk&m;ykxkd;rsm;wnfxm;cJhonf/
ta[mif;rsm;ukd jyKjyifxdef;odrf;vmcJhonf/ r[mrked kyfwkawmfukd tr&yl&
okdY aTYajymif;,loGm;jcif;onfvnf; acwrQomjzpfNyD; &ckdifjynfokdY jyefvnf
a&muf&Sdrnf[k&ckdifjynfom;rsm;u,kHMunfxm;onf[k &Sif;jyjcif;omjzpfonf/
u txufygtwkdif;&Sif;vif;NyD; 4if;taMumif;tcsufrsm;onf
*sL;wkdY\cH,lcsufESifhwlnDaMumif; EIdif;,Ofjyjcif;jzpfygonf/ *sL;wkdYu Plestine onf olwkdY\
omoemxGef;um;
wnfwHhrnfhae&m?
b&m;ocifu
olwkdYtwGuf
aG;cs,f
ay;xm;aomae&m?waeYus,if urmtESHYrS*sL;rsm;jyefvnfqkHpnf;Murnfhae&m[k cH,lonf/
okwkdY usrf;*efrSm xkdokdYa[mudef;Asm'dwfxkwf xm;&Sdonf[k ,kHMunfonf/ *sL; usrf;*ef
vma[mudef;ESifh &ckdifrSm Ak'\a[mudef;Asm'dwfwlnDNyD; *sL;ESifh &ckdifwkdY\ bmoma&;
cH,lcsufvnf;wlnDaMumif; EIdif;,OfMujcif;jzpfonf/ Plestine wGif *sL;omoem xkdpOftcg
xd xGef;um;wnfwhHaeovdk Ak'a[mudef;twkdif; &ckdifrSmvnf;ESpfaygif; ESpfaygif;ESpfaxmifh
ig;&myif ausmfvGefvmaomfvnf; Ak'bmom wufIdif;pGm xGef;um;vQuf&Sdonfukd Only another
foretelling fulfilled in this land of great prophesies, Arakan, the plestine of farther East [k ta&SYzsm;u
ygvpwkdif;[k EIdif;,Ofa&;om;jcif;omjzpfonf/ okdY EIdif;,Ofwifpm; a&;om;rIwGif EkdifiHa&;?
vlrsKd;a&;
taiGYtouf
vkH;0ryg/
e,fpyf&Sd
NAdwdoQykdif
tdEd,rS
vlrsm;
tqufrjywf0ifvmonfukd jrif &ckdifonf ta&SYzsm;rS ygvpwkdif; jzpfrnf[k
Forchhammer
u a&;om;cJhonf[k a'gufwmat;csrf; u ukd;um;jcif;rSm
orkdif;ynm&SifwpfOD;ukd rdrd&nfG,fcsuftwGuf ckwkH;vkyfjcif;omjzpfonf/ xkdpOf 19 &mpku
,aeY *sL;ESifh ygvpwkdif;tm&AfwkdYjyomemESifh 'kuonf jyem rsm;vnf;ay:aygufcJhyg/
tpa&;EkdifiH[lvnf; r&SdcJhyg/ EkdifiHa&; &nfG,fcsuftwGuf orkdifpmay pBuFefukd
tvGJokH;pm;yolrSm
a'gufwmat;csrf;
omjzpfonf/a'gufwmat;csrf;
u
olYaqmif;yg;\ed'gef;rSm rdrdukd,fukd ynm&SifwpfOD;taejzifh bufrvkdufbl;? Orm orwfusus
Forchhammer

ukdifwG,fa&;om;rnf[k az:jyxm;vsufESifh ,ckuJhokdYrSm;,Gif;pGm? vGJrSm;pGm t"dyg,f

aumufEkwfwifjyjcif;ukd jyefvnfokH;oyf qifjcifygvdrfhrnf[k ,kHMunfygonf/ Pamela
Gutman ukdvnf; wvGJtvGJ okH;pm;jyKxm;aMumif;awGY&onf/ olu The sculptural
scruitiny of leading archeclogists and art historians has(?) proved that the earliest
inhabitants of Arakan were of Mongoloid stock ( Pamela Gutman, 2001, 5 ) [k

a&S;a[mif; okawoeynm&Sifrsm;u acwfOD; &ckdifvlOD;a&onf rGef*kdvGdKuf rsm;[k

a&;cJhaMumif; ukd ukd;um;jyao;onf/ okdYaomf olnGef;aom pmtkyf? pmrsufESmrSm We cannot
be sure who the earliest inhabitants of Arakan were. Most probably they included some
minority groups still surviving in the remoter areas the Chin, the Mro and thhe Sak.
The dominant group today, the Rakhing, appear to have been an advance guard of
Burmans who began to cross the Arakan Yoma in the ninth century

[kyg&Sdonf/ a&S;OD; &ckdifjynfom;rsm; b,folvJ?raocsm/ NrdK?crD;? ouf vlenf;pkrsm;

tygt0if jzpfEkdifonf/ okdYaomf vGrf;rkd;aeaom ,aeY&ckdifu 9 &mpkrSmrS &ckdifokdYa&muf
&Sdonf/ 4if;wkdYonfa&SYajy;jrefrm wyfOD;jzpfonf[k&Sif;vif;xm;&m &ckdifjynf\ rlvjynfol
rsm; ,aeY&ckdifom;rsm; rnfokdYjzpfrnfenf;/ &ckdifjynfukd xkdpOfu&ckdif[kyifrac:cJhyg/ "n0wD?
[&DuDvm;? a0omvDponfjzifhom ac:cJhjcif;jzpfonf/
kd[if*smorkdif; a&;om;rIukd orkdif;vdr[
f k aMumfjimarmif;cwf&mwGif &ckdiforkdif;\
vdrfuGuf? ryfuGuf? vSnfhuGufrsm; tvkdtavsmufay:vmjcif;jzpfonf/ orkdif;ynm&Sifrsm;
rodusKd;uRefjyKxm;aom? &ckdiforkdif;\ vQKdY0Sufcsufrsm;? jrKyfuGufrsm;? '@mef&Dqefqef
orkdif;rsm;? ,aeYodyHenf;usus avhvmaom orkdif;pmay a&pD;aMumif;rSm bl;ay:ovkd
ay:aeonf/ xkdYaMumifh kd[if*smorkdif;ukd orkdif;vdrf[k tom;vGwfa0zef rD;armif;xkd;jy
olrsm;onf qifjcif&efvkdtyfayonf/ kd[if*smorkdif;ukd ysufvkdysufjim; jyKvkyfrI? vGJrSm;
pGma&;om;wifjyrI? a0zefIwfcsrIrsm; vGwfvyfa&;tMudKumv upwifonf/ rqv umvrSm
ykdt&Sdefjrifhvmonf/ ,cktcsdefrSm wqifhxuf tm;aumif;vmaMumif; awGY&onf/ aehjrifhav
tl;&ifhavykHpHrsKd;jzpfaeovm;rodyg/
,cktcg
EkdifiHwum
owif;rD'D,mrsm;ukdyg
okH;vIyf&Sm;aeaMumif;awGY&onf/ 4if;onf kd[if*sm\ EkdifiHa&;? pD;yGg;a&;? vlrIa&;?
ynma&;tm;enf;csufrsm;ukd tcGifhaumif;,l tjrwfxkwf&efMuHaqmif jcif;yifjzpfEkdio
f nf/
vlrsKd;wpfrsKd;\ tm;enf;csuf? rodem;rvnf;rIrsm;ukd ckwkH;jyKtjrwf xkwfjcif;onf 'Drkdua&pD
tavhtusifhr[kwfyg/ ukdvkdeDacwfrSm tdEd,rS vlrsm;tawmf rouf0ifvmcJhjcif;? ,aeY
b*Fvm;a'&SfYrSm
jrefrmxuf
vlOD;a&rsm;ysm;jcif;onf/
&ckdifrSm
kd[if*smrsm;
acwfOD;orkdif;tpup ,aeYtxd&Sdaejcif;ESifh rnfokdYrQqufpyfrI r&Sdyg/ ,if;wkdYonf
kd[if*smukd EkdifiHjcm;ta&mifwif? jyo&ef qifajcrsm;omjzpfonf/
1993 ckwGif OD;ausmfZHomu Background paper on the Rohingya problem
pmwrf;wpfckukda&;om;cJhjyD; OD;cifarmifapmu The Rohingya, who are they? The origin of
the name Rohingya [kpmwrf;wpfck *smrPDEkdifiH jrefrmqkdif&m nDvmcHwpfckrSm
wifjybl;ygonf/ 1992 ck?azaz:0g&D? 5 &ufrSm OD;ausmfrif;a&Tu Asia Week Magazine rSm
Rakhings and Rohingyas [la&;om;cJhaMumif; awGY&onf/ 1994 ck?Mo*kwfv
uvsmr*Zif;rSm kd[if*smrsm; &ckdifajrmufykdif;wGif ESpfaygif;&Spf&mausmf&SdaeNyD; xkda'orSm
rlqvifppfacgif;aqmifrsm; wbufurf;rSvm tajcqkdufcJhykH&onf/ rlqviftrnfjzifh
ukvm;rif;rsm;&SdcJhaMumif;? 4if;wkdYu tif;0bk&ifESifhvnf; rdwfo[mozG,f &SdcJhaMumif;?
5

a'gufwmoef;xGef;ua&;om;cJhbl;onf/ xkdaqmif;yg;ukdxkacs avhvmolwpfOD;taejzifh

1995 ck? Zlvkdifvxkwf? kyf&Siaf w;uAsm r*Zif;rSm ajz&Sif;oifhaomf orkdif;tjrifrwlrIrsm;
[laomf aqmif;yg;wpfyk'fESifh 1996 ck? azaz:0g&DvwGif ]] &ckdifo[m,toif;(&efukef)
r*Zif;}} pmapmiftrSwf(2)rSm armif;awmfom;qkdolu ]] taemufwHcg;rS 0ifvmolrsm; tay:
orkdif;tjrif}} [laomf aqmif;yg;wkd wpfyk'fa&;om;cJhaMumif;awGY&ayonf/
NcKHikHajym&vQif txufaqmif;yg;rsm;tm;vkH;onf kd[if*smorkdif;onf orkdif;vdrf?
vkyfMuHzefwD;xm;aom orkdif;[k xkacs&Sif;vif;&ef tm;xkyfjcif;jzpfonf/ kd[if*sm qkdolrsm;
wbuf( tdEd, ) ,ck b*Fvma'&SfYbufrS pdrfh0ifvmolrsm;[k taMumif; trsKd;rskd;jy
qifajct&yf&yfay;jyD; &Sif;vif;jcif;jzpfygonf/ kd[if*smbufuvnf; a0zef rIrsm;?
acsyrIrsm;?
Iwfcsa&;om;rIrsm;
taMumif;tusKd;nDnGwfrIr&SdaMumif;?
a&om;rIrsm;
a&SYaemufrnDaMumif;? orkdif;ukd;um;csufrsm; rl&if;ESifhrwl wvGJt"dyg,faumuf a&;om;
vmaMumif;? pdwfulOmPf '@m&Drsm;ukd &ckdiftpOftvmorkdif;tjrif? t,ltq[k az:jyjyD;
a&;om;aeaMumif;rsm;ukd xkacs&Sif;vif;rIrsm;&SdcJhonf/ xkdokdY&Sif;vif;cJhaomf pmwrf;rsm;wGif
1996 ckESpfwGif ]] kd[if*smorkdif;ay: tjrifrwlrIrsm; ajz&Sif;a&;okdY OD;wnfvsuf }} [laomf
pmwrf;ukdvnf;aumif;? 2000 ckESpfwGif ]] wdrfryfaeaomf &ckdifjynf waphwapmif; }} [l
vnf;aumif;? a&;om;&Sif;vif;cJhayonf/ okdYaomf xkd&Sif;vif;csuf rsm;wGif orkdif;q&mMuD;
tausmftarmfrsm;\ tjrifrsm;? ausmufpmtaxmuftxmrsm;? acwfjydKiforkdif; rSwfwrf;rsm;
yg0ifaomfvnf; a0zefolrsm;auseyfvufcHykH ray:yg/ OD;cifarmifapmu jrefrmhorkdif;ukd
txljyKavhvmaeol Martin Smith tm; qefaumavmufrS apmufreufaomOmPfjzifh
orkdif;a&;om;cJhonf[k Iwfcsxm;onfhtjyif avhvmolwpfOD;qkdolESifh armif;awmom;qkdolu
a'gufwmoef;xGef;ukd &ckdiforkdif;ukd aphikHpGmrodbJ &rf;wrf; orkdif;a&;aeonf[k
tjypfwifxm;onf/ kd[if*smbufrS xkacs &Sif;vif;onfukd vufcHrnfrSm a0;pGm/
2003 ckESpfwGif *syefjynfrSm xkwfa0aom kd[if*smorkdif;pmtkyfwpftkyfukd
a'gufwmat;csrf;tygt0if vli,fwpfpku 0kdif;0ef;IwfcsjyD; ]] kd[if*smorkdif;vdrfukd
a0zefjcif; }} Who are the Rohingyas ponfjzifh pmtkyfeSifhaqmif;yg;rsm; xkwfa0a&;
om;vmaMumif;awGY&onfh pmtkyfwGif txufygaqmif;yg;wcsKdYukdvnf; wnfhxm;aMumif;
awGY&onf/ 4if;a0zefrItm;vkH;ukd jcHKikH ]] kd[if*smorkdif;ay: apm'uwufolrsm;okdY
&Sif;vif;ajzMum;csuf waphwapmif;}} [l pmwrf;wkdwpfckukd ykdUay;jyD;jzpfonf/ wkdwkdESifh
vkd&if;ukd ,Ofaus;odrfarGUpGm a&;om;aomvnf; a0zefolrsm;\ OD;wnfcsufukdajymif;ap
rnfrxifyg/ &ckdiforkdif;ukd rdrdwkdYxufykd b,folrSrodEkdif[k cH,lxm;olrsm;jzpfaom
aMumifhjzpfonf/ tjyeftvSefa&;om;xkacsjcif;? a0zefIwfcs a&;om;jcif;onf tcsif;csif;
twGif; vkdvm;tyfaomf t&mr[kwfyg/ xkdokdY tjyeftvSef a0zefjcif;? Iwfcs jcif;?
tykyfcsjcif;?
tjypf&Smjcif;wkdYonf
tusKd;,kwfaponfomjzpfonf/
twufEkdifqkH;
a&SmifMuOfvkdygonf/ okdYaomf kd[if*smtay: vufvGwfpy,fa&;om;rIrsm;? usL;ausmfapmf
um;jyD;a0zefrIrsm; twkdif;twmvGefae ,cktjyefa&;om;ajzMum; &Sif;vif;&jcif;jzpfonf/
'DMum;rSm rdwfaqGwpfa,mufu pmtkyfwpftkyfukd ay;vmonf/ &ckdif'Drkdua&pD
wyfaygif;pk trnf&Sd EkdifiHa&;ygwDwpfcku xkwfa0aompmtkyfjzpfygonf/ pmtkyftrnfrSm ]]
&ckdifrS b*FvDrsm;ESifh olwkdY\orkdif;jyem}} jzpfonf/ EkdifiHa&;ygwDwpfcku xkwfa0 ojzifh
6

orkdif;rSef[k rajymEkdif? EkdifiHa&;pmaywpfckomjzpfrnf/ EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;\ qErsm;

yg0ifrnf/ orkdif;qkdonf t*wdw&m; uif;&Sif;&onf/ taxmuftxm;tajccH &rnf/
wm0efcHxkwfa0olrSm OD;apmarmfrSm wpfcsdefu EkdifiHawmfpmayqk&cJhbl;ol pmay
orm;wpfa,mufjzpfvsufESifh vlrsKd;wpfrsKd;tay: a'go? arm[jzifh usL;ausmfapmfum;xm;
onfh pmtkyfwpftkyfukd xkwfa0onfqkdonfrSm 0rf;enf;p&myifjzpfonf/ pmtkyfonf
acgif;pOfyg ]] orkdif;jyem }} ESifh oufqkdifrIr&SdbJ vlrsKd;wpfrsKd;\ bmompum;?
,Ofaus;rIukd apmfum;xm;jyD; orkdif;aMumif;ukdrdrd vkd&mqGJ tajccHtjzpftysufESifh
[yfpyfrIr&Sdaom orkdif;tcsuftvufrsm; ukd;um;wifjya&;om;xm;onf/ okdYjzifh pmzwfIY
olwkdif;u pmtkyfygpmrsm;onf vlrsKd;a&;rIef;wD;rIjzifh vkdovkd csJYum;rIrsm;jzpfaMumif;
cGJjcm;odjrifEkdifrnfjzpf xkacs &Sif;vif;tyfaom tqifhyifr&Sd[kqkd&ayrnf/ xkdpmtkyf
a&;om;xkwfa0cJhjcif;rSm ol&Jaumif;? vlpGrf;aumif;? rsKd;cspfaumif;jzpfvkdjzpfaomfvnf;
jynfoltrsm;u vufrcHcJhojzifh xkdEkdifiHa&;ygwDonf &ckdifrSm 1990 ckEpS fu aG;aumuf yGJrSm
wpfae&mrS r&cJhacs/
okdYygjim;vnf; olwkdY pmtkyfyga&;om;csufrsm;onf rnfonfhtqifh&Sdonfukd
pmzwfolrsm; ykdrkd &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; odjrifoGm;Ekdif&ef pmtkyfygwcsKdYaom taMumif;tcsuf
rsm;ESifh wjcm;a0zefrI wcsKdYukd trSwfpOfwyf atmufwGif&Sif;jyygrnf/
(1)

&ckdifu b*FgvDrsm;u xrif;pm;? a&aomuf? aq;vdyfaomuftm;vkH;ukd ]] pm;

}} [kqkdonf/ ]] ckduf }} [laom pum;vkH;ukdokH;onf/

(2)

olwkdYu tkef;oD; oD;onf[krajym? &ckdifpum;ESifhajymonfhtcg tkef;oD;

xkdifonf[kajymonf/

wGif eHygwf (1) tcsufrSm ]] ckduf }} qkdqkd bmqkdqdk 4if;onf olwkdY\ bmom
pum;tokH;tEIH;jzpfonf/
jyifyvlrSm
a0zef&ef
uJh&JYjypfwif&ef
taMumif;r&Sd[kxifygonf/ b*FgvDpum;? b*FgvDpmayukd uJh&JYvkd xkdokdYa&;onf
qkdvQifvnf; tvGef vGef&musrnf/ urmrSm b*FgvDvlrsKd; oef;ESpf&mcefY &SdjyD;
b*FgvDpmayjzifh urmhpmay ]] EkdbJvf }} qkyif &&SdrI &SdcJhonfr[kwfvm;/ aemuf
b*Fgvm;&Sd b*FgvDrsm;ESifh &ckdifb*FgvDqkdolrsm; rwlnDaMumif;ay:vGifapvkdjcif;
vnf;jzpfEkdifonf/ b*FgvDESifhrwl&if 'Dukvm;rsm;onf &ckdifbJjzpf&rnf/ &ckdifqkd
jcif;rSm &ckdifjynfom;[kqkdvkdjcif;jzpfonf/ eHygwf(2) tcsuf tkef;oD;xkdifonf[k
&ckdifpum;ajymaomtcg okH;EIH;onfqkdjcif;rSm &ckdifpum;ruRrf;usif ajymqkdjcif;
jzpfekdifonf/ olwkdYtqkd &ckdifrSb*FgvD tm;vkH;u xkdokdYokH;EIH;aMumif; uREkfyfwkdY
rawGYjrifao;yg/ &ckdifpum; ruRrf;usifolwpfa,mufwavu ajymbl;cJhjcif;rsKd;
jzpfEkdifonf/ vlrsKd;rwl &ckdifpum; ruRrf;usifjcif;aMumifh wpfa,mufwvnf?
wcsKdYwavu xkdokdYokH;EIH;onfqkdvQifvnf; a&;MuD;cGifus,fjyK uJh&JY&ef taMumif;
r&Sd[k xifygonf/ jrefrmjynf vGwfvyfa&; &&Sdonfhtcsdeftxd &ckdifjynf( txl;
ojzifh &ckdifajrmufykdif;)\ trsm;qufoG,fa&; bmompum;onf kd[if*smbmom
pum; (olwkdYtqkdt& &ckdifrS b*FgvDwkdY bmompum; &SdcJhonfukdvnf;owdjyK&ef
&Sdonf/ kd[if*smrsm;u &ckdifpum;jzifh qufoG,f&ef rvkdtyfcJhacs/ xkdYaMumifh &ckdifu
7

kd[if*smpum; wufuRrf;jyD; kd[if*smu &ckdifpum;wufuRrf;&ef vkdtyf

csufray:cJhacs/ &ckdifbk&ifrsm;u kd[if*smrsm;ukd rdrdwkdYpmay? bmompum;?
,Ofaus;rIxdef;odrf;&ef tm;ay;ulnDcJhonf/ ( J.leider, 2003,p-12,13) &ckdif bk&if
yifvQif EkdifiHjcm;om;rsm;ESifh ukvm;pum;jzifh qufoG,fcJhaMumif; rSwfwrf;&Sdonf/
(ref;&pf\c&D;oGm;rSwfwrf; ) &ckdif&Sd jrefrmMuD;? 'kdif;euf? oufwkdY bmompum; vnf;
b*FgvDpum;cGJ toD;oD;jzpfae&m( OD;vSxGef;jzL 1981? 40? 41 ) &ckdifjynf
trsm;qufoG,fa&;bmompum;onf &ckdifpum;r[kwfcJhacs/
(3)

&ckdif&Sd b*FgvDwkdY\ bmompum;rSm b*Fvm;&Sd jrKdYMuD;om;

umvuwm;? 'um;wkdYajymouJhokdY av,lavodrf;? tokH;tEIH;
ESifh pum;rsm;r&Sdacs/ ppfwaumif;a'owGif ajymqkdokH;EIH;onfh
pum;wpfrsKd;omjzpfonf/

&Sif;aeonfukd IwfatmifjyKjcif;omjzpfonf/ b*Fvm;ESifh &ckdifa'orwlnD

pum;vnf;rwl/ ppfwaumif;ESifh olwkdYtac: &ckdifrS b*FgvDwkdY pum;eD;pyfonf/
taMumif;um; a'oESpfckokdY a&S;acwfu tdEd, rZdKra'orS vlrsm;a&TYajymif;tajcqkduf
rI&SdcJhonf/ rZdKra'orS rm*"dbmompum; ( Magadhi parakrit )u a'o\ pum;
tokH;tEIH;ay: vTrf;rkd;cJh b*FgvDESifhrwlaom oD;jcm;bmompum;wpfrsKd; ykHo@mef0if
1
oGm;onf/
(OD;vSxGef;jzL
1981?
40?
41
'kwd,taMumif;wpfcsufrSm
&ckdifESifhppfwaumif;a'o onf [kda0omvDacwfrS 1948 ck t*Fvdyfacwfukefonfhtxd
&mpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGmtkyfcsKyf a&;wpfckwnf; atmufrSm&SdcJhojzifh a'oESpfcktwGif; EkdifiHa&;?
vlrIa&;? pD;yGg;a&;? ul;vl; qufqHrI us,fjyefYeufIdif;pGm&SdcJhonf/ okdYjzpf bmompum;
tokH;tEIef; wlnDa&mpyf oGm;jcif;jzpfonf/ wlnDonf ( similar jzpfonf )
[kqkdEkdifaomfvnf; vufawGYrSm wax&mwnf; (identical)
r[kwfyg/ (A. Juseph
1998,15,40,68)/ rMumao;aom &mpkESpf rsm;wGif ppfwaumif;pum;onf b*FgvDpum;
vTrf;rkd;cH&jyD; olwkdYtac: &ckdif&Sd b*FgvDrsm;\pum;wGif yg&pD? tm&AD? tl&f'lESifh
&ckdifa0g[m&rsm; vTrf;rkd;vmaMumif; awGY&onf/ xkdYaMumifh ppfwaumif;om;ESifh
&ckdifb*FgvD[k olwkdYac:olrsm; qufoG,fajym qkd&mwGif &ckdifESifhArmpum; ajymovkd
ndEIdif;ajym&onf/ av,lavodrf; xdef;odrf; ajym&onf/ wcsKdY wcsKdYa'ookH;
a0:[m&rsm;ukd jyifqifvnf;aumif;? wbufvlem; vnfatmif tpm;xkd;vnf;aumif;
okH;EIef;ajymqkd&onf/ udpukd b*Fvm;a'h&Sfae &ckdifrsm;u aumif;aumif;od&Sdaomfvnf;
roda,mifaqmifaejcif;omjzpfonf/ &ckdifpum;r ajymjcif;ESifh ppfwaumif;pum;ajymonf[k
pGyfpGJcH&jcif;wkdYonf jrefrmEkdifiHom;jzpfjcif;ESifh rnfokdYrQ qufpyfrI r&Sdyg/ jrefrmjynfwGif
jrefrmpum;
rajymqkdwufaom
wkdif;&if;om;
vlrsKd;pk
ajrmufrsm;pGm&Sdonf/
wkwfpum;ajymaom?
tdEd,&Sd
csif;pum;ajymaom?
em*
pum;ajymaom?
xkdif;EkdifiHpum;ajymaom wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;? xkdEkdifiHrsm;\ e,fpyfjrefrmzufwGif
rsm;pGm&Sdayonf/
vTwfawmfukd,fpm;vS,fjzpfjyD;
jrefrmpum;rajym
wufolvnf;
&SdaeaMumif;rSwfwrf;&Sdygonf/ wpfbufwGif ,aeY&ckdifwkdYajymaom pum; onf &efukef?
rEav; ponfjrdKYMuD;rsm;wGif okH;pGJaom av,lavodrf;? tokH;tEIef; rwlnDjzpfaejcif;ukd
1

. S.K. Chatterjee, A History of Aryan speech in India, 1936, p-285, 286

tb,faMumifha0zef&oenf;/
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taMumif;r&Sd

(4) vlYtokH;taqmifypnf;wGif aeYpOfokH;jzpfonfh "g;ykHo@mefonf &ckdifESifh

b*FgvDwkdY rwlnDMuay/ &ckdifwkdYu "g;upif;onf/ aumufwufrIr&Sd/
&ckdifrSb*FgvDwkdY "g;u wHpOfvkdauGYaumufonf/ "g;aumufovkd ukvg;wkdY
\pdwfvnf;aumufonf/ ( txuforkdif;jyempmtkyf? pm-13)
"g;ESifhvlpdwf vkdufzufonf[k rnfonfhaq;usrf;? eDwdusrf;rSmrS r&Sdyg/"g;aumuf
jcif;onf olwkdYpmtkyfygacgif;pOfjzpfonf/ ]] orkdif;jyem }} ESifhrnfokdYrQroufqkdifyg/
*syefEkdifiHrSxkwfa0aom]] kd[if*smorkdif;vdrfukda0zefjcif;}}qkdonfh pmtkyfrSmvnf; okdYyif
aygufu&rsm;a&;xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ ajz&Sif;tyf aomtqifhr&Sd tao;pdyfajz&Sif;awmhyg/

(5) &ckdifwkdYu wkdif;jynfukd ykviftjzpfowfrSwfonf/ b*FgvDwkdYu t&yfa'o ukd

wd,vdif tjzpf,lonf/ ta&;jcHKvQif &ckdifwkdYu]] tb }}ukdwonf/ b*FgvDu
]] trd }}ukdwonf/ 7ckdifbmompum;onf {uoPbmom tkyfpkjzpfjyD;?
b*FgvDbmompum;rSm yg&mukdufbmomtkyfpkjzpfonf/
okdYcGJjcm;jyjcif;onf &ckdifESifhb*FgvDrwlnD[k ay:vGifapvkdjcif;jzpfEkdifonf/ &ckdif
ESifhkd[if*sm bmompum;tkyfpkvnf; rwl[kqkdvkdykH&onf/ &ckdifESifhrwlvQif EkdifiHjcm;om;
[kqkdvkd[ef&Sdonf/ 10 &mpktxd &ckdifonf ukvg;jynf&SdcJhonfukd owdjyK&rnf/ &ckdif
orkdif;aemufqkH;jyKplol Pamela Gutman, ( Australia ) tygt0if orkdif;q&mtoD;oD;u
tcsufukd twnfjyKjyD;jzpfygonf/ olwkdYtac: &ckdifrS b*FgvDwkdYonf olwkdY\rl&if; ae&m
&ckdifrSm rnfokdYEkdifiHjcm;om; jzpfEkdifrnfenf;/ &ckdifodkY ,aeY &ckdiftrsKd;om;qkdolrsm; 9
&mpkaemufykdif; 0ifa&muftajcqkdufcJhonfukd jiif;Ekdif&efr&Sdyg/ ( Pamela, 2001, 5Iyg)/
olwkdYrwkdifcifu &SdcJholrsm;rSm olwkdYtac: &ckdifrSb*FgvDrsm;jzpfonf/csif;? jrdK? oufrsm;rSm
vlenf;pkrsm;omjzpfonf/
&ckdifu rdrdukd,fukd wpfcgwpf&H rZdKra'orS vmolrsm;[l ajymqkda&;om;aMumif;
awGY&onf/ rZdKra'orS vmvQif ukvg;jzpf&rnf/ ukvg;jzpfvQif bmompum;vnf;
yg&mukduf tkyfpkjzpf&rnf/ ,ck &ckdifpum;rSm txufpmtkyfrSm twkdif; {u0Pmbmom
pum;tkyfpk[k ,lvQif &ckdifonf ukvg;jynfu vmola&S;OD; &ckdifjynfom;rsm;r[kwf/ 9&mpk?
10 &mpkESpfrsm; aemufykdif; &kdifjynfokdY jrefrmjynfyrSwpfqifh 0ifvmoljzpfaMumif;? rdrdwkdY\
txuforkdif;yg bmompum;azmfxkwfavhvm wifjyrIu oufaocHaeonf/ NAdwdoQacwfrS
jrefrmjynfokdY0ifa&mufvmol EkdifiHjcm;om; om;orD;rsm; EkdifiHom;jzpf&ef twGuf
&ckdifjrefrmEG,f&ef vkdtyfaMumif; Oya'jrifb;l ygonf/ olwkdYtqkd &ckdifrS b*FgvD rsm;onf
&ckdifbk&ifacwfrSmvnf;aumif;?
NAdwdoQacwfrSmvnf;aumif;?
AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;
tpkd;&vufxufrSmvnf;aumif;? zqyvESifh rqvacwfrSmvnf;aumif; EkdifiHjcm;om;rsm;
r[kwfacs/ e0wacwfrSmvnf; EkdifiHjcm;om;[k owfrSwfxm;aMumif;rawGY&ao;yg/ &ckdifjynf
tapmykdif;umv a0omvD ysufokef;onfh 11 &mpktapmykdif;umv txd &ckdif jynfrSm &SdcJhaom
a&S;a[mif;ausufpm?
aypm?
acgif;avmif;pm?
'*Fg;pmrsm;ESifh
kd[if*sm
9

bmompum;ESifhEIdif;,SOfMunfhIYygu twlwljzpfaMumif;awGY&rnf/ &ckdifbmompum;ESifh

vm;vm;rQrwlyg/ okdYjzpfyg jrefrmEkdifiHom;jzpf&ef olwkdYtac: ( &ckdifrSb*FgvDrsm; )
kd[if*smrsm; &ckdifESifhEG,f&ef? &ckdifESifhwl&ef taMumif;r&Sd/ &ckdifESifhrwl[k pmwrf;aygif;
wpfaxmifa&;vQifvnf; kd[if*smrsm; xdckduef pfem&efr&Sdyg/ qE&Sdovkd a&;EkdifMuonf/
(6) txuf]] &ckdifrS b*FgvDrsm;ESifh olwkdY\orkdif;jyem }} pmtkyfrSm orkdif; aMumif;
qufpyfrI wcsKdYukdjyNyD; onf b*FgvDrsm; &ckdifjynfom;rjzpfEkdif aMumif;
&Sif;vif;ao;onf/ tajccHt,ltq trSm;rSm &ckdifqkdvQiftm;vkH; &ckdif(
jrefrmrsm;? arm*frsm; ) jzpf&rnf/ wjcm;vla'oESifh yufoufjcif; r&Sdap&
[laom
t,ltqjzpfonf/
&ckdif[laom
trnfvnf;
xifay:vm
onfrSmrnfrQMumonfukdvnf;
Munfh&rnf/
jrefrmwkdYuay;aom
rdrdwkdY
vlrsKd;cGJtrnfjzpfonf/ tnmom;? atmufom;? &ckdifom;[k qkdvkdjcif; jzpfonf/ (
B.Qanungo, 1988, 231), Pamela Gutman, 1976,23

jrefrm[kqkd&mwGif jrefrmaeaoma'owGifwjcm;vlrsKd;pkr&Sd&[k rqkdEkdifovkd &ckdif[k

rdrdbmom rdrdac:a0:trnfwyfaoma'owGif tjcm;vlrsKd;r&Sd&[krqkdEkdif/ yx0D
e,fajroabmt& ukvg;e,fpyfrSmukvg;a&S;ya0oPDuvnf;&SdcJhonf/ acwfv,f
rSmvnf;awGYcJh&onf/ ,ckacwfrSmvnf;&SdrnfrSm obm0jzpfonf/ tb,faMumifh
jiif;y,fcsifoenf;/ olwkdYpmtkyfwGifaZmfjyaom orkdif;qufpyfrIrSm---]] b*Fvm;onf 1339 rSm 1363 cktwGif; a'vDMoZmrS
uif;vGwfoGm;onfh ta&SYb*Fvm;ukdrl [dELbk&if *sEkxr&m'Ea'0 (
Janu Jamarddona Deva ) uBuD;pkd;xm;cJhonf/ rif;onf
ppfwaumif;ukdvnf;ykdifcJhonf/1 ( &ckdifwkdYu 1406 ckwGif jzpfyGm; aom
tif;0 usL;ausmfppfyGJaMumifh &ckdifbk&ifrif;apmrGef ukd,fwkdif *g0g
oGm;a&mufckdvIHae&ojzifh
ppfwaumif;ukd
xkd[dELrif;u
0if;a&mufodrf;ykdufcJh[ef&Sdonf/ )a'0g\om;awmf Zm'l (Jadu) onf
bk&ifjzpfvmaomtcg
r[mr'ifbmomokdY
ulajymif;oGm;onf/
xkdtcsdefrSp ta&Shb*Fgvm;wGif tiftm;csnfheJYaeonfh rl&if; [dEL
bmomonf tiftm;ukefcef;oGm;NyD; r[mr'ifbmom ukd;uG,frI
us,fjyefYvmcJh[ef&Sdonf/
tpvmrfbmomonf
ppfa&;aMumifh
us,fjyefYvmcJhonf/ xkdacwftcgu Ak'bmom0if &ckdifbk&if
EkdifiHwnfaejcif;u xkdbmomonf b*Fvm;e,fxuf a&ShokdYrwkd;Ekdif
jzpfcJhonf/ ( pmtkyf pm-10 )
rwkd;EkdifcJhjcif;onf ,ckacwfrSm pma&;olu ajymaompum;omjzpfonf/ taxmuf
txm; tajccHjcif;r[kwf/ orkdif;ynm&Sif ygarmu vlqD? a'gufwmoef;xGef;wkdYu xkdpOfu
rlqvifacgif;aqmifrsm; e,fpyf jrefrmjynfzufurf;okdY aTYajymif;tajcpkdufcJhonf [kqkdonf/
xkdacwf 14 7mpkESpfaESmif;ykdif; rif;xD;jyD;aemufwGifvnf;aumif;? bk&ifrif;xD; rwkdifcif 13
1

.Dr.R. C Majundar, Abrief History of India. 1950, P-127

10

&mpk wGifvnf;aumif; &ckdifEkdifiHa&;tajctaeonf zkdz&JjzpfcJhonf/ jynfwGif;tmPmvkrI

tqufrysuf&SdcJhonf/ jrefrm rGefu wpfvSnfhpD wkdufckduf rif;apmrGef b*Fvm;okdY
xGufajy;&onf/ NrKdYawmfaygif;Muuf\ tkyfcskyfa&;ukdyif &ckdif bk&ifrsm; rxdrf;csKyfEkdifaom
acwfumvjzpfonf/ Ak'bmom &ckdifbk&if EkdifiHu e,fpyf ausmf ta&SYbufokdY tpvmrfbm
ul;ajymif;rIukd wm;qD;EkdifcJhonfqkdjcif;onf pma&;ol jzpfapvkdjcif;ukd a&;jcif;omjzpfonf/
ppfwaumif;e,fokdY tpvmrfbmom ysYHESYHonf qkduwnf;u ppfwaumif;ESifh
wpfqufwnf;jzpfaom &ckdifbufokdYvnf;a&mufcJhonf/ tpvmrfbmom ppfa&;aMumifh
us,fjyefYonf[kajymxm;jcif;onf ygarmu G.H.Luce \ ppfwaumif; e,fzufrS
rlqvifppfbk&ifrsm;? tpvmrfokdY ul;ajymif;cJhaom ppfacgif;aqmifrsm; e,fpyfta&Shbuf
&ckdifajrmufykdif;okdY aTYajymif;aexkdifcJhonf/ ( G.H. Luce, the phases of pre pagan Burma,
1970, 70) [laom okH;oyfa&;om;csufESifh wkdufqkdifaeygonf/ ppfwaumif; &mrl;a'oESifh
ar,ka'o wqufwnf;e,fajr jzpfonf/ &mrl; rSm &ckdifMoZmr&SdcJhvQif ar,k a'orSm vnf;
MoZmjyefYusJrI r&Sdjzpf&rnf/ &ckdifjynfawmifykdif;ukdvnf; rGefwkdYu BuD;pdk;aeaMumif; ukd
MunfhIYygu ajrmufykdif;rSmvnf; b*Fvm;ppfbk&ifrsm;\ MoZm&SdcJhjcif;jzpfEkdifonf/ okdYjzpfyg
1435ckESpf
rif;c&D(c)
tmvDcef;rSm
tkyfcsKyfa&;ckdifjrJvmaomtcg
ajrmufbuf
ESifhawmifbufe,fajrrsm;ukd jyefvnfodrf;oGi;f cJh&onf/ &mrl; e,fukd wkdufckdufodrf;,lcJh
onf/ ygarmu G.H.Luce \ rD;armif;xkd;jyrIonf tcsdefumvESifh oufqkdifEkdifonf/
rif;xD;\ tkyfcsKyfa&;umv 1283 rS 1396 xd ESpfaygif; 106 ESpq
f kdjcif;ukd orkdif;ynm &Sif
tausmftarmfrsm;u apm'u wufaeonfukdvnf; owdjyK&rnf/ &ckdifjynfrSmtkyfcsKyf a&;
,drf;,kdifaeonfrSm 13 &mpk tv,fuyifjzpfEkdifonf/ xkdumv rif;qufaysmufae
&ckdiforkdif;u rif;xD;tkyfcsKyfa&;xJ xnfhoGif;jcif;jzpfEkdifonf/ rif;xD;\ eef;pHESpf 106 ESpf[k
azmfjyjcif;ukd ar;cGef;xkwfaeaom jrefrmorkdif;ynm&Sifrsm; uREkfyfwkdYawGY&Sd&ygonf/
u ajrmufOD;acwfwGif bapmjzL (c) uvDrm&Sm jyD;aemuf &ckdiftiftm;
awmifhwif;jcif;r&SdcJhaMumif;? ,ckuJhokdY&Sif;jyonf/
J.Leider

Between 1474 and 1515, the Arakanese Kings did not posses
Chittagong. After the reign of BaCaPru until 1550, Arakan was gorverned by
weak and insignificant kings. In Bengal however, jalaluddin Husain Shah
reigned since 1493, hailed as the greatest of the indepent sultan of Bengal. In
1513 the King of Tripura controlled Chithagong and invaded, according to
Rajannala, Arakan. But the invaders were rapidly repelled. Around 1515, Man
Raja ( 1501-1513/ 25) Concorquered Chittagong, but the their apparent of
Bengal, Nasiruddin, Nusratshah retook Chittagong until 1538. ( J. leider, 1998,p14/15) xkdumvtwGif;yif b*Fvm;u &ckdif ajrmufykdif;ukd tkyfcsKyfcJhjcif;jzpfonf/
(Qunungo,1988,163,192,194) ( Luchipoor)
(7) ]] 1246 ckwGif ppfwaumif;u xMuG &ckdifu ( Luchipoor) avmufcsDyl&f

txd oGma;&mufESdrf;ESif;cJhkHru? uReftjzifhvlaygif; 47000 av;aomifckESpfaxmifukd

zrf;qD;ac:aqmifvmcJhonf/( txuforkdif;jyem pmtkyf? pm-9 )---(wzef)
b*Fvm;e,fom; uRefrsm;ukd &uf&ufpufpuf rnmrwm ckdif;cJhaom a&S;&ckdifwkdYonf

11

b*FgvDaus;uRefrsm;ukd
rdom;pkESifh
aexkdifrIukd
[kyg&Sdonf/(txuforkdif;jyempmtkyf? pm-14)

vkH;0cGifhrjyKcJhacs

wGif yxrtcsufu uRefrsm;ukd &uf&ufpufpuf rnmrwm ckdif;apcJhonf[k

azmfjyjcif;rSm *kPf,lp&mr[kwf[kqkdcsifygonf/ xif&Sm;aom &ckdiforkdif;rsm;wGifrl txufyg
zrf;qD;uRef 47000 ukd pD;yGg;a&;? tdrfwGif;a&;? ppfa&;e,fy,f toD;oD;wGifckdif;apjyD;
aemifrSwfwrf;&Sdatmif armfuGef;xkd;xm;cJhonf[k yg&Sdonf/ ("n0wDta&;awmfykH? 1881?
"n0wD&mZ0ifopf? 1996ck pm 49? &ckdif&mZ0if opfrsm;ukd zwfIyg)/ &ckdifonfjynfy
ukefoG,fa&; xGef;um;cJhaom EkdifiHjzpfonf/ ESpfpOf EkdifiHjcm;oabFm axmifESifhcsD
t0iftxGuf&SdcJhonf/ (bkHayguf? 1990? pm-23)/ jynfwGif; ukefxkwfvkyfrI
wkd;wufatmifjyKvkyfa&;onf &ckdifEkdifiHawmf\ vkdtyfcsufwpfckjzpfcJhonf/ okdYjzpf
zrf;qD;uRef trsm;pkukd v,f,mpkdufysKd;a&; twGufae&mcsay;cJhonf/ I*sm rif;om;
ta>ct&HaemufvkdufwcsKdYukd bk&ifh ukd,f&HawmfwyfrSm av;onfrsm; tjzpfoGwfoGif;cJhonf/
av;onfukd yg&Sef;tokH; tEIef;jzifh urefonf[kac:&m ,aeYtxd ]] urefonf }} [kvlrsKd;pk
wpfpk &ckdif jynfrSm &Sdaeonf/ ta>ct&HusefwcsKdYukd v,f,mukdif;uRef;jyKvkyf&ef wjcm;jrdKYGm
rsm;wGif ae&mcsxm;cJhaMumif;ESifh uRJEGm; v,f,mokH; ud&d,mrsm;ukd &ckdifbk&ifu
ulnDaxmufyHY cJhonfhtjyif a'ocH trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh tdrfaxmifusEkdifatmif tm;ay;cJhonf[k
J.Leider,
u 19 &mpk urmvSnfh c&D;onf W.Foleye \ &ckdifjynf\ yx0D0if?
vlrsKd;pkrsm;ESifh 4if;wkdY\ "avhxkH;pH[k pm;wrf;ukd ukd;um; a&;om;onf/ ( J.Leider, 1998,
19 ) odkY v,f,mukdif;uRef;twGuf ae&mcsay;cH&olwkdYwGif aiGaMu;jzifh tcGef? oD;ESHjzifhtcGef
ay;cJh &onfhtjyif vkdtyfvmvQif ppfrI vnf;xrf;cJh&onf/ jynfr zufrS usL;ausmfwkdufckdufrI
rsm;ukd wGef;vSef&mwGifvnf;aumif;? rif;&mZmBuD;\ [Hom0wD rkwr ppfqifa&;wGif
vnf;aumif;? ajrmufbuf oufESifhukvm;wkdY\wkdufckdufrIukd wGef;vSef&mwGifvnf;aumif;
ae&mcsxm;aom ukvg;rsm;ukd tokH;cscJhaMumif;rSwfwrf;&Sdonf/ ("n0wD&mZ0ifopf?
1996ck pm 68 )/ &ckdifbk&ifwGif ta&SYbufrSvnf;aumif; taemufbufrSvnf;aumif;
&efol&Sdaeojzifh wkdif;jynfvlOD;a& wkd;yGg;ap&ef b*Fvm;rS ukvg;rsm; ac:,lae&mcsxm;
ay;jcif;rsm;&SdcJhonf/( Harvey, 1967, History of Burma, p-28-29 )
Dr.J.Leider uvnf; In 1644 the king(Narapati) went ahead with a controversial
project of resetting thousands of Chittgonian weavers and dyers in the central plain of
Arakan. [ka&;xm;onf/ t"dyg,frSm--- 1644 ckESpfwGif e&yawhu axmifaygif;rsm;

pGmaom ppfwaumif;om;,ufuef;onfESifh aq;qkd;onfrsm;ukd &ckdifjynftv,fykdif;

ajredrfha'owGif cufcJpGmjzifh jyefvnfae&mcscJhonf/ ( J.Leider, 2002, p-53 ) wGif
&ckdifjynf pD;yGg;a&;wGif ukvm;rsm;\ ta&;ygaeaom tcef;u@ ay:vGifaeayonf/
&ckdifonf ukef;jrifha'orSm aewufonf/ ukef;wGif;ykdif;rS vmolrsm;jzpf jrpf/
acsmif;?yifv,furf;ajcwGif aevkdpdwfenf;onf/ rkd;BuD;? a&BuD;jcif;ukd aMumufonf/
tpOftvm ,aeYtxdvnf; tenf;ESifhtrsm;&Sdonf/ &ckdifGmrsm;ukd awmifukef;rsm;? ukef;
jrifhrsm;&Sdonfhae&mrSmom awGY&ayrnf/ ukvg;Gmrsm;ukd ajredrfhykdif;? jrpfacsmif;urf;kd;
wpfavQmufrSm awGY&onf/ a&S;acwfu ukvg;rsm;vnf; jrpfacsmif;rsm;? vGifjyifrsm;?
pkdufysKd;vkyfukdifpm;aomuf&ef aumif;aomae&mrsm;wGif tajccsaexkdifcJhonf/ zrf;qD;uRef
trsm;pkukdvnf; xkdae&mrsm;wGif tajccs v,f,mpkdufysKd;vkyfukdifaponf/ jrKd? csif;? ouf
ponfhvlrsKd;rsm; awmifay:wGifaecJhMu ,aeYtxd Hilltribes [kac:Muonf/ taemufbuf
12

rlqvifEkdifiHrsm;rS ppfa&;? vlrIa&;aMumifh ajymif;aTYvmolrsm;vnf;&SdcJh&m xkdolrsm;vnf;

jrpf0Srf;a'orSm tajccsaexkdifcJhonf/ okdYjzpfyg &ckdifjynf\ t"dujrpf BuD;rsm;
ukvm;ESifhESD;EG,faeonf/ ajrmufbuftpGefqkH;jrpfrSm ]] emzf }} jrpf? 4if;\ ta&ShbufwGif
ukvm;yefZif;acsmif;(jrpf)? 4if;\ ta&ShbufwGif ukvg;wefjrpf [l trnfxgifoGm;jcif;
jzpfonf/ jrpfrsm;wavQmuf ESpfbufvGifjyifrsm;wGif ,aeYxdvnf; ukvm;vlaexkdifrI
xlxyfvsuf&Sdonf/ a&S;OD;acwfrSm Sirimanadi ( oa&acsmif; ) Gachabanadi
(ukvm;wefjrpf) Mallayunadi (ar,kjrpf)
Anjanady
(av;jrdKjrpf) ponf
emrnfrsm;onfvnf;
orkdif;acwfOD;umvu
tm&d,mefrsm;
tajcpkdufaexkdifpOfu
Yd m;jzifh
rSnfhac:cJhaom trnfrsm;jzpfMuonf/ ( E. Forchhammer, Arakan, 1891, p-1) okt
&ckdifjynfwGif ukvm;rsm;onf ,ckacwf tcgusrSom wpfbufEkdifihrS pdrfh0ifvmonf[k
rD;armif;xkd;jyjcif;?
ukvm;rsm;ukd
rdom;pkESifhaecGifhrjyKcJh[kqkdjcif;rsm;onf
orkdif;qufpyfrIt&vnf;aumif;? taxmuftxm;rsm;t& vnf;aumif; rrSefuefyg/ rdrdwkdY\
tmoDoqEaMumifh taMumif;r&Sd taMumif;&Sm a&;aejcif;omjzpfayonf/ &ckdif orkdif;ukd
rdrdwkdYqEtavsmuf ykHazmf&ef tm;xkwfaejcif;omjzpfygonf/
1426 ckESpfwGif e&rdwfvS (c)rif;apmrGeftm; xD;eef;jyefvnf&&Sdap&ef b*Fvm;
plvwefbk&ifxHrS a&muf&SdvmcJhaom ppfulygxefwyf\ tiftm;onf wpfaomif;cefY&Sd onf/(
J.Leider, 1998, p-13 ) yxrppfulwyfacgif;aqmif 0vDcgef ( &ckdiftvkdOD;vlcif) u
opmazmufjyD; &ckdifjynftmPmodrf;cJh rif;apmrGefrSm bmblawmifwGifcsKyfaESmifxm;&m rS
b*Fvm;okdYxGufajy;cJh&onf/ b*Fvm;rS 'kwd,ppfulwyfjzifhvm 0vDcgef ukdta&;,l jyD;
&ckdifxD;eef;ukd 1430 ck wGif jyef&onf/ 'kwd,ppfulwyf tiftm;onf yxrppfulwyf
tiftm;xuf
BuD;rm;aMumif;
&ckdiforkdif;tapmifapmifuajymaeonf/
okdYjzifh
ppfulwyfESpf&yfaygif; vlESpfaomif;0ef;usif &SdEkdifonf/ &ckdiforkdif;u b*Fvm; tultnDjzifh
xD;eef;jyef&jcif;? ajrmufOD;EkdifiHawmf[l xlaxmifEkdifjcif;ukd zkH;uG,fvkdrI &Sdonf/
rGeftultnDjzifh xD;eef;jyef&onf[k qkdcsifonf/ b*Fvm;tultnD&onf[kqkdol
rsm;uvnf; ppfulwyf tiftm;rSm vltenf;I,f[kajymcsifonf/( a'gufwmat;csrf;? 2003?
3) rlqvif vlOD;a&\ tajctjrpfukd aysmufapvkdaom EkdifiHa&;tjrifaMumifh
ppfulwyfOD;a&ukd avQmhjyjcif;jzpfonf/ xkdppfulwyfukd ajrmufOD;0ef;usifrSm &ckdifjynf
vkHjcHKa&;twGuf ae&mcsxm;ay;cJhonf/ olwkdYu ajrmufOD;em;wGif ]]pEDcgef}} AvDukd
wnfaqmufcJhonf//( a'gufwmat;csrf;? 2003 ck kd[if*smb,folvJ )? 4if; AvDonf
&ckdifjynf a&S;a[mif;ypnf;pm&if;0ifjzpfygonf/ &ckdifjynfwGif; 13 &mpku b*Fvm;rS
zrf;qD;vmonf[kqkdol 47000 ESifhb*Fvm;rSppfulwyftjyif tjcm;ukvm; jrdKY? Gmrsm;pGm
&Sdonf/ &ckdifrif;rsm;\ jynfy&efolukd wkdufckdufa&;ppfqifa&;rsm;wGif rlqvif(ukvm;) rsm;
axmifaomif;*Pef;ESifhyg0ifaMumif;
rSwfwrf;vnf;awGY&onf/(
'Gg&0wDq&mawmfa&;
"n0wD ta&;awmfykH? q&mawmfOmPa&; "n0wD &mZm0ifopfrsm;ukdIyg/ xkdorkdif; pmtkyfyg
taMumif;tcsufrsm;
rSm;,Gif;onf[kqkd&rvm;?
rSm;,Gif;vQif
xkdpmtkyfrsm;ukd
&nfnGef;ukd;um;jyD; ]] kd[if*smorkdif;vdrfukda0zefjcif;}} [lonfh *syefrS xkwfa0aom pmtkyfrSm
awGY&Sd&jcif;ukd rnfokdYokH;oyf&rnfenf;/ wGif kd[if*smorkdif;ukd jiif;csuf xkwf
a0zefolrsm;onf rvkdwpfrsKd;? vkdwpfrsKd; &nfnGef;ukd;um;aeonf[k qkd&rnf/ "n0wD
&mZ0ifopfwGif rif;bmMuD;u ukvm;jynfokdYppfcsD&ef jyifqifpOf ]] ukvm;Ekdifvkd
pm;zkdrSmrD;xnfh? 0oJawmifukd xD;wif ukvm;&SifjyK}} [laom vli,fwkdY qkdMuaom wabmif(
13

Mwef;)
ay:cJhonf[k
yg&Sdonfukd
tb,faMumifh
ukd;um;&oenf;/(pm-111)/
olwkdYta&;tom;onf a&ShaemufrnDjzpfaeonf/ ewfjrpf pef;atmif trnf&Sd pma&;q&m u
17 &mpkwGif jynfwGif;ukvm;rsm;u aomif;usef;ykefuefcJhonf/ (ukvm;pl&wef cwD&m rif;ukd
eef;jzKwfcJh
qlylrIay:
aygufcJh&jcif;jzpfonf/)
ukvm;rsm;u
om;r,m;ukd
yef;0g(ppfwaumif;) okdYykdYxm;jyD; jynfwGif; ykefuefjcm;em;cJhonf/ &ckdifeef;usbk&if
rSL;rwfwpfcsKdYuvnf; ukvm;rsm;ESifh ylaygif;tultnD,lonf/ "g;ykdifBuD; aomufMu,f
ujynfwGif;ukvm;rsm;ukd
ajrmufpm;csD;jrifh
ukvm;ppfwyf
wpfwyfzGJYpnf;cJhonf/
4if;wyftm;jzifh 1773 ckwGif tmPmodrf; pEmokre trnfjzifh &ckdifbk&ifjzpfvmcJhonf
ponfjzifh &Sif;vif;xm;aMumif;awGY&onf/ (&ckdifwefaqmif? twGJ 15? 1977-78? pm 132134)
txufyg taMumif;tcsufrsm;? orkdif;q&mrsm;\ rSwfwrf;rsm;ukd axmufIygu
kd[if*smrsm;(olwkdYtac: &ckdifrS b*FgvDrsm;) onf ,cktcgrSom &ckdifrSm&Sdaejcif;r[kwf?
wjcm;a'orS ckd;0ifvmolrsm;vnf;r[kwf/ acwfOD;a0omvDacwfrSonf &ckdifwkdYtkyfcsKyfcJh
aom av;NrdKY? ajrmufOD;acwf toD;oD;rSmvnf; &SdaecJhaMumif; xif&Sm;aeayonf/ olwkdYpmtkyf
twnfjYyKxm;&Sdaom b*Fvm;rS zrf;qD;uRef av;aomif;ckESpfaxmifESifh b*FvmrS
a&muf&SdcJhaom yxefppfulwyfyg vlrsm;ukd ykHrSefvlOD;a&wkd;EIef;jzifh wGufcsuf ygu &mpkESpf
ckepfck ESpfckepf&mtwGif; jzpfvmrnfhOD;a&onf odef;okH;q,fausmfEkdifonf/ okdYaomf
,aeY&ckdifjynf\ ukvm;OD;a& (0g) rlqvifOD;a& (0g) kd[if*smOD;a& onf
4if;\xuf0ufcefYom&Sdayonf/ txufyg rlqviftkyfpkESpfpk tjyif tjcm;tkyfpk0if
rlqvifrsmvnf;&Sdayonf/ 4if;wGif e,fcH? ajrcH wkdif&if;om;rsm;rS tpvmrfbmom0if
jzpfvmolrsm;? EkdifiHjcm;rsm;rS pD;yGg;a&;? vlrIa&;t& a&muf&SdcJhjyD; &ckdifwGiftajccsolrsm;?
tdEd, b*Fvm;rS ppfa&;aMumifh wdrf;a&Smif0ifvmolrsm;? ay:wl*DESifhaygif; 16-17
&mpkrsm;twGif; &ckdifwkdYu b*Fvm;yifv,furf;ajca'orsm;rS zrf;qD;ac:aqmifvm
&ckdifjynfwGif tokH;csjcif;? ae&mcsay;jcif; cH&olrsm;ESifh &ckdifbk&ifrif;xD;? rif;bmBuD;?
rif;&mZmBuD; wkdYu b*Fvm; ppfqifa&;rStjyef zrf;qD;ac:aqmifvmaom okHYyef;
ukvm;rsm;\ rSwfwrf;vnf; &ckdif&mZm0ifrsm;rSm awGY&onf/ aMu;pm;ppfrIxrf;ESifh 4if;wkdY
\tquftEG,frsm;vnf; yg0ifonf/ 4if;wkdYukdyg xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;ygu &ckdifjynf\
kd[if*sm\ vlOD;a&onf oef;aygifrsm;pGm&Sdayrnfjzpfayonf/ vufawGYwGif kd[if*smOD;a&
,aeYxkdrQavmufr&Sdao;yg/ taMumif;um; ,aeY kd[if*smorkdif;ukd a0zefIwfcsaeolrsm; \
rsKd;qufa[mif;rsm;onf olwkdYxufjyif;xefcJhonf/ kd[if*smqkd vkH;0rjrifvkd/ tjrpf rSp
qGJEIwfjzdKzsufvkdolrsm;jzpfcJhonf/ olwkdY\EkdifiHa&;? pD;yGg;a&; vlrIa&; zdESdyfcsKyfjc,frI?
&rf;um;Murf;wrf;rI 'Pft&yf&yfukd rcHr&yfEkdif &ckdifjynfrS wjznf;jznf; wdrf;a&Smif
oGm;a&muf&m trsm;pkrSm jynfyEkdifiHrsm;okdY a&muf&SdoGm;jyD;jzpfonf/ &ckdifjynfwGif; EkdifiHa&;?
vlrsKd;a&;? qlylrIrsm;? tqufrjywf orkdif;wpfavQmuf rMumrMum ay:aygufcJh &m
jrefrmjynfrbufokdY xGuajy;olrsm;&Sdovkd (e0wxkwf omoema&mif0gxGef;apzkdY 1997? pm63)
b*Fvm;okdY
xGufajy;wdrf;a&Smif&rIrsm;vnf;
tBudrfBudrf&SdcJhayonf/
b*Fvm;a&mufoltrsm;pkonf xkda'oukd ykdrkdvkHjcKHaom t&yfa'otjzpf awGYjrifjyD;?
xkdae&mwGifyif tajcpkdufoGm;cJhonf/ ppfwaumif;a'o&Sd bmompum;ESifh kd[if*sm
bmompum; wlnDeD;pyf&jcif;\ taMumif;&if;rsm;xJwGif xkdtcsufvnf; wpfaMumif;

14

yg0ifonf/ &ckdifbufrS xGufajy;olrsm;\ bmompum;ESifh ppfwaumif;pum;a&maESm

oGm;jcif;jzpfonf/
(7) &ckdifykdif ppfwaumif;jrdKYonf 1666ckwGif r*kd(bk&if) vufxJokdY usa&muf
oGm;cJhonf/ &ckdifwkdYonf awmifbufokdYqkwfcGgvmcJhonf/ (ajrmufOD;buf
rSkd[if8smrsm;vnf; ajrmufbufokdYwdrf;a&SmifcJh&onf/ pEmok"rmbk&ifu I*sm
ta&;tcif;ukd
taMumif;jy
ESdyfuGyf?owfjzwfcJhjcif;aMumifhjzpfygonf)
xkdtcsdefrSp r[mr'ifbmom ppfwaumif; a'ookdY ysHESHYoGm;onf/ r*kdwkdY\
xkd;azguf0ifa&mufrIukd [efYwm;&ef &ckdifwkdYu e,fpyfwpfavQmuf wGif ]]yavmif}]
wyf? vufajzmifhaoewfukdifwyf?(wpfwyfvQifwyfom; 360pD yg0ifonf) rsm;ukd
tiftm;jzefYxm;cJhonf/ ,cktxd yavmiftrnf jzifh yef;0gESifh &ckdifMum;a'owGif
aus;Gmrsm;&Sdao;onf/ (orkdif;jyem pmtkyf? pm-11)
pOf;pm;p&mrSm ppfwaumif;e,fwGif xkdpOfu r*kdwkdYu odrf;jyD;aemuf r[mr'if
bmom ykdus,fjyefYvmcJhonf[kqkdvQif ppfwaumif;ESifh wpfqufwnf;&SdjyD; obm0
tumt&Hvnf; r&Sdaom &ckdifajrmufykdif;a'ookdYvnf; r[mr'ifbmom ysHYESHYvmjcif;
rjzpfEkdifovm; xkdpOfu vl0ifvlxGuf BuD;Buyfa&;wyfrsm;? epuwyfrsm;[l
,ckuJhokdY r&SdcJhacs/ r*kd rodrf;cifu &ckdifESifh ukvm;wkdif;jynf wpfckwnf;tjzpf
&mpkESpfcsD&SdcJhonf/ pD;yGg;a&;ul;vlqufqHrI xkda'owGifaeYpOfESifh trQ &SdcJhonf/
xkdpOfujynfolrsm;\ pD;yGg;a&;onf jrefrmjynfrESifh qufEG,frI r&SdbJ b*Fvm;ESifhom
qufEG,faecJhonf/ aemuf yavmifrSm &ckdifwkdYu ay:wl*Du ukdac:onf/ r*kdwkdYu
ppfwaumif;odrf;NyD;aemuf e,fpyfrSm yavmif wyfcsxm;cJhonf qkdonfrSm xkdpOfu
orkdif;jzpf&yfESifh qufpyfEIdif;,SOfMunfhvQif rrSefEkdifacs/ r*kdESifhppfjzpfaomftcg
ay:wl*DwkdYtm;vkH;onf
&ckdifbk&ifukd
opmazguf
pGefYvTwfjyD;
r*kdESifh
oGm;ylaygif;aMumif; orkdif;tapmifapmifrSm awGY&onf/ ay:wl*D tjyif ajrmufOD;&Sd
'wfcsf
wkdYyifvQif
&ckdifrStjyD;tykdif
&ckdif
bk&ifrodatmif
nwGif;csif;xGufajy;oGm;onf[kvnf; awGY&Sd&onf/ ( Hall 1960, JBRS 5th anniversary
p-96 ) e,fpyf b*Fvm;bufwGif ]]yavmif]] trnfjzifh
No.2; Harvey, 1947
aus;&Gmrsm;&SdaevQifvnf;? 4if;onf wjcm;taMumif;aMumifh jzpfrnf/ &ckdifbk&ifu
yavmifwyfcsxm;jcif;[k
a&;jcif;onf
pdwful;OmPfjzifh
qE&Sdovkd
a&;om;jcif;omjzpfonf/ &ckdiforkdif;ESifh a'gufwmbGJY,lol J.leider u ,ckvnf;
&ckdiforkdif;qkdif&m pmwrf;rsm; a&;om;aeonf/ olYtqkdt& 1685ck aemufykdif;
(wenf; ppfwaumif;ukd r*kdwkdYodrf;jyD;aemufykdif;) &ckdifbk&if\ t"du jyemrSm
ewfjrpf ajrmufzufjcrf;rSm a'ocHjynfolrsm;\ ykefuefrIukd &ckdifbk&if wyfu
rESdrfeif;Ekdifjcif;jzpfonf/ ( J.leider, 1998 ,p-19 )okdY ykefuefjcm;em;rI &Sdae
xkda'oonf
wnfjidrfrIr&SdcJhay/
rwnfNidrfrIonf
1784ck?
bkd;awmf
bk&m;&ckdifjynfukd odrf;,lonfh tcsdeftxd &SdcJhonf/ okdYjzifh xkda'orS vlrsm;onf
rdrdwkdYtwGuf ykdvkHjcHKrnf[k ,lq&aoma'orsm;okdYaTYajymif;cJhonf/ ppfwaumif; rS
&ckdifrsm;u r*kd-&ckdif ppfjyD;csdefrSp awmifbufokdYxGufajy;cJhonf/ (Qanungo, 1988,
231)
&ckdifjynf twGif;ykdif;rS wcsKdYrlqvifrsm;vnf; ajrmufykdif;okdY yef;0g
e,ftxdaTYajymif;onf/ xkdokdYvlrsKd;pk tvkdufajymif;a&TYaexkdifrIonf 1942ck &ckdif 15

kd[if*smvlrsKd;a&; t"dukPfaMumifh ykdBuD;xGm;vmcJhonf/ ajrmufykdif;wGif 1942 ck

aemufykdif;wGif rlqvifOD;a&ykdrkd wkd;yGg;vmjcif;onf b*Fvm;rS0ifvmr[kwf?
Awmifykdif;rS wdrf;a&SmifxGufajy;olrsm; rdrdrl&if;aus;&Gmrsm;okdY jyefvnf vma&muf
tajcpkduf&ef tcGifhtvrf; r&cJhjzpfcJhonf/ awmifykdif;rSmESdyfpuf ajrmufykdif;
a&mufoGm;onf/ ajrmufykdif;wGif b*Fvm;rS ckd;0ifvmol[k pGypf GJjyD; ESdyfpufjyef vQif
jyemawmh MuD;xGm;p&m &Sdonf[k xifjrifygonf/ (Anthony Jrwin 1944; 32.
M.Yegar 1972.24)

(9)

taemufESifh &ckdifqufqHa&; rif;apmrGef xD;eef;jyef&onfh 1428ck wGif

pwifonf/ (xD;eef;jyef&ESpf 1429 (okdY) 1430 jzpfonf/)
*g0g bk&ifonf rif;apmrGefukd xD;eef;jyefwifay;cJhonf/ eef;wif&ef
vmaom yxefppfwyfu rif;apmrGefukd tikdufzrf;jyD; tmPmukd okH;vrQ
odrf;,lxm;cJhonf/ umv avmif;usufNrdKYawmf teD; qefwDuef
AvDay:aygufcJhonf/ (pm-10)

yxrtcsufu orkdif;rSefaz:xkwf a&;om;jcif;r[kwf/ bufvkdufqEt& a&;jcif;

jzpfonf/ rif;apmrGef eef;wufESpf wpfESpf(oldY) ESpf ESpf apmjyjcif;rSm tmPmodrf;cJh ol\
tkyfcsKyfa&;umvukd wkdawmif;jyvkdjcif;aMumifhjzpfonf/ aemufqefwDuefAvD xkdpOfu
&ckdifNrdKYawmfonf avmif;MuufESifhreD;bJ rif;apmrGefeef;wufNyD;rS wnfaom ajrmufOD;NrdKYESifh
ykdtuGnta0;eD;ayonf/ AvDrSmokH;aomausmufjym;rsm;onf eef;awmf wGifokH;aom
ausmufjym;rsm;ESifhwlonf/ xkdYaMumifh rif;apmrGefukd tikdufzrf; tmPmodrf; yxefwyfu
wnfcJhaom AvDrjzpfEkdif/ AvDwnfaqmufykHMunfhvQif ausufjym;jzifh wnfaqmufonf/
av;zufyufvnfrSm ausmufeH&Hjzifh 0if;jcHum&efxm;onf/ ajrmufzuf ESifh awmifzufwkdYwGif
ausmufcH? uefabmifkd;jzifh uefMuD;wpfuefpD&Sdonf/ (Forchammer , 1891, p-39) yxr ppful
yxefwyfu
rif;apmrGefukd
opmazguf
tmPm
odrf;
bmblawmifrSm
ajcusif;cwfcsKyfaESmifxm;cJhonf/ *g0g bk&ifrS 'kwd,tBudrf ykd tiftm;awmifhwif;aom
wyfwpfwyfjzifh vma&muf yxrwyf wyfrI; 0vDcgef ukd zrf;qD; ta&;,lonf/
rif;apmrGefukd xD;eef;jyeftyfESHonf/ ( &ckdifaumifpD? 1984? pm-79? OD;OmP?
"n0wD&mZ0ifopf? 1996? pm-77.78)'kwd, wyfrI;trnfrSm Sandi Khan jzpfojzifh
AvDtrnfrSmvnf; qef'DcgefAvDjzpfvmjcif; jzpfonf/ olwkdYonf xkda'owGif
tjrJwrf;twGuf tajc[kduf&ojzifh okdYckdifrmaom AvDMuD;wnfaqmuf jcif;jzpfonf/
&ckdifjynf vkHjcHKa&;twGuf xkdppfulwyfrsm;ukd ajrmufOD; ywf0ef;usifrSmae&mcsxm; ay;cJhonf/
(a'gufwmat;csrf;? 2003ck? pm-3)/ rif;apmrGef tcsKyfcHcJh&aom tcsdef umv?
xGufajy;NyD;taemufb*Fvm;oGm;&aomtcsdefumv?
b*Fvm;rSmwyftiftm;pk&aom
tcsdefumv? xkdppful 'kwd,wyfESifh 0vDcgefukd wkdufkdufzrf;qD; ta&;,l&aom umv
rsm;onf rnfonfhenf;ESifhrQ okH;vrjzpfEkdifacs/ xkdYtjyif AvDwnfaqmufrI taetxm;
onfvnf; okH;vtwGif;jyD;Ekdifaom taetxm;r[kwfyg/ uefMuD;rsm; wl;az:&mwGifyif
okH;v MumEkdifonf/ xkdYaMumifhtxufpmtkyfrmS yxrwyfrI; 0vDcgefu tmPmodrf;jyD;
okH;vom tkyfcsKyfonfqkdjcif;rSm rjzpfEkdifyg/ 0vDcgefukd &ckdifrSm rif;apmrGefESifh &efp&SdcJh aom
'g;vufNrdKYpm;u ulnDcJh tmPmodrf;tkyfcsKyf&ef vG,fulcJhjcif;[k orkdif;rSwfwrf; &Sdayonf/
16

(b*Fvm;
a*aZ;wD;,m;)
ppfwaumif;rSwfwrf;t&
0vDcgefonf
&ckdifwGif
tpvmrfw&m;pD&ifa&;pepf ( umZDw&m;pD&ifa&;pepf) toufoGif;cJhaMumif;od&onf/
umZDpepf rlqvifay:wGifomusifhokH;&onf/ bmomjcm;ay: rusifhokH;&yg/ xkdYaMumifh
0vDcgef tkyfcsKyfa&;umvonf okH;v r[kwfbJ tenf;qkH; 1426 rS 1429 xd okH;ESpf
ausmf&SdcJhonf/ olYtkyfcsKyfa&;atmuf umZDpepf usifhokH;jcif;aMumifh rlqvifrsm;&SdaeaMumif;
xif&Sm;onf/ xkdrlqvifrsm;onf ajrmufOD;acwfrwkdifrDav;NrdKYacwfu rlqvifrsm;yif
jzpfonf/ ajrmufOD;rwkdifcif &ckdifrSm rlqvif r&SdcJh[k a'gufwmat;csrf;? *syefu
olYaqmifyg;( 2003 ck )wGif rD;armif;xkd;jyjcif;onf ukd,fhzufom olYzufem apvkdNyD;
bufvkdufa&;omrIom jzpfonf/ xkdokdYbufvkduf a&;om;rIrSm ynm&Sifqkdolrsm; a&Smiftyf
aomtusifhjzpfygonf/ J.Leider \ ukd;um;csuft& yxefppfulwyftiftm; wpfaomif;
cefY[k od&onf/ ppfulwyfESpfBudrfvm ESpfaomif;cefY[kvnf;,lEkdifonf/ olwkdYu
ae&yfrjyef? &ckdifvkHjcKHa&;twGuf ajrmufOD;w0kduf tajcpkdufaexkdifcJhonf/ e,fcHtrsKd;orD;
rsm;ESifh tdrfaxmifusNyD; a&maESmoGm;onf/ xkdYaMumifhkd[if*sm tokH;tEIef;? "avhpkdufrSm
ygxefwkdY\ ,Ofaus;rIpkdufrsm; awGY&onf/ kd[if*smwkdYu ygxefwkdY\ zm&pDpmay ukdvnf;
avhvmoif,laMumif; awGY&onf/ &ckdifjynfwGif rlqviftm;vkH;onf zrf;qD; uRefrsm;r[kwf/
ppfa&;? EkdifiHa&;? bk&ifheef;awmf kH;wGif; vkyfief;rsm;aqmif&Gufa&;rSm yg0ifcJholrsm;
OD;a&awmfawmfrsm;rsm; &SdcJhonf/ xkdolrsm;ukd bmoma&;? Pmay? ,Ofaus;rI?
vGwfvyfcGifhay;kHru ajrawmifajrmufay;cJhonf/ okdYjzpfolwkdYonf &ckdifpmay ,Ofaus;rI?
bmompum;vTrf;rkd;rIatmuf ra&mufcJhbJ rdrdwkdYukd,fykdif ,Ofaus;rIjzifhoD;jcm; aevmcJhonf/
(Qanungo,
1988,
p-40)
ESifh(J.Leider, 1998,12)
ukdIyg/
wpfbufwGif
rlqvif(0g)kd[if*smwkdYuomvQif &ckdifvlaerI b0ay: vTrf;rkd;rI&SdcJhaMumif; orkdif;q&m Harvey
ESifh Hal wkdYuokH;oyfxm;onf/ ( Harvey, 1947,p-90)
(10)

&ckdifjynf rlqvifESdyfuGyfa&;ukd rif;bmBuD; 1531-53 u

wpfcg? pEm0dZ, 1710-31 vufxufwGif wpfBudrf jyif;jyif;
xefxefyvkyfcJhonf/(orkdif;jyempmtkyf? pm-14)

rlqvifukdESdyfuGyfcJh rlqvif qdwfokO;f oGm;cJhonf[k qkdvkdjcif;jzpfygonf/ ,ck

rlqvifrsm;? kd[if*smrsm;? rlv&ckdifjynfom;rsm; r[kwf[kqkdvkdykH&onf/ [pfwvmu
tqdyf"gwfaiGY avmif;owfvnf; *sL; rukefcrf;cJhyg/ &ckdifrSm ESdyfuGyfcJhrnfokdYtm;jzifh
rlqvifukefcrf;oGm;rnfenf;/ukdvkdeDacwfrSm 0ifvmolrsm;[kajymaeayonf/ rif;bmBuD;wkdY
pEm0dZ,wkdY ukdvkdeDacwfu rif;rsm;r[kwf/ ajrmufOD;acwfbk&ifrsm; jzpfMuonf/ xkdacwfu
rlqvifr&Sd[kqkdolrsm; pOf;pm;p&myg/ rlqvifr&SdvQif b,folYukdxkdbk&ifrsm; ESdyfuGyfcJhovJ/
txufpmtkyf\ OD;wnfcsuf ( &ckdifrSm rlqvifr&SdcJh )ESifh a&;om;csuf ( jyif;jyif;xefxef
ESdyfuGyfonf )onf qkdjcif;wkdYonf tNrD;tarmif;rwnfh jzpfaeonf[k qkd&ayrnf/
(11) &ckdifwkdYu rdrdwkdY\ bkef;rD;aev awmufcJhpOftwGif; vufatmufcH
b*Fvdrsm;ukd
rdrdwkdYtm;
toQifocif
]]armuf}}
[kom
ac:aponf/(orkdif;jyempmtkyf? pm-14)
toHxGuftrSefrSm ]]arm*f}} jzpfonf/ vufatmufcH b*FgvDrsm;uom]]arm*f}}[kac:
17

qkdjcif;r[kwf/ tdEd,? b*Fvm;? t*FvdyfrSwfwrf;rsm;tm;vkH;rSm &ckdifukd ]]arm*f}}[k owfrSwf

ac:a0:aMumif;awGY&onf/ &ckdifvufatmufcHr[kwfaom EkdifiHjcm;om;rsm;? ukd,fhukdukd,f
ocif[kcH,laom t*Fvdyfrsm;u tb,faMumifh ]]arm*f}} t&Sifocif[k ac:Murnfenf;/
ppfawG a*aZ;wD;,m;rSmvnf; &ckdifukd ]]arm*f}}[kokH;EIef;xm;aMumif;awGY& onf/ rnfonfh
&ckdif? t*Fvdyf? ukvm; tbd"gefrSmvnf; ]]arm*f}} t"dyg,fukd toQif ocif[krawGY&yg/ J.M.Gosh
u Magh Raiders in Bengal, 1960 wGif ]]arm*f}}onf "g;jy [k t"dyg,f &Sdonf/ zm&pD
tokH;tEIef;jzpfonf/ 15-16 &mpk ESpfrsm;twGif; ay:wl*DESifh aygif; yifv,f"g;jy
wkdufckdufjcif;aMumifh b*Fvm;om;rsm;u "jr [kac:zkdjcif;jzpfonf [k &Sif;xm;onf/ xkdpOfu
tdEd,wGif kH;okH;pmayrSm zm&pD&SdcJh ae&ma'o? vlrsKd;rsm; trnfukd zm&pDjzifh
ac:a0:rI&SdcJhonf/ ]]arm*f}} t"dyg,fay: orkdif;q&mrsm;u wjcm; t"dyg,f
trsKd;rsKd;zGifhqkdMu&ef MudK;pm;cJhonf/ D.G.E.Hall u &ckdifwkdYu ]]arm*f}} [kac:vQif
rBudKufESpfoufaBumif;ESifh ]]arm*f}} teuft"dyg,fay: orkdif;q&mrsm; tjrif rwlao;[k
qkdxm;onf/ ( Hall, 1950,p-57) ]]arm*f}} t"dyg,f toQifocif[kqkdvQif
rBudKufESpfoufp&m&Sdrnfrxif/ rnfonfhorkdif;q&murS toQifocif[k t"dyg,frzGifhqkd
cJhyg/ ]]arm*f}} t"dyg,fzGifqkdrI trsKd;rsKd;ukd Dr.S.B.Qanungo upkpnf;wifjy&mwGifvnf;
toQifocif[k rawGY&ao;yg/ 4if;tjyif b*Fvm;wGif &ckdifukd Hamadar Mulluk [kvnf;aumif;?
Magher Mulluk [kvnf;aumif; ac:a0:aBumif;awGY&onf/ xkdYaBumifh Magher ESifh Hamadar
onf t"dyg,ftwlwljzpfonf/ ykdifqkdifrIjy emr0daooe jzpfonf/ olwkdY\ ]] emrf }} rSm
Magh ESifh Hamada wkdYjzpfMuonf/
onf kdif;jyol t"dyg,f&Sdojzifh Magh t"dyg,fvnf; kdif;jyoljzpf &rnf/
kdif;jyolESifh "g;jyrSm teD;pyfqkH; t"dyg,fjzpfonf/( Qanungo, 1988,p-65 ) &ckdif
o[m,toif;(&efukef) 1996 ckESpfxkwf r*Zif;trSefpOf-2rSm aqmif;yg;&Sif armif;awm
om;u arm*f t"dyg,fukd vlqkd; ^ rm*"uvl[k zGifhqkdxm;aMumif;awGY&onf/ vlqkd; ^
rm*"uvl[ka&;vQif rm*f"u vltm;vkH; vlqkd;jzpfoGm;Ekdifonf/ vlqkd; qkdaomteuf
t"dyg,fukd ayghapvkd aqmif;yg;&Sifu ]]arm*f}} ESifh toHxGufvkdufzufjzpfonfh rm*"ukd
jznfhpGufxm;jcif;omjzpfEkdifonf/ ]]arm*f}] teuf t"dyg,fvlqkd; qkdjcif;u ykdyDjyifrnf
[laomtokH;tEIef;&Sd&m aH madar rSm kdif;jyaom?
[kxifygonf/ Magh twGuf aH madar
Murf;BuKwfaom [laom teuf{uef&Sdygonf/ 4if;r*fukdyif ajymif;jyefvSefNyD; toQifocif[k
t"dyg,fzGifhqkdjcif;rSmt"r
t"dyg,fziG fhqkdjcif;jzpfonf/
xkdolwkdYu
tm;vkH;
udprSmxkdokdYjyKvkyfwufonf/ &uyl&? &uef? &uef? &[rf? t&acgef;? &cgrD ponf
tac:ta0: trsKd;rsKd;rS tm&fuef[k ajymif;vJvmaMumif; &ckdifom[m&r*Zif;trSwf-2 rSm
aqmif;yg;&Sif avhvmolu wifjyxm;aMumif;awGY&onf/ ,ck *syefa&muf rsKd;cspfvli,f
qkdolrsm;url &ckdifrS tm&fuefjzpfvmonf[k ajymif;jyeft"dyg,fzGifhay;aeonf/ &ckdiforkdif;
jyKpkol Pamela Gutman ESifh Dr.S.B.Qanungo wkdYu Rakhing [laomtrnfukd 12 &mpk
aemufykdif; jrefrmausmufpmrsm;rSawGY&NyD; tm&fuefjynfoltwGuf jrefrmuay;aom trnf
jzpfEkdifonf[kqkdonf/ ( Qanungo, 1988,231 )
aH madar

(12)

'kwd,urmppfBuD;Nzpfp 1942 ckESpfwGif &ckdifrS t*FvdyfwkdY xGufcGg

oGm; ukvm;? &ckdif t"dukPf; usef&pfavonf/ jrefrmEkdifiH vGyfvyfa&;
&NyD;pwGif ]] rl*sm[pf }} olykefrsm;u ar,ke,fx<uonf/ &v'frSm &ckdif
18

trsm;pkonf rdrdwkdYbkd;bGm;ykdif ar,ka'orS pGefYcGg&jcif;jzpfonf/ ( orkdif;

jyempmtkyf? pm-13)
wGif odvsufESifh roda,mifaqmifaeolrsm;tm; &Sif;jy&cufaeonf/ t"dukPf;
pwifcJhonfrSmvnf; ajrykHrif;jym;NrdKYrsm;rSjzpfygonf/1 ar,ka'orS &ckdifrsm;pGefYcGg&onf
[komazmfjyNyD; &ckdifjynftwGif;ykdif;? ajrykHrif;jym;? NrKdYa[mif;? Ausmufawm ponfhNrKdYrsm;rS
vlaygif;ESpfodef;ausmf ar,ka'ookdY ajymif;aTYcJh&onfukdrl roda,mifaqmifaeonf/ olwkdYu
rlvae&mrsm;okdY jyef0iftajcqkdufcGifhr&cJhacs/ b*Fvm;]]a&mifzl}} 'kuonfpcef; okdYvnf;
vlajcmufaomif;ausmf a&mufcJhonf/ 4if;xJrS vlOD;a& wpfaomif;ig;axmifcefY &ckdifjynfokdY
jyef0ifa&mufcGifhr&cJhacs/ ( Mosha Yegar, 1972,23 ) b*Fvm;om;rsm;jzpf jyef
rvmjcif;jzpfonf[kqkdayrnf/ b*Fvm;om;rsm; 'kuonfpcef;r0ifcJhyg/ olwkdYaetdrfrsm;?
rdbaqGrsKd;tdrfrsm;wGif jyefvnfaexkdifoGm;jcif;rQom&SdcJhonf/
&ckdifjynftwGif;ykdif;wGif kd[if*smrsm;pGefYvTwfcJh&aom Gmaygif;ESpf&mcefY&SdcJhonf/
tdrfajcwpf&mrS ig;&mxd&SdcJhaomGmBuD;rsm;yg0ifcJhMuonf/ om"ujy&aomf ykPm;uRef;NrdKY wGif
'g;bG,f&Gm? ajrykHrS &ufacsmif;? yefcef;&Gm? ausmufawmrS bD,mvm&Gm? a&mifZlGm? um'D&Gm?
bl;0g;&Gm? ykPm;&Gmrsm;onf ukvm;trnfjzifhawGY&aomvnf; ,aeYxkd&Gmrsm; wGif
ukvm;wpfa,mufrS r&Sdacs/ okdYjzpfyg orkdif;a&;olrsm;? bufvkdufrIr&Sd&ef tjzpf rSefukd
azmfxkwfa&;om;&efvkdayonf/
olYbufemap?ukd,fhbufomap
ykHpHa&;om;rIrsm;onf
tjypf&SdjyD; jyemrsKd;aphcsay;jcif;jzpfEkdifonf/ okdY ar,ke,frS &ckdifrsm;pGefYcGgcJh&onf/
1942 ck ukvm;-&ckdif t"dukPf;ukd e,fpyfrS (ar,ka'o) ukvm;rsm;ukd t*Fvdyf tpkd;&u
vufeufwyfqifay;cJh? xkdvufeufjzifh &ckdifrsm;ukdpwifwkdufckdufcJh&mrS pwifonfponfjzifh
a'gufwmat;csrf;uvnf;a&;cJhaMumif;awGY&onf/ (a'gufwmat;csrf; 2003 ck pm-2)/
a'gufwmat;csrf;onf jrefrmhorkdif;trSefa&;om;a&;om;a&; tZGJYwGif tpueOD;u
tzGJY0iftjzpfyg0ifcJhaMumif;vnf;od&onf/olu 5-9-04 ckESpf RFA ar;jref; aqG;aEG;cef;rSm
OD;atmifAv? a'gufwmtmifcif? OD;aZmf0dwfwdYkESifh jrefrmorkdif; trSef azmfxkwfa&;udp
aqG;aEG;&mwGif tmPm&Sifpepf wnfSdaeoaGY jrefrmhorkdif;trSef ay:xGufrvm?
Azmfxkwfr&[k
a'gufwmat;csrf;uokH;oyfxm;aMumif;
Mum;od&onf/
&ckdiforkdif;ta&;wGif a'gufwmat;csrf;ukd,fwkdifu rrSefruef? Bufvkduf tjzpfrSefukd
zkH;uG,fjyD; wvTJwacsmfa&;om; rD;armif;xkd;jyjcif;ukd rnfokdYajym&rnfenf; 1942ckESpf
vlrsKd;a&; t"dukPf;ESifhyufoufNyD; a'gufwmat;csrf;\ a&;om;rI rSefrrSefukd xkdpOfu
&ckdifEkdifiHa&; acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfcJhol bkHaygufomausmfESifh OD;bpHwkdY\ orkdif;rSwfwrf;rsm; ESifh
wkdufqkdif MunfhIYEkdifygonf/ ynm&SifqkdolwpfOD;u uJhokdYwvTJwacsmfa&;om; &Jonfukd
uREkfyfwkdY
0rf;enf;kHom&Sdygonf/
ynm&Sifuyif
trSefukdzkH;trSm;ukdcsJYaejyDqkdvQif
wjcm;pma&;olrsm; kd[if*smorkdif;ukd a0zefjcif;tm; vufcH&efESifh rSefonf[kqkd&ef
tawmfcJ,Of;ygvdrfhrnf/

/ bkHaygufomausmf ( armfuGef;0if? 'ktqifh ) ]] awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f }} 1973 ck? pm-70? 71/

OD;bpH ( armfuGef;0if? yxrtqifh ) ]] &ckdifwkdif;&if;om;rsm;ESifhjrefrmEkdifiHvGyfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI }}
o[m&pmay? 1996? pm-80? 81
19

]]a&mifyl}} 'kuonfpcef;a&mufcJhol &ckdifrSukvm;rsm; ppfNyD;acwfjyef0ifvmonf

vnf;&Sdonf/4if;wkdYukd ppfwaumif;om;rsm; &ckdifjynfokdY pdrfh0ifvmonf[k rD;armif;xkd;
jyjcif;? pm&if;tif;udef;*Pef;rsm;jyjcif;onf ukd,fhzJukd,fcsKd;jcif;omjzpfonf/ rSwfwrf;
jyKpkjcif;? pm&if;jyjcif;rsm;onf rdrdwkdY vufxJrSm&Sdae BuKdufovkdajymqkda&;om;jcif;om
jzpfonf/
(12) ]]wkdif;jynf vlrsKd;wcsKdY\ taMumif;t&mukd xdefcsefaumif;
onfr[kwf? r&SdcJhonfukdvnf; &Sdoa,mif vdrfnmr&ay? a&S;&ckdif
orkdif; (1785ckESpf rwkdifrD) wGif orkdif;ESifhqufEG,fvQuf &SdcJhaom
vlrsKd;rsm;ukd &ckdif&mZ0ifwGif jynfhjynfhpkHpkH eD;yg;azmfjyxm;cJhonf/
(orkdif;jyempmtkyf? pm-13)
txufa&;om;csufuawmh odum&Sdayonf/ zwfIvQif b0ifusp&mjzpfonf/
vufawGYrSmawmh rlqvifta&;( 0g ) kd[if*smta&;rSeforQwGif vkH;0xdefcsefjcif;?
wykdif;wp xdefcsefjcif;? vTJacsmfa&;om;jcif;rsm;om&Sdonf/ kd[if*sm\ tEIwf
vuPmaqmifaom jzpf&yfvkyfrsm;ukdrl wqdwfukdwtdwfvkyf a&;om;azmfjyjcif;rQ
om&Sdayonf/ tjzpfrSeftwkdif; a&;om;azmfjyxm;onfukd rnfonfhpmtkyfrSmyif
rawGYcJhyg/ txufpmtkyfrSmajymovkd trSeftwkdif;om &ckdiforkdif;rSwfwrf;rsm;wGif
kd[if*smorkdif;? kd[if*smtaMumif;udprsm;wGif yg&SdcJhaomf ,aeY uREkfyfwkdY\
pmwrf;rsKd;a&;om;xkwfa0&ef vkdtyfrnfr[kwfyg/
kd[if*smta&;udpqkdvQif tkyfqkd;tusnf;wefatmif kd[if*smwkdY\ EkdifiHa&;?
vlrIa&;udpt00ukd wkdif;&if;tESHY toufrygatmif? EkdifiHjcm;om;rsm;\vkyf&yf? jzpf&yftrI
udp jzpfoa,mif a&;om;vmcJhonfrSm ,ckrSr[kwf? NAdwdoQacwfOD;umvuyifjzpfonf/
4if;rSm &ckdifwkdYu NAdwdoQtpkd;&ESifhylaygif; yxr t*Fvdyf-jrefrmppfyGJrSm wkdufckdufaepOf
rlqvifacgif;aqmifwcsKdY AEKvwyfESifh ylaygif;cJhjcif;aMumifh okdYuGJNzJrI? tjyeftvSef
tjrifaqmif;rIrsm; jzpfay:cJhjcif;jzpfEkdifonf/ tjrifusOf;rIomjzpfonf/ &ckdifwyfrSmyg0ifcJh ol
rlqvifrsm;vnf;&SdcJhayonf/ EkdifiHa&;udprSmvlrsKd;wkdif;rSm uGJjym;rI&SdMuonf/( A.Juseph, 1948,
nation within anation, P-36) yGifhyGifhvif;vif;a&;&vQif &ckdifu kd[if*sm tay:
EkdifiHa&;t& zdESdyfvkdonf tjrwfxkwfvkdonfrSm xkdpOfumvuyifjzpfygonf/ twkdif;twm
wpfcktxd xkdokdYjyKvkyfEkdif&ef EkdifiHa&;? vlrIa&; ywf0ef;usifuvnf; olwkdY zufrS
tm;omrI&SdcJhonf/ &ckdifjynfEkdifiHa&;wGif xkdokdY wbufapmif;eif; tcGifhomcJhaom csdefcGifvQm
rnDrQcJhaom
qufqHa&;&SdcJhjcif;ukd
,ckacwf
oufqkdifolrsm;tm;vkH;u
jyefvnfokH;oyfjyifqif&rnf[k xifjrifygonf/
&ckdifjynfwGif&Sdaom vlrsKd;pkrsm;taMumif;ukd txufpmtkyfrSma&;onfhtwkdif;
&ckdif&mZ0ifrsm;( 1785 rwkdifrD )jynfhjynfhpkHpkHazmfjyxm;onf[k qkdjcif;rSm rrSefuefaMumif;
om"ursm;pGm&Sdayonf/ Oyrm- 1881 ckESpfavmufu 'Gg&0wDq&mawmf a&;om;cJhaomf ]]
"n0wDta&;awmfykH }} pmtkyfwGif ]] wkdif;jynf ulvm;NrKdY&Gmrsm;pGm&Sdonf? rdrdwkdYESifh
trsKd;rwlaom ukvm;rsm;ukd NrdKYpm;? &Gmpm; rcefYtyfoifhaMumif;? rdrdwkdYtrsKd;xJuom

20

cefYtyfoifhaMumif; ynm&Sdtrwfu bk&ifukdwifjycJhonf }} [kyg&Sdjcif;ukdMunfhIygu ukvm;ukd

xkdpOfuyif rkef;wD;aMumif;ay:vGifaeonf/xkdukvm;NrdKY&Gmrsm;\ trnfpm&if;rsm;
rnfonfhtcgrS tao;pdyfaz:jyjcif;r&Sdyg/ 4if;onfyifxdefcsefjcif;jzpfonf/ &ckdiforkdif;rSm
rlqviftrnfcH &ckdifrif;omr[kwfbJ rlqvifppfppf bk&ifjzpfcJhjcif;rsm;vnf;&Sdonf/
olwkdY\jzpfpOfrsm;? vkyf&yfrsm;\tusKd;qufrsm;ponfhjzpf&yfrsm;ukd &ckdiforkdif;rSm aqG;aEG;
xm;jcif;rsKd;rawGY&yg/ 0vDcgef tkyfcsKyfcJhaom umvukdokH;v? 18&mpk ukvm;acwd&m qkdol
tkyfcsKyfcJhaomumvukd okH;&ufponfjzifh trSefxufavQmhom a&;om;aMumif; awGY&onf/
okdYavQmha&;jcif;? xdefcsefa&;om;jcif;? tjzpfrSefao;EkyfoGm;atmifwifjyjcif;?
vGJrSm;pGmazmfjyjcif;rsm;onf e,fpkHa'gifhpkHrSm&SdcJhayonf/
Oyrm 17 &mpkv,f &ckdifokdYckdvkHvmaom r*kdrif;om; I*smonf &ckdifbk&if pEm
ok"rukdtmPmodrf;&efBuHaqmifcJhonf[k &ckdiforkdif;uqkdonf/xkdykefuef&efBuHaqmifrIwGif
ol\ukd,f&Hawmfav;onfrsm;vnf;yg0ifrnf/ ykefuefrIwgifyg0ifolrsm;ukd ,kHMunftm;ukd;
&efr&Sd/ xkdolykeftzGJY0if[kqkd&rnfholrsm;ukd &ckdifbk&ifu tb,fhaMumifh ukd,f&HawmfwyfzGJY
0iftjzpf oGwfoGif;&oenf;/pOf;pm;p&mjzpfvmonf/ ,kHMunftm;ukd;&aom ukd,f&Hawmf
tzGJY0iftjzpf oGwfoGif;jcif;aMumifh xkdolrsm;&ckdifbk&ifukd ykefuef&efBuHpnfcJhonfqkdjcif;rSm
rjzpfEkdif[kqkd&ayrnf/ &ckdifbk&ifu ykefuefrIw&yf vkyfBuHzefwD;NyD; I*smukd tqkH;pD&ifcJh
jcif;rsm;jzpfrvm;[k awG;awmp&mjzpfonf/ I*sm\ pdefa&T&wemrsm;ESifh orD;ysKdrsm;ukd
rufarm okdYvkyfBuHjcif;vm;[kvnf;pOf;pm;p&mjzpfygonf/I*smrif;om;aemufvkdufrsm;
&ckdifbk&ifukd,f&Hawmfav;onfjzpfvmjyD;? &ckdifEkdifiHa&;ukd ESpfav;q,feD;yg; pdwfwkdif;us
jc,fvS,fcJhonf/ olwkdYpdwfxifolukd rif;ajrmufNyD; rBudKufolukdjzKwfcsonf/ bk&ifjzpfvm
aomfvnf; tmPmr&SdcJhyg/ tmPmonf ukd,f&Hawmfav;onfrsm; vufxJrSmom&SdcJhonf/
pEm0dZ,? 1710-31 vufxufusrS olwkdYukd xdef;csKyfEkdif &rf;NAJESifh ppfawgNrKdYrsm;okdY
wpfuRef;ykdY e,fESif'Pfay;cJhonf/(ewfjrpfpef;atmif? &ckdifwefaqmiftwGJ-15? 1977-78)
av;onfrsm;ukd &ckdiforkdif;u vlOD;a& ESpf&m? okH;&mcefY[k azmfjyavh&Sdonf/ vlESpf&m
okH;&mu &ckdifwpfjynfvkH;? EkdifiHa&;ukd rnfokdYjc,fvS,fEkdifrnfenf;/ pOf;pm;p&mjzpfonf/ 16
&mpk rif;bmBuD; rwkdifrD tpvmrf omoemjyKrsm; tm;xkwfrIaMumifh &ckdifav;onf awmfwcsKdY
rlqvifjzpfvmcJhonf/ ( OD;vSxGef;jzL? 1981? &ckdifwkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;? pm-32? 42)
,ckav;onf
ukd,f&HawmfwyfrSm
xkdbmomajymif;olrsm;vnf;
yg0ifEkdifonf/
bk&ifhukd,f&HawmfwyfrSm tiftm;av;aomif;ESpfaxmif&SdcJhonf[kvnf; &ckdiforkdif;uajym\/
ukd,f&Hawmfwyftrsm;pkrSm &ckdifrsm;jzpf\[k teufoufa&mufapvkdjcif;jzpfonf/ rlqvif
urmefrsm;\ tcef;u@ukd arS;rSdefapvkd tiftm; 42000 [kjyjcif;jzpfEkdifonf/ okdYaomf
aomif;usef;aeonfqkdNyD;
e,fESif'Pfay;cH&olrsm;rSmtm;vkH;
rlqvifjzpfMuonf/
OD;a&tm;jzifh av;aomif; r&SdcJhyg/ ,ckxdvnf;rlqviftjzpf xkda'owGifolwkdY&SdMu\/
av;onfrsm;jzpfcJh urmefonf[kqkdonf/ xkd urmefonfrsm;xJwGif Ak'bmom &ckdif vlrsKd;
rawGY&Sdojzifh &ckdifbk&ifukd,f&HawmfrSm &ckdifAk'bmom0if&Sdjcif;ESifh ukd,f&Hawmfwyf tiftm;
42000 &SdcJhjcif;rsm; apm'uwufp&mjzpfjyefonf/ ukd,f&Hawmfwyf 42000 [k azmfjyjcif;rSm
urmefav;onfrsm; tcef;u@ukd arS;rSdefapvkd 42000 [k azmfjyjcif;rSm urmefav;onf
tcef;u@ukd arS;rdSefapvkd urefwyfukdvnf; &ckdifwyf[k ajymvkd jzpfEkdifonf/ tjzpfrSefu
I*sm aemufvkdufrsm;onf vlOD;a&axmif*Pef;ESifhcsD&SdcJhonf/ I*smrif;om;&ckdifokdY
21

ckdvkH&mwGif olESifholYrdom;pkrsm;a&aMumif;jzifh ppfwaumif;okdYvmonf/ olY&JYaemufvkduf

ta>ct&Hrsm; ukef;aMumif;vmNyD; ppfwaumif;rSmqkHonf/ ppfwaumif;rS &ckdife,fpyf
ta&mufvm&mvrf;wGif txrf;xrf;olrsm;yif vlaxmifausmf&Sdonf[kqkdonf/ ( Qanungo,
1988,305 ) ewfjrpf ta&SYbufI*sm&GmwGif c&D;waxmufem;cJh xkdae&mukd I*sm&Gm
[kac:jcif;jzpfonf[kqkdonf/
4if;rSwqifh
ajrmufOD;okdY
a&mufvmcJhonf/
xkdYaMumifholYaemufvkdufta>ct&Hrsm;onf &m*Pef;r[kwfbJ axmif*Pef;tenf;qkH;&SdEkdif
onf/ &ckdifukd,f&Hawmf av;onfwyfrSmvnf; I*sm aemufvkdufrsm; axmif*Pef;&SdcJh
olwkdYpdwfxifovkd &ckdifEkdifiHa&;ukd jc,fvS,fcJhjcif;jzpfEkdifonf/ e,fESif'Pfay;cH&ol rsm;wGif
&ckdifrygojzifh rlvukd,f&Hawmfav;onfwyfrSmvnf; &ckdifryg0ifcJh[k okH;oyf&ef &Sdonf/
&ckdif&mZ0if[kqkdNyD;
a&;xm;orQ
orkdif;rsm;ukd
rSefonf[krqkdEkdif?
ckdifvkHaom
taxmuftxm;r&Sd? &SdorQorkdif;rsm;vnf; acwfa[mif;u taMumif;ukd 19 &mpk? 20&mpk
rsm;wGif a&;jcif;aMumifh ckdifvkHrIykdenf;onf/ ( OD;pHomatmif? &ckdif'*Fg;rsm;? 1979? pm-8
ESifh OD;at;csrf; 2002? pm-3 )
I*smaemufvkdufrsm;wGif av;onf( urefonf ) qkdolrsm;tjyif aemufxyf
vl&maygif;rsm;pGm &SdcJhaMumif; rSwfwrf;awGY&onf/ J. Leider u 19 &mpk &ckdifa&muf
F el y \ JASB No-4 yg rSwfwrf;ukd ukd;um; I*smaemufvkduf
urmvSnfhc&D;onf W. o
wjcm;vlvnf; ajrmufrsm;pGm&SdaMumif; okawoejyKxm;aMumif;awGY&onf/ J. Leider u It is said that one part of the survivors among Shujahs followers
were integrated into the Royal guard, other survivors were distributed in
the different part of the kingdom. Lands and implements of husbandry
were assigned to them, and they are farther encouraged to marry with the
women of the country. They were called Kamanchis, a Persian word
referring to their prior occupation as archers. Harvey writes that at the
end of the century they [ the Muslim archers] murdered and setup kings
at will roaming over the country carrying fire and sword where ever they
went ( J. Leider, p-19)

&ckdif&mZ0ifwGif ( orkdif;jyemqkdonfh txufpmtkyfrSm a&;ovkd ) vlrsKd;pkrsm;

taMumif; jynfhjynfhpkHpkH azmfjyjyDqkdvQif I*smaemufvkdufrsm; av;onfwyftjzpf yg0if
onfhtjyif v,f,mukdif;uRef;twGuf tjcm;NrdKY&Gmrsm;wGif jzefYcsJ ae&mcsxm;cJhaMumif;ukd
azmfjycJhjcif; rawGY&ygvm;/
J. Leider u The presence of Muslim artist and officers at the court at
this time is Just another sparkling element of cultural refinement at the
Arakanese Court (J. Leider, 1998,13.18) [kqkdxm;onf/ &ckdifeef;wGif;wGif

rlqvifpmay tEkynm&Sifrsm;? 0efxrf; t&mxrf;rsm; yg0ifaejcif;wkdYonf tjcm;

ajymifajrmufaom ,Ofaus;rI qufpyfrIw&yfjzpfonf/ trSefrSm J. Leider \
txufpmwrf;onf &ckdiftrsKd;om;rsm;\ orkdif;tjrifukd tumtuG,fay;NyD; a&;aom
pmwrf;yifjzpfonf/
,if;pmwrf;rsKd;wGifygaom
taMumif;tcsufrsm;ukdyif
b,f&ckdiforkdif;rSmvnf; uRefawmfwkdYrawGYcJhyg/ &ckdiforkdif;rSm vlrsKd;pkrsm;taMumif;

22

jynfhpkHpGma&;NyD;jzpfonf/ qkdjcif;onf wpfbufoufa&;jcif;omjzpfonf/ Mum;? Jrif

aumif;&efom okdYa&;jcif;jzpfonf/
xkdYtjyif 1737 ckwGif ukvm; cw&m qlvwefbk&if &ckdifrif;jzpfjcif;? 1738 ckwGif
wpfjynfvkH; ukvm;tkH<urI ay:aygufcJhjcif; ( &ckdifaumifpD? 1984?pm-90 ) wkdYESifh yufouf
tao;pdwfrSwfwrf;rsm;aysmufaeaMumif;omawGY&onf/ &ckdifjynfajrmufjcrf;ay: bapmjzl(c)
umvDrm&Sm;? 1459-82 NyD;aemuf umvwGif wpfMudrf? rif;bmBuD;? 1531-53
NyD;aemufwGifwpfBudrf b*Fvm;rlqvif bk&ifrsm;u wkdufckdufodrf;,l tkyfcsKyfcJhonfh
tBudrfrsm; b*Fvm;rSwfwrf; (Qanungo, 1998, 163, 193) wGifawGY&aomfvnf; rnfonfh
&ckdif&Z0if rSwfwrf;rSmrS rawGY&yg/
e,fcsJYqefYusifa&;wkdufyGJrsm;? awmfvSefa&;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;? EkdifiHa&;pnf;kH;rIrsm;wGif
kd[if*smacgif;aqmifrsm;vnf; ae&mtESHYrSmyg0ifcJhonf/ okdYaomf tm;vkH;tarSmifxJa&muf
oGm;onf/ a&ShYae OD;zkd;ckdif? aSYae OD;,mpdefwkdY ESpfOD;ukdom wpfcgwav trnfpm&if;jykH
jyonf/ wjcm;acgif;aqmifrsm;\ trnfpm&if;yg aysmufoGm;onf/ ppfawGNrdKY\
trsKd;om;ausmif;rSm q&mBuD;OD;ZkdifEkEdef ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD;jzpfcJhblvQufESifh vufaxmuf
q&mBuD;[k &ckdifjynfe,faumifpD orkdif;jzpfpOfrSwfwrf; (vlrIa&;)rSm jyxm;aMumif;awGY
&onf/ jynfhpkHpGmaz:jyNyD;qkdjcif;rSm rnfokdYrS rjzpfEkdifyg/ rlqviforkdif;? rlqviftcef;
u@qkdvQif tarSmifcsxm;cJhonfqkdvQif ykdrkdrSefuefygvdrfhrnf/
(13) ,aeY&ckdiforkdif;q&mrsm;u rdrdwkdYqE&Sdovkd ykHazmf&ef tm;xkwf&m wGif
wpfa,mufwpfrsKd;a&;aeonf/ wcsKdYuvnf; taxmuftxm; r&SdbJ
'@m&Dqefqefjzpf&yfrsm;ukd orkdif;[kjyXmef;&ef BudK;pm;aeyg onf/
Martin Smith, Pamela Gutman, G.H.Luce, Dr.Than Tun

ponfponf orkdif;ynm&Sifrsm;ukdvnf; rjynfhpkH? &ckdiforkdif;aphpkHpGm

rod/ paumavmufrS apmufreufaom OmPfjzifh &ckdiforkdif; a&;onf
ponfjzifh a0zefaeaMumif;awGY&onf/ rdrdwkdYomodonf/ jrifonf/
orkdif;ukdem;vnfonf ponfjzifh cH,lxm;jcif;onf vufawGYusaom
tjrifr[kwfyg/
q&mBuD; vlqfESifh a'gufwmoef;xGef;wkdYonf ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmxd orkdif;ygarmu
tjzpfaqmif&GufcJhNyD; jrefrmhorkdif;ukd aMuaMunufnuf arTaESmufavhvmcJholrsm;jzpf ygonf/
4if;wkdYu &ckdifjynfrSm qlqvifbk&if&SdcJhaMumif;?tif;0bk&ifESifh rdwfo[mozG,f &SdcJhaMumif;?
taSYb*Fvm;okdY tpvmrf ysHESHYa&muf&SdvmpOfu wcsKdYacgif;aqmifrsm;? ppfbk&ifrsm; ewfjrpf
ta&SYbufjcrf;wGif
aTYajymif;aexkdifcJhaMumif;rsm;ukd
pdwfulOmPfjzifh
a&;jcif;r[kwf
ausmufpmtrSwfpm&if; 963^20-23? Ou&mZf 804? c&pf-1442 ukd
ukd;um;a&;cJhjcif;jzpfonf/ okdYjzifh q&mBuD;vlqf rSefovm;[k ar;cGef;xkwfp&mr&Sd/
a'gufwmoef;xGef;u ]] xkdolrsm;onf ,aeYkd[if*smrsm;jzpfrvm;[k qifjcifrdw,f/
olwkdYuvnf; ,if;ae&mrSm ESpfaygif;wpfaxmifausmfaeNyDvkdYajymaew,f }} ponfjzifh
okH;oyfjcif;onfvnf; uefYuGuf&efr&Sd[kxifygonf/

23

q&mBuD; vlqf &nfnGef;cJhaom ausmufpmukd &SmrawGYyg[kqkdolvnf;&Sdonf/ 4if;um;

&Smrwufvnf;jzpfEkdifygonf/ausmufpmr&SdbJESifhynm&Sifrsm;ukd;um;rnfr[kwfyg/
ppfukdif;xlygkHbk&m;&Sd ausmufpmjzpfonf/ xlygkH 'g,um Ek&ywdESifh &ckdifbk&ife&Ek (c)
tmvDcgefonf acwfNydKif jzpfonf/ tmvDcgef Ak'bmomyg ponfjzifh ajymr&yg/
acwfa[mif;u tjzpftysufukd aemufrS rSwfwrf;wifjcif;rskd;jzpfEkdifonf/
(14) (&ckdifwkdYu) Ak'\ ukdpm; r[mrkedukd oGef;vkyfNyD; Ak'bmome,f
xJokdY ajcpkHypfum 0ifa&mufcJhonfrSm &ckdifrSefvQif &ckdifppfvQif
Ak'bmom jzpfonf[k cH,lMu\/ ,if;rSonf,cktxd &ckdifonf
Ak'bmomrSvGJ rnfonfh bmom t,l0g'ukdrS rukd;uG,fonfrSm
txift&Sm;om"uyif jzpfonf/ ( oljrwf/ rkedajred'gef;? rkedajr
r*Zif;? 2003 ck )
pOf;pm;&efrSm Ak'jrwfpGmbk&m; zGm;jrifawmfrlaom tdEd,ajrmufykdif;wGifyif Ak' bmom
wdrfaumvkrwufjzpfaeonf/ tjcm;bmom0ifrsm;jzpfukefMuonf/ Ak'jrwfpGm bk&m;
cP<ujref;cJhonfqkdaom &ckdifrSm tjcm;bmom0ifr&Sd[k rnfokdYpOf;pm;Ekdifrnfenf;/
Ak'jrwfpGmbk&m; &ckdifa&muf&SdpOfu vlrsKd;rsm;onfvnf; ,aeY&ckdifqkdolrsm;[k ajymqkd&ef
cJ,Of;ayonf/ &ckdifonf jrefrmcGJwpfrsKd;jzpfygonf/ a'gufwmoef;xGef;u ]] jrefrmawG
ajrjyefYukd pwif0ifa&mufaexkdifwmukd ukd;&mpk aESmif;vkdY,lq&ygw,f}} (oef;xGef;? 2001?
pm-71)/
jrefrmwkdYu jrefrmjynfajrjyefYa'ookdYa&muf&SdNyD; ysLESifhrGefwkdYrS yxr Ak'bmomukd
&&Sdonfaemuf 11 &mpk avmufrS pma&;enf;ynm &&SdNyD;vkdYajymEkdifw,f/ (oef;xGef;? 2001 ck?
jrefrmhorkdif;ed'gef;? pm-19) jrefrmrsm;ajrjyefYokdYa&muf&SdNyD;aemuf wjcm;ae&m rsm;okdY
,yfawmifjzefYovkd ysHYEShYHoGm;cJhonf/ atmufjynf? csif;awmifESifh &ckdifa'ookdY ysHYESHY oGm;onf[k
a'gufwmoef;xGef;u okawoe jyKxm;aMumif;awGY&onf/ xkdYaMumifh ,aeY &ckdifonf
jrefrmxJujzpfonf/
Ak'bmomukd
10
&mpk
aemufykdifrSom&&SdoGm;onf[k
vufcH&rnfjzpfygonf/ a'gufwmoef;xGef;u qufvuf ]] 'gayrJh yk*Hukd 9 &mpkESpf ubJ
jrefrmawG
0ifNyD;aer,fqkdwmuawmh
apmvGef;w,fxifw,f----ppfa&;ppf&mt&
e,fapmifhcHwyf tjzpfeJY okH;w,fqkd&if jzpfEkdifp&m&Sdw,f/ (oef;xGef;? 2003 ck? oef;xGef;?
&Spfq,fjynfh? pm-127)/ okdYjzpf Ak'jrwfpGmbk&m; &ckdif<ua&mufcJhpOfup ax&0g'
Ak'bmom0ifjzpfvmcJhonf[k a&;jcif;ukd jyefvnfqef;ppfp&m[k qkd&rnf/
2 &mpkat'D? r[mrked axmifaygufBuD;ausmufpmt& "n0wDacwfu &ckdifvlrsKd;wkdYrSm
Ak'bmom0ifrsm;jzpfMuonf/ (avhvmol? kyf&Sifaw;uAsm r*Zif;? 1995 pm- 178)/
xkdokdYwpfbufoufajymr&yg/ a'gyufwmoef;xGef;tvkdt& ]]&ckdifbufrS awmh oD0ewfyif
ukd;uG,fol Saivite rsm; rsm;r,fxifw,f/ Ak'bmomrSm r[m,me? wNE,meeJY [de,mEk
t,lawGa&maESmNyD;
twl&Sdaew,fvkdYyJqkd&r,f/
r[m,me
vkH;0aysmufuG,foGm;w,fvkdYr&Sdbl;}} vkdY a&;xm;aMumif;awGY&Sd&w,f/ ( oef;xGef;? 2001? 329
)/

24

Pamela

u &ckdifjynfa&S;a[mif;ausmufpm-aypmukd tajccH

The Kings of earliest Candra dynasty, who ruled from the end of the 4th to
the begininning of the 7th century are said to have descanded from the lineage of the
Hindu god Siva. The Lineage is mentioned again in connection with Ananda candras
grandfather, Vajrasakti.---The Candra kings Certainly did not neglect to support the
local Brahmins.Ananda Candra says that he built four temples, named after himself
for the Brahmins as well as providing them with land, servants and musicians.
(Pamela, 2001, 42)

4&mpkrS 7 &mpkxd tkyfcsKyfcJhol pjEm;rif;rsm;onf [dELoQD0ewfrS qif;oufonf/

olwkdYu (r[m,me Ak'bmom0if[kqkdaomfvnf;) jA[Prsm;ukd tm;ay;cJhonf/ jA[P
wkdYtm; teEpjEm;u ausmif;av;ausmif; aqmufay;cJhonf/ v,fajr? tapcH? twD;
trIwform;rsm;ygay;tyfcJhonf/
okdYqkdvQif &ckdifrSm a0omvDacwfrSm[dEL t,l0g'? ,Ofaus;rIrsm;&Sdaeonf/ pjEm;
rif;rsm;yif [dELtEG,f0if[kqkdaeonf 4if;ukd ausufpmukd tajccH ygarvmu
rSwfwrf;wifjcif;jzpfonf/ olYpmtkyf wpf0ufausmf Ak'bmomESifh tjcm;,Ofaus;rIrsm;
a&maESm&SdaeaMumif;ukd &Sif;xm;onf/ xkdYaMumifh &ckdifvlrsKd;tm;vkH; Ak'jrwfpGmbk&m;
<ua&mufcJhpOfup ax&0g' Ak'bmom[k vkd&mqGJa&;r&yg/ Pamela u qufvuf
txufudpESifhyufouf
Excavation in 1980s unearted the remains of a Buddhist monastic
complex and a royal shrine containing the stone image of a bull. This was a royal
insignia of the Candra dynansties which ruled at both Dhanyawadi and Vasali
and who claimed to belong to the lineage of the Hindu god Siva, although they
themselves professed Buddhism, probably of Mohayantist persuation.

4if;um; 1980 aemufykdif; wlazmf&&SdrIt& a&S;bk&m;ausmif;tysufrS kyfwk

&&SdcJhonf/ 4if;onf EGm;vm;kyfwkjzpfNyD; pjEm;wkdY\ EkdifiHawmftrSwftom;
jzpfonf/ pjEm;wkdYu [dELoQD0ewfrS qif;oufonf[kcH,lonf/ pjEm;rif;
rsm;rl r[m,eAk'bmom0ifrsm;jzpfonf/
,ckvkdckdifvkHaom taxmuftxm;rsm;ukd tajccH ynm&Sifrsm;u orkdif;rsm;
azmfxkwfaeNyDjzpf &ckdiforkdif;ukd rdrdxifovkd a&;om;jcif;wGif qifjcifp&m&Sdaeonf[k
xifygonf/
a0omvDonf yifv,fqdyfurf;NrdKYjzpfcJhonf/ ESpfpOfEkdifiHjcm; ukefoG,f oabFm
axmifcsDa&mufcJhonf/ EkdifiHjcm;oabFmrsm; rkefwkdif;aMumifh ysufpD;rIvnf;&SdcJhonf/ trsm;
pkrSm tm&yf? yg&Sm;vlrsKd;rsm;jzpfcJhonf/ oabFmysufrSvlrsm; &ckdifjynfwGif; tajccsaexkdif
cJhaMumif;? xkdolrsm; r[mr'ifbmom0ifrsm;jzpfaMumif; rSwfwrf;&Sdayonf/ OD;irJ a&; &mZ0if
1842? tmomzD,mESifh 1957? ppfawG a*aZ;wD;,m;? twGJ-(at)?pm-19)
wkdYonf
rSwfwrf;rsm;awGY&onf/
xkdtm&Afukeo
f nfrsm;?
tjcm;omoemjyKrsm;rSwqifh
25

a0omvDacwfuyif &ckdifwGif tpvmrfxGef;um; ysHYESYHcJhonf[kqkdonf/ orkdif;q&m [mab;

uvnf; q,f&mpkxd &ckdifonf Ak'bmomEkdifiHjzpfcJhaomfvnf; tpvmrfysHYESHYrIukd
rxdef;csKyfEkdifcJhacs/ at'D 13 &mpktwGif; tmoHrS rav;urf;ajctxd tpvmrfomoem
ysHYESHYcJhonf/ xkdurf;ajcwavQmufwGif A'&frumefac: xljcm;aomykHo@mef&Sdonf/ AvDrsm;
awGY&onf/ &ckdifjynfwGif trsKd;orD;rsm; tdrfwGif;ykef;pepf vTrf;rkd;aejcif;onf tpvmrf
bmoma&;vTrf;rkd;rI[k qkd&rnf[kokH;oyfxm;onf/([maA;? 1947, p-90 )(Hall, 1950, p-64 )
okdYjzpf &ckdifppfvQif tm;vkH;Ak'bmom[k rajymEkdifyg/ wjcm;bmom0ifrsm;vnf;
&SdaMumif;rSwfwrf;&Sdonf/ rlqvifrsm;ajrmufOD;acwfrSm ykdwkd;yGg;vmonf/ 4if;wGif
rif;apmrGef\ ygxefppfulwyf wpfaomif;rS ESpfaomif; tajcpkdufaexkdifjcif;? (J.Leider,
2003, 18 )/ ajrmufOD; e0rajrmufrif; ZvwapmrGef ( oZwrif; ) vufxufrSp rif; 4
qufwkdif tdEd,rS omoemjyKrsm; vma&mufomoemjyKcJh jynfoltajrmuftrsm;
aeYpOfESifhtrQ tpvmrfbmomokdY ulajymif;ae q,fhESpfqufajrmufrif; rif;bmBuD;
vufxufwGif omoemjyKvkyfief;rsm;ukd &yfwefYapjcif;( OD;OD;omxGef;? 1927? BE 1288? pm70)/ wjcm;rif;rIxrf;rsm;? zrf;qD;uRefrsm;? aMu;ppfrIxrf;rsm;? zrf;qD;uRefrsm;a&muf
&Sdjcif;rsm;aMumifh &ckdifjynfrlqvifOD;a&onf BuD;rm;aomyrmPjzifh xkdpOfuyif&SdaecJhonf/
xkdYaMumifolwkdYu &ckdifEkdifiHa&;? pD;yGg;a&;b0ukdvTrf;rkd;EkdifcJhaom rSwfwrf;vnf;&Sdayonf/
pmwrf;acgif;pOfOD;wnfcsufESifh vTJoGm;rnfrnfjzpf tao;pdwf rwifjy&jcif;jzpfygonf/
(15) &ckdiforkdif;wGif rif;xD;( 1284-1396)u Ak'*g,txd wkdufckduf
odrf;,lNyD; ausmufpmwkdifpkdufxlEkdifcJhonf/ rif;bmBuD; (1531-53) u
r*kdbk&if [kdrm,Gefukd wkdufckduf Ekdifonf/ [kdrm,Gefu orD;unm
roDwmukd vufaqmif tjzpfay;tyfNyD; Nidrf;csrf;a&; ,lcJhonf/
rif;zavmif;(1571- 93)? rif;&mZmBuD; (1593-1612)? oD&dok"rm(
1622-37 )? pEmok"r( 1664-85 ) ponf rif;rsm; vufxufwGif
&ckdifu b*Fvm; 12NrdKYukd ykdifqkdiftkyfcsKyfcJhonf ponfjzifhawGY&onf/
wenf;tm;jzifh ta&SYb*Fvm;ESifh &ckdif wpfEkdifiH wnf;&SdcJhonf/
EkdifiHwpfcktwGif;
jynfolrsm;
ul;vl;
qufqHrI?
aTYajymif;aexkdifrI&SdcJhrnfrSm trSefjzpfonf/ ( D.G.E. Hall, 1951,38)
wEkdifiHwnf;
om;rsm;jzpfae&m
ukvm;rsm;ukd
oGm;vmcGifhuefYowfcJhonf/
rdom;pkb0ESifhaexkdifcGifhrjyKcJhyg[k
qkdjcif;onf taxmuftxm;rjzpfEkdifyg/ ref;&pfrSwfwrf;ukd wcsKdYu
&nfnGef;onf/ ref;&pfrSwfwrf;rSmuefYowfjcif;cHcJh&olrsm; ukvm;[k
rajymcJhyg/
EkdifiHjcm;om[komyg&Sdygonf/
ay:wl*Du
rif;&mZmBuD;vufxufwGif &ckdifjynfukdygodrf; ,l&ef BudK;yrf;cJhrI&SdcJh
ay:wl*Drsm;ukd okdYuefYowfjcif;om jzpfEkdifonf/
vufawGYqef;ppfvQif &ckdifbk&ifrsm;u b*Fvm;ukdwqufwnf;ykdifqkdifcJhjcif;r[kwf/
ppfwaumif;e,fukd rlqvif? wD&Dyl&DESifh &ckdifwkdY tvSnfhuswkdufckdufodrf;,l tkyfcsKyf cJhonf/
Oyrm-a'vDbk&if
[kdrm&GefESifh
taemufb*Fvm;a*:&Dbk&ifwkdY
ppfjzpfaecsdefwGif

26

rif;bmBuD;uwkdufckduf ta&SYb*Fvm;ukd odrf;,lcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ ( &ckdifaumifpD? 1984? 83?

Pamela,2001,20 ) wpfbufwGifjrefrmbk&if wyifaTxD;u &efpaeojzifh taemuf
b*Fvm;txd e,fcsJYjcif;jzpf&efr&Sdyg/ &ckdifbk&if bapmjzL(c) uvDrm&Sm; NyD;aemuf wpfBudrf?
rif;bmBuD; aemufwpfBudrf b*Fvm;rlqvif bk&ifrsm;u &ckdifjynf ajrmufykdif; wjcrf;ukd
odrf;,ltkyfcsKyfcJhaMumif; b*Fvm;orkdif;rSmawGY&onf/ &ckdifwGif &Srf;? jrefrm? rGef? ysLwdkY\
wkdufckdufrIrsm; tpOf&SdcJhonf/ wcsKdYrif;rsm;onf jynfy&efxlae NrdKYawmf ukdyif
tEkdifEkdifxdef;cJh&onf/ bk&ifrif;xD;( 1284-1396 ) rwkdifcifvnf;aumif;? rif;xD;
NyD;aemufvnf;aumif; wkdifjynftajctae zkdz&J &SdcJhonf/ wcsKdYorkdif;q&mrsm;u rif;xD;\
eef;ouf (106)ESpf[k jyjcif;onf vufawGYrus? Mum;rSmrif;qufaysmuf xkdESpfumvukd
rif;xD;tkyfcsKyfaomumv[kqkdjcif;jzpfEkdifonf[k
okH;oyfaeaMumif;awGY
&onf/
rif;xD;rwkdifcif(12)&mpkavmufu r[mrked bk&m;onfyif awmawmifzkH;tkyfoGm; cJhonf/ (
[maA? 1947? 89)/ 'o&mZmrif;onf 1123-39 vufxuf NrdKvlrsKd;rsm; tultnD,l
r[mrkedbk&m;ukd &SmazGaz:xkwfcJh&onf/( ygarvm? 1976? 23)? ( &ckid f aumifpD? 1984? 77
)? rdwfZloif;( wkdif;cspf )(1161-66) NyD;aemuf rif;q,fqufonf tvGefnHhzsif;onf/(
rif;wpfyg;
wpfESpfeD;yg;om
tkyfcsKyfcJh&onf)
wkdif;jynfwnfNidrfrI
r&SdcJhacs/
pD;yGg;a&;uyfqkdufcJhonf/ (&ckdifaumifpD? 1984? 73 ) rif;xD;acwfNyD;aemuf wGifvnf;
ukvm;? wD&Dyl&m/ &Srf;? jrefrm? rGefwkdY\ wkdufckdufrIrsm;tNrJ&SdcJhonf/ 1354ck wGif &Srf;wkdYu
wkdufckdufvmygonf/ ( Forchhammer, 1891,p-6 )oHwGJNrdKYpm;u ykefuef cJhonf/
tmPmvkrIrsm;wpfqufwnf;jzpfay:vmcJhonf/ OD;av; &mZol ukdowfNyD; rif;apmrGef
eef;wufvmonf/ tcsif;csif;rnDnGwf jrefrmtultnDawmif;cHcJhrIvnf; &Sdonf[kqkd\/
xkdYaMumifh 1406 ckwGif jrefrmrif;( tif;0rif;acgif ) u 0ifwkdufojzifh rif;apmrGef
b*Fvm;okdYxGufajy;cJh&onf/ ( R.B. Smart, 1947, 22, 23 ) &ckdifu rGefESifh r[mrdwfjyKNyD;
jrefrmukdwkdufjyefonf/ wGifjrefrmwvSnfh? rGefwvSnfh &ckdifjynfukd 1426 ckESpftxd
tkyfcsKyfcJhonf/ tjyeftvSefwkdufckdufrIrsm;aMumifh olwdkYu e,fpGef e,fzsm;rsm;ukd
rxdef;csKyfEkdifcJhacs/ ygarvm u okdYaomtajctaeESifhyufouf Her cities were small
and her hold on more remote territories weak [krSwfcsufcsaMumif; awGY&onf/ (
Pamela, 2001,p-15 )

&ckdifjynfrSm tkyfcsKyfa&;rckdif? wnfjidrfrIr&Sdaom tcsdefumvwGif b*Fvm;tiftm;

awmifhwif;vmonf/ rlqvifMoZm BuD;xGm;vmonf/ 1206 ckwGif b*Fvm;onf a'vD
rlqvifbk&ifvufatmuf usoGm;onf/ 1333 ckwGif ppfwaumif;ukdygodrf;onf/
(Qanungo, 1998, 122 ) tcsdef rif;xD;tkyfcskyfaomumvESifh wkdufqkdif ar;cGef;xkwf
p&mjzpfonf/ rif;xD;tkyfcsKyfcJhaomumv (106)ESpf r[kwfjcif;vnf;jzpfEkdifovkd Qanungo
jyaom ou&mZf 1333 onfyif xkdxufa&S;usaomESpfrsm; jzpfEkdifonf/ Fakharuddin
Mubarek Shah u 1338-39 wGif ppfwaumif;ukd odrf;,lonf [kqkdonf/ (Qanungo,
1998, 27 ) taemufb*Fvm;ukdrl xkdxufapm 13 &mpk tapmykdif;wGif rlqvifwkdY
odrf;ykduftkyfcsKyfcJhonf/ (R.C.Majundar-A brief history of India, 1950,p-87,106,125 )
ta&SYb*Fvm;xd rlqvifrsm;csKyfukdifvmcJhjcif;onf &ckdifbk&if rif;xD; 1283-1396
xD;eef;rqufcHcifuvnf;jzpfEkdifonf/ olYtouf (7)ESpfu xD;eef; qufcH&m OD;&D;awmf
teEb,
u&ifcGifykduf
tkyfcsKyfcJhonf[k
vnf;&Sdao;onf/
eef;wufpumv
rGef*kdwkdufckdufjcif;ukd wGe;f vSefwkdufckduf&onf/ rGef*kdukd &ckdifwkdYwGef;vSef aomfvnf;
27

jrefrmrsm;u rwGef;vSefEkdifcJhacs/ ( yk*HEkdifiHawmfysufcJh&onf[k qkdvkdjcif; jzpfonf)

(&ckdifaumifpD? 1984? 75 )/ b*Fvm;ukd rif;xD;odrf;ykduf tkyfcsKyfcJhonfqkdjcif; onf
olYeef;oufaemufqkH;ESpfrsm;wGif jzpf&ayrnf/ 14 &mpk tv,frwkdifcifu rlqvif
vufatmuf&SdcJhjcif; jzpfEkdifonf/ rif;xD;vufxuf? 1294? at'DwGif &Srf;wkdYu wkdufcJh?
tcsdefwGif taSYb*Fvm;bk&if Ngapurkin ( Bahadurkhan) u rif;xD;ESifh cspfMunfa&;
jyKvkyfxm;onf/ 4if;aemufwGifvnf; &Srf;? jrefrm? wvkdif;? rGef? oufwkdY\
usL;ausmfrI&SdcJhonf/ 1312 ck at'DwGif oHwGJukd wvkdif;wdkufvufrS vGwfajrmufatmif
olukd,fwkdif OD;aqmifwkdufckdufcJhonf/ OD;&D;awmf OD;ZemBuD;tm; yk*Hukd wkdufapNyD;
a,mufzawmf tvuFmolonf yJcl;xd xkd;ppfqifcJhonf/ ppfOD;pD;rI; &mZoBuFHukd oufwkdYukd
wkdufcdkufESdrf;eif;aponf/
&mZoBuFHu
jA[ykw&m
jrpfurf;txd
b*Fvm;
yifv,furf;a'oukd csKyfukdifEkdifcJhonf/ ( R.B. Smart, 1947, 22, 23 ) olESifhr[mrdwfjyK
cJhaom bm'l&fcgef (iykcif)\ ppfwaumif;ukdrnfokdYjyKonf rSwfwrf;rSmrawGY&yg/ jzpfEkdif qkH;
rif;xD;eef;pH 'kwd,ykdif; 14 &mpkv,faemufykdif;wGif ppfwaumif;ukd &ckdifuodrf;,l
jcif;jzpfEkdifonf/
txufyg orkdif;aemufaMumif;ukd MunfhIygu &ckdifbk&if rif;xD;rwkdifcif
umvonf vnf;aumif;? olNyD;aemuf avmif;MuufNrdKYukd rGef? jrefrm tvSnfhus
wkdufckdufaeonfhtcsdef txdumvrsm;onf vnfaumif; zkdz&JEkdifvSaom? wnfjidrfrI
r&Sdaomumvrsm;jzpfygonf/ xkdpOfumv b*Fvm;rS rlqvifppfacgif;aqmifrsm;? rsKd;EG,fpk
acgif;aqmif;rsm; ewfjrpf taSYbufurf;okdY ulajymif;tajcpkdufcJhonf/ EdkifiHuav;
oabmrsKd;jzifh tkyfcsKyfcJhonf? Ponfjzifh q&mBuD; vlqfu csif;wGif;jrpf0Srf; ausmufpmyg
taMumif;tcsufukd
&nfnGef;ukd;um;
azmfjyjcif;onf
rSefuefaomjzpf&yfrsm;
jzpf&efom&Sdonf/ tjiif;yGg;p7m r[kwf[kxifygonf/ kd[if*smwkdYwGifvnf; jzLracsmif;
txufa*:vef*Da'owGif trd&f[rfZm qkdoluvnf;aumif;? r*FvmBuD;awmifukd tajcjyK
[eDzmESifh u,myl&DwkdYu vnf;aumif;? bloD;awmifNrdKY tv,facsmif; taemufbuf
awmifajcukd tajcjyK tmvD,mbef;qkdonfh yk*Kdvfu 4if; tkyfcsKyfcJhaMumif;? oufBuD;
pum;? oufi,fMum; tqifhqifhMum;odvmonfhykHjyifav;rsm;&Sdayonf/ kd[if*sm ykHjyifrsm;ESifh
q&mBuD;vlqf\ rSwfcsufrsm;onfqyfpyfrI&SdaMumif; awGY&onf/
xkdYtjyif
av;NrdKYacwfrwkdifrSD
&ckdifjynfa&S;a[mif;orkdif;onf
&ckdifordkif;ESifh
taemufwkdif;ynm&Sifrsm;\ ,aeY&ckdiforkdif;ukd odyHenf;usus tajccH&if;jrpfjzpfaom
ausmufpm? aypm? '*Fg;pm? a&S;a[mif;Adokum vuf&mrsm;jzifh avhvma&;om;aom orkdif;wkdY
rwlnDjcif;onf
ta&;BuD;aomudpwpfckyg/
&ckdiforkdif;q&mqkdolrsm;
pOf;pm;
&efvkdrnfxifygonf/
emrnfausmf a&S;a[mif;okawoe ynm&Sif Emile Forchhammer uacwfOD; &ckdif
NrdKY&Gmrsm;ukd? tdEd,rS vmolrsm;uwnfaxmifco
Jh nf/ NrdKY&Gm jrpfacsmif;rsm;\trnf rsm;vnf;
xkdtm&d,mefrsm;u ay;cJhaomtrnfrsm;jzpfMuonf/ (Forchhammer, 1891, p-1)
"n0wD a0omvDacwf,Ofaus;rIonf tdEd,tajccHjzpfonf/ ysLa'o? rGefa'o?
uarm'D,tifu0wf ,Ofaus;rIrsm;ESifh qufpyfrI&SdcJhonf/ xkdacwf&ckdifrif;rsm;jzpfcJhaom
28

rm&,k? uH&mZmBuD;? pEmol&d,rsm;onf tdEd,EG,f0ifrsm;jzpfayonf/ a0omvDonf

jynfyukefoG,fa&; pnfum;cJhaom NrdKYvnf;jzpfcJhonf/ at'D 4 &mpkrS 11 &mpkxd
tkyfcsKyfcJhaom pjEm;rif;rsm;vnf; tdEd,vlrsKd;rsm;jzpfayonf/Oyrm Dvan Candra (370-425
AD ) onf jrefrmtrnf r[kwfyg/ Dvan Candra u &ckdiforkdif;tvkdt& 'kwd,
a0omvDEkdifiHukdwnfonf/ okdYaomf teEpjEm;rif; ausmufpmt& Dvan Candra u
"n0wDNrdKYukd wnfcJholjzpfonf/ a0omvDukd 6 &mpkrSm aTYajymif;wnfonf/ ( Pamela,
2001,8)

taSYawmiftm&SokdY tdEd,rS ,Ofaus;rI? pmayrsm; ysHYESHYcJhaomfvnf; &ckdifwGifrl vla&m?

,Ofaus;rIyg ul;pufvmcJhaMumif;od&onf/ ( AkdvfrI;xGef;ausmfOD;(Nidrf;)? ygwD pmapmif?
trSwf-&? 1990)/ xkdYtjyif wwd,a0omvDEkdifiHukd ewfjrpftaemufbufurf;rS r[m0D,u
vma&mufxlaxmifcJhonf/ ol\ yxrNrdKYawmfrSm armif;awmNrdKYe,f ]]jzLr}} a'ojzpfonf/
4if;rSae
wjcm;a'otvkduf
tkyfcsKyfaeaom
rif;i,frsm;ukd
odrf;oGif;NyD;
a0omvDEkdifiHwnfaxmifcJhonf/ a0omvDonf yifv,f&yfjcm;a&mifo,fa&; pnfum;cJh
aomNrKdYjzpfonf/ b*Fvm;ESifh ukef;aMumif;? a&aMumif; ukefoG,frI txl;pnfum;cJhonf/ (
Pamela, 1976, 43,45,318 ) a0omvDacwfaESmif;up jynfolrsm; tpvmrfbmomokdY
ulajymif;cJhonf/ a0omvD ysufokOf;NyD; 11 &mpkrSm tpvmrfokdYul;ajymif;rI t&Sdefjrifhwuf
cJhonf/ ( OD;tkef;armif? 1933? pm-178 )/ ajrmufOD;acwfwGif ,Ofaus;rIt&omru
EkdifiHa&;t&vnf; rlqvifMoZmysHYESHYcJhonf/ b*Fvm;rlqvif bk&ifrsm;\ MoZmcHtjzpf
aecJh&csdef&Sdojzifh &ckdifjynf bmoma&; bk&m;ykxkd;rsm;wGifyif rlqvif,Ofaus;rI vTrf;rkd;
cJhaMumif; om"ursm;awGY&Sd&onf/ 13 &mpkrwkdifrSD
tmoHrS rav;urf;ajctxd
tpvmrfomoem ysHYESHYoGm;onf/ xljcm;aomykHo@mef&Sdonfh A'&frumefAvDrsm; urf;ajc
avQmuf&Sdjcif;u oufaocHaeonf/ tpvmrf bmoma&;vTrf;rkd;rI&SdcJh &ckdifjynfwGif
trsKd;orD;rsm; tdrfwGif;ykef;ykHpHESifh aeonf ( Harvey,1947, p-90 ) /q&mMuD;a[mhuvnf; 10
&mpkrwkdifcif
&ckdifonf
Ak'bmomEkdifiHwpfck
jzpfcJhaomfvnf;
tpvmrfbmom
wlazmufysYHESYHvmrIukd rwm;qD;EkdifcJhacs[k okH;oyfxm;onf/
(16) rlqvif,Ofaus;rIvTrf;rkd;rIrsm;
&ckdiforkdif;rSm rlqvif\u@ukd vkH;0tarSmifcsxm;vkdol? vkH;0ae&mray;vkdolrsm;
tzkdY rlqvif ,Ofaus;rIu &ckdifvlaerIb0ukd rnfonfhtwkdif;twmxd vTrf;rkd;
xm;aMumif;od&Sd&efvkdayonf/ &ckdifwGif ajrmufOD;acwfbk&ifrsm; rlqvifbJGYcH,ljcif;
onfyifvnf; taMumif;wpfckyg/ &ckdifokH;aiG'*Fg;rsm;wGif wpfbuf rlqvifwkdY
okH;aom zg&pDpm&Sdjcif;? rlqvif,kHMunfrI pmwrf;&Sdjcif;? tjcm;wpfbuf &ckdif bk&if
rlqviftrnfESifh qkawmif;pmrsm;&SdcJhjcif;onf tjcm;taMumif;waMumif; jzpfcJhonf/
&ckdifrif;rsm; bkef;rD;aevozG,fawmufpOf rif;0efxrf;rsm;rlqvifjzpfcJh jcif;onf
aemufxyfpdwf0ifpm;p&m
wpfckjzpfjyefonf/
rlqviftEkynm&Sif?
Pmay
ynm&Sifrsm;vnf; &ckdifeef;wGif; &SdcJhaMumif;od&onf/( J.leider, 2003, 6, 9 )
&ckdiforkdif;rSm txufygudp&yfrsm;ukd tESpfom&&Sd&Sd azmfjyjcif;r&Sdonfhtjyif
wpfcgwavvnf; vkH;0wdrfNrKyfxm;rIrsm;&Sdonf/ Pamela u ajrmufOD;NrdKYrSm
rif;bmBuD; 1531-53 vufxuf &Spfaomif;bk&m;wnfykHESifh yufouf
29

 The total effect being remarkably similar to the Mosque

architecture of sixteenth century Gaur, then capital of Bengal. Both the
Lattan Masjid and Bara Sona Masjid, for instance, have multi arched
faces and are surmoumted by series of domes. (Pamela, 2001, 95)---in
Shithanung western face, the arched faade and the dome shapes of the
roof stupas recall the preMughal Islamic architecture of East bagal.
( Pamela, 2001, 96)

]]&Spfaomif;bk&m;wnfaqmufykHpHonf r*kdacwfrwkdifrD ta&SYb*Fvm;

tpvmrf AdokumynmESifh ykHpHwlonf/ aSYrsufESmpm cRefxGufaeykH? acgifrkd;
ay:&Sd (ckH;tkyfarQmfpif) rsm;ykHonf b*Fvm;&Sd avxifAvD? bm&mplem AvD
rsm;ESifh ykHpHwlonf}} [kqkdvkdayonf/
a&S;a[mif;okawoeESifh Adokumynm avhvmol ynm&Sif
oHwGJNrdKY bk&m;vS apwDykHESifhyufouf

Emile Forchhammer

It represent a combanition of the Style of native imagehouuse and

the Mohamadan imosque ( See Plate XLIV No-92) [k okH;oyfxm;onf/
(Forchhammer, 1891,62 )

\ Arakan pmtkyfwGifyif &ckdifbk&ifrsm;acwf tajrmuf

vufeufrsm;ykHwGif t&mbduftu&mjzifh pmwrf;xkd;xm;aMumif;awGY&onf/ (Forchhammer,
1891, 96, plate No XXX
I ). 0ef;xDawmifbk&m;ausmif;rS wl;azmf &&Sdaom
ausmufpmwpfckvnf; t&mbdwftu&mjzifh a&;xkd;xm;aMumif; awGY&rnf/ p-91, plate No
Forchhammer

XXVI )

xkdYtjyif
In describing the Bader mokan shrine in Akyab, Forchhammer
writes: the principal mosque has become the prototype for many
Buddhist temples like the one on plate XLIII; this pagoda( Andaw ceti ) is
in the most perfect type of blending of the Indian Mosque and the
Burmese turreted spire( p-61)

a'&fruefAvDonf rsm;pGmaom Ak'bmomausmif;rsm;twGuf ykHpHerlemrsm; jzpfae

aMumif;awGY&onf[kqkdvkdonf/ oHwGJNrdKY tHawmfapwDykHonf rlqvifAvDykHESifh wlae
,Ofaus;rI a&m,Sufjcif;[k qkdEkdifonf/
okdYtm;jzifh EkdifiHa&;? pD;yGg;a&;? pmay? ,Ofaus;rIe,fy,ftoD;oD;wGif rlqvif
wkdY\ tcef;u@yg&SdaeaMumif; orkdif;avhvmolwkdif; awGY&Sd&rnfjzpfonf/ rlqvifESifh
&ckdifa'ocGJjcm;r&Ekdifyg/ txufwifjycsufonf kd[if*smorkdif;qkdif&m jrifuGif;wpfckvkH;
r[kwf/ pmwrf;acgif;pOfESifh [yfpyfaom tykdif;rsm;omjzpfonf/ kd[if*sm orkdif;jrifuGif;
wpfckvkH;\ wpfpdyfrQomjzpfygonf/ okdYjzpfyg rlqvifrsm;(0g) kd[if*sm rsm;ukd
&ckdiforkdif;rSm ae&mray;vkdolrsm;? kd[if*smorkdif;ukd orkdif;vdrf[k a0zefIwfcsaeolrsm;
30

rdrdwkdYtjrif oabmw&m; &yfwnfcsufukd odyHenf;usus vufawGYusus uwdw&m;

uif;&Sif;pGm jyefvnfokH;oyfygrnf[k ,kHMunfygonf/ t&Sdukd t&Sdtwkdif; todtrSwfjyK NyD;
rwlnDrIrsm;ukd aygif;pyfndEIdif;aeEkdifaom 'Drkdua&pD tavhtusifhukd pOf;pm;oGm;rnf [k
arQmfvifhaeygonf/ 1950 ckESprf sm;u kd[if*sm orkdif;a&;ol Mr.Gafan OD;bom wkdYukdvnf;
OD;vSxGef;jzL? OD;azmfZHwkdYu? acsy? a0zefcJhNyD;jzpfonf[k ajym rNyD;Ekdif/ olwkdYacsyrIrsm;?
,ckacsyaeolrsm;uJhokdY tusKd;taMumif;rnDcJhyg/ aSYaemufrnDcJhyg/ okdYjzpf twuforkdif;
qufpyfrIrsm; rSefuefamumif;jiif;&efr&Sdqkdonfukd twnfjyKNyD; pdwfopf tjrifopf&&Sdrnf[k
,kHMunfonf/
pmwrf; rlqviftaMumif;? kd[if*smtaMumif;rsm; OD;pm;ay; azmfxkwfa&;
om;jcif;rSm bufvkdufrIoabm&Sdonf[k pmzwfolrsm;u jrif;aumif;jrifygrnf/ kd[if*sm
orkdif;ukd orkdif;vdrf[k a0zefIwfcsaejcif;? usL;ausmfzpmfum; a&;jcif;rsm;onf
urf;vGefaeygonf/ a0zefolrsm;\ qifajcrsm;rckdifvkH? taxmuftxm;r&Sd? igwkdY\
tpOftvmorkdif;[k taMumif;jya0zefjcif;jzpfonf/ tpOftvm t,ltq qkdonf tNrJwrf;
rSefonf[k rqkdEkdifaMumif;ESifh &ckdiforkdif; trSefu rnfokdYjzpfonfukd taxmuf txm;ESifh
&Sif;vif;wifjyvkd
pmtkyfukd
a&;&jcif;jzpfygonf/
olrsm;ra&;blaom?
rD;armif;xkd;rjyao;aom taMumif;tcsufrsm; rD;armif;xkd;jy&ojzifh pmwrf;\ tESpfom&rSm
kd[if*smukd umuG,fonfhykHpH jzpfonfrSm trSefyifjzpfygonf/ rdrd odjrifvmonfukd
trsm;jynfol
odatmifjyKvkyfygu
&ckdifjynfwGif
rlqvifordkif;aMumif;
(0g)
kd[if*smordkif;aMumif;ukd
trSeftwkdif;odjrifoGm;NyD;
om,maom
qufqHa&;?
o[mZmwusaom vlaerIb0wpfck jzpfay:vmrnf[k arQmfvifhygonf/ r&SdcJhonfukd
&Sdoa,mif zefwD;a&;jcif;r[kwf/ t&Sdukdt&Sdtwkdif; azmfnGef;jcif;? tvif;ay;jcif;rQom
jzpfaMumif; pmwrf;zwfIol tm;vkH;u awGYjrifygvdrfhrnf[k ,kHMunfygonf/
pmzwfoltm;vkH; ukdpdwfESpfjzm usef;rmcsrf;omMuygap/
aus;Zlwifygonf
tbltmeif
acw- befaumuf?
2004 ck? arv (27) &uf

&nfGef;pmtkyfrsm;

(1) a'gufwmat;csrf;
(2) pHomatmifOD;
(3) Fochhammer, Emile,
(4) &ckdif'Drkdua&pD wyfaygif;pk
(5) G.E.Harvey,

(1) Who are the Rohingyas 2003, Japan

(2) ]]&ckdiforkdif;ukd okawoejyKvkyfa&;}}
&ckdifwefaqmiftwGJ-14? 1975-76
&ckdif'*Fg;rsm;? 1979? pdwokcykHESdyfwkduf? &efukef
Arakan (1891), Rangon(?)

]] &ckdifrS b*FgvDrsm;ESifholwkdY\orkdif;jyem }}
1990? &efukef? wm0efcHxkwfaool OD;apmarmif?
pHy,fOD;ykHESdyfwkduf? &efukef/
(1) Outline of Burmese History, 1947, Culcutta

31

(2) History of Burma, London Cass

(6) 'Gg&0wDq&mawmf
(&) q&mawmfOD;OmP
(8)
(9) &ckdifjynfaumifpD
(10) Gutman, Pamela

"n0wDta&;awmfykH? 1881? &efukef

"n0wD&mZ0ifopf? 1996 ck? &efukef
&ckdifjynfjzpfpOforkdif;(EkdifiHa&;)? 1984 ck

(11) Juseph,A
(12) Ghosh, J. M
(13) J.P. Leider

(1) Burmas lost kingdoms, 2001,

Orchid press, Bangkok
(2) Ancient Arakan, 1976, Her Ph.D Thesis
Anation within a nation, 1998, Maung Daw
1960, Magh Raiders in Bengal, Calcutta.
(1) These Buddhist Kings with Musslim names,

1998(B)
(14) Smart, R.B;

Burma, gazetteer, Akyab district vol.A, 1957, Rgn

(15) oef;xGef;? a'gufwm

]]ajrmuf&ckdif}} (aqmif;yg;)? 1994 ck?Mo*kwfvxkwf

uvsmr*Zif; (twGJ-14? trSwf-15)

(16) Hall . D.G.E

A History of South East Asia, London

Mc Millian, 1958, p-328
Mc Millian, 1961, p-192
Burma, London, 1951

(17) &ckdifwefaqmif

twGJ-15? 2003 ck? rkedr*Zif;?

&ckdifo[m,toif;(&efukef) r*Zif;?
trSwf(2)? 1996 ck? trSwf(6)? 2003 ck?
kd[if*smorkdif;vdrfukd a0zefjcif; qkdonfhpmtkyf(*syef? 2003)?
wkdYukdvnf; pmwrf;a&;&mwGif avhvmzwfINyD; taxmuftul,lcJhonf/
(19) OD;vSxGef;NzL
&ckdifwkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;/ 1981 ck
(20) bkHaygufomausmf
awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f? 1973 ck
rSwfcsuf wcsKdYukd;um;csufrsm;ukd txufkd[if*smorkdif;ukd a0zefxm;aom pmtkyfpmwrf;
rsm;rS aumufEkwfa&;onfvnf; &Sdayonf/
(21) OD;bpH
&ckdifwkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;ESifh jrefrmEkdifiH\ vGwfvyfa&;
BudK;yrf;rI? o[m, pmay? &efukef? 1996
(22) OD;tkef;armif
ausmif;okH;jrefrmEkdifiH&mZ0ifopf? Yxrpmapmif
1922?pm-178-179
Towards a critical reading of father S.Maurique
(23) J.P Leider (Dr)
account of
Arakan journal of Siam society 90.1& 2,2002 (
Bangkok)

rSwfcsuf
OD;tbltmeif\aqmif;yg;ESifUpmtkyfrsm;udk
romrmolwpfcsdKUu
uavmif trsdK;rsdK; wyfjyD; az:jyaeygojzifU (tm&ftzf*sD) &JU cGifUjyKcsufr&yJ wyfqifUul;
,laz:jyjcif; vHk;0cGifUrjyK/
(tm&ftzf*sD)
t,f'DwmtzGJU

32