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futurechristchurch.camiayoung.jordonsaunders
contents
INTRODUCTION
3 4 project description introduction
01 RESEARCH
8 11 christchurch ecosystems ecosystem focus stream
02 FORMAL INVESTIGATION
14 15 16 17 native tree attraction level native bird behaviour overall attraction level concentrations of bird species
04 DESIGN PROPOSAL
26 27 28 31 34 35 39 40 43 swarm behaviours program hierarchy on site swarms on site massing structure isonometric views section elevations images
INTRODUCTION
project description
The traditional notion of the Garden City has become increasingly obsolete in contemporary times and post-earthquake Christchurch serves as a unique opportunity to question and further modern ideas related to the green belt. Research into Christchurch ecosystems reveal a strong dependency between native plant and native bird species which have participated in mutualistic co-evolution in the isolated condition of New Zealand. This attraction between species has given way to Swarm logic as a possible means of organization of architecture. In a similar fashion to native birds being attracted to native plants, behavioural agents may seek certain local conditions and interact with one another to organize the collective gesture from a bottom up approach. By defining laws of interrelations and coding behavior sensitive to site, an architecture derived from these complex dependencies can emerge, free of the influence of empty traditions. The project centred at the heart of Christchurch is aimed at providing housing for the influx of workers who come to the city as part of the rebuild. At a crucial time for Christchurch, unique ideas appropriate for the new city emerging from disaster should be considered.
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
ecosystems
RespirationR
espiration
RespirationR
espiration
Producers
green parts of the plants
Parasites
Herbivores Omnivores
Atmosphere
Waste
phloem stream
Consumers
(litter) Saprophages Roots Copro- and necrophages Parasites And Herbivore Carnivores
Pedosphere
When Sir Ebenezer Howard first envisioned the Garden city it was a reaction to the industrial revolution which began to change cities; combining both the economic potential brought by the industrial revolution along with the clean environment of the country. However, with cities continuing to change the notion of this industrial-country-city is becoming obsolete. Gardens have effectively become decorated walls of a city making the delineation between green-belt and city greater. What constitutes the green-belt is also becoming increasingly ambiguous. Is it supposed to be confined to parks and agricultural areas? The notion of the Garden-city has become increasingly obsolete in contemporary times; questioning what the green-belt could be. This research intends to look into ecosystems, centred on vegetation, as a possible source of breaking the boundary between city and green as separate habitations and green-space which performs to make a new mode of urban.
The understanding of vegetation and nature stems from analysis of the flows and resources across ecosystems. We have attempted to identify the processes that drive and maintain ecosystems and recognise opportunities for regeneration. Streams of biotic interactions and mutualistic relationships between vegetation and the ecosystems it supports shows how every component of nature is co-dependent and related within a cycle. The loss of habitat and diversity of indigenous species can be largely attributed to the activity of humans that disrupt the cycle and do not conform as part of the ecosystem. Native species are usually adapted to support eachother and there is real opportunity in restoring native activity to its origins where it will strive.
01 RESEARCH
RESEARCH
christchurch ecosystems
coastal plains
dry plains
TOTARA
older plains ecosystem moist and deep kaiapoi soils
KAHIKATEA
older plains ecosystem wet taitapu soils
TE KAKAHI
dry or stoney wet taitapu soils
PUKIO
peat plains ecosystem wet and peaty waimairi and aranui soils
wet plains
port hills
DRY PLAINS
The dry plains are part of the alluvial floodplain built up by braided rivers of Canterbury. Prior to European settlement the plains were covered with silver tussock grassland with localized woodland areas of Kowhai, Cabbage trees and Kanuka. Very few of these areas remain within the citys boundaries, with only a few shrubs, patches of kowhai and areas of grassland surviving. The grassland areas are cable of supporting an extensive number of indigenous plant, bird and insect species.
WET PLAINS
The Wet plains have changed drastically since human occupation and the effects of human activity has seen a severe loss of original plant and animal species. The Wet Plains historically supported expansive podocarp (Kahikatea), wetland and swamp forest. Riccarton bush is the only significant podocarp wetland forest currently remaining. The honey eaters, tui and bellbird were important species for pollination and were all abundant in Canterbury in the past.
COASTAL PLAINS
Coastal plains are divided into two broad ecosystems: the estuarine and the dunes. Estuaries contain complex ecological conditions due it being the point where freshwater meets the sea. Cycles of tides and freshwater inflow produce much variations of water levels and salinities which the vegetation must tolerate in order to survive. Dune vegetation similarly are exposed to varying salinities and water levels, but also to extended durations of drought of which Pingao has especially adapted to.
Keruru
New Zealand pigeon. Endemic to NZ, play important ecological role
Tui
Endemic passerine bird of NZ. Main pollinators of many native plants
Bellbird
Korimako Endemic passerine bird of NZ. Pollinators of many native plants
Kakariki
Native small forest birds. Orange-fronted parakeet critically endangered
Grey Warbler
Riroriro is a common insectivorous bird endemic to NZ
Kuruwhengi
New Zealand Shoveler which eats primarily the seeds of aquatic plants
Silvereye
Native but not endemic bird of NZ which eats fruit of Karamu and disperses seed
Fantail
Small native insectivorous bird widely distributed in New Zealand.
Insects
Caterpillars, aphids, leaf miners
Insects
Spiders, insects and their larvae
DRY PLAINS ECOSYSTEM MAP The four main ecosystems in the dry plains are houhere, ti kouka, tussock and kowhai
WET PLAINS ECOSYSTEM MAP The four main ecosystems in the wet plains are totara, kahikatea, te kakahi and pukio
COASTAL PLAINS ECOSYSTEM MAP The four main ecosystems in the coastal plains are akeake, pingao, oioi
RESEARCH
HOUHERE
mid age plains ecosystem moist and deep waimakariri soils
TI KOUKA
mid age plains ecosystem droughty and shallow waimakariri soils
TUSSOCK
young plains ecosystem droughty and shallow selwyn soils
KOWHAI
young plains ecosystem moist and deep selwyn soils
AKEAKE
old dune ecosystem droughty waikuku soils
PINGAO
young dune ecosystem droughty and raw kairaki soils
OIOI
esturine ecosystem wet and salty motukarara soils
Houhere
Kohuhu
Leptospermum scoparium
Manuka
Kanuka
Kunzea ericodes
Cordyline australis The Cabbage tree is endemic to NZ and attracts many insects and birds
Ti Kouka
Saphora microphylla Tree native to NZ growing throughout the country. Distinctive yellow
Kowhai
Mikimiki
Fantail
Small native insectivorous bird widely distributed in New Zealand.
Insects
Kakariki
Native small forest birds. Orange-fronted parakeet critically endangered
Silvereye
Native but not endemic bird of NZ which eats fruit of Karamu and disperses seed
Lizard
Native geckos and skinks endemic to NZ.
Insects
Caterpillars, aphids, leaf miners
Tui
Native but not endemic bird of NZ
Bellbird
Korimako Endemic passerine bird of NZ. Pollinators of many native plants
Keruru
Native but not endemic bird of NZ
Banded dotterel
Endemic bird protected in NZ. Breed in a variety of habitats
Lizard
Native geckos and skinks endemic to NZ.
Silvereye
Native but not endemic bird of NZ which eats fruit of Karamu and disperses seed
Grey Warbler
Riroriro is a common insectivorous bird endemic to NZ
Fernbird
Insectivorous bird native to NZ, prefering ground dwelling than flying.
Banded Dotterel
Native bird feeding on molluscs, crustaceans and insects
Inanga
Known more commonly as whitebait, it is a scale-less fish with a silvery belly.
Native Fuchsia
Native tree found commonly throughout NZ with sweet berry
Insects
Caterpillars, aphids, leaf miners
Insects
Flies, moths
Insects
The grey warbler will feed on spiders, insects and their larvae
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RESEARCH
totara ecosystem
moist and deep kaiapoi soils
Totara Podocarpus totara Totara is a podocarp tree endemic to NZ and was once prominent in the Wet Plains of Christchurch. It is best suited to full sun or semishade conditions and is dry/wind/ wet tolerant. It will readily establish itself on pasture land and prefers rich moist non-alkaline soil. The totara is dispersed by native birds which eat the fruit and excrete the seed.
Kereru ( New Zealand Pigeon) Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae Large, enedmic bird of NZ that primarily eats fruits from native trees. This makes the Keruru a crucial link in ecosystem nutrient cycles as it supports many native trees that rely solely on native birds for distribution. Breeding depends on the availability of fruit. Keruru feed on podocarp species such as Totara and distribute the seeds.
Tui and Bellbird Endemic passerine birds of NZ that primarily feed on nectar, fruit and insects. They are examples of mutualistic coevolution and pollinate many native plants (such as mistletoe, fuchsia and kowhai).
02 FORMAL INVESTIGATION
appropriate ecosystem
maori carving totara seed
totara bark
USES: Totara wood is very durable and can be used for outdoor landscaping timber and it is also famous for its carving properties making it the primary wood used for Maori carvings. Before Totara forests were depleted, it was also valued for bridge and wharf construction.plum, sauces, desserts)
Common plum tree The Kereru love to eat the leaves from the common plum tree which is an introduced species of plant. When availability of fruit is scarce, Kereru rely on leaves as a large part of their diet. Plum trees grown well in fertile, well drained soil. Plums are versatile fruit that are enjoyed by many people. (Fruit, jam, jellies, dried plum, sauces, desserts)
Related Native Plants Cabbage trees, miro, flax, kowhai, NZ fuchsia, mistletoe, Kahikatea, kaka beak, matai, karamu
Conclusions There is a strong relationship between native bird species and native tree species. They have co-adapted to eachother over thousands of years and are intrinsic in the survival of the other.
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FORMAL INVESTIGATION
FORMAL INVESTIGATION
Kereru (NZ Native Pigeon) strong attraction +++ + Native plant species at significant sites kahikatea matai kowhai cabbage tree makomako miro totara titoki karaka poroporo hinau kowhai kahikatea karaka
pigeonwood
coprosma
dry plains McLeans Island Coprosma, Kowhai Riccarton Bush Kahikatea Matai, Totara Kowhai, Miro, Poroporo Coprosma, Ti Kouka Titoki, Hinau
wet plains Styx Mill Reserve Kanuka, Flax Raupo Ti Kouka Ti Kouka Totara, Matai NZ Flax, Karamu Kowhai, Karamu Kahikatea Mahoe Titoki
port hills Travis Wetland, Horseshoe Reserve Jollies Bush, Dry Bush, Hoon Hay scenic reserve, Taitapu forest
Tree species in the main conservation sites in Christchurch were determined. Attraction sizes were given to the tree species in each area according to its dominance in the area. Riccarton Bush has the most significant Kahikatea forest in Christchurch hence a high Kahikatea attraction. The Port Hills had the highest concentration of Totara and Matai, hence the biggest Totara and Matai attraction.
The favourite native plants of the native birds were determined. Kereru, Tui and Bellbird had different preferences. Attraction sizes to each plant species were given according to the different preferences for Kereru, Tui and Bellbird. 15
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FORMAL INVESTIGATION
FORMAL INVESTIGATION
+
Christchurch Attractor Field for Kereru Christchurch Attractor Field for Tui
+
Christchurch Attractor Field for Bellbird
+
Kereru Density according to simple attraction Tui Density according to simple attraction Bellbird Density according to simple attraction
+
Conservation sites around Christchurch were given overall attraction sizes determined by the dominant plant species in each area (native tree attraction), and the favourite plants of the native birds (native bird to tree attraction). The area of the ecological site and a coefficient considering the diversity of native plants in the area were also considered. The attraction sizes of areas in Christchurch for each type of bird (Kereru, Tui and Bellbird) differed according to the birds preferences. 16 According to existing native vegetation figures, attractors were calculated and bird agents were released over a map of Christchurch. The combination of bird densities shows where native bird species are most active over the city. These densities can be used to possibly predict where we would expect new stages of native growth to occur, as birds are a crucial link in continuing the ecosystem. 17
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surrounding program
key demolition plan proposed green 20 hannah steenson angela yoo woomin lee commercial/retail restaurant/bar recreation hotel
The centre of the CBD is predominantly commercial. In the site of interest however, there are many hotels/accommodation/hospitality.
21
existing buildings on site buildings on this site are allowed to be up to 21m tall central library is proposed on site
2 1 3
A world class precinct which will attract exciting events to the city. Reactivation of surrounding streets and public spaces, supporting retail and hospitality within the core.
site of interest Proximity to the Cathedral square means it will be a site of new civic interest. Low buildings to allow sun into Cathedral square. Sharing site with the new Central Library.
green frame Green City (Garden City) framing the new central city area
the site area had a great percentage of hotels and accommodation many restaurant/bars on the site have been demolished. worcester st is usually very quiet. this side of the street will be considered very carefully for development
surrounding context
site in plan
the square Civic heart of central Christchurch for public activities. A Green square with shading of the square better managed. Lower buildings on the north side will allow more sunlight to penetrate. Vibrant square (performance, cafes, restaurants).
site view
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worker
single
couple
conclusions
Due to the building work needed for the rebuild of Christchurch, worker numbers in the inner city are expected to increase rapidly. 36,000 workers are expected to move into the city by the end of 2013.
One person households are projected to increase to 602,000 in 2031 There is a rising demand for single unit housing in Christchurch.
Couple households will increase by 48% by 2031. That is the biggest increase in changing household compositions. In the central city, this demographic takes up almost 70% of the proportion of households. Couples without children, increase in empty nesters.
Single unit housing will be in great demand especially in the central city area. The proposed building will be a medium-high density housing complex which will include some mixed use facilities such as a cafe/native garden to complement the civic activities planned near the site (Cathedral Square, Central Library, Performing arts district)
04 DESIGN PROPOSAL
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DESIGN PROPOSAL
DESIGN PROPOSAL
swarm behaviours
RULES OF BEHAVIOUR
Public Agents ++++ ++ + Cathedral Square Performing Arts Restaurants Green Frame Central Library Shops
Private Agents Quiet (noise controlled) Green Frame Open Space +++
1
Performing Arts district
Views
2
Central Library Cathedral Square
3
Cathedral Square Shops
4
Restaurants Hotels
5
Hotel
6
Green Frame
7, 8, 9
Plant science park
public agents create flyover pathways across the site and over the public garden the public agents are attracted to amenities, surrounding public program (performing arts precinct, cathedral square, public library)
private agents nest in areas that will be designated for housing private agents are repelled from buildings on site and are attracted to green space, open views, good noise levels the private agents are repelled from eachother so that each can be the centre of an apartment sized between 30 and 50sqm each private agent and its location in the swarm becomes the centre of a single apartment unit
+ Large building
The site is analysed in terms of fields of information. Surrounding program, buildings, amenities and open spaces have been considered. This information is used to generate an attractor field which has specific relationships with the swarm agents.
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DESIGN PROPOSAL
DESIGN PROPOSAL
swarms on site
swarms freeze
On Site
Freeze
Private
private agents
public agents
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DESIGN PROPOSAL
DESIGN PROPOSAL
massing excercise 1
central library
green frame
cathedral square
public garden
housing cluster
housing cluster
points from the housing swarm were used as the centre points for each apartment unit the agents were connected by weave like pattern to unify the apartments
platform paths 30 31
DESIGN PROPOSAL
DESIGN PROPOSAL
form
The public agent swarm was frozen so that each agent became the centre of a housing unit
Final building
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DESIGN PROPOSAL
DESIGN PROPOSAL
structure
Level Two
Level Five
Level One
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The steel floor is over engineered and made very rigid. This floor is supported by two main cores and additional
Ground Floor
Level Three 35
DESIGN PROPOSAL
DESIGN PROPOSAL
plans 1:200
plans 1:200
Ground Floor
Level One
Level Two
Level Three
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DESIGN PROPOSAL
DESIGN PROPOSAL
plans 1:200
section 1:200
Level Four
Level Five
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DESIGN PROPOSAL
DESIGN PROPOSAL
DESIGN PROPOSAL
elevations 1:200
elevations 1:200
North Elevation
South Elevation
East Elevation
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DESIGN PROPOSAL
DESIGN PROPOSAL
elevations 1:200
interior
West Elevation
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DESIGN PROPOSAL
approach
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