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The New Era Journal P.O Box (115) Raminthra P.O Bangkhen, Bangkok 10220 E-mail : newera@ksc.th.com Printed in Thailand
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rmvfuGef bGwfum; uif b m&mrawmf / =opa=w;vs Ed k 0 if b mv/ 1992 ck E S p f ?
(35) ESpfwkdifwkdif xrf;aqmifcJh_yD; t_idrf;pm;,lcJh&m (ruG,fvGefrD) tESpf (20) umvtwGif; uifbm&mwkdif;pf owif;pmwGif tywfpOf -oZmanmif;aom aqmif;yg;rsm; a&;cJhonfhtjyif aemufqkH;uufzJcsyf ac: pmtkyfvnf; a&;om; cJhonf? rmvfuGefESifh a&mufZmemwktm; EkdifiHjcm;a&muf jrefrmrdwfaqGrsm;pGmwkd d u t_rcspcifpm owd&-uvsu&rnf? txl;tm;jzihf 'Drua&pD jyefvnfxaxmif J f G f dS dk l &ef ud;yrf;vsu&orsm;onf olwEpO; ckirmpGm tqufrjywf axmufctm;ay;cJh f dS l dk S f D d f H -ujcif;ukd aus;Zl;wifowd&-urnfjzpfygonf?
rpPwmrmvfuef bGwum; (Mr. Malcolm Booker) onf 1998 ckEp/f Zlvif G f S dk

v (15) &ufae/ touf (82) ESpfwGif rdrdaetdrf uifbm&m-rdY uG,fvGefcJhonf? olZeD; a&mufZmem (Roxana) rSmvnf; xkdaewGifyif aq;kHY a&m*ga0'em -um &SnpmcHpm;&_yD; em&Dom apmIaoqk;oGm;&Smonf? f G H olwEpO;pvk;rSm oHwref0efxrf;rsm;jzpf-uonf? rmvfuef bGwum;onf dk S f D H G f 1951 ckrS 1953 cktxd jrefrmjynfqi&m oHtrwftjzpf ceftyfjcif;cH&I yxrOD;qk; dk f H -opa-w;vsoH;ukd (88) urf;em;vrf; (Strand Hotel Annex) wGif zGivpcaom Hk hf S f hJ a-umifh xkdtaqmufttkHY ,aewkdif wnf&Sdvsuf&Sdonf? xkdaemuf tDwvD/ ,l*pvm;AD;,m;/ kar;eD;,m;ESihf blva*;&D;,m;jynfrsm;wGif oHtrwf}uD;wm0ef dk d f aqmif&uconf? 1976 ckEpwif uifbm&m-rdodk jyefvm-u_y; EkiijH cm;a&;oHwref G f hJ Sf G D df
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u|efawmfhZeD;. uG,fvGefav_yD;aomzcif}uD; w&m;ol}uD;a[mif; OD; aomif;pdefonf if;aexdkif&m rJvfbkef;rdrS uGsefawmfwrdom;pk. uifbm&mtdrf dk odk 1989 ck/ Zlvdkifv oluG,fvGefcsdeftxd wESpfwacgufcef vma&mufvnfywf avh&ygonf? touf&pq,fausm_f yD qdaomfjim;vnf; zswvwf-unfvif trSwf dS S f k f onmaumif;onfh OD;aomif;pdeonf olb0oufwrf;wav#muf tr+xrf;cJonfh f h tawGtuH taxGaxGukd jyefajymif; pm;rHj yefwwfonf? xdtxJY acwfopf jref k rmhordkif;wGif ta&;ygonfh tjzpftysufrsm;udk a&mifjyef[yfaponfh ta-umif; t&mrsm;pGmwdkvnf; ygwwfonf? OD;aomif;pdefonf ,cifwcsdefu vlwef;pm; tv$mwckjzpfaom tdENd, rdjytkyfcsKyfa&; ydnmOfcH0efxrf;tzGJ0if (I.C.S) wOD; jzpfonftjyif w&m;a&;Xme twGi;0eftjzpfvnf;aumif;/ tusOf;axmifrsm; OD; h f pD;csKyf (axmifrif;}uD;) tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ 1947 ckESpfwGif wydifwnf; wm0ef xrf;aqmifcJh&ygonf? _Adwdo#wdkxHrS 1948 ckESpf jrefrmEdkifiH vGwfvyfa&;&_yD; csdewif w&m;H;csKyf w&m;ol}uD;tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ aemufyi;wGif Ediiyif odr; f G k kd f k f H kd f ydkufa&;aumfr&SifESifh a&G;aumufyGJ t,lcHaumfr&SiftzGJwdk. OuU@tjzpfvnf; aumif; EdkifiHawmftpdk;&tzGJu txl;a&G;cs,fI wm0efay;tyfjcif; cHcJh&onf? OD;aomif;pde. trSww&tawGtuHrsm;xJrS ol ESpEpf cduf cduf ajymjyavh f f f S &Sdaom tjzpftysufwckrSmrl uG,fvGefol u|efawmhfzcif AdkvfcsKyf (&Jwyf) OD;xGef; vSatmifEihf wduuywfoufaeygonf? xdtcseu u|eawmhzcifrm &mZ0wfr+ S k f kd f k d f f f S h d f pHprf;ppfaq;a&;Xme t}uD;tuJ ( Dy. Inspector General ) jzpfonftjyif t&Set k 0g}uD;vSonfh t*Fvef bk&ifh&Jwyfrawmf}uD;. tzGJ0ifwOD;tjzpfvnf; 1940 ck aESmif;ydkif;wGif wm0efxrf;cJh&oljzpfygonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh if;.0ef}uD; tzGJ0ifrsm;tm; 1947 ck/ Zlvdkifv (19) &ufaewGif vkyf}uHowfjzwfcJhr+a-umifh OD;apmtm; tif;pdetusO;axmifwif xde;odr;xm;cseY 'k=&JcsKyf OD;xGe;vSatmif f f G f f d f f ESifh w&m;ol}uD; OD;aomif;pdefwdktm; OD;apm. vHkcHa&;twGuf yl;wGJwm0ef ay;cJhygonf? xdka-umifhvnf; if;wdkESpfOD;onf aepOfvdkvdk &efukefrS tif;pdef axmifodk um;jzifh twloGm;avh&Sd-u&m c&D;wav#mufwGifvnf; ,m,D jynfol
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a'guf w mwif h a 0 qpf ' eD r/ =opa=w;vs (9/ 9/ 99) yl ; wG J b momjyef o l a'guf w mat;ausmf qpf ' eD r/ =opa=w;vs
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pyfpxe;f (40) ESp/f &S r;jynfe,frS rdi;yGeapmfbm;}uD;/ e,fjcm;a'oqdi&m twdif H G f kf f G kf k yifcH0ef}uD;/ OD;acgif;wGif '%f&m (2) csuf&&Sd_yD; (20) &ufae rGef;wnfhcsdefwGif &efuef rd/ jynfoaq;H}k uD;Y aoqH;oGm;onf? k l k OD;tke;f armif (34) ESpf/ o,f,lyaqmifa&;ESifh vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;Xme/ 'kwd, dk H Gf twGi;0ef (I.C.S)/ tpD&ifcpmwckukd vma&mufwifoi;aepOf vlowform;rsm;. f usnfqefrsm; xdreom;jcif;cH&onf? ae&mwGiyif yGcsif;_yD;aoqH;onf? S f G f J k udaxG; (18) ESpf/ OD;&mZwf.oufawmfapmifh/ rEav;teD;&Sd awmifjyif ody`H&yfrS k rlqvifvi,fwOD;jzpfonf? tpnf;ta0;cef;rwGi;rS aoewforsm;-um;&ojzifh l f H teD;&SdHk;cef;rS ajy;xGufvmpOf qkwfcGmajy;oGm;aeaom vlowform;rsm;. ypfcwfjcif;udkcH&onf? '%f&m (4) csuf&&Sd_yD; aq;HkwGif aoqHk;onf?
AdvcsKyfatmifqef; (c) AdvawZ (32) ESp/f jrefrmhtrsKd;om;a&;v+y&m;r+. acgif; k f k f f S aqmif}uD;/ bk&ifcHtr+aqmifaumifpD. 'k=OuU@ (odk ) wu,fhvufawGtm;jzihf vGwfvyfa&;r&rD 0ef}uD;tzGJ. 0ef}uD;csKyf/ if;tjyif xdktpdk;&tzGJ. umuG,f a&;ESifh EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;/ usnfqef (13) csufoifhaom '%f&mjzifh ae&mwGif yif yGcsif;_yD;aoqH;cJ&onf? J k h 'D;'kwO;D bcsKd (54) ESp/f pma&;q&m/ owif;pmq&mESihf 'D;'kw*sme,f. t,f'wm/ f f D jyef-um;a&;0ef}uD;/ oltouft&G,fESifh OD;aESmufxJ0ifoGm;aom usnfqef tyg t0if usnqef (5) csu&&Sonfwif aev,fyi;txd &efuejf ynfoaq;H}k uD;wGif f f d h kd kd f k l touf&ivsuf &Saeao;onf? Sf d ocifjr (49) ESp/f vli,facgif;aqmifrsm;-um;wGif touft&G,}f uD;&ifaom EdiiH h kf acgif;aqmif/ bma&;0ef}uD;/ tqkwfudk xGif;azmufoGm;aom aoewf'%f &mjzifh ae&mwGif yGcsif;_yD;aoqH;onf? J k OD;tA'&mZwf (49) ESpf/ rEav;rd rlqvifacgif;aqmif/ ynma&;ESifh trsKd;om; l pDrHudef;0ef}uD;/ '%f&m (6) csuf&&Sd_yD; ae&mwGifyif yGJcsif;_yD;aoqHk;onf? OD;b0if; (46) ESpf/ OD;atmifqef;.tudk/ ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;ESifh axmufyHha&; 0ef}uD;/ usnfqef'%f&m (8) csuf&&Sd_yD; ae&mwGifyif yGJcsif;_yD;aoqHk;onf? ref;bcdif (43) ESpf/ [oFmwrS u&ifvlrsKd;wOD;jzpf_yD; *syefodrf;ydkufxm;pOfu k jyefvnfccawmfve&mY yg0ifconf? pufrvufrXmeESihf tvkyorm;Xme0ef}uD;/ kH S f hJ + + f usnfqef (15) csufxreconf? ae&mwGiyif yGcsif;_yD;aoqH;onf? d S f hJ f J k
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vl o wf o rm;rsm;
OD;apm/ 1900=jynfEpwif om,m0wDrdY arG;zGm;onf? vlowform;rsm;. acgif; h S f G aqmif[k tpGyfpGJcH&ol/ orBm&ifh vufsmEdkifiHa&;orm;jzpf_yD; OD;atmifqef;. t"duydifbufjzpfonf? ol&d,owif;pmudk pwifxlaxmifolESifh rsKd;cspfygwD acgif;aqmifjzpfonf? 1940=ckESpf/ pufwifbmvrS 1942=ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dvtxd eef;&if;0ef/ 1942=rS 1946=txd ,l*E<mjynfwif txde;odr;cHc&onf? 1947=ck G f f hJ ESp/f Zefe0g&DvwGicsKyfqaom atmifqef;=tufwvD pmcsKyfukd todtrSwf y&ef f kd jiif;qefcojl zpfI OD;atmifqef;ESihf oltr+aqmifaumifpD vkyazmfuizufrsm;tm; hJ f kd f owfjzwfr+jzifh 1947=ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (19) &ufwGif tzrf;cH&vsuf/ pGJqdkxm;onfh twdkif; tjypfay;cH&_yD;/ 1948=ckESpf/ arv (8) &ufaewGif tif;pdefaxmifY ud;ay;cH&onf? armifp;/ aoewform;/ rif;vS-rdrS *VKefwyfzGJ0ifwOD;jzpf_yD; OD;apm. teD;uyf dk aemufvkdufjzpfI ol _cHtwGif;Y apmpD;pGmuyif aexkdifcJholjzpfonf? ao'%fay; cH&onf? 1948 ckESpf/ arv (8) &ufaewGifyif tif;pdefaxmifY ao'%ftpD &ifc&onf? H
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Zmwfvrf;0ify*Kd~ vfrsm; k
oufESif;/ aoewform;/ usKdufvwf-rdrS *VKefwyfzGJ0ifa[mif;jzpf_yD; ,if;-rd rsKd;cspfygwD. twGif;a&;r;jzpfonf? OD;apmukd txl;-unfndK_yD; vkH;0O\kH,kH -unfukd;pm;oljzpfonf? ao'%fay;cH&onf? 1948 ckESpf arv (8) &ufaewGif yif tif;pdeaxmifY ao'%ftpD&ifc&onf? f H armifpe/f aoewform;/ udyifaumuf-rdrjS zpfI ppftwGi;u AkvcsKyfatmifqef;. d f d f Armhwyfrawmfom;jzpfc_hJ y;aemuf jynfo&abmftzGJodk 0ifa&mufconf? olrbrsm; D l J hJ d rSm rsKd;cspfygwDukd vkdvm;ESpfoufolrsm;jzpfI olukd OD;apm. aemufvkdufjzpf&ef odr;oGi;qGaqmifc-hJ uonf? ao'%fay;cH&onf? 1948 ckEp/f arv (8) &ufae f f J S wGif &efuetusOf;axmifY ao'%ftpD&ifc&onf? k f H &ef}u;D atmif/ touf (18) ESpom&S.? toufti,fq; aoewform;jzpfonf? f d Hk OD;apm w0rf;uGn.om;jzpfonf? pwkwajrmufaoewform;? vktyfvmonfh J D d aemufqkH;tcsdefusrS olukd a&G;cs,fcJhjcif;jzpfonf? ol. waZmufuef;tusifh a-umifh aoewform;tjzpf tH0ifciusjzpfconf? ao'%fay;cH&onf? 1948 ckEp/f Gf hJ S arv (8) &ufaewGif &efukeftusOf;axmifY ao'%ftpD&ifcH&onf? okc/ vlowform;rsm;tm; twGif;0efkH;okd *spfum;jzifh armif;ykday;cJholjzpfonf? &efukef-rd&Sd tpkd;&txufwef;ausmif;rS (9) wef;atmifjrifcJhonf? ppf_yD;aemuf usKdufvwf-rd zqyvtzGJ. aiGxdef;jzpf_yD; ukefonfwOD;jzpfonf? oufESif;u olukd OD;apmESifh rdwfqufay;cJhonfhtjyif rsKd;cspfygwDwGJzuftwGif;a&;r;tjzpf pm&if;wifay;cJhonf? OD;apm. _cH0if;okd vkyf}uHr+rwkdifrD aemufqkH;a&muf&Sdvm oljzpfonf? ao'%fay;cH&aomfvnf; ud;ay;rnfhae rwkdifrDae naeykdif;wGifrS tvkyf-urf;ESifhaxmif'%f tESpf (20) okd av#mhcsjcif;cH&onf? cifarmif&if/ }uH&mygwOD;jzpfI a&Sajy;tzGJpD;aom zkd'fqefx&yfum;ukd armif;ol jzpfonf? OD;apmZeD;onf. wlawmfonf? 0ef}uD;tzGJ tpnf;ta0;xkiaea-umif; df v#Kd0SufoauFwjzifh owif;ay;_yD; vlowform;rsm; xGufcGmvm&ef tcsufjycJh onf? ao'%ftay;cH&aomfvnf; aemufykdif;wGif tvkyf-urf;ESifhaxmif'%f tESpf (20) okd av#mhcsjcif;cH&onf? armife/D }uH&mygwOD;jzpfI a&Sajy;tzGJESifh vkdufygoGm;cJhonf? vlowform;rsm;
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xGuftajy;wGif vGwfajrmufEkdif&ef tultnDay;a&;twGuf ajcmufvkH;jyL;ao ewfwvufjzifh twGif;0efrsm;kH; txGuf*dwfaygufrS apmifhaecJh&onf? ao'%f tay;cH&aomfvnf; tvkyf-urf;ESifhaxmif'%f tESpf (20) okd av#mhcsjcif;cH&_yD; ,if;owif;ukd okcESiw-ydieufwnf; today;cHc&onf? hf f hJ r_e}f u;D / }uH&mygwOD;jzpfI a&Sajy;tzGJ Eihf vkuygoGm;cJonf? tkwz-dk rdteD;rS aus; S d f h f &Gmom;jzpf_yD; tvkyf-urf;orm;wOD;jzpfonf? OD;apmu olukd tapcHwOD;uJhokd ckdif;cJhonf? 0ef}uD;tzGJpnf;a0;aea-umif; vlowform;rsm;ukd olu tcsufjycJh &onf? ao'%fay;cH&onf? 1948 ckESpf/ arv (8) &ufaewGif tif;pdefaxmifY ao'%ftpD&ifc&onf? H b!Gef / }uH&mygwOD;jzpfI a&Sajy;tzGJ wif yg0ifonf? OD;apm.vl,awmf t"du G Hk aemufvuacgif;aqmifjzpf_yD; olwOD;om OD;apm.tdrtwGi; aexkici&onf? dk f f f d f G hf tod^m%f&SdI tkd;onfukef;w&m;kH;wGif pma&;jzpfcJhonf? ocifEktm;owf&ef wm0eftay;cH&onf? bk&ifhoufao (azmfaumif) tjzpf bufajymif;xGufqkd&ef oabmwlcojl zpfonf? xka-umifh tajctaet& oltm; tjypfrcivwr+ tay; hJ d S G hf $ f cH&vsuf tvkyf-urf;ESifh jyif;xefaomaxmif'%f (10) ESpfESifh (6) v csrSwfcH cJ&onf? h
Oya'qd k i f & myk * ~ d K vf r sm;

w&m;ol}uD;rif; OD;ausmjf rif/h 1898 ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;onf? 0wfvkHawmf&rif;ESifh w&m;v$wfawmf w&m;ol}uD;rif; (1946 ckESpfrSpI)? OD;apmukd ppfaq;pD&ifcsuf csaom txl;ckHkH;awmf.OuU@/ vGwfvyfa&;&_yD;aemuf w&m;v$wfawmfcsKyf. w&m;ol}uD;rif;jzpfvmonf? xif&Sm;ausmf-um;aom nDtukdav;OD;jzpfonfh Adkvfr;csKyfwifxGf (t}uD;qkH;)/ w&m;ol}uD;rif; OD;jrifhodef;/ a'gufwmxifatmif wkwif 'kw,ajrmufjzpfonf? 1988 ckEpf arvwGif uG,veconf? d G d S f G f hJ OD;atmifomausm/f tqifhjrifh puf&Sifw&m;ol}uD;rif;/ OD;apmudk ppfaq;aom txl;cHkHk;awmf. tzGJ0ifwOD;jzpfI/ vGwfvyfa&;&_yD;aemuf w&m;v$wfawmf
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w&m;ol}uD;rif;jzpfvsuf/ xdkaemuf w&m;v$wfawmfcsKyf w&m;ol}uD;rif; jzpf vmonf? OD;pDb;l / tqifhjrifh puf&Sifw&m;ol}uD;rif;jzpfI/ OD;apmudk ppfaq;aom txl;cHkHk; awmf. tzGJ0ifwOD;jzpfI/ vGwfvyfa&;&_yD;aemuf w&m;v$wfawmf. w&m;ol }uD;rif;wOD; jzpfvmonf? w&m;ol}uD;rif; OD;aomif;pde/f 1906=ckESpfwGif oHvsifY arG;zGm;onf? tdENd, f S ydnmOfc0efxrf; (ICS)/ w&m;a&;0ef}uD;Xme. twGi;0efEihf tusOf;axmifrsm; H OD;pD;csKyf wm0efrsm;udk 1947=ckEpwif wydiwnf; xrf;aqmifc&onf? 1948=ck S f G f hJ ESpf vGwfvyfa&;&&SdcsdefrS 1962=ckESpfwGif tem;,lcsdeftxd w&m;v$wfawmf. w&m;ol}uD;rif;wOD;jzpfI/ 1975=ckEpwif -opa-w;vsEdiiokd ul;ajymif;aexdif S f G kfH k S f f G f G h cJonf? rJvbe;rd (Melbourne) wGif 1989=ckEpY uG,veom;cJonf? h f k f AdvcsKyfxe;vSatmif/ 1902=ckESpfwGif &efukefrdYarG;zGm;cJhonf? t*Fvdyftpdk;& k f G f vufxuf bk&ifh&JwyfzGJ0ifESifh r+cif;pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;Xme. 'k=&JcsKyf/ OD;apmESifh olvlrsm;udk vsifjrefpGm zrf;qD;EdkifcJhonfhftwGuf EdkifiHawmf. av;pm;r+udk cHcJh& onf? w&m;ol}uD;rif; OD;aomif;pdeEihf twlwI OD;apm. vkH cHa&;wm0efukd ,lchJ f S JG &onf? vGwvyfa&;&_yD;aemuf &JcsKyfjzpfvmcJ_h yD;/ 1948=ckEpf vGwvyfa&;&_yD; f S f aemuf -o*kwvwGif AdvcsKyf&mxl;jzifh 'k=OD;pD;csKyftqifokd wd;jrijhf cif;cHc&onf? f k f h k hJ 1960=ckEpwif &efuef rdY uG,veom;cJonf? S f G k f G f G h umwpf/ bifepf qm z&uf'&pf [ife&D ('J&uf) aupD (Curtis- Bennett, Sir Frederick Sf G h h d~ Henry (Derek) KC./ 1904 ckEpwif arG;zGm;cJonf? bk&ifOya't}uHay;yk*KvfjzpfI &mZ0wfr+cif;rsm;wGif atmifjrifausmf-um;aom _AdwdefEkdifiHom; a&SaewOD;jzpf onf? txl;ckHkH;awmfwGif w&m;-ydif&mY olukdumuG,fckcH&ef t}uD;wef;t}uH ay;tjzpf OD;apmu iSm;&rf;ceftyfcJhonf? 1956 ckESpf Zlvkdifv (23) &ufaewGif olaexkdif&m vef'efwkdufcef;xJwGif aoqkH;vsuf&Sdonfukd awG&onf? &ifcGJppf aq;olq&m0efu vGefcJhonfh (4=5) &ufuyif oltaejzifh aoqkH;_yD;jzpfonf[k xifjrifcsuay;onf? okdjzpfv#if olaoqk;&ufonf emrnfq;jzifh ausm-f um;vsuf f H dk ao'%fuscHcJh&aom ol.tr+onf usL;vGefcJhaom Zlvkdifv (19) &uf tr+ (9) ESpjf ynfajrmufonfh ae&ufcefwif jzpfaeayawmhonf? h G
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Amwefe (pf) bif*srif&maz;&,f (Vertannes,Benjamin Raphael)/ ,cifu ppfwyfrS Adkvf}uD;wOD;jzpfI/ xdkaemuf &efukefrd&Sd w&m;v$wfawmfwGif a&Saejzpf vm_yD;/ OD;apmtwGuf ckcHumuG,fay;cJhonfh ti,fwef; Oya't}uHay;jzpfcJhonf? rlvZmwdtm;jzifh jrefrmEdiirjS zpfaomfvnf; vGwvyfa&;&_yD;onftcg t_idr;pm; kfH f h f ,lI _AdweEiiokd a&$ajymif;oGm;cJonf? d f kd f H h bwfpf (cf) / rduu,f tD; (Busk, Michael E.)/ 'kwd,urBmppfwGif csif;'pf (exk f S f kd f k Chindit) rS ppfjyefwOD;jzpfI/ 1940=ckEprsm;. aemufyi;wGif &efuef rd&dS &JwyfzJG wGif vufaxmufaumfr&Sifemrif;}uD; jzpfvmum/ vufeufudkifykvdyfwyfzGJ (Armed Police) twGuf jrpf}uD;em;wGif ucsifwi;&if;om;rsm;jzifh wyf&if;w&if; kd f zGJcJhonf? uy`wdef a';ApfADAD,ef; (Capt, David Vivian) ukd olu zrf;cJhonf? (atmufwGif+)? S f G h S f wGwcf aumvif; ( Tooke, Colin)/ 1913=ckEpwif arG;zGm;cJonf? 1933= ckEprS f pI jrefrmhyvywyfzJGwif wm0efxrf;aqmifconf? 194546=ckEpwkdY om,m k d f G hJ S f 0wDcdkif &J0efaxmufjzpfI/ OD;apmtr+udk v#Kd0SufpHkprf;axmufvS rf;aecJhol[k ,H-k unf&_y;/ OD;apmESiywfoufaom olziwrsm; tcd;cHc&onf? 1948=ckEpwif D hf kd f JG k hJ S f G kww&uf aoqH;oGm;cJonf? f k h cef; tdyf (cs) (Khan,H)/ pD;yGm;a&;orm;wjzpfvJ t_idrf;pm;-unf;wyfAkdvf}uD;? f &efuef at'Dvrf;&Sd OD;apmaetdrEihf rsufEmcsif;qkiwif aexkio/l r+cif;pkprf;ppf k f S S df G df H aq;a&;Xme 'k=&JcsKyf. arwWm&yfccsuft& OD;apm. _cH0if;tm; rsufjcnfrjywf H apmif-h unfunconf? w&m;vkjd youfaotrSwf (39)? h l D hJ
Ed k i f i H a &;orm;rsm;
Advatmif}u;D / aygif;wnfrdY 1919=ckEpwiarG;zGm;onf? 1945=ckEpwif *syef k f S f Gf S f G qefusifa&;v+yf&Sm;r+Y jrpf0u|ef;ay:ESifh zsmyHkcdkiftwGif; Adkvfae0if;. vufHk; t&m&SwOD;tjzpf yg0ifvyuivmcJonf? d k f kd f h xdkaemuf vGwfvyfa&;&tHhqJqJ wyfrawmfudk jyefvnfzGJpnf;vdkufaom
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tcg trSwf(4) Armhaoewfudkifwyf&if;wGif Adkvfae0if;vufatmufY tr+xrf; cJonf? qd&,vpfvrf;pOfygwD. pnf;H;a&;r;wOD;jzpfonf? 1962=ckEpY Advf h k S f k S f k csKyfae0if; tm%modr;onftcg awmfvea&;aumifp0ifwOD;jzpfvmonf? 1963 f h S f D =ckESpfwGif xkwfy,fcH&_yD; 1988=ckESpf 'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfyHkwGif EdkifiHa&;avm uodk jyef0ifvmcJonf? h a'guwmbarmf/ c&pf,mefrom;pkrS 1897=ckEpwif arG;zGm;cJonf?tmareD,efaoG; f d Sf G h wpdwwydi;ygonf[qonf? ude;b&pfwuUovwif ynmoif-um;cJ_h y;/ abmf f kf k kd f kd f G D kd f d f f h 'l;cf( Bordeaux) wuUovrS yDtycs'D (Ph.D) bGJ&cJonf? a&S;OD;tp ausmif;q&m b0ESifh xdkaemuf 0wfvHkawmf&jzpfvmonf? qif;&Jom; 0HomEkygwDudk zGJpnf;cJh onf? 1936=ckEprS 1939=ckEptxd eef;&if;0efjzpfonf? xdaemuf 'kw,urBmppf Sf Sf k d twGi;*syefppfwyfuzGJay;aomtpd;&tzGJ.t"dywdjzpfc_hJ y;/1947=ckEpf vGwvyf f k D S f a&;r&rDtcsewif txde;odr;cH&onf?1977=ckEpf arvwGif uG,veom;cJonf? df G f f S f Gf G h ocifApde/f 1910=ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;onf? &efukefwuUodkvfwGif ynmoif-um;cJh onf? ocifAaomif;wdEitwl uGejf rLepf0g'udk OD;pGm avhvmcJaom ausmif;om; k S hf h acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfonf/ xdkaemuf 1930=ckESpf wdkArmtpnf;tHk;udk a&S;OD;xl axmifcJholrsm;xJwGif wOD;tygt0ifjzpfonf? 'kwd,urBmppftwGif; 0ifdk;wef; tiftm;pkrsm;tay: vdvm;cJojl zpfonf? xda-umifh *syefacwfY oltm; refcsL;ud; k h k k odk jrefrmEdkifiH. oHtrwf}uD;tjzpf ceftyfjcif;udk cH&onf? 1947=ckESpfwGif vef 'efokd OD;atmifqef;ESitwl vduygoGm;cJonf? vufsmEdiia&;orm;jzpfonf? hf k f h kfH OD;AaqG/ xm;0,frdY 1915=ckEpwiarG;zGm;onf? &efuewuUovwif ynmoif S f Gf k f kd f G -um;cJonf? 1930=ckEprsm;wGif ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifjzpfconf? 1945=ckEpf h S f hJ S wGif qd&,vpfygwD. OuU@tjzpf wifajrmufjcif;cH&aomfvnf; ocifjrudk OD;pm; k S f ay;onftaejzifh Ekwxuconf? xda-umifh ocifjr vky}f uHc&_y;aemufrS qd&,f h f G f hJ k H D k S vpfacgif;aqmif jzpfvmjyefonf? (195657) ckESpfwGif c%wm 0ef}uD;csKyfjzpf cJao;onf? od&mwGif 1962=ckEpf Advae0if; tm%modr;vduonftcg tzrf;cH h k S k f f k f h &_y;/ 1966=ckEpwif jyefvwvmonf? 1987=ckEp/f 'DZifbmvwGif uG,veonf? D Sf G G f S f Gf Advcifarmifuav;/ awmifilrdY 1912=ckESpfwGifarG;zGm;onf/&efukefwuUodkvfY k f ynmoif-um;cJhonf? a&S;OD;tp ausmif;q&mvkyfcJh_yD;/ wyfrawmfwGif t&m&Sd
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wOD;jzpfI/ xdaemuf *syefawmfvea&;t_y;/ vGwvyfa&;r&rD qd&,vpfygwDukd k S f D f k S f pwifxlaxmifcJhol tzGJ0ifwOD;jzpfum/ 1950=ckESpfrsm;wGif OD;Ek. tpdk;&tzGJ twGif; wm0eftrsm;tjym;,lcJhonf? xdka-umifh 1962=ckESpf AdkvfcsKyfae0if; tm%modr;onftcg tzrf;cH&vsuf/ 1966=ckEpwif jyefvwvmonf/ 1985= f h S f G G f ckEp/f pufwifbmvwGif uG,veonf? S f G f OD;ausm+f ir;f / ysO;rem;rdY 1915=ckEpwif arG;zGm;onf?&efuewuUovwif ynm d f S f G k f kd f G oif-um;cJh_yD;/1930=ckESpfrsm;wGifausmif;om;acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfcJhI/1946=ck ESpfwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; ruG,fvGefao;rD (zqyv) tzGJcsKyf. taxGaxG twGif;a&;r;csKyftjzpfrS xkwfy,fjcif;cHvdkuf&onfh uGefjrLepfygwDrS ocifoef; xGe;. ae&mudk qufcc&onf? xdaemuf OD;Ek 0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfcsdewif jynfxa&; f H hJ k f G J ESifh w&m;a&;Xme 0ef}uD;tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ qdk&S,fvpfygwD. 'kwd,t}uD;qHk; acgif;aqmiftjzpfvnf;aumif; aqmif&GufcJh&I/ 1962=ckESpf AdkvfcsKyfae0if; tm %modr;onftcgYtzrf;cHc&_yD;1966=ckEpwif jyefvwvmonf? 1986=ckEp/f f h hJ S f G G f S ZGevwGif &efuef rdY uG,veom;cJonf? f k f G f G h OD;Ek (c) ocifE/k 0g;c,frrdY 1907=ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;onf/ 1930=ckESpfrsm;wGif wdArmtpnf;tH;udk pwifxaxmifcorsm;xJwif wOD;tygt0ifjzpfonf? 1947= k k l hJ l G ckESpf/ ZlvdkifvwGif 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpf trsm;oabmwl wifajrmufjcif;cH&vsuf jref rmEdii. 'Drua&pDumvrsm;twGi; qlyaomif;use;r+rsm; jzpfym;aeonf-h um;rS kfH kd f l f G zGJpnf;cJaom tpd;&tzGJrsm;wGif olomv#if 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpf t-umqk;aqmif&uchJ h k H G f &oljzpfonf? odaomf 1962=ckEpwif AdvcsKyfae0if;u oltm; &mxl;rSz,f&m;cJ_h y; k Sf G k f S D zrf;qD;axmifcsconf? 1966=ckEpwif jyefvnfvwvm_yD; AdvcsKyfae0if; ppft hJ S f G G f k f pd;&udk qefusiawmfvea&;twGuf pnf;H;&ef jynfyodxucmcJonf? 1980=ckEpf k f Sf k k G f G h S vGw_f ir;csr;omcGiay;&mwGif jrefrmEdiiokd jyefa&mufvm_y; ol 0ef}uD;csKyfb0u d f f hf kfH D vkyvufp yduwf bmomjyefvyief;udk jyefvyaeqJwif 1988=ckEpf 'Drua&pD f k f k f G S kd ta&;awmfywif yg0ifum pufwifbmv (9) &ufaewif olu,wif 0ef}uD;csKyf kH G G kd f kd tjzpfESifh -um;jzwftpdk;&tzGJudk a-unmcJhonf? xdka-umifh tpdk;&u oltm; 1989=ckEpf 'DZifbmvrS 1992=ckEpf {_yDvtxd tdrwi; tus,fcsKyfcsxm;jcif; S S f Gf cHc&onf? xdaemuf 1995=ckEpf azazmf0g&DvwGif &efuef rdY uG,veom;onf? hJ k S k f G f G ocif_armif/ (c) Adkvfae0if;/ jynfrdteD;&Sd aygif;wvnfrdY 1910=ckESpfwGif
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arG;zGm;onf? &efuef rd/ *syqifaumvdyY ynmoif-um;cJaomfvnf; 1931=ckEpf k f f h S wGif bGJr&bJ ausmif;rSxGufcGmcJh&onf? pmwdkufpma&;rS &JabmfoHk;usdyf0if jzpfvm_yD;aemuf 1943=ckESpfrS 1945=ckESpftxd jrefrmhtrsKd;om;wyfrawmf. ppfOD;pD;r;jzpfonf? wzef 1949=ckESpfrS 1972=ckESpftxd wyfrawmf. umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyftjzpf aqmif&Gufum/ 1962=ckESpfwGif ppfwyfjzifh EdkifiH awmftm%mudk odrf;,lcJhonf? xdka-umifh 1962=ckESpfrS 1974=ckESpftxd awmfvea&;aumifp. OuU@tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ 1974=ckEprS 1981=ckEptxd S f D S f S f qdk&S,fvpfEdkifiHorRwtjzpfvnf;aumif;/ 1962=ckESpfrS 1988=ckESpftxd jrefrmhq&,vpfvrf;pOfygwD. OuU@tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ ydi0or&Sd aqmif&ucI/ kd S f f hH l G f hJ ,cktcsdefwGif (rqv) ygwDudk zsufodrf;vdkufaomfjim;vnf;/ ,aetxd ol. -oZmESifhtm%mrSm ppfwyfxJwGif euf+dif;pGm pl;0ifaeqJ[k ,lqaecJhaomfvnf; ol.wefckd;tm%m !SdK;rSdefvmonf? 2002 ckESpf/ rwfvwGif ajr; (3) a,mufESifh orufwkd EkdifiHawmfopPmazmufr+jzifh zrf;qD;jcif;cH-u&_yD;aemuf olukd,fwkdifyif tus,fcsKyfcHae&pOf 'DZifbmv (5) &ufaewGif &efukef-rd aetdrfY uG,fvGef oGm;onf? ocifoef;xGe;/ ysOf;rem;rdY 1915=ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;cJhonf? ausmif;q&mtjzpf f vkyfudkifcJhI *syefacwf a'gufwmbarmf tpdk;&tzGJ Y 0ef}uD;&mxl;vufcHcJh_yD;/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. ZeD;a':cif-unf. tpfrjzpfol a':cifcif}uD;udk vufxyf ,lcJhonf? 1949=ckESpftxd (zqyv)tzGJcsKyf. taxGaxGtwGif;a&;r;tjzpf vnf;aumif;/ uGefjrLepfygwD ESpfjcrf; uGJoGm;_yD;aemuf ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD (BCP) . acgif;aqmif jzpfvmygonf? ,if;ygwDonf 1948=ckESpf rwfv wGif ajratmufygwDtjzpfjzifh A[dktpdk;&udk v+yf&Sm;wufuGpGm ykefuefcJhonf? aemufq; 1968 ckEpwif yJc;d;rawmxJY olv,awmf &JabmfjroD;. vky}f uHjcif; kH Sf G l k l kH cHc&onf? hJ OD;wifx/f 1895=ckEpwif arG;zGm;onf? 'g;vf0pfcsf aumvdyf (Dulwich College) G S f G ESifh udef;b&pfwuUodkvf ( Cambridge University) wdwGif ynmoif-um;cJhonf? k D k f kd f tdE,ydnmOfc0efxrf; (ICS) wOD;jzpf_y;/ &efuewuUov. 'k=t"dywd (VicedN H hJ kf S Chancellor) jzpfconf? 'ditmcDacwfEihf (91) Xmeacwfrsm;Y 0ef}uD;tzGJ tawmf rsm;rsm;wGif twGi;0efcsKyftjzpf aqmif&uc&_yD;/ 1948=ckEpf vGwvyfa&;&csdef f G f hJ S f
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wGif EdiijH cm;a&;0ef}uD;wm0efxrf;aqmifconf? 1948=ckEpf -o*kwvwGif Advf kf hJ S f k r;csKyf&mxl;jzifh t&efwyfzJGrsm; OD;pD;&ef 0ef}uD;tzGJrEwxu_f yD; ol tkycsKyfwnf; S k f G f k f G jzwfvsu&aom (The New Burma Times) owif;pmwdua&Swif pufwifbmv f dS twGi; vky}f uHowfjzwfjcif;cH&onf? ol.tpfurm w&m;v$wawmfcsKyf/ w&m; f kd S f 0ef}uD;csKyf OD;ausmfjrifjh zpfonf? ocifxe;tky/f 1907=ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;onf/ &efukefESifh udkvHbdkrdwdkwGif ynm G f oif-um;cJhI wdkArmtpnf;tHk;. tjcm;ppftkyfpk. acgif;aqmif (ocif ApdefESifh twl/ Adkvfae0if;vnf; xdktkyfpkwGifyg0ifonf) olonf [pfwvm (Hitlers) . rdkifuef (Mein Kampf) vrf;a-umif;twdkif; a&;om;xm;aom u|Ekfyfwdk pGef pm;cef; (Our Exploits) udk a&;om;oljzpf_yD;/ 1940=ckESpfwGif *syefodk vdkufyg oGm;cJonf? h 1940=ckESpfrsm;ESifh 1950=ckESpfrsm;wGif twdkuftcH vufsmEdkifiHa&;orm; b0Y &yfwnf&if; 1970=ckEpf Zefe0g&DvwGif uG,veom;cJonf? S f G f G h
udkvdkeDtm%mydkifrsm;
tufwvD/ tm;vfuvDrif/h tm/ (Atlee, Earl Clement R.) 1883 ckEpwif arG;zGm;cJonf? 1945=55 ckEpwif avbmygwD. 0ef}uD;csKyf/ Sf G h Sf G AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh ukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJukd vef'efokdzdwfac:I 1947 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv (13) &ufaerpI awGqaqG;aEG;cJonf? Zefe0g&Dv (27) &ufaewif S Hk h G atmifqef;=tufwvDpmcsKyf csKyfqkdtqkH;owfEkdifcJhonf? OD;apmtay: _Adwdo# 0ef}uD;csKyf. tptOD;tjrifrsm;rSm *k%,z,r&Syg? jrefrmhvwvyfa&;ESihf ,if;ESihf f lG f d G f qufE,aeaom udp&yfrsm;ESiywfoufI aemufyi;wGif Ek=tufwvDpmcsKyfudk G f P hf dk f vef'efwGif 1947 ckESpf atmufwkdbmvwGif vufrSwfa&;xkd;csKyfqkdEkdifcJhonf? tufwvDonf 1967 ckEpwif uG,veconf? S f G f G f hJ a':refprpf/ qm&D*sie,f [sL; ( Dorman-Smith, Sir Reginald Hugh) f 1899=ckEpwif arG;zGm;cJ_h y; (193541) ckEprsm;wGif uGeqmaA;wpf (ConSf G D Sf f hJ d servative MP) trwfjzpfcI/ _Adwo#0ef}uD;tzGJ tawmfrsm;rsm;wGif 0ef}uD;tzGJ 0if
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tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ (194146) ckEprsm;twGi; jrefrmEdii. bk&ifcwOD;jzpfum S f f kfH H OD;apmESivnf; rsm;pGm tu|r;0ifowOD;jzpfonf? xdaemuf _Awo# trsK;om;a&; hf f l k d d d jynfo0efxrf;odk jyefr0ifaomfvnf; [efi;,m;e,f wm0ef,&aom tqifjh rif&r; l d+ f l h J (High Sheriff of Hampshire) ESifh ajy_idrf;a&; wm0efcH (JP) tvkyfrsm; vkyfudkif ygonf? 1977=ckEpwif uG,veom;cJonf? S f G f G f G h vdw0w/f qm*|e*;D vfbwf/ ( Laithwaite, Sir John Gilbert) fd f 1894=ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;onf? 1919=ckESpfwGif tdENd,EdkifiHqdkif&m EdkifiHjcm; a&;Xmeodk 0ifa&muftr+xrf;cJhI (193943) wGif bk&ifcH. udk,fa&;twGif; 0eftjzpf tr+xrf;aqmifcJhonf? (194548) ckESpfrsm;wGif EdkifiHjcm;a&;XmeY jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m vufaxmuftwGif;0ef ( Deputy Under Secretary of State) tjzpf wm0ef,conf? l hJ vpfw0v/f (5) qufajrmuf tm;vfatmhzf (0Dv,H z&efppf[,m;) kd J D J
( Listowel, the 5 . Earl of (William Francis Hare)
th
&ef/ AdvcsKyf qm/ [sL;bwf (Rance, Major-General Sir Hubert) k f 1898=ckEpwif arG;zGm;onf? (1943=45) ESprsm;wGif ,lau taemufyi; S f G f kd f ppfOD;pD;XmeY wm0efxrf;aqmifcJh_yD; (1945=46) ESpfrsm;wGif jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m rdj ya&;&m!e-f um;a&;r;tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ wzef 1946=ck/-o*kwvrS1948=ck/ f Zefe0g&Dvtxd jrefrmEdii. aemufq; bk&ifctjzpfvnf;aumif;/ jrefrmEdii. kfH Hk H kfH txl;xl;taxGaxG vlrsKd;a&;a&m 0g'a&;yg uJGjym;ae-uonfh EdkifiHa&;tkyfpkrsm; t-um;wGif bufrvdkufbJ ajzmifhrwfpGm wm0efxrf;aqmifcJholwOD;jzpfonf? (1950=54) wGif x&ifheif'ufESifh wdkbmudk;EdkifiH. bk&ifcHESifh ppfaoemywdcsKyf wm0efxrf;aqmifconf? 1974=ckEpwif uG,veom;cJonf? hJ S f G f G f G h
olwdkb,folawGvJ
bif*av/ *|epwsL;0yf ( Bingley, John Stewart ) f 1899=ckEpwif arG;zGm;cJonf? (1946=47) ckEprsm;twGi; jrefrmEkiiwif S f G h S f f dfH G _Adwdo#aumifpD ( British Council) . udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf &efukef-rdY aexkdifcJh onf? OD;apmu tif;pdefaxmifxJrS pmtcsKd olxHa&;om;_yD; aiGawmif;cHcJhonf? axmufvSr;a&;vkyief;rsm;wGif ol yg0ifywfoufaeonf[k ocifE/k OD;ausm_f ir;ESihf f f df tcsKdyk*~dKvfrsm;u t}uD;tus,foHo,jzpf-uonf? 1947=ckESpf/ pufwifbmv (4) &ufaewif jrefrmEdiirS tavmok;q,f xGucmoGm;cJonf? 1979=ckEpwif G kfH H f G h S f G _AdwdefEdkifiH/ qa&; (Surrey) e,fwGif uG,fvGefoGm;onf? 'de;/ Advr; yDwmtm;euf vefpfavmh ( Daine, Major Peter Ernest Lancelot) f k f 1923=ckEpwif arG;zGm;cJonf? tdE, tcsujf yqufo,a&;wyfY 1944=rS S f G h dN G f pwifI t&m&Sdtqifhudk &&SdcJhonf? 1947=ckESpfwGif ArmhppfOD;pD;XmecsKyf axmuf vS rf;a&;wyfY wm0efxrf;aqmifvsuf/ r*Fvm'kH ajrmufbuf&Sd yifr cJ,rf;rD; ausmufwdkuf. wyfr;vnf;jzpfonf? OD;apmwynfhrsm; xkwf,loGm;aom vuf eufrsm;ESifh ywfoufI oltm; zrf;qD;jcif;r&Sd? rd;/ Advr; a*s/ at (Moore, Major J.A) k k f 1908=ckEpwif arG;zGm;onf? tdE,wyfrawmf. vufeuf}uD;wyfrS t&m S f G dN &SwOD;jzpf_y;/ Advwaxmif&dS yifrcJ,rf;rD;ausmufwu. wyfr;jzpfygvsuf OD;apm d D k f kd f
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1907=ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;onf/ 1947=ckESpf {_yDvrSpI EdkifiHjcm;a&;XmeY tdENd,EdkifiHESifh jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m twGif;0eftjzpfvnf;aumif;/ (1947=ck/ -o*kwf vrS 1948=ck/ Zefe0g&Dvtxd) jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m twGif;0eftjzpfvnf;aumif; aqmif&uconf? 1997=ckEpwif uG,veom;cJonf? G f hJ S f G f G f G h armifbufwef/ Apfaumifh armifbufwef atmhzf bm;rm; h h (a&wyfAvcsKyf avmh-vl0pf-z&efppf-tJvbwf-Apfwm-eDuvufp) kd f J kd f
(Mountbatten, Viscount Mountbatten of Burma (Rear-Admiral Lord Louis Francis Albert Victor Nicholas)
1900=jynfEpwif arG;zGm;onf? (1943=46) ESprsm;wGif tm&S. r[mrdwf h S f G f wyfaygif;pk ppfaoemywdcsKyftjzpf wm0ef,lcJh&oljzpfonf? xdkaemuf (1947/ rwfvrS -o*kwfvtxd) tdENd,EdkifiH. bk&ifhtkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mykdif (Viceroy) tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ bk&ifcHcsKyf (Governor-General) tjzpfvnf;aumif; wm0ef xrf;aqmifcJhjyefonf? txl;ojzifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tm; av;pm;vsuf vGwf vyfaom jrefrmjynf.acgif;aqmiftjzpf rsm;pGm ta&;ay;cJojl zpfonf? 1979=ck/ h -o*kwvwGif owfjzwfjcif;cH&onf? f
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AdvcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ k f (Twentieth Century Impressions of Burma) if;. orki;/ jynfo/ ukeo,r/ df l f G f +
wynfrsm; xkw,om;onfh vufeufrsm;ESiywfoufI olukd zrf;qD;cJaomfvnf; h f l G hf h jypf'%fusc&jcif;r&S? H d ADA,ef;/ uy`wef a';Apf (Vivian, Captain David) D d 1932 ckESpfwGif pwif t&m&Sdjzpfvmonf? tdENd,wyfrawmfrS jrefrmvuf eufuiyvywyfzJGokd vufeuft}uHay;yk*Kd~ vftjzpf aqmif&u&ef v$ajymif;jcif; kd f k d f G f J cH&vsuf/ Zlvdkifv (20) &ufwGif tzrf;cH&_yD; vufeufrsm; a&mif;csr+jzifh pJGcsuf wifc&onf? axmif'%f (5) ESpEihf ly;ig;axmif aiG'%f (2) ck yl;wGJ tjypfay;cH& H f S D onf? odaomf 1949=ckEpf tif;pdeukd u&ifvufeufuioyewyfrsm; odr;ydu&m k S f kd f l k f f k f wGif vGwajrmufcojzifh u&ifawmfvea&;orm;rsm;ESihf yl;aygif;cJonf? xdaemuf f hJ h S f h k tv,f;rrSwqifh ta&S;rawmwGi; vufeufuif u&ifpcef;rsm;odk a&mufom; dk dk f kd G &mrS 1950=ckESpf/ -o*kwfvwGif xdkif;e,fpyfteD;&Sd aumhu&dwfe,fajrtwGif; v,fwJwckY u&ifhawmfvSefa&;acgif;aqmif apmbOD;}uD;ESifhtwl acwWpcef;cs aecduf ArmhwyfrawmfEihf wduyjGJ zpfum towfc&onf[k jrefrmtm%mydirsm;u k S k f H kf ,lqcJaomfjim;vnf; trSepifppf xdaeu xkae&mwGif olr&Scyg? 1950=ESpv,f h f k d d hJ f cefY xdi;Ediirwqifh _AweEiiokd jyefom;onftcsetxd olonf ESpaygif;rsm;pGm kf kfHS d d f kd f H G h df f u&ifawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;ESifh vGwfajrmufe,fajrrsm;twGif; aexdkifcJhonf? xdaemuf (1980) ckESpftwGif; a0ve,f/ qGrfpD;rdwGif uG,fvGefoGm;cJhonf? k &ef;/ Advr; pD[ife&D ( Young, Major C. Henry) k f tdE,wyfrawmf v#yppfEihf pufrtif*sie,m tvkywyfc. wyfr;wOD; dN f S + f D f Hk GJ jzpfI OD;apmudk vufeufay;urf;cJhr+jzifh 1947=ck/ -o*kwfv (24) &ufaewGif tzrf;cH&_yD; axmif'%f (2) ESpf tjypfay;cH&aomfvnf; toem;cHpmwifojzifh v$way;cJonf? jrefrmEdiirS csufcsif; xGucmoGm;cJygonf? f h kfH f G h
jrefrmtrnfrsm;ESifh ywfoufaom rSwfcsuf

OD;aratmif u|efawmhfbcifbufrS tzkd; OD;aratmif a&;om;cJhonhf enf;[efESifh "avhxkH;pH (Manners & Customs) aqmif;yg;rS aumufEkwfcsufrsm;ukd atmuf ygtwki; azmfjyygrnf? Taqmif;yg;onf v+u*&dwwm _Awepmtkyf xkwa0a&; df d f f d df f ukr%vrwufrS 1910 ckEpwif xkwa0cJonfh jrefrmEkii. 20 &mpktjrifrsm; ` D d d S f G f h dfH
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pufrvufrvyief;rsm;ESihf o,HZmwt&if;tjrpfrsm; *sme,fwif xnfoi;xm; + + k f G h Gf jcif;jzpfonf? (pmrsufEm=77 ESihf 88)? S arG;zGm;jcif;ESifhuav;b0? tjcm;wkdif;jynfrsm;rS uav;i,frsm;uJhokdyif jrefrmuav;i,frsm;rSm vlavmutwGif;okd aysmf&$ifjrL;wl;jcif;rsm;pGmjzifh auG; a-umf0ifa&mufvmcJonf? h uav;arG;zGm;_yD; (7) &ufajrmufonfhwkdif vma&mufowif;ar;jref;ol {nfhonfrsm;tm; waeywfvnfvkH; {nfhcHavh&Sdonf?t"duajymqkdonfh ta-umif;t&mrSm uav;i,fta-umif;jzpfonf? olarG;zGm;vmonfh &ufESifh vwkdESifh ywfoufI aqG;aEG;-uonf? oltem*wfESifhywfoufI aysmf&$ifzG,f aumif;aom edrdwfzwfr+rsm;ukd yvkyf-uonf? 0gqkdv (ZGef/ Zlvkdif) wGifarG;aom a,musfm;av;ESifh jymokdv (Zefe0g&D/ azazmf0g&D) wGifarG;aom rdef;uav;wkrSm d vlavmu. aumif;cs;axmyemt00ukd cHpm;&rSmuse;aoonf? Ak'[;om;onf D d f < l csrf;omrnf/ aom-umom; pum;rsm;rnf ponfponfwtjyif tjcm;ta-umif; kd t&mrsKd;pkHukd uav;i,fwa,muf arG;zGm;csdefwGif rvGJraoGajym-uqkd-uonf? ykm;uJoaom q&mwyg;yg; (ausmif;q&m okr[kwf ynm&SwOD;OD;)ukd yifzw_f y; h dk d d hd D uav;arG;zGm;vmonfh euQwtcsdeudk rSwom;apum uav;i,f. trnfemr f f f a&G;cs,&mY uln!ejf yaponf? jrefrmvlrsK;wkwif (&ckivrsK;wkrvI)rdbrsK;k; f D d d G d f l d d S JG d d emrnftpOfudk ,l;r&Sacs? rnfonft&yfwumwGirqkd emrnfwrmwykpwnf; dk d h f dk S H H jzpf_yD;rdbrsKd;k;pOfqufudk jyok;r&Sacs? trsm;pkrm emrnf (2) rsKd;&S_d yD; wrsKd;rSm d d d S euQwtvkt& ZmwmwGif xnfoi;aomtrnfemrjzpfI tjcm;wrsK;rSm oifovkd f d h Gf d h a&G;vkujf cif;aomfvnf;aumif;/ rdbrsm; pdwu;rdovkvnf;aumif;/ ajymifavSmif d f l d ac:&if;rS rGr;rHjyifqifIaomfvnf;aumif; rSnac:vkuonfh trnfemrjzpfonf? f hf d f yxremrnfrsK;rSm a&S;k;pOfvmtok;yvmonfh emrnfrsm;jzpfI ,if;uk-d unfjh cif; d d H jzifh uav;i,farG;zGm;vmonfh &ufowWywftwGif;rS ae&ufukd rSefuefpGmajym qkEionf? jrefrmtuQ&mrsm;rS pum;vk;rsm;ukd &ufowWywf (7) &ufrS (1) &uf d dk f H pDtm; tcsKd;csay;xm;onf? u/ c/ */ C/ i wkonf wevFmaetwGu? p/ q/ Z/ d f ps/ n wkdonf t*FgaetwGuf/ y/ z/ A/ b/ r wkdonf -umoyaw;aetwGuf pojzif? okdjzpfI t*Fgaeom;onf armifpef (okr[kw) armifaZmf/ -umoyaw;ae h d d f orD;onf rjzL (okdr[kwf) rjr pojzifh jzpfvmonf? armifESifhr pum;vkH;wkdrSm (Master or Mister and Miss) wkdESifh wlnD_yD; a,musfm;/ rdef;rvdifukd !efjyonfh
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,Ofaus;odrarGpm tok;yaom emrnfa&Spnf;rsm;jzpf-uonf? emrnfa&Spnf;ukd f G H xnfrwGuv#if ESpv;kH wGtrnfrsm;jzpfonfh armifomcif/ armifz;kd wuf/ armifb&Si/f h f f J rpef;ar/ raiGbi/hf rzGm;jrpfwrm tok;rsm;_yD; ok;vk;wG/J av;vk;wGJ emrnfrsm;rSm G dk S H H H H &ckivrsKd;wkrvI tok;enf;onf? jrefrmpmrSm Asnf;wvk;pDtoHxu_f yD; emrnf df l d S JG H H G . pum;vkH;wkdif;wGif t"dy`m,f&Sdonf? okaomfvnf; emrnfqkdonfrSm t"dy`m,f d oufa&mufapcsifovkd a,bk,s okr[kwf vktyfovkd &nf!e;rSnac:xm;jcif; d d f hf jzpfonf[k tcsKdpma&;olrsm; a&;ouJodk ,lqrnfqv#ifvnf; rSm;,Gi;ygonf? h dk f okaomfvnf; tcsKdae&mrsm;wGif xkuodk rSnac:avh&-dS ujyefonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh d d hJ hf armifbcspf (zcif.tcspf) okdr[kwf rzGm;ouf (tzGm;.touf) pojzifh/ ,ckacwfwGifrl uav;i,fwOD;.emrnfukd oihfovkd uHovkdvnf;aumif; okdr[kwf vlwOD;wa,muf pdwful;rdovkdvnf;aumif; okdr[kwf xif&Sm;ausmf -um;aom yk*Kd~ vfwOD;OD;. trnfemrukd ,ljcif;jzifaomfvnf;aumif; rSnac: -u h hf onf? vlwOD;wa,muf. b0aemufykdif;wGif armif (okdr[kwf) r [lonfh emrnfa&Spnf;onf ajymif;oGm;onfudk Tae&mwGif azmfjy&efvayonf? t-urf; dk zsif;tm;jzifh touf (20) ESifh (35) ESpft-um; a,musfm;wOD;ukd emrnfa&Spnf; ukd (tukd) [k okH;E+ef;_yD; touf (30) ESpftxuf vlwOD;ukd OD; (OD;av;/ OD;}uD;) Oyrmtm;jzifh ukdbckdif/ OD;omvl pojzifh ac:a0:ayvdrfhrnf? tvm;wlyif vlvwfykdif;trsKd; orD;wOD;ukd a': (ta': ) wyfac:ayvdrfhrnf? Oyrmtm;jzifh a':apm? ,if;wkrm ,Ofaus;odrarG pGmok;aom emrnfa&Spnf;rsm;jzpf_yD; touf d S f H t&G,f}uD;rm;olESifh vlaer+tqifhjrifhrm;olrsm;. trnfemrukd &nf!ef;&mY ok;pG&ef vk;0O\kvtyfygonf? tvm;wl a&Spnf;rsm;jzpfonfh zk; (tzk;) ESihf zGm; H J H H dk d d (tzGm;) wkurl ,cktcg jrif&cJygonf? jrefrmtrsKd;orD;wOD;onf vufxyfxr; d dk d f jrm;_yD;aemuf olremrnfukd ajymif;vJjcif;r&SdbJ b0wav#mufvkH; ukd,fykdifem rnftjzpf xdef;odrf;xm;jcif;ESifh t*FvdyftokH;jzpfonfh rpPpf (Mrs) ESifh tvm;wl jrefrmpum;vk;r&Sjd cif;onf xl;jcm;csufw&yfjzpfonf? H jrefrmemrnfa&Spnf;rsm;tok;ukd ykrjkd ynfpap&ef atmufygwkudk xyfrjH znfh H d h Hk d pGuygonf? f _Adwdo#ukdvkdeDe,fcsJtkyfcsKyfolrsm; okH;pGJonfhtac:ykHpH (Master, Mistress) (ppftwGif; jrefrmEkdifiHukd 0ifa&mufodrf;ykdufxm;pOfu *syefrsm;yifv#if rmpwm Master [k olwudk ac:a0:apcJonf) ukd tefwonftaejzifh wkArmtpnf;tk;0if dk h k h d H trsKd;om; trsKd;orD;rsm;taejzifh ocifESifh ocifr (Master and Mistress) [lI
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1930 ckESpfrsm;twGif; ukd,fhukd,fukd ac:a0:okH;pGJvm-uonf? tpnf;tkH;. em,u}uD;jzpfol ocifukd,fawmfr+dif;u ociftjyif ukd,fawmf[lonfhtokH;ukd r;rwf (a lord) jzpfonfhtaejzifh xyfwkd;um txl;yokH;pGJcJhonf? Akdvf[lonfhtokH;ukd ppfwyft&m&Sdrsm;rSmuJhokdyif ArmhvGwfvyfa&; wyfrawmf pwifzJGpnf;pOfupI t&m&Sceftyfc&olrsm; okr[kwf ceftyfc&onf[k d H d H ,lqolrsm;u if;wk. emrnfa&Spnf;tjzpf xifxifay:ay: okH;pGJvmcJh-uonf? d 'k=Akdvf/ Adkvf}uD;/ Adkvfr;ESifh AdkvfcsKyf &mxl;tpOftwkdif;wkdrSm t_rJwrf; vufeuf ukdifwyfzGJ OD;pD;Xme (2nd Lieutenant rS General) txd tpOfvkduf tac:ta0: jzpfonf? b&Da*h',m (Brigadier) rSm tu,fpifppftm;jzifh wyfrif;}uD; (wyfrr;) D ukd owfrSwfxm;jcif;jzpfonf? okdaomfvnf; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;rsm; (Generals) tjzpf tac:cHvkdaom ppfwyft&m&Sd tqifhqifhf taejzifh _Adwdo#pepfrS tar&duefpepf h H l okd ajymif;vJ_yD; Advr;csKyf (Brigadier General) &mxl;tqifudk ajymif;vJc,c-hJ u k f jcif;jzpfonf? vlxk. -unfndKav;pm;cH&aom OD;atmifqef;twGufom AdkvfcsKyf}uD; (Great Supremo) qkonfh trnfacgif;pOfonf wcseaomtcgu oD;jcm;jzpfconf? d df hJ okaomfvnf; ol.orD;jzpfol 'Drua&pDcsey,tm; qefusi&mY rnfor# xdcuf d dk f D H f dk dk I r&onfh OD;atmifqef;ESifh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;[lonfh trnfemrwkdtm; AdkvfcsKyf}uD; rsm; trsm;tjym;ukd ckefysHausmfv$m;zefwD;vkduf_yD; omreftrnfemrw&yftjzpf e0w u txiftjrifa&mufapcJhonf? ukd,fhvlrsKd;ukdomowfjzwf_yD; rnfonfh ppfyGJrS rqifE$Jzl;onfh qkwHqdyf zJud;rsm; &iftjynfhxkd;vsuf ppfAdkvftm%m&Sif rsm;taejzifh xl;jcm;_yD; tjrifhqkH;jzpfonfh AdkvfcsKyfr;}uD; (Senior General) &mxl;}uD;ukd zefwD;vkduf-ujyefonf? &S rf;rif;om; tEG,ft0ifrsm;url olwkd trnfa&SwGif pyf (Oyrmtm;jzifh pyfa&$ou) [k ok;pG-J uvsuf yk;u&ifrsm;u ref; (Oyrm=ref;0if;armif) [ko;pGum dk f H d Hk J paumu&ifrsm;u apm (Oyrm=apm[efwmomar$;) [k okH;E+ef;-uygonf? (*VKefOD;apmuJhoaom jrefrmemrnf apmESifh rvGJrSm;&ef vkdygonf?) ucsift}uD; kd tuJrsm;url 'l;0g;[laom acgif;pnf;ukd ok; -uonf? (Oyrmtm;jzifh qrm;a'o&Sd H ucsift}uD;tuJ qrm;'l;0g; qif0g;aemif)?

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tcef; (1) AdvcsKyfvy}f uc&jcif; k f k HH

&efukefrd/ 1947 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (19) &uf/ paeae
,aeonf jrefrmjyuQ'etvkt& 0gacgifv.aewae jzpfonf?Tvonf d f d Ak'<bmom0iftaygif;wdk 0gqdkouFef;uyfv_ rJjzpfonfh 0gwGif;oHk;vywf. vw vjzpfay.? jrefrmjynfwi; qefa&pyg;/ aumufyo;ESH jynfv#Hw;atmif rkwoHk Gf J D h kd f rdk;wdk onf;}uD;rnf;}uD; &Gmavh&Sdaom v wvvnf; jzpfygonf? Zlvdkifv (19) &uf/ eHeuf a0vDa0vif;tcsdewif rkwor;qifI avjyif;rkewi;usa&mufawmh f G f Hk kd f kd f rnfh t&dyfta&mifwdk ay:pyaeay_yD? xdktcsdefwGif EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmif}uD;wOD; jzpfol OD;apm. trSwf (4)/ at'Dvrf;&dyfomjyifyY vli,fwodkuf pkHk;vsuf&Sd aeonf? OD;apm. oyf&yfaom_cH0if;onf &efuef rdawmfajrmufyi;/ qifajczk; t k kd f H xufwef;pm; &yfuGufwcktwGif; at;csrf;qdwf_idrfvSonfh tif;,m;uefu|ef; qG,wck txufem;wGif wnf&aeonf? OD;apmud,wivnf; apmapmpD;pD; tdyf f dS k f kd f &mrSxvsuf wynfi,fom;rsm;udk aemufq;rSm-um;csufrsm; rSm-um;aeygonf? h kH r-umrD OD;apm apv$wf&mokd oGm;-uawmhrnfh olwdktzGJonf jrefrmjynf}uD;. uH-urRmudk xm0&ajymif;vJom;apawmhrnf? OD;apm.wynfwyef;xJwif olZeD; G h G . wlawmfarmift&G,f cyfi,fi,f cifarmif&ifvnf;ygonf? cifarmif&ifonf ppf tpdr;a&mif zd'qefx&yfum;ay:odk wuf_yD; um;armif;&ef jyifvuaomtcgwGif f k f kd f OD;apm. tjcm; wynfo;OD;wdvnf; um;ay:odk ckewufvu-f uonf? olwkd xGuf h kH k f kd cGmoGm;csdefrSm eHeuf (8) em&D (30) rdepf &Sdacs_yD? if;wd.um; &efuef rdv,facgifokd OD;wnfarmif;ESivmonfurl rnfor# k k f kd l *krpdkufrdvdkuf-uacs? 'kwd,urBmppf}uD; _yD;pjzpfI rdawmf}uD;twGif; ppfyHkyef; omef um;}uD;um;i,f toG,o,wkd armif;ESiae-uonfrm rqef;-u,fv? f G f f S S em&D0ufceft-umwGif zdk'fqefx&yfum;onf &efukefrdv,faumif&Sd teDa&mif tkwwkd jzifh aqmufvypjD c,fxm;_yD; cefxnfvaom 0dw&,acwf ESpxyfwuf f k f S kd d f kd taqmufttHk}uD;jzpfonfh twGif;0efrsm;Hk;}uD;teD; 'gv[dkZDvrf;ESifh (42) vrf;
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axmifhwGif &yfwefvdkufonf? um;xJwGif if;wdktzGJxJrS armifeDwOD;om um; apmifhtjzpfaecJhvsuf cifarmif&ifESifh taygif;ygESpfOD; (b!GefESifhr+ef}uD;) wdkonf twGif;0efrsm;Hk; taqmufttHktwGif;odk uif;axmuf&ef av#mufoGm;-uonf? tqdkygae eHeufaESmif;ydkif;wGif bk&ifcH. tr+aqmifaumifpD tpnf;ta0; vkyf jzpfrnf/ rvkyjf zpfrnfukd olwkd odv-kd uonf? tpnf;ta0;vkyjf zpfonf[k odv#if odcsif; cifarmif&ifonf ol&d, owif;pmykHESdyfwkdufrS w,fvDzkef;wckudk toHk; yvsuf olq&mocifxHodk pum;0Suf owif;ydkcsufwckudk wdkwdkawmif;awmif; ydvuawmhonf? ypPwifui;rsm; &&S_d yD;yg_yD? k kd f Gf pum;0Sufjzifh twnfycsuf&&Sd_yD;v#if_yD;csif; at'Dvrf;&Sd OD;apm.aetdrf rS *spfum;wpif; t&Sdefjyif;pGmarmif;ESifI xGufvmcJhonf? tcsdefrSm eHeuf (10) em&D? um;armif;ol okc.eHab;wGif touf (30) twGif;&Sd t&yf&Snf&Snf armif pdk;qdkolvnf; vkdufygvmonf? um;aemufydkif; uif;bwfpf tzHk;}uD;atmufwGif ykef;vsuf/ auG;vsuf vdkufygvmol (3) OD;rSm aoewfudkifxm;olrsm;jzpf-uaom armifpe/f oufEi;ESihf &ef}uD;atmifwkd jzpf-uonf? armifp;/ armifpeEihf oufEi; d Sf kd d f S Sf wdk wOD;csif;wGif awmfrD*ef;aoewf wvufpD&Sd-uonf? vlysKdt&G,f i,f&G,fol &ef}uD;atmifwirl wcsucsi; armif;jyef (Semi-automatic) pwif;*ef; aoewfw Gf f f vuf udiaqmifxm;onf? *spfum;ajceif;jyifay:wGif twGi;0ef;Y udwifapmifh kf f Hk qdi;aeaom b!GetwGuf awmfr*ef;aoewfwvuf yg&Svmonf? if;wdtm;vH; kf f D d k k onf awmwGif;ppfpdrf;a&mif ppf0wfppfpm;rsm; 0wfqifxm;-uvsuf aysmhaysmif; onfh awmwGif;aqmif; ppfOD;xkyfrsm; aqmif;xm;-uonf? 1 if;wdk. ppf0wfpHk ycHk;ay:wGif jrefrmEdkifiHY ppftwGif;u &Sd&if;pGJjzpfaom t*Fvdyfacwf rdapmifhwyf trSwf (12) aoewfudkifwyf&if;. trSwfwHqdyfudk wyfqifxm;-uonf? teD a&mifESifh tjzLa&mif tvHi,fESpfckwdkonf um;ta&SrSef. b,fbufaxmifhpGef; 0,f avwdkufwdkif; wzsyfzsyfdkufcwfI ygvm_yD; if;wdkpD;eif;vmonfh *spfum; onf &efuef rdv,faumifwokd tjyif;armif;ESivmawmhonf? k l l f tqdkygtcsdefESifh ra&S;raESmif;wGifyif AdkvfcsKyfb0rS EkwfxGufxm;cgpjzpf aom OD;atmifqef;onfvnf; &efuef uefawmf}uD;apmif;&Sd olaexdi&m pdr;vef; k kf f pdkjynfvSonfh wm0gvdef;vrf;aetdrfrS um;armif;ol tr+xrf;wOD; armif;ESifay; onfhum;udk pD;eif;vkdufygvsuf xGufcGmvmcJhonf? AdkvfcsKyfrSm touf (32) ESpf t&G,f&Sd jrefrmhtrsKd;om;v+yf&Sm;r+}uD;. acgif;aqmifESifh bk&ifcH. tvkyftr+ aqmifaumifpD 'k=OuU@jzpf_yD; trSeqygv#if vGwvyfa&; tudacwf tpd;&tzGJ f kd f k
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qD;ydicifh 0&rf;pm&Sr&Sd ar;vduonf? TwGif jy\emwck0ifvmonfrm 0&rf;pm kf G d k f S rygjcif;yifjzpf.? odk jzpfI w&m;Oya'ESifh tHacsm_f yD; [efyray:ojzifh odoomom kH d pdwvy&m;aeaom t&m&Sonf oltxuft&m&SxH csufcsif;w,fvze;quf_yD; f + f S d d D k f ola&SqufvkyfudkifoGm;&rnfh wm0efydkif;qkdif&m E+wfrdefudk aocsmpGm &&Sd_yD;aom tcgwGirS OD;apmu olwtm;vH;udk oltrwif &SmazGcihf yvduonf? ,if;odk &SmazG f kd k d f G G k f pOftcseumvwav#mufv; OD;apmonf 0DpuDukd taomufrysuf jznf;jznf;csi; d f kH f qufvufpkyfaomufaecJhonf? jrefrmvlrsKd;zcifwOD;u oluav;i,frsm;tay: qufqonfenf;wl olvrsm; a-umuf&HGroufomoGm;ap&ef t&$wtaemufrsm; H h l + f jzifh ajrmufyihfacsmharmhr+rsm; yvkyf_yD; ykvdyfrsm;ay:wGifvnf; jrefrmjynf eef;&if; 0efb0u qufqHcJhonfh avoHtwdkif; txufpD;udk tydkif,lxm;avonf? r-umrD eHygwf (9) rr qyfr&Sif;*ef;wvuf/ pwif;*ef;wvufESifh usnfqH rsm;udk oltdrftwGif;rS ykvdyfu &SmazGawG&Sdonfhwdkif OD;apmonf vHk;0[efrysuf ao;bJ olwynfhrsm;ESifh jyufvHk;xkwfaeqJyifjzpfyg.? xkdvufeufESpfckvHk;onf OD;apmydivipifEifh aoewfrsm; jzpfaomfjim;vnf; xdvufeufEifh usnfqrsm;udk k f kd f S k S H oufaocHypPn;tjzpf odr;vdu-f uavonf? xktcsetxd OD;apmu tyH;rysu/f f f k d d f uJ bmqufvkyfOD;rvJ [k ar;vdkufonf? xka-umifh rsufESmxm;wif;wif;ESihf d t&m&Sdonf aemufxyfw,fvDzkef;pum; tar;tajzrsm; yvkyf_yD; OD;apmqDvm um 'Dtcsdeup_yD; cifAsm;udk zrf;vduyg_yD? cifAsm;udk usaemfwkd vHk cHwae&mrSm f k f hJ xdef;odrf;xm;zdk tck csufcsif;ac:oGm;&ygr,f [k ajymvdkufonf? odkwdkifatmif rSm;,Gif;onfhbufY ,Hk-unfcsufjyif;xefvGef;ol OD;apmonf wkefv+yfacsmufcsm; r+vHk;0r&Sdao;bJ olaemufvdkufrsm;bufvSnfhum OD;apmu a[h= rif;wdtdyf&m k vdyfawG xkwf-ua[h? apmifvHkvHkavmufavmuf ,lvmzdkvnf; rarh-ueJ? igwdk oGm;r,fhae&mu tm%mydkifawGu igwdkudk vdkoavmufay;EkdifcsifrS ay;EdkifrSm [k ajymae&mu wpHkwckudk pOf;pm;[efjzifh at;av(3) &uf 'grS r[kwf (4) &ufavmuf ta0;rSm igwdtm;vH; oGm;ae-u&rSmyg? bmrS rpd;&dr-f ueJ [k olu k k k bmrS rjzpfovdk xyfajymvdujf yefonf? k OD;apm. ZeD;onf a':oef;cifonf xdaeu tdrwir&Sacs? &efueajrmuf k f Gf d k f ydi;/ tif;pde&dS yxrtdraxmifonf. OD;av;awmfol aetdrokd olra&mufaeonf? kf f f f Zlvdkifv (19) &ufae Y &JwyfzGJ0ifrsm; a&mufoGm;aomtcgu OD;apm. tdrfwGif cifarmif&if.ZeD;ESihf armifeD.ZeD; trsKd;orD;ESpfOD;tygt0if tdrfapa,musfm; av;wa,mufEihf rde;rav;wa,mufwom usefaecJonf? S f kd h
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u|Eky. zcifjzpfol OD;xGe;vSatmifonf r+cif;axmufvS r;a&;Xme=ykvyf f f f f d wyfzGJ }uD; (CID) . 'k=ykvdyfrif;}uD;jzpf_yD; (ykvdyfwyfzGJ }uD;udk &JwyfzGJ[k trnf rajymif;&ao;rD) xkdtcsdefu jrefrmjynfwGif 'kwd,tqihftjrihfqHk; ykvdyft&m&Sd }uD;jzpfonf? ,if;odkv#if zrf;qD;xm;olrsm;udk ykvdyfum;rsm;odk ac:aqmifvm S df csewirS OD;xGe;vSatmif xdae&moda&muf&vmonf? 11 vsijf refvaom ykvywyf df Gf f k k dS zGJ }uD;. ta&;,laqmif&urukd oltrdeay;EkicjhJ cif;onf uydwefcef;. owif; G f + f d f ` 12 k l ay;r+t&jzpfonf? aoewform;wd. *spfum;ESifhoum; wkdufvkeD;yg;jzpfcJh_yD; onfhaemufydkif;wGif 0if'grD,mygh(cf) &Sd OD;xGef;vSatmiftdrfodk uy`wdefcef;u awmufav#mufom;cJonf? OD;xGe;vSatmifukd tdrwif rawGvuonftcg cef; G h f f G kd f h f d f k onf (CID) r+cif;axmufvS r;a&;Xme ykvyrif;}uD;H;cef;odk aev,f (1) em&Dcef wGif vS r;zke;qufvuonf? OD;xGe;vSatmifonf odr;qnf;xm;aom vufeuf f f kd f f f rsm;udk 0rf;enf;a-uuGJaom tawG;rsm;jzihf ppfaq;-unfhcJhonf? OD;apmtdrfwGif tjcm; udk,fydkifud&d,m wefqmyvmrsm;udkvnf; awG&onf? txl;ojzifh r-um ao;rDurS kdufESdyfxm;[efwlaom pma&;puULu'frsm;tjyif 0ef}uD;csKyf[laom acgif;pOfESifh OD;apm[laom vufa&;quf wHqdyfwHk; ponfrsm;udkvnf; zrf;qD; &rdcJhonf? (CID) t}uD;tuJonf _cH0if;twGif;&Sd um;rsm;udkvnf; pdwf0ifwpm; -unhrjd yefonf? *spfum;ESpp;&S_d yD; olonf tif*sifpufrsm;udk E+;-unfonf? um; f f D d h wpD;omv#if trk;yg_yD; ,if;um;. eHygwfjym;rSm vwfvwfqwfqwf aq;okwf d xm;rSe; -unhEioEionf? ,if;um;onf vG,v,uuEifh pufE;aomfvnf; f f kH S fh d dk f f G f l l S d+ tjcm;um;rSm kwfw&ufpufrEd+;ay? xdk jyif zdk'fqefx&yfum;udk um;HkxJwGif &yfxm;onf? &efolydifbufrsm;udk z,f&Sm;_yD; rudkfudk t&,lum eef;wufonfh tpOf tvmudk jrefrmpum;wGif okwoifa&; [k oH;onf? OD;apmonf xdowoifa&; f k k k f ud;yrf;csuf}uD;udk tm;wufoa&m tuGufaphaph pDpOfvkyfaqmifcJhjim;aomf vnf; tm;vH; kww&uf tqH;owfom;onf? bk&ifcxrS oltrawmfokd tapmifh k f k G H H d f ta&Smufrsm;ESihfwuG w&m;0ifvdkufygvm&ef apv$wfvdkufaom wreftzGJudk vufcH&rnfhtpm; OD;apmESihf oltaygif;tygrsm;onf bvuf rm&D,m (Black Maria) jzifh axmifodk ac:aqmifoGm;jcif;udk cH&avawmhonf? TEdkifiHawmf vkyf}uHr+}uD;wGif yl;aygif;}uHpnfolrsm;udk xdkaeaemufydkif; axmifxJxnfh_yD; axmifwcg;ydwcsderm nae ae0ifcsdef jzpfaeav_yD? H f f S twGi;0efrsm;H;}uD;twGi; &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfpmvky}f uHr+ owif;qd;}uD; f k f G k
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rSm rdawmftwGif; ysHESHoGm;_yD; wwdkif;wjynfvHk; ylaqG;aomu a&muf-u&av onf? twGif;0efrsm;Hk;Y (6) a,muf yGJcsif;_yD; aoqHk;I aemufxyf (3) OD; xyfrH aoqHk;cJhonf? OD;bcsKdonf '%f&ma-umihf xdkae aev,fydkif;wGif aoqHk;cJh&_yD; apmpHxe;onf aemufwaewif uG,veom;&Smonf? i,f&,aom ud,&awmf G f G f G f G G f k f H &JabmfudkaxG;rSmrl aemuf&uftenf;i,ft-umwGifrS uG,fvGefoGm;&Smonf? Ekdif iHa&;orm; wOD;wa,mufwnf;. tm%mavmb&rufudk auseyfr+ay;apEdkif &eftwGuf yk*Kd~ vf (9) OD; toufay;cJ&avonf? _Adwo#wxrS tm%mv$ajymif; h d kd H J ,la&; ud;yrf;aeqJumvY jrefrmEdkifiH. t&nftcsif;tjrihfrm;qHk; acgif;aqmif rsm;rSm EdkifiHawmf tcsKyftjcmtm%m&&Sd_yD; vGwfvyfa&;ra-unmEdkifrDyif usqHk; oGm;cJ&&Smawmhonf? h

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AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;/ ppfaoemywd ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmf? (1943/ *syefjynf [Dkd[Dwdk {u&mZf udk,fwdkif wufae bGJtyfESif;cJhonf)
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1946 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv (27) &ufaewGif ceftyfvdkufonfh bk&ifcH. 0ef}uD;tzGJ a&Swef; 0JrS,m? ocifbpdef/ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;atmifqef;/ bk&ifcH AkdvfcsKyf qm[sL;bwf&ef(pf)/ OD;baz/ OD;wifxGf? aemufwef; 0JrS,m? ocifjr/ OD;atmifZHa0ESihf ocifodef;az?
59 pyfpxe; H Gf 'D;'kwfOD;bcsKd OD;&mZwf twGi;0efO;tke;armif f D f OD;atmifqef;
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vkyf}uHr+t_yD; bk&ifcH. 0ef}uD;tzGJESihf {nfhonfrsm; xkdifvsuf=0JrS,m? OD;ausmfndrf;/ qmbOD;/ av'D&ef(p)/ ocifEk/ qm[sL;bwf&ef(pf)/ The Earl of Listowel (jrefrmjynfqdkif&m twGif;0ef)/ Adkvfvusfm/ qm*vfbwfvdwf0dwf/ OD;wifxGf? ta&Swef;rwfwyf&yf= 0JrS,m? tmtDr*Gm&m;/ ref;0if;armif/ Adkvfzdk;uGef;/ udk,f&Hawmf (4) OD;/ ocifwif/ [oFmw OD;jr/ Aef;udka[mf/ rpP0dwfzdvf? taemufwef;= 0JrS,m? a*stvfav'if/ aysmfbG,fOD;jr/ qm&vfpwHk;[ef/ OD;b*srf;/ pDtuf (z) oD yD&wf(p) ESihf [,f&pf(p)
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yifvkHrdY/ 0JrS,m? AdkvfcsKyf/ anmifa&$apmbGm;}uD; pyfa&$okduf/ a':cif-unfESifh AkdvfxGef;vS/ azazmf0g&Dv/ 1947? 61 AdvcsKyfwdk k f ZeD;armifESHESifh &ifcGifykduforD;av; atmifqef;pk-unf 1945? 62
atmuf(p) zdk'FrdY emwmvl;yGJcsdef? 1983/ a':atmifqef;pk-unfaetdrfwGif rdom;pkrsm;ESihf rdwfaqGrsm;yg pkHk;vsuf? (a':atmifqef;pk-unf ab;wGif xkdifvsuf vufzuf&nfcGufudk vSrf;,laeol a'gufwmausmf0if;. arwWmvufaqmifyHkjzpfygonf?)
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1947 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (19) &ufaewGif twGif;0efHk;Y oem;!Smwmr+uif;rJh pGm aoewfjzihf ypfcwfowfjzwfjcif;cHvdkuf-u&ol yk*~dKvfrsm;rSm acwfopf jrefrm Ekii. txl;c|eq; Ediiacgif;aqmifrsm; jzpf-uayonf? _Awo#typ;r+. aemuf dfH f kH k f hH d d k f kd qHk;ESpfrsm;twGif;odk jrefrmEdkifiHudk acgif;aqmifr+ay;&ef olwdktaejzihf owfrSwf jy@mef;jcif;cHcJh-u&aomfvnf; vGwfvyfa&;&&Sdonftxd tqHk;wdkifaqmif&GufcGifh r&&Som;cJ-h u&Smacs? _Adwo#wonf 1885 ckEpwif rEav;-rdawmfokd cswufvm d G d kd S f G D -u_y; jrefrmEdii. aemufq;Hk rif;qufukd tqH;owfc-hJ uonf? Todkjzifh 1824=26 D kfH k yxr t*Fvy=jrefrmppfyrS pwifcaomolw.usL;ausmor;ydurukd tqH;owf df JG hJ kd f df k f+ k Ekic-hJ uonf? xdtcserpwifcaom _Awo#ukd qefusiwe;vSe&ef ud;yrf;cJonfh df k d f S hJ d d f G f f h om;pOfajr;quf ke;uefvy&m;r+wuyukd ,ckacwfopf jrefrmEdiiacgif;aqmif f + f S kd f JG kfH rsm;u qufvufO;aqmifray;cJ-h ujcif;jzpfonf? jrefrmEdii. bk&ifoaygrif;udk D + kfH D zrf;qD;ac:aqmifoGm;_yD; tdENd,EkdifiH/ &wem*D&dodk ydkxm;cJhonf? odkaomfvnf; bk&ifwyfrawmf/ touf&iuse&pfaecJaom rif;nDrif;om;tcsKd/ eef;awmft&m&Sd h Sf f h rsm;/ aus;&Gmol}uD;rsm;ESifh Ak'bmom bke;awmf}uD;rsm;yifv#if _Adwo#ydif tdE, < f d k dN Ekii. jynfe,fwckb0 a&mufom;cJ_h y;jzpfaom wcseu jrefrmbk&ifEiiawmf. dfH G D d f kd f H ae&mtESHtjym;wGif "m;udk qGJudkif/ aoewfjzihf ,SOfydifI tEkdifrcHawmfvSefcJh-u onf? Tta-umif;udk *|eftuf (zf) au'D (John. F. Cady) u ol. acwfopf jrefrmEkiiordi; wGif Todk a&;om;cJonf? dfH kf h 1886 ckESpfESihf 1887 ckESpfrsm;u wav#mufvkH; jrefrmEkdifiH txufjrefrm jynf. ckia'owki;wGif awmfvexuGrj+ zihf qlyuvsuf&conf? ppfpcef;rsm; df df S f G f dS hJ ESifh ppf,mOfwef;rsm;onf twdkuftckdufcHcJh-u&_yD; aus;&Gmrsm;rS a,musfm;wdkif; vdkvdku wkdufcdkuf&ef tqifoifh&SdaecJh-uonf? EkdifiHolEdkifiHom;tm;vHk;u ppf twGif; cufcJusyfwnf;r+rsm;udk vufcHcJh-u_yD; ykefuefv+yf&Sm;r+rsm;udk a&iHkE+wf
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ydwvsuf yl;aygif;uln0ef;&Hay;cJ-h uonf? f D jrefrmwdktjrifwGifum; ,if;yk*~dKvfrsm;rSm &JpGrf;owWd&Sdaom rsKd;cspfol&J aumif;rsm; jzpf-uonf? _Adwdo#wdurl ,if;awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;udk "m;jyrsm;/ k vlqdk;olcdk;rsm;tjzpf owfrSwf_yD; tusOf;csKH;w&m;pD&ifum tjypfay;cJhonf? _Awo#wor;ydu_f y; wESpt-umwGif tvGetrif;-urf;wrf;pGm tkycsKyfwwfaom d d kd d f k D f f f kfH S qmcsm;vfua&mh (pfo) 0dwf (Sir Charles Crosthwaite) onf jrefrmEdii. 0ef&if f awmfrif;}uD; jzpfvmcJonftavsmuf olonf ykeuefxuGrrsm;udk t!Smwmuif; h h f + rJpm ESreif;ypfconf? xkodk "m;jy[k owfrwjf cif;cH&olrsm;ukd tpkvutyHvuf h G d f hJ d S kd f kd uGyrsufconf? vGwajrmufa&;wduy0iforsm;tay: uk%moufraom aus; f hJ f k f JG l d &Gmwki;udk csucsi;vufiif; rD;avmifwuoi;ypfvuonf? rde;rrsm;ESifh uav; df f f kd f G f kd f f i,frsm;udkyif csrf;omcGihfray;cJhacs? ppfyGJwGif towfcH&olrsm;ESihf zrf;qD;&rdI ud;ay;jcif;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ acgif;jzwfjcif;jzihfaomfvnf;aumif; uGyfrsuf cH&olrsm;udk tm;vH;aygif;v#if axmifaygif;rsm;pGm &Sayvdrrnf? OD;atmifqef;. k d fh rdcifbufrS tbdk;awmfol Akdvfrif;a&mifonf a'ocHawmfvSefa&;wyfrsm;udk acgif;aqmifcojl zpfonf? olonf _Adwo#. tzrf;tqD;cH&_yD; acgif;jzwfuyrsuf hJ d G f jcif; cHc&avonf? hJ xdktcgu _Adwdo#wdktaejzifh jrefrmEdkifiHY t_rJwrf;wyfrsm;ESihf ppfykvdyf pkpaygif; (60000) udk wyfpxm;apcJ_h yD; ajrmufyi;a'o&Sd ykeuefxuGrukd (5) k JG kd f f + ESpfwdkifwdkif ESdrfeif;cJh&avonf? vltiftm; (500) jzihf rEav;odk yxrqHk; pwif csDwufvmpOfu jrefrmjynfovxukd ESyuyor;oGi;&ef Todaom cufcufccJ l l k d f G f d f f k J ta&;,laqmif&u&r+ yvky&vdrrnf[k _Adwo#wtaejzifh vH;0 rawG;rxifrchJ G f f fh d dk k d -uacs? zrf;qD;&rdor# awmfvea&;orm; acgif;aqmifrsm;tm;vH;udk okwoifz,f S f k f &Sm;cJhonfhtwGuf jrefrmwdk. rsKd;cspfpdwf"mwfonf tESpf (20) cef acwW _idrf0yf oGm;cJonf? udvee,fcsJw. toH;tE+e;t& jrefrmEdiionf _idr;csrf;oGm;_yD[k h k kd D kd k f kfH f qdk&vifhupm; csif;wGif;ESihf rHk&Gmcdkifrsm;wGif a'owGif;xuGr+rsm; &SdaecJh_yD; tif tm;ao;i,faom ajymufusm;wyfzGJuav;rsm;. csKHcdkwdkufcdkufr+rsm;um; ESpf aygif;rsm;pGm &yfpom;jcif; r&Scacs[l.? J G d hJ xdkaemuf 1904 ckESpfwGif acwfynmwwf &efukefaumvdyf ausmif;om; vli,frsm;xJrS trsKd;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; pwifay:aygufvmavonf? ,if; ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf 1897 ckESpfrS pwif_yD; EdkifiHa&;t& Edk;-um;r+&Sd
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aom Ak'bmom toif;tzGJ rsm; xlaxmifc-hJ uolrsm;ESitwl vufwaqmif&uf < hf JG G rd-uonf? 1906 ckESpfwGif Ak'<bmomuvsm%,k0 toif; (0dkiftrfbDat) 1 udk aumvdyfausmif;om; (26) OD;jzifh zGJpnf;cJh_yD; if;aumvdyfausmif;om;rsm;xJwGif OD;baz/ OD;vSaz/ OD;b'Gef;ESihf trfatbGJydkif&Sif OD;armifarmif}uD;wdk yg0ifcJhonf? 1908 ckESpfwGif a':jrar. 2 0dwdk&d,bk&ifr}uD; trSwfw& trsKd;orD; txuf wef;ausmif; wGif usif;yaom 0kdiftrfbDat tpnf;ta0;wckY t*Fvdyf acwfynmwwf vli,f0wfvHkawmf&rsm;jzpf-uaom OD;armifcif 3 (aemifwGif qm k bGJ&&Sdol) / OD;aratmif 4 (if;wdonf usaemf. rdcifESihfzcifbufrS tbdk;rsm; jzpf -uonf) OD;odrf;armifESihf tjcm;yk*~dKvfrsm;onf yGJOD;xGuf Eke,fao;aom trsKd; om;a&;v+yf&Sm;r+twGuf twlvufwGJrd-uawmhonf? xdkaemufydkif; r-umrDwGif tpdk;&. t}uD;wef;0efxrf;rsm;ESihf aemufxyf w&m;Oya'orm; 0wfvHkawmf& trsm;tjym;onf tzGJ0ifrsm; jzpfvmcJh-uonf? xkda-umihf q,fpkESpfwcktwGif; rSmyif 0dkiftrfbDatonf EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m tzGJtpnf;tjzpf tajcwusjzpfvmcJh_yD; ydkrdkcdkifrmawmifhwif;aom pepfusonfh Oya'wGif;v+yf&Sm;r+w&yfjzpfvm&ef rlv &nf&G,f&if;pGJ&Sdonfhtwdkif; jrefrmtoif;rsm; taxGaxGaumifpD (*sDpDbDat) tjzpfokd 1917 ckEpwif ajymif;vJjzpfay:oGm;cJavonf? S f G h xkdaemuf 1920 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmvwGif &efukef&Sd ausmif;om;rsm;u udkvdkeD tm%mydkifrsm;udk yxrqHk;t}udrf ajAmifpdefac:vdkuf-uawmhonf? ,if;odk jzpf &onfrm tdE,Edii/H umvuwWm; ,lebmpDwD vufatmufcjH zpfcaom aumvdyf S dN k f D hJ ausmif;ESpfausmif;udk tpm;xdk;_yD; yxrqHk; XmaewuUodkvfwck jrefrmEdkifiHwGif zGifhvSpfrnfh Oya' tqdkycsufw&yfudk ygvDrefY wifoGif;jcif;a-umihfjzpfonf? wuUodkvf0ifcGihfpmar;yJGESifh ywfoufaom vdktyfcsufrsm;/ pmoif-um;a&;p&dwf rsm;/ ausmif;oH;pmtkyjf y@mef;csursm;tp&Sojzifh if;Oya'yg tqdk ycsuf tao; k f d pdwftcsuftvufwcsKdudk ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh tjcm;trsKd;om;a&;0g'Drsm;u vufrcHEkdif-uacs? odkaomfvnf; _Adwdo#. tpkd;&vufatmufcHESihf tdENd, bk&ifccsKyf. vufaxmufb&ifcjH zpfol qm&,f*se,f u&ufa'guf (Sir Reginald H k D Craddock) u ,if;awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk vspfvsL+cJh_yD; ,if;Oya'tqdkycsufudk rl&if;twkdif;yif &efukef,leDAmpDwDtufOya'tjzpf 'DZifbmv (1) &ufaewGif twnfyjy@mef;vdkufavonf? xdka-umihf (4) &uft-umwGif &efukef&Sd ausmif; om; (600) teuf (500) u oydwfwkdufyGJ qifE$Jvkdufonf? xdkoydwfaemufodk &efukefrdawmf tjyif rEav;ESifh tjcm;rdrsm;&Sd txufwef;ausmif;om;rsm;u
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vnf; xdkoydwfudk qifE$Jvdkufygvm-uonf? xdktcsdefu vufaxmufbk&ifcH. _cr;ajcmufrrsm; &Saevifupm; jynfovxw&yfv;u oydwarSmufausmif;om; d f + d h l l k kH f rsm;ukd tm;wufoa&m tultnDay;cJh-uonf? olw. awmif;qkdcsufrsm; tm; dk vHk;um; r&&SdcJhacs? odkaomfvnf; if;oydwfonf tqufjzwfI _idrf;owfr&Edkif awmhaom tem*wftwGuf tm;aumif;vSonfh trsK;om;a&;pdw"mwf rD;awmuf d f udk pwifawmufavmifom;apcJavonf? G h topfwzef jyefvnfarG;zGm;vmcJh_yDjzpfaom jrefrmhtrsKd;om;a&;v+yf&Sm;r+ . tke;tke;u|uu|uf yxrESprsm;twGi;wGiyif &[ef;awmfrsm;xJrS trsK;om; f f f f f f d acgif;aqmiftjzpf pwifay:xGufvmcJholum; q&mawmf OD;OwWryifjzpfonf? ol onf &cdkiftrsKd;om; ax&0g' Ak'<bmom oHCmawmfwyg; jzpfHkr#ru tdENd, EdkifiHESihf wdkusKdwGif tcsdeftwef-umaexdkifcJhzl;aom t*Fvdyfpmwwf&[ef;wyg; jzpf_yD; jrefrmEdkifiHodk 1919 ckESpfwGif jyefa&mufvmcJhonf? us,fus,fjyef jyef c&D;pwifxGufcGmcJh_yD; 0HomEk&udQw= trsKd;*k%fapmihfxdef;a&; wdkif;jynfcspfpdwf ta-umif; ajyma[mum 0HomEk toif;rsm; wwdkif;jynfvHk;tESH OD;aqmif pnf;H;zGJpnf;cJ&m t*Fvyb&iftpd;&u ppfyvyrsm; toH;csI if;tpktzGJrsm;udk k h d f k h k k d f k vduvH zdcjJG cif;jzihf a'gow}uD; wHk jyefconf? k f hJ xdktcgu ol. &J&JawmufrdecGef;rsm;a-umifh OD;OwWronf 1921 ckESpfwGif f tzrf;cH&avawmhonf? wdkif;jynfqlylatmif v+Haqmfr+jzifh Hk;wifw&m;pGJjcif;cH& um q&mawmf &[ef;awmfrsm;xJrS yxrqHk;axmif'%f (18) v tjypfay;jcif; cHcJh&avonf? Ttjypf'%fcsrSwfr+. EdkifiHa&;ESihf bmoma&;vd+if;*,uf kduf cwfrukd wwdi;wjynfv; cHpm;-u&avonf? t*FvyvufatmufcH jrefrmEdiiH + kf kH d f kf Y wdkif;jynfqlylatmifvH+aqmfr+jzifh trsKd;om;a&;0g'DwOD; vlodewf-um; w&m; pGqc&jcif;rSm Tt}udronf yxrqH;t}udrjf zpfonftjyif xif&m;onfh Ak'bm J kd H f k h S < om oHCmq&mawmfwyg;jzpfaejcif;u jrefrmjynfolrsm;twGuf temay: wkwf usovdk cHpm;apawmhonf? TtjzpftysufrSm EkdifiHwEkdifiHvHk;. trsKd;om;a&; *k%oumudk pdeac:vdujf cif;yifjzpfavonf? Todv#if q&mawmf OD;OwWronf f d Q f k k vGwfvyfa&;r&rD t*FvdyfvufatmufcH u|efb0wav#muf pufwifbmv (9) &ufaewGif ysHvGefawmfrlonfhwdkifatmif axmifoGif;tusOf;csjcif;udk t}udrfrsm; pGm xyfzefwvJvJ cHc&avonf? hJ xda-umihfvnf; tjcm;xif&Sm;aom Ak'<bmom &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;onf k q&mawmf OD;OwWrudk tm;usum yg&mZduvnf; rus/ oHCab'uuHvnf;
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rxduaom Tv+y&m;r+rsm;wGif yg0ifaqmif&uvmavonf? xdtxJwif q&m k f f S G f k G awmf OD;0dpm&rSmvnf; wyg;tygt0ifjzpfonf? q&mawmfonf 1888 ckESpfwGif rHk&GmrdY arG;zGm;cJh_yD;/ touf (20) t&G,fwGif &[ef;abmifodk 0ifa&mufcJh_yD; oH Cor*~DtzGJ zGJpnf;a&;twGuf pnf;Hk;aqmif&GufcJhonf? xdkaemuf q&mawmf OD;OwWr. tultnDjzifh t*Fvdyfpmudk oif,lvsuf bmoma&;ESihf EkdifiHa&;rsm; udk tdENd,EdkifiHodk oGm;a&mufavhvmqnf;yl;cJhonf? xdkaemuf jrefrmEdkifiHodk jyef uGvmaomtcg rdpGef awm&Gm aus;vufrsm;wGif EdkifiHa&;w&m;yGJrsm;udk tcGihf oifwi; usif;ya[majymcJonf? xka-umihf q&mawmf OD;0dpm&onfvnf; tzrf; h kd f h d cH&vdkuf/ jyefvGwfvmvdkuf/ jyefvnftzrf;cH&vdkufESifh tusOf;axmifoHo&mxJ Yom w0JvnfvnfjzpfaecJonf? xdtwGi; w&m;qdi&m apmihqi;aepOf q&m h k f kf f dk f awmfonf &ufaygif; (40) -um tpmiwfcHqENjycJhonfhtavsmuf pdwfydkif;qdkif &mt&r[kwfbJ kyfykdif;qkdif&mt& tm;enf;ae_yDjzpfaom q&mawmfonf wESpf ESihfudk;v tvkyf-urf;ESihf axmif'%f csrSwfjcif;udk cH&avonf? xka-umihf axmift&m&Sdrsm;onf q&mawmftm; ouFef;udk twif;c|wfap d _yD; omrefaxmifuswOD;. t0wftpm;udk 0wfcdkif;&m q&mawmfu wif;rmpGm jiif;qefcJh&m q&mawmftm; 0wfvpfpvpfjzifh wOD;wnf; wdkufydwfxm;cJhonf? odk jzifh q&mawmf. tpmiwfcHqENjyjcif;/ wOD;wnf;wkdufydwfxm;jcif;/ twif; t"rR ESmacgif;xJodk ydkufoGif;_yD; Ek&nfxnfhjcif;pojzifh &ufpufr+ oHo&mvnf d vsu&onf? xdr#omru tm%mydiwkd taejzihf q&mawmftm; tl;pm&if; oGwf f dS k kf oGif;um emrnfqdk;vSaom &efukefwHwm;uav;tl;axmifwGif xyfrHcsKyfaESmif xm;onftxd aqmif&GufcJh-uonf? xdkaemuf xdkae&mwGif (7) v aecJh&_yD; &ef ukefA[kdaxmif}uD;okd jyefvnfydk jcif;cH&jyefonf? q&mawmfuvnf; vkyfcsif&m vkyf aemufrqkwf[laom cH,lcsufjzifh acgif;rmpGm qufvufwdkufyGJ0ifcJhonf? aemufxyfwzef tpmtiwfcH qENjy_yD;aemuf q&mawmftm; tvkyf-urf;ESihf axmif'%f (6) ESpf csrSwftjypfay;vdkufjyefonf? OD;0dpm&uvnf; xyfrH tpm iwfcqENjyjyefonf? xktcg 'um/ 'umrrsm;u r-unf&ufawmhojzifh vGw_f idr; H d h f cGifh toem;cHpmwifygaomfvnf; xdtcseu jrefrmvlrsK; jynfxa&;0ef}uD; *sK;Zuf k df d J d -o*wfpwyf(pf) armif}uD;u y,fcscJonf? h xdka-umihf 1929 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv (19) &uf ol. tpmiwfcH qENjyr+ (166) &uf jynfhajrmufonfhaewGif aemufqHk;Y q&mawmf ysHvGefawmfrlcJh&av onf? ,aewirl &efuef uefawmfrifyef;_cHEifh a&$w*b&m;teD; tvHvrf;xdy&dS Gf k S d kH k k f
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xif&Sm;onfht0kdif;}uD;wckay:wGif xkdacwf ('dkArm tpnf;tHk;0if) jrLvl}uD; rsm;jzpf-uaom OD;csefxGef;ESihf OD;baqGwdkvufxufY txdrf;trSwf ausmuf wdi}f uD;xdy0,f q&mawmf. &yfawmfra-u;ky}f uD;udk trSww& yvkyc-hJ uav k f l f f onf? xdkae&modk OD;cdkuf&mvrf;onf ,cifu Tiger Alley [k ac:wGifcJhaomf vnf; ,cktcg ,if;vrf;udk OD;0dpm&vrf;[k trnfajymif;vJowfrwcavonf? S f hJ odk jzpfav&m q&mawmfOD;OwWrESihf OD;0dpm&udk,fawmfwdkonf udkvdkeDtpkd;&udk qefusifwdkufyGJ0ifcJhonfh txift&Sm;qHk; q&mawmfrsm;jzpfa-umif; ordkif;u oufaocHaeygonf? if;wdkonf trsKd;om;a&;v+yf&Sm;r+wGif Ak'<bmom &[ef; awmfrsm; 'um/ 'umrrsm;ESihftwl yg0ifvmr+udk vrf;xGifay;cJh-u_yD; Tt csufonfyif trsKd;om;a&;v+yf&Sm;r+ aemufqHk;atmifyGJqifEdkifjcif;. ta&;yg vmonfh tcsufwcsufjzpfvmayonf? q&mawmf OD;0dpm& ysHvGefawmfrlaom ESpfwGifyif *sDpDbDat. tzGJ0if wOD;jzpfol bkef;}uD;vlxGuf OD;&mausmfqdkolonf *VKeftoif;[k ac:aom v#Kd 0Suftoif;. toif;cGJrsm;udk e,frsm;wGif vdkufvHwnfaxmifvsuf&Sdonf? ,if; toif;rsm;rSm OD;OwWr. 0HomEktoif;rsm;ESihf qifwaomfvnf; olw. zGJ pnf;yHk l kd ESihf vkyfudkifaqmif&GufyHkrsm;rSm if;toif;tzGJrsm;uJhodk ajymifajymiffwif;wif;r [kwbJ v#Kd0ur&vonf? *VKefonf [dEL'm&Drsm;wGif tvGetm;aumif;aom f S f + dS S N f iSufwrsKd;jzpf_yD; ooFukduf (ouUw) bmomwGif *kV[k ac:onf? xdktcsdefu t&if;&Siw. avmbaZma-umihf waewjcm; jriwufvmonfh ukeaps;E+e;rsm; f kd hf f f ESihf }uD;us,fcrf;em;aom udkvdkeDpD;yGm;a&;u rnfonfhtcgr# rsufESmomray; aom qif;&JEGrf;yg;onfh awmvufaus;&Gmrsm;ESifh e,fpGefe,fzsm;wdrS vli,frsm; k ESihf aus;&Gmol/ aus;&Gmom; trsm;tjym;udk Ttoif;rsm;u qGJaqmifpnf;Hk;Edkif avonf? jynfovxrm pyg;udk ud,wixwvyae&ygvsuf pm;p&m qefr&Sd l l k S k f dk f k f k f atmif qif;&Jwi;eufae_yD; xGuayguf&m&ef tvkywckcudk vky&ayawmhrnf? Gf f S f k f xkdtcsdefwGif *sKd;Zuf-o*wfpwyf (pf) armif}uD;rSm qmbGJ jzifh olaumif; tycH&_yD; rusef;rmI _Adwdefodk cGifhjzifh tdrfjyefoGm;aom qmcsm; (vf) (pf) tif; k f k H G f G fh euf (pf) (Sir Charles Innes) .ud,pm; ,m,Db&ifctjzpf aqmif&uci&aom yxrqHk; jrefrmvlrsKd;jzpfvmonf? qm*sKd;Zufonf trsm;qHk; qkd;qdk;&Gm;&Gm; xd cdkufonfh a'ojzpfaom &efukefajrmufydkif;&Sd om,m0wDckdifodoGm;_yD; tjcm;ae k &mrsm;wGif yvkyfcJhouJhodk 'gbm yGJawmfudk usif;yavonf? 1930 ckESpf/ 'DZif bmv (21) &ufae vlxkESihfawGqHkyGJwGif v,form;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u aus;
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vufa'orsm;wGif tcGefaumufcHjcif;udk zsufodrf;ay;&ef (odkr[kwf) wESpfqdkif; iHhay;&ef ,m,Dbk&ifcHtm; toem;cH-uonf? odaomfvnf; qm*sKd;Zufu ,if; k awmif;yefcsufukd csufcsif;yif jiif;y,fvuavonf? xda-umihf aemufwaewif kd f k G om,m0wD v,form;olyexr+ jzpfay:vmavawmhonf? olw. acgif;aqmif k f kd rSm ,cktcg q&mpH[k trsm;uac:wGifvmaom jrefrmorm;awmf OD;&mausmf jzpfavonf? olonf okyu *VKef&mZm (xif&Sm;ausmf-um;aom *VKefrif;) [laom bGJtrnfukd cH,I olu,ol bk&iftjzpf a-unmvduavonf? xdaemuf l kd f k f k aorxl;aerxl;b0Y rausreyfjzpfae-uaom v,form;rsm;jzifh ppfwyfwwyf udk xlaxmifvuonf? _Adwo#udvewyfrawmf. acwfrvufeufrsm;udk vuf kd f d k kd D D csn;oufoufr#jzihf &ifqi&ef olwq;jzwfc-hJ uonf? olyew. vufeufwuf f dk f kd kH k f kd dk wGif&Sdaom vufeufrSm rD;aygufaoewf tvuf (30) xufrydkbJ oHydkufacsmif; rsm;ESihf bdkifpu,favxdk;wHrsm;jzifh yvkyfxm;aom vufvkyfaoewfrsm; tm; jznfxm;avonf? if;tjyif olwwif ta0;ypfvufeuf[I jrm;/ 'l;av;/ vif; h kd G l av;/ *GESihf vSHrsm;om &Sdavonf? xdka-umihf tar&duefygarmuQ vlpDtif; 'b k k vsLydi; (Professor Lucien W. Pye) u xdta-umif;ESifh ywfoufI Toda&;om; kf xm;cJavonf? h 1930 ckEpwif ay:aygufcaom q&mpHoyexuGronf vlrsK;jcm; t*Fvyf Sf G hJ lkf + d d rif;ae&mY jrefrmvlrsKd;wOD;udk rif;tjzpfwif&ef ud;pm;aom awmfvSefykefuef r+rsm;. jrefrmhkd;&mpOfvm tawG;tac:ESihf vkyfenf;vkyf[ef EdkifiHa&;/ bmom a&;yHpEifh udunvsuf&onf? wyGw; yvuf twwfynm&Sirsm;/ tif;ESifh pr k H S k f D dS J kd f aq;rifa-umifxdk;olrsm;/ "m;_yD;/ wkwf_yD;/ aoewf_yD; wyGJjyefESmESihf aq;a&mif; olrsm;/ taqmifrsm;/ vufzGJrsm; taxmuftyHhtultnDjzifh "mwfdkuf"mwfqif aA'ifudef;cef;tvdkt& q&mpHudk,fwdkif wGufcsufzGJpnf;vdkufaom *VKefwyfu acwfa[mif;jrefrmEdii. rif;crf;rif;em; taqmifta,mifjzpfaom xD;jzL ueuU kfH '%fatmuf&Sd &mZyvifay:odk q&mpHudk wifajrmufay;vdkufavonf? xdktcsdef u q&mpHonf rnfoaom orm;*k%jf yenf;rsm;jzihf vlxtm; pnf;H;xm;onfr kd k k od? _Awo#w. acwfraoewfvufeufrsm; tm;vH;onf olwukd rxdre/f razmuf d d kd D k kd S xGif;Edkif[k olwdkudk,folwdk xifaecJh-uavonf? ,if;v+yf&Sm;r+onf rodem;r vnfr+/ t,lonf;r+/ p}uFm0Vm. xl;jcm;qef;-u,faom y&avmuESihf yvuf twwfynm enf;emed\,rsm;udk vufcH&ef tqifoihfjzpfaer+wdktay:wGif tajcpdkuf}uD;xGm;vmjcif;jzpf_yD; EkdifiHa&;&m atmifjrifr+twGuf tajctjrpfr&Sd
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aoqHk;cJh_yD;/ (9000) rSm tzrf;qD;cH&um axmifoGif;tusOf;cscHcJh-u&onf? q&mpHudk,fwdkifESihf ol.t&if;ESD;qHk; vkyfazmfudkifbufESpfOD;jzpfonfh q&m^m%f ESihf AE<uac: &aohwOD;wdk tygt0if (128) OD;rSm ud;ay;owfjzwfjcif;cHcJh-u& onf? 1931 ckEpf Zefe0g&DvwGif bk&ifcwm0efudk jyefvnfxrf;aqmifcol qmcsm; S H hJ (vf) tif;euf(p) (Sir Charles Innes) u olykefrsm;ukd kH;wifppfaq;&ef zGJpnf; ay;cJhaom txl;ckHkH;u ao'%frsm;ukd csrSwfcJhjcif;jzpfonf? w&m;ol}uD;rif; uef;vpf(zf) (Justice Cunliffe) rSm ckHkH;obmywdjzpf_yD; w&m;v$wfawmf w&m; ol}uD;rsm;tjzpf aqmif&Gufae-uaom rpPwm 'g0k('f) (Dawood) ESifh OD;bOD; (aemifwGifqmbGJ&vsuf jrefrmEkdifiH vGwfvyfa&;&_yD;aemuf orRwjzpfol) wkrSm d tzGJ0ifrsm;jzpf-uonf? ao'%ftjypfay;cH&aom q&mpHudk 1931 ckEpf -o*kwv S f (28) &ufaewGif ud;ay;owfcJhonf? olu t,lcHcJhaomfvnf; y,fcscHcJh&onf? q&mpHonf ud;pifay:okd OD;acgif;ukarmhvsuf wufom;cJonf? xktcseY olonf d G h d d f om,m0wDaxmiftwGif; (3) v&SdcJh_yDjzpfonf? tpkd;&bufwGifrl -rdj y&JESifh t&m &Sdrsm;tygt0if aoqkH;olrSm vl (50) xuf rykdcJhacs? qlylaomif;usef;r+jzpfyGm;cJhaom ckdifrsm;wGif tr+zGifhI w&m;qkdifjcif;rsm; yvkyfcJhonf? w&m;cHtrsm;pkrSm acwfynmrwwfaom omrefaus;awmol aus;awmom;rsm;jzpf-uonftavsmuf olwtm; xkacsumuG,&ef rsKd;cspfpwf h dk f d &Sonfh a&Saetrsm;tjym;u tca-u;aiGr,lbJ pdwtm;xufoefpm vkuygaqmif d f G d f &Guay;cJ-h uonf? om,m0wDO;yk/ a'gufwmbarmf/ ocifjrwkrm vloxif&m;pGm f D d S d S aqmif&GufcJh-uolrsm;jzpf_yD; armifapmrSmvnf; xkdtwljzpfcJhonf? armifapmrSm xktcsdeu vli,fa&Saeav;wOD;omjzpfonf? olonf om,m0wDe,fom;wOD; d f jzpfomru q&mpHudk tvGetrif;csD;usL;av;pm;oljzpfavonf? w&m;qki&m Hk f df wGif yg0ifc&aom ol.tcef;uESifh _Adwo#EkiijH cm;a&;twGi;0efxay;ydaom hJ d df f H k tdwziay;pmyHpjH zifh xkwa0aom vufurf;pmapmifrsm;a-umifh olonf vsifjref f G fh k f pGmemrnfausmI xifay:olwOD; jzpfvmavonf? q&mpH*VKefrsm;. xGe;ajymifr+ f f udk qufvufjriwifxm;Edi&eftwGuf touf}uD;vm_yDjzpfI OD;apmjzpfvmaom hf kf armifapmonf q&mpH. edrusom;aom v,form;olyetzGJ. emrnfukd cH,_l y; hf G k f D 1938 ckESpfwGif oludk,fydkifwyfzGJ udk w&m;Oya'abmif0ifatmif xlaxmifcJhav onf? ,if;wyfzGJ0ifrsm;onf tpdrf;a&mif,leDazmif;udk 0wfqif-u_yD; OD;atmif aZ,sacwf xputwkdif; 0g;&if;wkwfrsm;udk udkifaqmif-uonf? Todk jzifh *VKefwyf topfonf arG;zGm;vmcJavonf? h
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xkdaemufykdif;wGif txrajrmufcJhaom v,form;ykefuefxuGr+a-umifh ppfEkdifol udkvdkeD tkyfpdk;olrsm;onf jrefrmjynftESH olwdk. uvyfrsm;wGif aysmf &$ifjrL;wl;ae-uavonf? olwonf t,lonf;aom olykefrsm;. kd;tr+ESihf odyH` dk enf;jzifh ppfaq;I r&aom olyew. yvufenf;rsm;pGmudk &,for;aoG;-u_yD; k f kd G f olykefrsm;tm; vG,fulpGm ESdrfeif;EdkifcJhjcif;tay: yDwdaomre\jzpfae-uav onf? odaomfvnf; &efueEifh tjcm;ae&mrsm;&Sd ynmwwfvi,frsm;twGuum; k k f S l f q&mpHoyexr+onf ajymufusm;ppfqifrtwwfynm. tzk;rjzwfEiaom enf; l k f + d kd f y&d,m,frsm;xkwf,l&m oifcef;pmw&yfjzpfcJhavonf? &efvdkr+rsm; tqHk;owf oGm;&efum; a0;avpG? aemuf (10) ESpfr#-um_yD;onfhaemuf olwdktm; om,mr+ udk ay;cJhaom urBmhtajctaeonf vHk;0ajymif;jyefjzpfoGm;vdrfhrnfudkum; olwdk ud,owkd ,H-k unfcsuftjynf&ae-uaom udvetm%mydirsm;taejzifh udwif k f l h dS k kd D kf odjrifEipr; r&Sc-hJ uacs? dk f G f d v,form; olyersm; towfc&_yD;onfwif av;av;eufeuf pOf;pm;awG; k f H h kd ac: -uaom vli,frsm;onf _Adwo#wukd vufeufuiawmfve&ef rnfopnf;H; d kd kd f S f kd k aqmif&Guf&rnfudk pwifaqG;aEG;vm-uavonf? ,if;vli,frsm;onf 1920 ck ESpf ausmif;om;oydwjf zpfay:_yD;aemuf wnfaxmifcaom trsK;om;ausmif;rsm;rS hJ d aomfvnf;aumif;/ jrefrmpum;udk oif-um;a&; bmompum;tjzpf vufctoH; H k yaom t*Fvdyf=jrefrm ESpfbmom oifausmif;[k ac:onfh tpdk;&ausmif;rsm;rS aomfvnf;aumif; vm-uolrsm; jzpf-uonf? Oa&mypnf;rsOf;rsm;twkdif; waoG rwdrf; AdkvfqefpGm oif-um;vmcJh-u&aom ausmif;rsm;rS ynmqnf;yl;vmcJh& onfholrsm;ESihfpmv#ifum; ,if;vli,ftrsm;pkonf jrefrmhorkdif;/ jrefrmpmayESihf Ak'bmomwdukd ydiyiEiEif ausnufpm od&-dS uavonf? < k k f kd f kd f dk G xkdodk xif&Sm;vmaom ausmif;om;wOD;um; udk}uD; [k tac:cH&onfh udkEkjzpfavonf? olonf &efukefwuUodkvfrS 1929 ckESpfwGif 0dZmbGJ&&SdcJhonf? xkdpOfu olESihf rsm;pGm&if;ESD;aom ol. vkyfazmfudkifbufwOD;rSm aemifwGif urBmh ukvor*~}uD;. taxGaxGtwGif;a&;r;csKyfjzpfvmrnfh OD;oef jzpfavonf? ol . ynmoifESpf (1934=35) ckESpfrsm;twGif;wGif olxuf (8) ESpfi,f_yD; olvkdyif rsKd;cspfpdwfjyif;xefaom udkatmifqef;tm; udkEk awGqHkcJh&avonf? aemufxyf jrefrmEdiiY 'ditmcDESifh 91 Xme tkycsKyfa&;pepf acwfajymif; kfH kf f tcsdefumvrsm;twGif; ausmif;om;rsm; ydkrdkrsm;jym;pGm EkdifiHa&;udk yHkrSefaqG;aEG; &ef awGqHkjzpf-uavawmhonf? r-umrDrSmyif &efukefwuUodkvfwGif uHhaumfyif
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&dyfrsm;atmufY tvGwfoabm EkdifiHa&;aqG;aEG;avh&Sdonfh tkyfpkav;wpk ay: aygufvmcJhavonf? xkdtkyfpkav;wGif udkEk/ udkatmifqef;wdtjyif jrefrmjynft k v,fyi;/ ysO;rem;rdrS vli,fwOD;jzpfonfh udausm_f ir;/ rmhupf pmayrsm;udk us,f kd f f k d f f us,fjyef jyefavhvmzwf+xm;aom ^m%f&nf^m%faoG;xufjrufonfh (aemif aomtcg uGefjrLepfjzpfvmrnfh) udkodef;azESihf tdENd,EG,fzGm; rlqvifbmom0if uk&m&Spwvnf; yg0ifavonf? ,if;ig;a,mufpvH;yif 1935=36 ckEpf ynmoif d f kd k S ESpftwGuf &efukefwuUodkvf ausmif;om;or*~. tvkyftr+taqmifaumfrwD 0ifrsm;tjzpf ta&G;cs,fcH&avonf? xkdtcsdefY udkEku OuU@ESihf udk&m&Spfu 'k=OuU@jzpfvmonf? udkatmifqef;onf jrefrmEdkifiH. trsKd;om;txdrf;trSwf wHqywckjzpfaom a'gif;iSu. wGeusL;oHukd ,lxm;aom td;a0trnf& or*~ d f f f k r*~Zif;. t,f'wmtjzpf ceftyfjcif;cH&avonf? D 1936 ckEp/f azazmf0g&DvwGif ay:aygufcaom jrefrmEdii. 'kw,ausmif; S hJ kfH d om;oydwfudk Tvli,f (5) OD;tzGJu OD;aqmifr+ay;cJh&avonf? TwGif udkEk onf tpd;&udk a0zefaom rdece;rsm;ajyma[mr+jzifh ausmif;rS ,m,Dxwy,fjcif; k f G f k f cHc&avonf? xkaemufrsm;r-umrDyif udatmifqef;onfvnf; tk;a0r*~Zif;wGif hJ d k d yg&Sdaom aqmif;yg;wyk'ftm; a&;om;ol aqmif;yg;&Sif. trnfudk (t,f'Dwm yDyD) xkwfazmf&ef jiif;qefojzihf ausmif;rS txkwfcH&jyefavonf? i&JacG;}uD; d d f vGwaeonf (Hellhound at Large) 6 [k acgif;pOfwyfxm;aom xkt*Fvyaqmif; f yg;u wuUodkvftm%mydkifrsm;udk vufoHajymifpGm jyuf&,fyxm;avonf? xkd tcg &efuewuUovrS ausmif;om; (700) ausmfEihf ,k'\efaumvdyf (Judson k f kd f S k College) rS &m*%ef;ausmfaom ausmif;om;rsm;onf xdokd &mZ0wfom;qefqef ausmif;xkwc&olrsm;tm; jyefvnfvufc&ef awmif;qd_k yD; ausmif;om;oydwukd f H H f pwifvu&m xkausmif;om;oydwonf rEav;aumvdyEifh wEdiiv;&Sd txuf kd f d f f S k f H kH wef;ausmif;rsm;odk r-umrDyif ul;pufysHEom;avawmhonf? Oa&mypnf;rsOf;nD HS G omoemyausmif;rsm;&Sd ausmif;om;rsm;rSm a,bk,stm;jzifh _Adwdo#udk axmuf cH-uolrsm;jzpfonfhtm;avsmfpGm if;ausmif;rsm;omv#if jrefrmEdkifiHwGif xkdtcsdef u qlyuae_yDjzpfaom vlxvy&m;r+rsm;Y ryg0ifc-hJ uacs? G f k + f S aemufqHk;wGif udkEkESihf udkatmifqef;wdkudk wuUodkvftm%mydkifrsm;u jyef vnfvufcc&aomfvnf; xdywu&ifqiawGrum; _yD;qH;roGm;cJay? wEkiiv; H hJ f kd f kd f + k h d f H Hk tESH jzpfym;cJaom Toydw. tusK;&v'ftjzpf ArmEdiiv;qdi&m ausmif;om; G h f d k f H kH k f rsm; or*~ (Auo) (All Burma Students' Union) udk zGJpnf;EdkifcJh_yD; udk&m&Spfu
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yxrqH;OuU@ESifh udatmifqef;u 'k=OuU@jzpfvmcJonf? xkaemuf wuUovy&d k k h d kd f 0%ftwGif;Yom usifvnfae-u&aom ausmif;om;rsm;onf wuUodkvfjyify&Sd toif;tzGJ tpdwtydi;rsm;odk ajcqefr-d uawmhonf? wdArmtpnf;tH; (Our f kf k k Burmese Association) udk &efukefwuUodkvfrS enf;jyq&mwOD;jzpf_yD; t*Fvdyf bmomudk vGefpGm xl;c|efvsuf/ rdrdemrnfa&SwGif ocifwyfxm;aom rsKd;cspfwOD; jzpfonfhtjyif pma&;q&mwOD;vnf; jzpfaom ocifAaomif;. OD;aqmifr+jzifh pwifzGJpnf;cJhavonf? [if'DbmomwGif&Sdaom q[pf (Sahib) uJhodkyif jrefrm pum;wGif ocif [lonfrSm t&Sifocif (Master) [k t"dy`m,f&&Sd_yD; t*Fvdyfvl rsKd;wOD;ESifh pmay/ pum;/ a&;om;ajymqkd&mwGif jrefrmwdktaejzihf rdrdukd,fudk ocif [k oHk;E+ef;&efjzpfavonf? oludk,fwdkifESihf tpnf;tHk;tzGJ0ifwdkif;udk ocif [k ac:qda&;om;apjcif;tm;jzifh ocifAaomif;u jrefrmEdii. t&Siocif k kfH f wdrm _Adwo#wdr[kwbJ olEifh usefwi;&if;om; jrefrmvlrsKd;rsm;om jzpfa-umif; k S d k f S kd f jyovd&if;jzpfavonf? k rsm;r-umrD jrefrmjynftv,fydkif; a&eHacsmif;/ acsmufpaom a&eHajr rsm;wGif 1937 ckESpfY tvkyform; ta&;tcif; jzpfyGm;cJh&m TEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m us,fjyefvSonfh v+yf&Sm;r+twGuf wdArmtpnf;tHk;onf rdrdtiftm;ESihf pnf;Hk; k v+yf&Sm;r+udk jyo&ef yxrqHk; prf;oyfonfhyGJjzpfvmcJhonf? wdkArmtpnf;tHk; onf xkta&;tcif;Y yg0ifywfoufc_hJ yD; vli,fociftrsm;tjym;onf xdoydwf d k orm;rsm;udk tultnDay;&eftwGuf &efuef rdrS txufjrefrmjynfokd c&D;xGucm k f G cJh-uonf? tvkyform;rsm;uvnf; olwdk. awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk ydkrdk zdtm;ay; awmif;qda&;twGuf &efuef rdtxd ajcvsifcsDwuf&ef qH;jzwfc-hJ uonf? &efuef k k k k rdawmfokd vlxcswufronf 1938 ckEp/f Ek0ifbmvwGif pwifc_hJ yD; e,frsm;ukd ajc k D + S d vsifjzwfoef;vmcJh&m v,form;rsm;u uk%mw&m;a&Sxm;I tvkyform; rsm;ukd tpm;taomufESihf em;aep&mrsm; ay;cJh-ujcif;tm;jzihf EkdifiHwck. t}uD; rm;qHk; vlwef;pm; (2) &yfjzpfaom tvkyform;tiftm;pkESihf v,form;tiftm; wdkrSm uGif;qufrdoGm;-uonf? odk jzpfonfhtavsmuf 'DZifbmv/ yxrtywf twGif; jrefrmjynftv,fydkif;&Sd rauG;rdY a&eHajrrS csDwufvrf;av#mufvmol rsm;tm; ykvdyfrsm;u wm;qD;vsuf acgif;aqmifrsm;udk zrf;qD;um usefaom ol rsm;rSm vrf;ab;&Sd ,m,Dpcef;wckwif xde;odr;cHvu-f u&onf? xktcg tvkyf G f f kd d orm;rsm;u tpmiwfcHqENjy-uvsuf tvkyform;acgif;aqmifrsm;udk zrf;qD; xm;onftwGuf &efuef rdrS ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf tvkyorm;rsm;udk h k f
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OD;yktm; t,Hkt-unfr&Sdtqdkudk wifoGif;cgeD;wGif OD;apmonf tpdk;&tzGJrS Ekwxu_f yD; OD;ykukd qefusifqENray;cJonf? Todk jzifh tpd;&tm%mcsdeci!mudk f G J h k f Gf S apmif;oGm;ap_yD; OD;yktpd;&tm; ywfusoGm;apawmhonf? k od&mwGif eef;&if;0efjzpfvmaom OD;apmonf aemufvmwJh armifyvJ 'ki; k k df 0efxufu qdouJokd twdutcHrsm;udk pepfwuszEyonfh tm%m&Siqefaom J k h k f d dS f f rl0g'rsm;udk usiho;cJonf? Todk olyvkyyici&oGm;jcif;rSm xdtcsdeu _Adwo# f kH h f dk f G fh k f d tm%mykdifrsm;onf olwdk. udkvdkeDtpdk;&rsm;tm; (waoG;woHwrdef ) tm%m tm;vH;eD;yg;r# ay;tyfxm;onfh topfjy@mef;xm;vduaom ppftwGi; Oya'w k k f f &yfjzpfonfh Defence of Burma Rules (jrefrmhpnf;rsOf;Oya'orsm;udk umuG,f onfOya') udk olu tcGiaumif;,lcjhJ cif;jzpfonf? odk jzpfonftavsmuf OD;apm h hf h onf wdkArmtpnf;tHk;. v+yf&Sm;r+rSefor# w&m;r0ifa-umif; a-unmvdkuf_yD; xif&Sm;aom ociftrsm;tjym;tygt0if ol. EkdifiHa&;ydifbuftm;vHk;eD;yg;udk zrf;qD;_yD; wdkif;jynfqlylatmif v+Haqmfr+jzifh w&m;pGJqdkcJhonf? ,if;wdkxJwGif *syefESihf tquftoG,f&Sdonf[k oHo,t0ifcH&aom a'gufwmbarmfESihf a'gufwm odr;armifwtjyif ocifE/k ocifp;ESifh ocifApdewvnf; yg0ifavonf? f kd kd f kd xkd jyif atmufajctqifhrsm;wGif oludk vludufrsm;aprnfh tajccHvkyfief;&yfrsm; csrSwf&ef &nf&G,f_yD; wcsdefwnf;wGif jrefrmjynftESodk OD;apmonf c&D;xGufcJh_yD; H oltm; axmufca-umif; jyoolreor#tm; pD;yGm;a&;/ Ekiia&;wdEifh ywfoufaom H Sf dfH k S tcGihfta&;t&yf&yftjyif tpdk;&tr+xrf;jzpfygv#ifvnf; &mxl;rsm;jzifh &uf&uf a&ma&m qkcsvdkufavonf? bk&ifcH qmtmcsDabm aumhcf&def; (Sir Archibald Cochrane) 1941 ckESpf wGif jyefom;_y; olae&mudk qm&Jv*se,fa':refprpf (Sir Reginal Dorman-Smith) G D f D u qufcHaomtcg OD;apmESihf tqihfjrihf _Adwdo#tm%mydkifwdk qufEG,fr+rSm ydkrdk cdkifrmoGm;avonf? qm&Jvf*sDe,frSm touf (42) ESpfom &Sdao;_yD; OD;apmxuf wESpfcefom }uD;avonf? r-umjrihfrD olwdkESpfOD;onf wu,fh rdwf&if;aqG&if; d S f G rsm;jzpfom;-uavonf? 11 xka-umifh 1941 ckEpwif usif;y&rnfjzpfaom taxG G axGa&G;aumufyGJudk a&$qdkif;vdkufjcif;jzihf qm&Jvf*sDe,fu ol. vkyfydkifcGihft& OD;apm. oufwrf;udk aemufxyf (5) ESpf oufwrf;wckokd wd;ay;vduavonf? k k f xkdaemuf OD;apmudk qm0ifpwefcsmcsD (Sir Winston Churchill) tjyif tjcm; _Adwo#acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh awGqaqG;aEG;&eftwGuf vef'efokd zdwac:vduav d kH f k f onf? OD;apm. &nf&,csufrm 'kw,urBmppfwif _Adwo#wdk atmifyc_H yD;aemuf G f S d G d JG
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jrefrmEdiiukd vH;0vGwvyfonfh Ediitjzpf a-unmay;&eftwGuf _Adwo#tpd;& kfH k f kfH d k tm; qGaqmifor;oGi;&efjzpfonf? olonftm%mESifh ywfoufI tl;trl;jzpfae J d f f _y; ordi;wGif olyg0ifconfh tcef;utm; jrefrmEdiiukd vGwajrmufapcJotjzpf D kf hJ kfH f h l wGi&pfap&ef vdvm;cJayonf? f k h taemufokd c&D;pwifrxGucmrD rdru,ukd Ak'bmom0ifwOD;[k a-unm f G d kd f < xm;aom OD;apmonf olrsm;ESirwl wrlx;jcm;onfh oljzpfonftwki; wdu*g;armh hf l h df k f (of) av,mOfysH (Tiger Moth aeroplane) udk pD;oGm;&if; (326) ay ^m%fawmf tjrif&onfh a&$w*apwDawmf}uD;udk av,mOfysHtm; 0JysHywfapI olonf ylaZmf h dS d kH uefawmhom;ao;onf? *VKefeef;&if;0ef. xl;qef;aom tytrlEifh ywfoufI G S xdktcsdefu Ak'<bmom0iftrsm;pk. tjrifwGif pdwf}uD;0ifr+ESihf a&$wd*HkapwDawmf tm; rkdrao rav;rpm; AdkvfqefpGm yvkyfoGm;onfh vuQ%mtjzpf xifjrif-u ayvdrfhrnf? tb,fa-umihfqdkaomf apwDawmfonf Ak'<. qHawmf&SpfqlESihf tjcm;"mwfawmfarGawmfrsm; udef;0yf&mjzpfI tjcm;tedpPoabmaqmif yk*~dKvf rsm;xuf jrihrm;pGm wnf&ae&rnfjzpfaoma-umihaywnf;? f dS f rnfokdqkdap OD;apmonf 1941 ckESpf/ atmufwkdbmv apmapmykdif;wGif vef'efokd xGufcGmoGm;cJhavonf? olESifhtwl umuG,fa&;aumifpDtwGif;0ef OD;wifxGfu olt}uHay;tjzpf vkdufygoGm;cJhonf? OD;wifxonf udr;A&pfwuUovY ynmqnf;yl;cJ_h y; &efuewuUov. G f f dk f D k f dk f 'k=t"dywdEihf *k%oa&jrifrm;vSaom tdE,ydnmOfcH 0efxrf;wOD;vnf; jzpfay S f h dN onf? eef;&if;0eftaejzifh ,cifu Oa&myokd ra&mufz;acs? Oa&mywwkuv;kH um; l d f ppfrD;awmufavmifvsuf&Sdonf? olwkdESpfOD;vkH; atmufwkdbmv (10) &ufwGif t*Fvefokd acsmacsmarmarmqkdufa&mufoGm;-uonf? (18) &ufaewGif qm0if pwefcsmcsu 0ef}uD;csKyftrawmfwif aev,fpmpm;yGjJ zifh wnfcif;{nfc&ef OD;apm D d f G hH ukd zdwf-um;cJhonf? jrefrmeef;&if;0eftaejzifh Tyk*~dKvf}uD;tm; rdrdvkdvm;csuf buf ,dr;,kivmap&ef pnf;k;odr;oGi;Ekipr; r&Scacs? 'kw,urBmppftwGi;u f df H f f d f G f d hJ d f ppf;+H vkqqtajctaerS aemufq;kH atmifyqifonftxd _Awo#vrsK;rsm;omru J J JG d d l d taemufwkdif; 'Drkdua&pDacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh zGJxm;aom r[mrdwftiftm;pk}uD; twGi;wGiyg r,dr;r,diausmufpmwkiuodk acgif;aqmifray;EkiconftwGuf f f f kf d f hJ + d f hJ h csD;usL;axmyemyjcif;cH&aom 0ef}uD;csKyftaejzifh ppfyGJqifE$Ja&;vkyfief;rsm;u om oludk ywfvnf0i;vsu&onf? _Awo#tifyi,m ukvee,frsm;ukd vGwvyf dk f f dS d d dk f d dk D f a&;ay;&ef qefusiaom ol&yfwnfcsuuvnf; trsm;uod_yD;jzpfonf? okd jzpfI f f dk
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csmcsDEihf OD;apmwkt-um; ESpem&Dausmf-um ajymqkaqG;aEG;r+onf ,cifutwki; S d f d df jrefrmhEiia&;tem*wfonf _Adwo#w. ppfyatmifEir+ &v'ftay:Y wnfrae dk f H d dk JG dk f DS _y; xktcseusrom jrefrmhta&;ukd tav;ay;ajz&Si;Ekirnf[aom wHk jyefcsuodk D d d f S f df l f om tESpcsKyfa&muf&om;cJonf? csmcs. wif;rmaom oabmxm;ESitwl olawG f dS G h D hf cJ&or# tjcm;_Awo#acgif;aqmifrsm;. oabmxm;rsm;uvnf; OD;apmukd xyfwl h d d xyfr# pdwtaESmift,Sujf zpfapcJonf? f h h Ekd0ifbmvukefykdif;wGif olonf t*FvefrS jyefvnfxGufcGmoGm;onf[kqkd onf? ar#mfvifcsufuif;rJvsuf pdwpEk;paemifh jzpfaeaom OD;apmonf tjyefc&D; h h f d ukd tar&duefEkdifiHbufrS jzwfjyef_yD; orRw z&efuvif/ 'D/ l;pAJh (vf) (Franklin d d dk D D. Roosevelt) ukd 0ifawGonf? tar&dueforRwtaejzihf _Adwo#ukvee,fwck . ta&;t&mrsm;wGif 0ifa&mufpGufzuf&ef vufwGefaeonfukd awGcJh&onf? aemufq;c&D;pOftjzpf olwEpO; ypdzwujdk zwfI ava-umif;jzifh jrefrmEkiibuf Hk dk S f D d f dfH OD;wnfjyefvmcJonf? tar&duefEiirS rxGucmrD OD;apmonf *syef&dS jrefrmynm h dk f H f G awmfoifrsm;. tajctaersm;ukd pkprf;&ef &nf&,csufjyI *syefaumifppf0efudk H G f d f oGm;a&mufawGqconf? ykvqyurf; (Pearl Harbour) &Sd tar&duef ypdzwa& Hk hJ J d f wyfukd *syefav,mOfwifoabFmrS av,mOfrsm;ESifh a&ikyfoabFmrsm;u vkH;0eD; yg;eD;eD; wkdufckdufzsufqD;_yD;onfh aemufw&uf 'DZifbmv (8) &ufaewGif olwkd pD;vmaom av,mOfu [m0kdif,D&Sd [kdEkdvlvlokd qkdufa&mufoGm;jcif;rSm xl;xl; jcm;jcm;wkuqirw&yfjzpfacsonf? okd jzpfI olwav,mOfonf aemufa-umif; d f dk f + dk jyefvSnfhcJh&onf? tar&duefEkdifiHESifh twWvefwdwfyifv,fukdjzwf_yD; ta&Sbuf ysHoef;vm&if; ay:wl*D vpfpbGef-rdY olwkd -uef -umaecJhjyefonf? OD;apmu tcGifh aumif;,l_yD; xkdae&mY *syefaumifppf0efukd awG jyefonf? olzmom wOD;wnf; oGm;a&mufcjhJ cif;jzpfaomfvnf; olwajymqkor#udk wkusKodk pum;0Sujf zifh owif; dk d d d ay;ykd jcif;cH&onf? _Adwo#axmufvS r;a&;u ,if;owif;ay;ykcsufudk -um;jzwf d f d zrf;,l_yD; pum;0Sufrsm;ukd azmfxkwfcJhonf? owif;ay;ykdcsuf. tusOf;csKyfrSm *syefu jrefrmEkiiudk usL;ausm0ifa&mufv#if jrefrmwku _Awo#udk xuGyeuef dfH f d d d k f aumif;ykefuefvdrhfrnf? xkdtcsdefwGif oltaejzifh *syefukd wwfEkdifor# tultnD ay;rnf[lIjzpfonf? _Adwdo# EkdifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;u olwkdESpfOD;ukd zrf;&efqkH; jzwfvu_f y; [kizm-rdodk av,mOfqif;onfEihf zrf;qD;xde;odr;vkuonf? OD;apm dk D d f S f f d f ESifh OD;wifxGfukd ,l*ef'gjynfokdykdvkduf_yD; OD;apmtaejzifh ppftwGif;umv wav#mufvkH; txdef;todrf;cHxm;&onf?
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OD;wifxurl jyefvway;cJ_h y; 1945 ck arvwGif jrefrmEkiirS qkwcmvsuf G f dk $ f D dfH fG tdENd,EkdifiH qif;rvm;-rdY zGJpnf;aom qma':refprpf. ppfajy;tpkd;&tzGJukd oGm;a&mufy;aygif;aponf? l ODapmonf 'dre,eftqifukd awmif;qd&ef vef'efokd wcrf;wem; xGucm k D D h k f G roGm;rD vtenf;i,fcefuyifv#if eef;&if;0ef OD;apm rod&&ao;aom ocifatmif dS qef;onf olEifh pdwoabmxm;wlnonfh ppfaoG;ppfrmef pdwxufoefonfh rsKd; S f D f cspfvli,fyk*~dKvfrsm;ESihftwl *syefjynfodk oabFmjzifh xGufcGmoGm;cJhavonf? xkd tcsdefu olwdktaejzifh udkvdkeDtm%mydkifrsm;ESihf aphpyfaqG;aEG;jcif;jzifh ar#mfvifh csursm; jynf0oGm;vdrrnf[k r,H-k unf-uawmh? rsK;cspvi,f rsK;qufopftae f h hf d f l d jzihf 'dkrDeD,eftqifh tygt0if _Adwdo#bk&ifhtifyg,mESihf qufoG,fv+yf&Sm;/ EkdifiH udk xlaxmifom;&rnftvkyrsK;udk rvdvm;awmhbJ vH;0vGwvyfa&;udk wducuf G h f d k k f k f kd &,l&ef qH;jzwfc-hJ uonf? vufeufuixuGa&;enf;vrf;jzifomv#if olw&nf k kd f h kd rSe;csuf txajrmufEirnf[k olw,-kH unfc-hJ uonf? f kd f dk xkdtcsdefu udkatmifqef;onf touf (20) ausmfausmfom &Sdao;onf? odkaomfvnf; EkdifiHa&;0gtm;jzifh &ifhusufaeav_yD? wdkArmtpnf;tHk;. taxG axGtwGif;a&;r;tjzpf xrf;aqmifcJh_yD; a'gufwmbarmfOuU@tjzpf aqmif&Guf onfh us,fjyefaom r[mrdwfwyfaygif;pk}uD;jzpfonfh xGuf&yf*kd%f; (Freedom Bloc) udk pwifwnfaxmifcJholwOD;vnf;jzpfayonf? olwdkonf tultnD&,l a&;twGuf taemufxuf ta&Sudk ar#mf-unfh-uonf? 1940 ckESpfqef;wGif wkArmtpnf;tk;okd tdE,trsK;om;uGe*&ufygwD &rf;*g(&f) (Ramgarh) nDvm d H dN d f cHodk uk,pm;vS,tzGJ vma&mufavhvm&ef zdw-f um;pm vufc&&Sygonf? xkuhJ d f f H d d okd zdw-f um;jcif;ukd 0rf;omtm;&pGmvufc_H yD; taxGaxGtwGi;a&;r; ocifatmif f qef; acgif;aqmifvsuf ocifoef;xGef;/ ocifA[def;ESifh tjcm;toif;0ifrsm; yg0ifonfh uk,pm;vS,tzGJ onf rwfvwGif tdE,jynfodk if;tpnf;ta0;wuf d f f dN a&muf&ef oGm;-uygonf? xkduGef*&ufnDvmcHwGif -unf!kdav;pm;tyfaom r[wWr*E<DESifh wjcm;ausmf-um;aom uGef*&ufacgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;jzpfonfh ypf*s0g[mvm(vf) ael;/ qlb(pf)cse'&m bk(pf) pojzifh awG uHpum;ajymcGi& f d hf -uygonf? ypfael;qkv#if ocifatmifqef;onf ausmif;om;b0upI cs;rGr; d D f ESpfoufcJholjzpf_yD; xkdyk*~dKvf}uD; t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh a&;om;cJhor# pmayrsm;ukd pdwtm;xufoefpm zwf-um;avhvmrSwom;cJonf? 1936 ckEpwif ukatmifqef; f G f h Sf G d onf ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;rsm;or*~OuU@ wifajrmufjcif;cH&csdefwGif
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pdwyi;jzwfum tquftoG,yifr&Scaom rpPwmael;tm; jynfv;kH u|wf rEav; f dk f f d hJ ausmif;om;nDvmcHudk 1937 ckEpwif pDpOf&mwGif wufa&mufcs;jri&ef owW&pm S f G D hf d dS G zdwf-um;vkdufonf? ypfael;uvnf; jrefrmausmif;om;acgif;aqmif atmif qef;qkdol. *k%foduQmta-umif;rsm;ukd -um;od_yD;jzpfojzifh zdwf-um;jcif;ukd vufcH_yD; olukd,fwkdif nDvmcHwufcJhonf? ael;vma&mufjcif;jzifh trsKd;om; ta&;tm; txl;jrifhwufapcJhonf? acgif;aqmif csef'&m bkd(pf) 0g't& wjcm; wbufrS t-urf;zufru,-Hk unfojl zpf_y; jrefrmjynftm; vlpr;wa,mufr[kwf l dk D d f awmhyg? jypfr+Oya' yl;aygif;}uHpnfr+jzifh w&m;pGJqkdcH&vsuf olESifh awmfvSefa&; acgif;aqmif (16) a,mufwkdtm; rEav;axmifwGif 1924 ckrS 1927 ckESpftxd tusOf;csjcif;cH-u&onf? ypfael;onf jrefrmvli,fukd,fpm;vS,frsm;tm; txl;{nfh0wfausyGef pGm -unfh+xm;um nDvmcHt_yD;wGif olwkoabmt& wjcm;ae&mrsm;ukdyg oGm; d a&muf-unfh+avhvmcsifonfhqEN &Sd-uygovm;[k ar;jref;&mwGif ocifatmif qef;uyif taemufajrmufa'oac: tuf(zf)*ef e,fpyfodk oGm;a&mufva-umif; dk ukd arwWm&yfcHonf? xkdtcg c&D;pOfvkyfay;cJhonfrSm Ak'<*g,mrS t-rd-rdrsm;okd 0ifa&muf-u_y; a'vD-rdawmfrwqifh tdE,wkui,fujdk zwfausmum ywfv#m;0g; D S dN d f f -rd/ ukibmawmif-um;uae bkab-rdrS umvuwWm;-rdodkjyef-u&ef pDpOfay;ygonf? df H taemufajrmufa'owGif ocifatmifqef;qENtwki; xl;uJpm e,fpyf*E< bGJ& df G D yxef=rlqvifacgif;aqmif}uD; cef/ tuf'l *gzm/ cef ESihf awGqaqG;aEG;cJ-h uonf? Hk xkacgif;aqmif}uD;onf a'otvkuf _Awo#rsm;ukd awmfvecsionfpwf jyif;xef d d d d S f f h d pGm&Saomfvnf; t-urf;rzufa&;oabmw&m; tjrif0g'ukd cH,xm;oljzpfonf? d l oljrefrmjynfjyefa&mufvmaomtcgwGif udkvdkeDtm%mydkifrsm;u oludk zrf;0&rf;xkwxm;a-umif;udk olo&avonf? xka-umihf olonf wdi;jynftwGi; f d d kf f rS wdwfwqdwfxGufcGmoGm;&ef qHk;jzwfvdkufI olESihf&if;EDS;aom rdwfaqGwOD;jzpf fh f f k onfh ocifvS rdif 12 ESitwl wkwjf ynfokd yxrxGuawmhrnfh wkw=,d;',m; vdkif; [dkifvDoabFm (China-Siam Line, Hai Lee) ay:odk &efukefqdyfurf;rS cdk; wufum vkdufygoGm;avonf? oltdwfuyfxJ&Sd lyD; (200) tjyif olwGif pdwful; ,Oftdyfrufwckom ygoGm;avonf? oltaejzihf wdkif;jynfvGwfvyfa&;twGuf wducuvpw&_dS yD; tjcm;ppfvvm;aom ocifrsm;uvnf; &Se[i; odom;_yD; k f kd f dk d f kd f kd f k G armf uGejf rLepfrsm;ESifh qufo,r&,l&ef olukd wduwe;cJ-h uonf? odaomf ol G f + k f G f k b0rSm tajctaet& tvsifpvdjk zpfvsuf&onf? [oFmwckif &J0efaxmufjzpf dS d
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ol aZ;AD;,m;qdou atmifqef;udzrf;rdv#if (5) ly; csD;jrirnf[k vlo&i-f um; k l k D hf d S qkaiGxwxm;onf? odk jzpfI olEihf udvS rdiwu yxrqH;awGonfh wkwjf ynf k f S k f kd k odk oGm;rnfhoabFmjzihf vkdufygoGm;cJh&jcif;jzpfonf? olwdkonf olwdkudk,folwdk oabFmuke;ywfay:rS vduygvmonfh wkwc&D;onf wefvtif&e; ESifh wefqk f k f f l S f awmif wdtjzpf kyzsufc-hJ uonf? k f xdae&ufum; 1940 ckEp/f -o*kwv (8) &ufjzpfonf? oabFm OD;wnfcwf k S f k armif;aeonfum; trGdKifrdodk jzpfonf? trGdKif rdonf wkwfurf;kd;wef;&Sd rdwrdj zpf_yD; *syefwu odr;yduxm;um ,cktcg ZD&mrif; [k ac:ae-uav_yD? kd f k f 1940 ckESpf ESpfv,favmufwGif rDemrDrql,kd 13 emrnfcHvsuf &efukefokda&muf &Sdvmaom Adkvfr;}uD; uif*sDqlZluD;ukd ArmhxGuf&yf*kd%f;rS a'gufwmbarmf. a&mif;&if;wOD;jzpfol a'gufwmodrf;armifu (6) ywfceft-umwGif oGm;a&muf awGqconf? trGKd ifwif aomifwifaeaom jrefrmrsKd;cspfvi,f (2) OD;ukd *syefodk Hk hJ G l oGm;Ekdifa&;twGuf pDpOfay;yg&ef olu qlZluD;ukd tqkdycJhonf? Adkvfr;}uD;u csucsi;yifoabmwlvu_f y; a'gufwmodr;armifu vli,f (2) OD;. "mwfyrsm;ESihf f f dk D f Hk rdwfqufpmwapmifukd olukday;vkdufonf? qlZluD;onf ol.vufaxmufwOD; jzpfol ql*sDtDrufql,lESifhtwl *syefokd r-umrDyif jyefoGm;cJhonf? tjcm;vuf axmufwOD;jzpfol rpfZwmeDtemtkurl &efuewixm;&pfconf? l D d dk k f Gf hJ wkiaywGif c&D;waxmufem;pOf azmfrqm (wki0rf) &Sd *syefb&ifwyfrawmf df dk df k h rS tkyfcsKyfa&;t&m&SdwOD;ukd Adkvfr;}uD;u jrefrmESpfa,muf pwif&SmazG&efESifh wkdusKdwGif olxHokd apmifh-uyfac:aqmifvm&ef rSm-um;cJhonf? trGKd ifwif ocifatmifqef;ESihf ocifv-S rdiwdk ta&Sajrmuf{&d,m&Sd uGejf rL G f epfykdife,fajr ukef;wGif;ykdif;okd c&D;oGm;vmEkdif&ef tultnDay;Ekdifrnfh wOD; wa,mufudk tquftoG,&a&;twGuf (3) veD;yg;cef &SmazGaomfvnf; tcsn; f f tESD;omjzpfaeonf? olwkdrSm aiGa-u;vnf;ukef ar#mfvifhcsufvnf; cef;ajcmuf vsu&onf? xktcsewif uifaywkirS Advr;uef'gu ulvefqu|e;rS Ekiiwum f dS d d f G df k f l f dfH d ykdifpcef;wGif;&Sd wnf;ckdcef;av; (Inn) wckwGif olwkukd ajc&mcHrdoGm;onf? olwkd rSm tHtm;woifh jzpfonfEitr# a'gufwmodr;armif.pmukd zwf&onfEihf pdwf h S hf f S vufayghyg;oGm;-uonf? *syefokd qufvufoGm;&efom taumif;qkH;[lIvnf; awG;awmrdcJh-uonf? olwkdonf *syef=zdvpfykdif ujym;rsm;tjzpf tkdrkd'grGef*sD f d ESihf tDw'gwDtcsD 14 [laom emrnfrsm;jzifh taxmuftxm;pm&Gupmwrf;rsm;ukif dk D aqmifum Ekd0ifbmv (8) &ufaewGif zlultkdtmavqdyfokd qif;oufcJh-uonf?
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wkusKda&mufonfEihf Advr;}uD; qlZu;u olwudk avqdywif vma&muf d S k f l D dk f G udqconf? jrefrmhta&;twGuf bk&ifwyfrawmfO;pD;XmecsKyfrsm;u pdwrygw dk hJ h D f yg jzpfaeonfhtwGuf qlZluD;u oltdwfrS aiGpkdufxkwfI olwkdukd -unfh+xm;& onf? rsm;r-umrD Armvrf;r}uD; 15 (Burma Road) jyefvnfzGifhvSpfvkdufjcif;u olwkd. pdwfyg0ifpm;r+ukd jyefvnfEkd;xapcJhonf? -unf;wyfESifh a&wyfXmecsKyf ppfOD;pD;r;rsm;u v#Kd0SuftzGJwzGJ zGJpnf;a&;tpDtpOfukd yl;aygif;vkyfaqmifvm _yD; aemufq;Y 1941 ckEpf azazmf0g&Dv (1) &ufaewif rDemrDuueftzGJ jzpfay: Hk S G D vmcJonf? h rDemrDuDuefukd Adkvfr;}uD; uif*sDqlZluD;u OD;aqmif_yD; *syef-unf;wyf a&wyft&m&Srsm;tjyif t&yfom;rsm;jzifh k;zGJ pnf;xm;onf? jrefrmok;OD;jzpfonfh d H H 16 atmifqef;/ vS-rdifESifh ukdaqmif; (uD&D,l pufr+txufwef;ausmif;wGif wufa&mufynmoif-um;aeol) wkudk *syefb&ifwyfrawmf. ppfO;pD;XmecsKyfrsm; d k h D . wkuuuyuratmufwif xm;&Svuonf? uDueftaejzifh tqifh (3) qifh d f dk f G f J + G d dk f yg0ifaom azazmf0g&Dv pDrHudef;jzifh olppfqifa&;vkyfief;&yfrsm;ukd csufcsif;yif pwifcJhonf? yxrqkH;tm;jzifh jrefrmrsKd;cspf (30) OD;ukd [kdifeef (okr[kwf) azmfrkd d qmwGif ppfoifwef;ay;&eftwGuf ac:xkw&ef/ 'kw,taejzifh oifwef;_yD;onf f d ESifh jrefrmjynfwGif;jyef0if_yD; _Adwdo#wkdukd qefusifaom vufeufukdifxuGr+ twGuf pnf;kH;v+yf&Sm;um _Adwdo#wkdukd armif;xkwf_yD; vGwfvyfa&;&,lEkdifa&; twGuf vufeufEiaiGa-u; taxmuftyHay;&ef/ wwd,taejzifh jrefrmrsKd;cspf S hf h rsm;ukd vufcEia&;/ jynfwi;jyef0ifEia&;ESihf befaumufrae_yD; e,fpyfujdk zwf H dk f Gf dk f S ausmfum vufeufrsm; o,faqmif_yD; _Adwo#qefusifa&;wyfzJG rsm;ukd axmufyhH d Ekdifa&;twGuf ,kd;',m;=jrefrme,fpyf tcsuftcsmusaom ae&mrsm;wGif v#Kd0utajccHpcef;rsm; wnfaqmufxm;&efwdk jzpfonf? S f yxrOD;qkH;aom ppfqifa&;trdefukd vufcH&&Sdolrsm;rSm atmifqef;ESifh f ql*sDtDrpfql,l (Sugii Mitsuru) wkd jzpfonf? ,if;trdeudk azazmf0g&Dv (14) &uf aepwyfxm;_yD; u0gqmuDqyurf;rS aemufaexurnfh 'gtDwoabFmykaqmif JG d f G f dk d d f d k f dk G a&;ukr%yif &Sewif rml; (Shunten Maru) jzifh vkuygI ykor/f &efueoom; ` D dk f &efjzpfonf? olwvyaqmif&rnfwm0efrm topfppnf;xm;olrsm;ukd oabFmjzifh dk k f h S k ckd;xkwf_yD; oifwef;&Sd&mae&mokd ykday;&eftjyif axmufvS rf;a&;owif;opfrsm; pkaqmif; &efjzpfonf? olwkdukd oabFmom; vufrSwfwkrsm; xkwfay;_yD; ql*sDrSm oabFm aiGpm&if;ukdifESifh tkdrkd'grGef*sDrSm pma&;jzpfoGm;onf? tkdrkd'gtaejzifh
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kyfzsuf0wfqifxm;&_yD; oGm;wkyg wyfqifxm;&onf? atmifqef;onf &Sefwifrml; ykodrfuyfonfESifh ukef;ay:okd vGwfvGwf uif;uif; ta&mufwufoGm;EkdifcJhonf? trdajray: jyefeif;&onfhtwGuf olrSm 0rf;omvsuf&Sd_yD; &efukef&Sd ocifjrxH owif;ay;ykd&ef qufvufxGufcGmcJhonf? &Sefwifrml;u olukefrsm;jzpfonfhqefukd xyfrHjznfhqnf;Iwif&ef &efukefokd a&mufonftcsdewif &Jabmf (4) OD;ukd a&G;cs,f_yD;jzpfonf? okaomfvnf; atmif h f G d qef;ESifhtwl olwkdoabFmay:wufrnfhnwGif oabFmtv,f twuftqif; avSum;wGif ykvdyftapmifht-uyfrsm; wif;usyfpGmcsxm;onfhtwGuf ,if;rS wuf&ef rjzpfEkdifonfhtwGuf oabFmaemufykdif;wGif tcsufjya&ay:abmESifh csnxm;aom oHud;rS pGepepm;pm;wufc-hJ u&onf? Tyxr rsK;csptokwwif f f G f d f f G 17 yg0ifolrsm;rSm ocifvSaz/ at;armif/ b*srf;ESifh ukdxGef;&Sdef wkd jzpf-uonf? atmifqef;/ vS-rdifwkdESifhtwl olwkdukd wkdusKdrS azmfrkdqmpcef;okd av,mOfjzifh ykday;cJh_yD; olwkd jrefrm (6) OD;jzifh ppfoifwef;ukd pwifcJhonf? *syefoifwef;om; topftcsKdvnf; aemufykdif;wGif wufa&mufvmcJhonf? tvm;wl wm0efay;cH&olrSm tDemtkdrDZlwmeD (Inao Mitzutani) jzpf_yD; ol onf tkqmumrS rwfv (25) &ufaewif &efueodk xGucmaom qefwifoabFm d G k f f G 'gtDwkdykdaqmifa&;ukr`%Duyif ukdifl;rml; (Kairu Maru) oabFmjzifh vkdufyg oGm;cJh&onf? olonf &Sifrifemrnfjzifh oabFmaiGpm&if;ukdiftjzpf [efaqmif oGm;&onf? olonf vli,f (7) OD;ukd (3) OD;w}udrf/ (2) OD; ESpf}udrfwkdifwkdif tvnfxGufcGifh&_yD; jyefvmaom oabFmom;rsm;ESifh a&maESm_yD; oabFmay: ta&muf wifay;Ekiconf? wv-um_yD;aemuf oabFmaiGpm&if;ukif ql*stonf d f hJ d D D olwa,mufwnf; aemufxyf (3)OD;ukd ukaq;tDrml; (Kosai Maru) oabFmjzifh d o,faqmifvmEkicjhJ yefonf? ZGevwGif aemufq;kH wacgufY &Sirifu xyfr_H y; (11) df f f D OD;ukd ukdlrml; (Koreyu Maru) oabFmjzifh xkwfvmEkdifcJhjyefonf? if; (11) OD;wGif aemufqkH; (6) OD;rSm ocifApdef/ ocifxGef;tkyf tkyfpkrSjzpf_yD; ocifxGef; tkyfukd,fwkdif acgif;aqmifxm;onf? ocifxGef;tkyfESifhtwl ygvmolrSm tjcm;ol r[kwf aemufykdif; Adkvfae0if;jzpfvmrnfh ocif+armifjzpfonf? rpfqlwmeD (c) oabFmaiGpm&if;ukif &Sirifonf rsKd;cspf&abmf (27) OD;teuf (18) OD;ukd yifv,f d f J jzwfI o,faqmifvmEkdifcJholjzpfonf? ,dk;',m;=jrefrme,fpyfrS jzwfausmfvm ol ocifatmifoef;ESifh ocifoef;wifwkdtjyif ukdaqmif;ukdyg xyfaqmif;vkduf aomtcg emrnfausmf &Jabmfo;usdy t_yD;owfjzpfay:vmcJonf? Hk f h
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ociftkyfpk (2) ckt-um; r-umrDyif rausvnfr+rsm; jzpfay:vmcJhonf? 18 ukdlrml; oabFmjzifh &efukefrStxGuf pifumyloGm;onfh c&D;pOfwGifyif ocif xGe;tky. oabmxm;a-umifh jzpfym;onfh rausvnfrrm tapmqk;jzpfonf? f f G + S H tjcm;xif&m;onfwckrm AdvausmaZmajymjycsujf zpf_y; bmwD;vfvifem. S h S k f f D a'grmef[ewif uk;um;xm;csufjzpfonf? k f G d udkatmifqef;ESifh udkae0if;wdk [kdifeefwGif r-umc% tcsif;rsm;-uonf? udkatmifqef;onf vldk;vlajzmifh ajAmiform;jzpfI udkae0if;u tvGef^m%frsm; vsuf wGufcsuf_yD;rS vkyfwwfonf? odkaomfvnf; udkatmifqef; t"du ruduf onfu udae0if;. tusipduf raumif;r+jzpfonf? olonf avmif;upm;orm; k hf k jzpfonfhtjyif rdef;rvnf; tvGef+yfayGonf? xka-umihf tusifhpm&dwW aumif;rGef d r+udk txl;tav;xm;aom udkatmifqef;ESihf usefaom u|efawmfwdk &Jabmfrsm; uvnf; ,if;tcsufudk rESpfrd- ujcif;jzpfonf? odkaomf tem*wfudk ar#mfawG;I pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;twGuf u|efawmfwdk wwfEdkifoavmuf tnDt!GwfaecJh-u ygonf? xdkrSwyg; atmufyg bmwD;vfvihfwfem a&;om;csufudkvnf; owdrloihf ayonf? &efukefwGif udkatmifqef;onf oabFmrSm;pD;rdcJhjcif;oufoufa-umihf *syefESihf qufoG,fvdkuf&jcif;um; r[kwfacs? *syefwdk. v#Kd0Sufvkyfief;rsm;udk olwdk. olv#Kdrsm;u &efukefESihf tjcm;ae&mrsm;wGif vkyfaqmifvsuf&SdcJhonf? 1930 ckESpfrsm;avmufuyif +dZdk=udkulbl (Shozo Kokubu) [k ac:aom *syef a&wyft&m&Sdwa,mufonf ocifApdefocifxGef;tkyf tkyfpkESifh qufoG,fr+& cJhonf? xkd jyif &efukef&Sd *syefolv#KdwOD;jzpfaom a'gufwm qlumpm qlZluD; pDpOfay;cJonftwGuf tjcm;rsKd;cspfy*Kd~ vfwOD;jzpfonfh a'gufwmodr;armifonf h h k f vnf; 1940 ckEpwif wdusKdokd tvnfc&D;oGm;cJz;onf? udatmifqef;tygt0if S f G k h l k ocifudk,fawmfrd+if;. aemufvdkufrsm;rSm *syefrsm;tay:Y ta-umif;a-umif;udk axmufqI oHo,&S-d uonf? wenf;tm;jzifvnf; ratmifjrifaom wkwjf ynf h c&D;pOfonf jrefrmEdkifiH vGwfvyfa&;ud;yrf;v+yf&Sm;r+twGuf tultnD&rnfh ae&mudk ud;pm;&Sm}uHjcif;w&yf[k jrif&ayrnf? odkaomf ,if;ud;yrf;r+ ratmif rjrifjzpfom;onftcg jrefrmvli,frsKd;cspfrsm;twGuf (olwvcsifonfh vGwvyf G h kd kd f a&;udk E+wuwday;aeonf) *syefomv#if a&G;cs,fp&m &Som;ayawmhonf? f h d G *syefwtaejzihf Ttcsufukd aumif;pGmoabmaygufxm;-uonf? odk jzpf kd
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I olwdkonf olwdk. ppfoifwef;tpDtpOfwGif 0ifkd;wef; vdkvm;aom vusfm tpGe;a&muf0g'D ocifApdeocifxe;tkyf tkypukd xnfoi;I vuf0orm;rsm; f f G f f k h Gf J tm; xdef;xm;&ef qHk;jzwfcJh-ujcif;jzpfonf? xkda-umihfvnf; wdkArmtpnf;tHk; udk pwifwnfaxmifcJh&mY yg0ifcJhol wOD;jzpfaom ocifApdefonf ocifxGef;tkyf S f S G f hJ h dk f H ESitwl 1938 19 ckEpcefrpI *syefukd pwifqufo,conf? 0g&ifEiia&;orm; fh rsm;xJrS EkiijH cm;om;rdwaqGrsm;csOf;uyfrwzJG orsm;rSm ocifApdeEihf ocifxe; df f d f l f S G f tkyfwkdupcJh-uonfr[kwf? OD;apmomv#if yxrjzpfygonf? olonf owif;pm q&mwOD;taejzifh uk,pm;yum *syefEiiodk 1935 ckEpwif tvnfom;cJonf? d f dk f H S f G G h olonf xkc&D;rStjyefwif &efue-f rdwif owif;pm}uD;wapmifjzpfaom ol&, d G k G d owif;pm. t"du tpkydkif&Sifjzpfvmjcif;rSm wkdufqkdifr+w&yfjzpfykH&onf? olu vlraygif;oif;qufqa&;taejzifh *syefot&m&Srsm;ESihf tvnftywfvmolrsm;ukd + H H d azsmajz{nfcconf? ,if;okaom {nfcyrsm;ukd *syefEiita-umif; aqmif;yg;rsm; f h H hJ d h H JG dk f H tm; rSereyEyazmfjyavh&aom olowif;pmwGif tjynftpkowif;tjzpf a&;om; f S f Hk dS f dS h H azmfjycJonf? h aemufrS ay:aygufvmaom b0. oa&mfuuw&yfrm *syefwEihf txufyg G f S dk S twki; qufo,confh ocifApdetm; *syefwuyif t}uHay;r+a-umifh 1942 ckEpf df G f hJ f dk S atmufwbmvwGif e,fpyfuae_yD; ,k;',m;Ekiibufodk jzwfu;&ef ud;pm;&m dk d dfH l zrf;qD;cH&_yD; tusOf;cscH&jcif; jzpfayonf? rnfodkyifjzpfap ocifxGef;tkyfwdk aemufqHk;tokwf a&muf&Sdvm_yD;onfh aemufwGifum; udkatmifqef;wdk t&if *syefodka&mufESihfaeaom udkaqmif;tyg t0if pkpkaygif; rsKd;cspfvli,f (30) OD;&SdoGm;av_yD? odk jzpfI olwdkudk jrefrmhordkif; wGif &Jabmfo;usy [k ac:a0:cJavonf? olw. *syefwyfr;rSm Akvr;}uD; au kH d f h kd d f tD*sD=qlZluD; jzpfonf? olonf udkatmifqef;ESihf udkvSrdifudk trGdKif wGif zrf; qD;cJhol t&m&Sdjzpfavonf? &JabmfoHk;usdyf0if ocifudk,fawmfrd+if;tkyfpk. wck wnf;aom &nfre;csufyef;wkirm jrefrmEdiiH vGwvyfa&;jzpfaomfvnf; Advr; S f df S kf f k f }uD; qlZluD;ESihf *syefaxmufvS rf;a&;wdk tzd&mYum; tjcm;&nfrSef;csufrsm; &Sif; k &Sif;vif;vif;&Sdaeav_yD? 1938 ckEpwif *syefwonf wkwjf ynf ajrmufyi;ESihf ta&Syi;wdukd usL; S f G kd kd f kd f k ausmf0ifa&mufcJhonf? od&mwGif *syefbk&ifhwyfrawmf. wkwfjynftwGif;ydkif; k ESihf aemufqHk;wGif tdENd,jynftxd xdk;azmufrnfh taemufbufcsD ppfqifa&; r[mAsL[mudk csefau&SdwfOD;aqmifaom (wkwfjzL) ulrifweftpdk;&u tpGrf;
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ukefqefusifwGef;vSefae&m ,if;udk r[mrdwfu ulnDyHhydk;vsuf&Sdonf? xdktcsdef Y armfpDwkef;wdk. wkwfeDuGefjrLepfrsm;vnf; tjyif;txef awmfvSefaejcif; a-umifh csefau&Sdwf ulrifwefwyfrsm; ajcukyfpcef;wckjzpfaom wkwfjynf taemufawmifbufjynfe,fwckjzpfonfh ,leef odk r[mrdww. ppfypPn;wef f kd f aygif;rsm;pGmudk tusOf;tusyfrsm;-um;rS ay;ydkae&onf? &efukefqdyfurf;rS jrefrmjynftv,fyi; tylyi;uEm&udk jzwfausmfvsuf &S r;awmifwef;rsm;txd/ kd f kd f f xkrqufvufI ,leefjynfe,fokd 0ifa&mufaom jrefrmvrf;r}uD; (Burma Road) d S onf xdktcsdefu vGefpGm ta&;}uD;_yD; *syefppfOD;udk wm;qD;Ekdifa&;twGuf wck wnf;aom axmufya&;vrf;a-umif;jzpfonf? xka-umifh *syefwtaejzihf jrefrm hH d kd jynfudk 0ifa&mufodrf;ydkuf_yD; ,if;qufoG,fa&;vrf;a-umif;udk jzwfawmufvdk onf? xdkodk yvkyfEkdif&eftwGuf olwdk ppfqifa&; atmifjrifacsmarmapjcif; tvdk iSm kyjf yaumif;aom jrefrmwdi;&if;om; wducua&;wyfwwyf tckitrm&S&ef kf k f kd f df d *syefwdku vdktyfaecJhonf? TaxmufvS rf;a&;tpDtpOfudk rDemrDuDuef (Minami Kikan) [k v#Kd0Sufemrnfay;xm;cJhonf? odk jzihf *syefa&muf jrefrm vli,frsm;rSm TtpDtpOf. t"dutoufaoG;a-um}uD;jzpfvmcJhonf? odk jzpfonfhtwdkif; 'DZifbmvwGif &JabmfoHk;usdyfrS (28) a,mufudk bef aumufodk a&$ajymif;vdkufonf? ukdaqmif; (okdr[kwf) Adkvfxdef0if;ukd ,kd;',m; Ekii&dS *syefb&ifwyfrawmf. 0g'jzefcsda&;Xmeokd wm0efcsxm;cJonf? [kieef dfH k h h df wGif tpysKd; ppfa&;avhusifrrsm; yvky_f yD;aemuf ppfoifwef;udk azmfrqmu|ef; + kd odk a&$ajymif;cJ&m jrefrmvli,fwOD;jzpfonfh ocifoef;wifonf ,if;ae&mY iSuf h zsm;a&m*gjzifh uG,fvGefoGm;cJhonf? xkdaemuf 'DZifbmv (26) &ufaewGif bef aumufY ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf (Burma Independence Army) udk w&m; 0ifzJG pnf;vduavonf? Tta-umif;ESiywfoufI ocifvaz (Advvusfm) u k f fh S k f aemufyi;wGif Todk jyefvnfajymjycJonf? kd f h tJ'aeu orm;awmf}uD; OD;vGe;aztdrrm vlawGtm;vH;[m wtm; pdwf D f f S k xufoefae-uw,f? vlwdkif;qDu vufarmif;aoG;udk azmuf,l_yD; aoG;aomuf opPmqdk-uw,f? tJ'DnrSm *syefppfoifwef;pcef;u jyefvm-uwJh olawGtm;vHk; pk_yD; pnf;a0;-uw,f? udkatmifqef;u u|efawmfwdkpdwfuduf twdwfedrdwf aumif;r,fh emrnfwckpD a&G;oifhw,fvdk t}uHyw,f? 'Demrnfu u|efawmfwdk udk *k%v&apr,f? ,H-k unfrvJ ay;Ekir,f? vkyief;_yD;pD;atmif aqmif&u&r,fh f J dS + df f G f todpdwf"mwfvJ 0ifapr,f? aemuf u|efawmfwdk csDwufr+udk qufvufo,f
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aqmifay;r,fh emrnfrsK;jzpf&r,fvkd olu ajymw,f? 'Dt}uHtpnf[m u|eawmf d f wdk pkaygif;pOf;pm;xm;-uwmvJ r[kwfbl;? t&ifxJu t-um}uD; pOf;pm;xm;cJh -uwmvJ r[kwfbl;? 'g[m udkatmifqef;&J t}uHtpnfyJ jzpfw,f? u|efawmf wdkudk tJ'Dvdk csjyawmh u|efawmfwdktm;vHk; tJ'Dt}uHtpnfudk oabmusoGm; -uw,f? tJ'DrSmyJ u|efawmfwdk emrnfawG a&G;-uw,f? prf;ac: -unfh-uw,f? oabmus-uw,f? emrnftopfeJ ud,u,ukd eJeawmif t&yfjrihom;w,fvkd k hf kd f J f G cHpm;-u&w,f xdkaewGifyif olwdktm;vHk;. emrnfa&S Y Akdvfwyfvdkuf-uonf? Akdvf[l onfrSm vltaygif;/ av;pm;cH&r+ESihf -oZmtm%m&Sdr+udk jyqdk_yD; t&m&Sdtqifh&Sd olwdkif;. emrnfa&SY (OD;/ armif/ udk) tpm; wGJoHk;oGm;&onfh a0g[m&wckjzpf ayonf? Todkjzifh udatmifqef;u (AdvawZ) jzpfvmonf? udvazu (Advvusm) k k f k S k f f emrnfcH,lonf? ocifatmifoef;u (Adkvfp}ufm) ESihf udk+armifu (Adkvfae0if;) pojzihf jzpfvm-uonf? wckwnf;aom cGif;csufrSm ocifxGef;tkyfjzpfonf? ol u *syefemrnfudk cH,lvdkufonf? Ttkyfpk. wyfr;jzpfol Adkvfr;}uD; qlZluD;udk Advr;ud; [k emrnfay;vdu-f uonf? *syeft&m&S}d uD;rsm;uvnf; jrefrmemrnf k f kd k &,lcsifonf? odk jzifh TAdkvfrdk;ud;[laomemrnfudk udkatmifqef;udk,fwdkif a&G; cs,ay;cJjh cif;jzpfonf? odaomf rd;ud;wGi&aom pmt"dym,foufouftjyif Advf f k k f dS ` k r;}uD;qlZluD;udk ,if;jrefrmemrnfay;&mY vdrRmyg;eyfI av;eufaom t"dy`m,f udkvnf; aqmifayonf? tb,fa-umihfqdkaomf _Adwdo#wdk tkyfpkd;pOfuyif xD;k;ukd rd;ud;ypfr,f [laom wabmifpum;onf ysHExuay:vsuf&onf? d k HS G f dS Twabmif. t"dy`m,frSm bk&ifheef;pOf ueuU'%f xD; wnf;[laom (_Adwdo# tcsKyftjcmtm%m) onf rdk;ud; wnf;[laom aumif;uifrS usvm onfh vufeufa-umifh usKd;ysufaom tajcodk {uefqua&mufom;vdrrnf[k kd f G fh qdkvdkonf? TwGif Akdvfrdk;ud;u AdkvfcsKyf}uD; rDemrD (Adkvfr;}uD; qlZluD;) [l aom &mxl;tqihfESihf emrnfcH,lum bDtkdifat ppfXmecsKyfudk uGyfuJvdkufum AkdvfcsKyf rl&mumrd (uy`wdef Ekd'g) u ppfOD;pD;csKyf tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ AkdvfcsKyf tdkrdk'g (udkatmifqef;) u tqihfjrihfppfOD;pD;t&m&Sd (jrefrmrsm;xJwGif &mxl;t }uD;qHk; tqifhtjrihfqHk;) tjzpfvnf;aumif; ceftyfjcif;cH&onf? tjcm; jrefrmt &m&Sd (8) OD;rSm 'k=Advr;}uD; &mxl;rS Adv}f uD;tqiftxd &mxl;rsm;jzifh ppfO;pD;Xme k f k h D csKyfESihf tjcm;oD;jcm;wm0efrsm;wGif ceftyfcH-u&onf? Akdvfae0if;tm; ceftyfr+
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rSm pm&if;. atmufajcwGifrS yg&Sdvmonf? jrefrmjynfwGif;&Sd &efolwyfzGJrsm;udk 'kuQa&mufap&ef pDpOf!ef-um; vkyfudkifoGm;&rnfhwyfrSm 'k=Adkvfr;}uD;+armif &mxl;emrnfjzifh OD;pD;uGyfuJ&ef wm0efay;jcif;cH&onf? *syeft&m&Sd}uD;rsm;. vlucwfrum; rqd;vSyg? olwif &Saom yifu,t&nftaoG;ESifh xdwm0efonf J + k G d dk f k 20 ododomomyif oihfavsmfvSayonf[k qdk&ayvdrfhrnf? 1942 ckEpf apmapmyki;wGif bDtiatonf *syefwyfrawmfEitwl jrefrm S df kd f S fh jynfwGif;odk 0ifa&mufcJhonf? tpueOD; (28) OD;rSvGJ_yD;v#if jrefrmtrsm;tjym; onf xkdif;EdkifiHwGifvnf;aumif;/ wu,fhe,fpyfwav#mufwGifvnf;aumif; bD tdkifatwyfxJodk 0ifa&mufvmcJh-uonf? 21 arG;&yfajray:wGif a&SodkcsDwuf&if; olwdk *k%f,l0ifhuGm;pGmjzifh jrihfjrifhrm;rm; v$ihfxlcJhonfhatmifvHrSm t0g/ tpdrf;/ teD oHk;a&mifjc,f/ tv,frS ua'gif;jzpfonf? 22 xdyfqHk;rS t0ga&mifvdkif;onf bmoma&;,H-k unfrukd azmfjyonf? tv,frS tpdr;a&mifrm aygrsm;uG,0aom + f S f ajr,mESifh aumufyo;EStxGuukd jyqdonf? atmufajcrS teDa&mifrmrl a-umuf J D H f k S &GHr+uif;aom &JpGrf;owWdudk azmf!ef;vsuf&Sdonf? tv,fA[dkwGif tjzLa&mif aemufcHjzifh puf0kdif;twGif;rS rmefrmetjynfht0jzifh ab;taygif;rS vGwfajrmuf apaom (arm& y&dwawmf) udk ud,pm;yonfh jrefrmh ua'gif;udk jyoxm;onf? f k f ,if;onf EkdifiH. *k%fusufoa&wihfw,fr+ESihf xGef;ajymifr+wdkudk trSwftom; yxm;jcif;jzpf_yD; jrefrmbk&ifrsm; vufxufrSpI wdkArmtpnf;tHk;ESihf (BIA) acwftxd oH;pGvmcJaom tvHjzpf.? bDtiat. tiftm;rSm tpwGif (2300) k J h dk f om&Saomfvnf;r-umrDjrefrmjynftv,fyi;odk a&muf&om;onftcseYtiftm; d kd f dS G h d f (30000) odk wdk;wufoGm;avonf? 1942 ckESpf/ rwfv (7) &ufaewGif *syefwdk u bDtiattultnDjzifh &efuef rdukd acsmarmpGm odr;yduEiconf? xdaemuf dk f k f k f dk f hJ k _Adwo#wonf a&$awmifY jyif;xefpm ckcI taemufbuf&dS tdE,odk wrl;vrf; d kd G H dN rS pnf;urf;wus qkwcmoGm;cJonf? TtcseY urBmh 6 yH/k 1 yHukd pd;ydixm;aom f G h d f k k kf _Adwdo# t&Sifocifrsm;tm; rnfolr# rvSefEdkif[laom tawG;txifonf vGihfpif k d aysmufu,om;cJonf? odaomfvnf; wrif;ajymif;rS wrif;ta-umif;od qkouJh G f G h odk jrefrmEdiitm; *syefrsm; odr;ydu&mwGif &ufpufrEihf ywfoufI pHwifavmuf kfH f k f + S aom tppftrSefokyfouefrsm;udk r-umrD jrefrmrsKd;cspfwdk pdwfysufzG,f&m awG &Sdvm&awmhonf? 23 -rdawmfokd jyef0ifonfh tcsdefykdif;avmufuyif oltaejzifh *syefawmfvSefa&;twGuf pnf;kH;&ef ud;pm;cJha-umif;/ ppf_yD;aemuf AkdvfcsKyf atmifqef;u xkwfazmfajymqkdcJhonf? tcsdefapmvGef;ao;onfhtwGuf if;tpD
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tpOfukd olkyfodrf;vkduf&onf? *syefbk&ifhwyfrawmfu ArmhvGwfvyfa&; wyfrawmf (BIA) ukd zsufodrf;&ef qkH;jzwfcJh_yD; ysOf;rem;wGif tajccsxm;aom wyf&if; (3) &if;r#jzifh 1942 ckEpf ZlvivrSpI ArmhumuG,a&;wyfrawmf (BDA) S dk f f ukd zGJpnf;cGifhycJhonf? bD'Datukd Adkvfr;}uD; &mxl;jzifh Adkvfatmifqef;u uGyfuJcJhonf? 1943 ckESpf rwfvwGif a'gufwmbarmf/ ocifjrESifh AdkvfcsKyfwkdukd wkusKodk zdw-f um;cJonf? xkaemuf a'gufwmbarmfu 0ef}uD;csKyf a['Duw*sKEihf d d h d D dk d S aqG;aEG;cJ_h yD; wk*sKdu jrefrmEkiiH vGwvyfa&;twGuf vrf;!epnf;rsOf;rsm; [k d df f f ac:onfh taxmuftxm;pmwrf;ukd a'gufwmbarmfokd ay;tyfcJhonf? ukd,f pm;vS,ftzGJacgif;aqmifrsm;ukd *syef{u&mZfbk&ifukd,fwkdif taqmifta,mif bGJwHqdyfrsm; qifjref;ay;tyfcJh_yD; OD;atmifqef;rSm AdkvfcsKyf (ar*sm*sife&,f) &mxl;okd wkd;jrifhjcif;cH&um wwd,wef; wufaetxdrf;trSwfbGJwHqdyf tyfESif; jcif;cH&onf? a'gufwmbarmfonf jyefa&mufa&mufcsif; jrefrmEkdifiH vGwfvyf a&;jyifqifr+aumfrwD ukd zGJpnf;vkdufonf? aemufqkH;Y 1943 ckESpf -o*kwfv (1) &ufaewGif jrefrmEkdifiHukd vGwfvyfaomEkdifiHtjzpfvnf;aumif;/ a'gufwm barmfuvnf; Ekiiawmft"dywdtjzpfvnf;aumif; a-unmvkuonf? bD'at dk dfH d f D ukd ArmhtrsKd;om;wyfrawmf (BNA) tjzpf emrnfajymif;vkduf_yD; umuG,fa&;0ef }uD;&mxl; ,lxm;aom AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u Adkvfr;ae0if; (Adkvfr;}uD;&mxl;okd vsifjrefpGm wkd;jrifhcH&onf) ukd bDtifat. umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyftjzpf a&G;cs,f cJonf? okaomfvnf; umuG,a&;0ef}uD;Xmeukd _Adwo#pepftwki; jyefvnfjyif h d f d df qifzJG pnf;cJ&m aemufwESptapmyki;wGif _yD;pD;oGm;onftcg AdvcsKyfatmifqef; h f df h k f u OD;pD;aoemywd &mxl;ukd jyefvnf&,lvkduf_yD; Adkvfr;}uD;ae0if;ukd ppfkH;okd ppfO;pD;csKyftjzpf ajymif;a&$vuonf? vGwvyfa&; ESpywfvnfaewif AdvcsKyf D dk f f f G k f atmifqef;tm; *syef {u&mZfbk&ifu yxrwef; jrifhjrwfaom &wembGJwHqdyf (First Class Order of the Sacred Treasure) jzifh tyfESif;csD;jrifhvkdufjyefonf? xktcsewif pdw}f uD;0ifaeaom *syefb&ifwyfrawmfEihf olw. a-umufrufz,f d d f G k h S dk G uifaywkdif axmufvS rf;a&;,E&m;wkdtay: rauseyfr+rsm; qlyGufvsuf&Sdae av_yD? tjzpftysufrsm;aygif;pkHaeonfh Ttcsdefukd u|efawmf a&;om;ae&mwGif rdrtcsKyftjcmtm%mukd vk;0O\kjH yefvnf&,lvonfh zufqpfqefusia&; jrefrm d H dk f rsK;csprsm;u usL;ausmor;ykuxm;onfh *syefwyfrsm;ukd jyefvnfawmfveonfh d f f d f d f S f v+y&m;r+udk pdw0ifpm;zG,f tusOf;csKyfjyefvnfwifjyvkayonf? f S f d
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ta&;}uD;aom trsKd;om;EkdifiHa&;ygwD}uD; (3) ck yl;aygif;_yD; ArmhxGuf &yf*kd%f; tjzpf 1939 ckESpf atmufwkdbmv (1) &ufaewGif jzpfay:vmcJhonf? ol. OD;wnf&nfrSef;csufw&yfrSm jrefrmEkdifiH. ukd,fykdifqkH;jzwfEkdifonfh tcGihft a&;ukd _Awo#tpk;&u todtrSwf y_y;v#if vGwvyfa&;ay;&eftwGuf awmif;qkd d d d D f &efjzpfavonf? tvm;wl &nfrSef;csufrsm;xm;&Sdaom Armhta&;awmfykHygwD [k ac:aom ajratmuftzGJwzGJukd ,if;u arG;xkwfay;cJhonf? tzGJ0ifrsm;ukd ocifrsm;/ qkd&S,fvpfrsm;/ uGefjrLepfrsm;-um;rS a&G;xkwfcJh _yD; if;tzGJ. xif&Sm;aom acgif;aqmifrsm;tjzpf OD;ausmf_idrf;/ OD;AaqG/ ocif atmifqef;ESihf ocifoe;azwkd jzpfvmcJonf? tcsKaomEkiia&;orm;rsm;u *syef d f h d dfH ta-umif; tom;ay;ajymjyaomfvnf; uGefjrLepfwkwfukdrl trsm;u ykdrkdvkdvm; -uonf? odef;azurl zufqpf*syefESifh yl;aygif;a&;ukd tjyif;txefuefuGuf oljzpfonf? 1942 ckEpf tapmyki;wGif AdvcsKyfatmifqef;u *syefb&ifwyfrsm;ESitwl S df k f k h hf Armhvwvyfa&;wyfrawmfudk OD;aqmifum trdajray:okd atmifjrifpm 0ifa&muf G f G vmcsdefwGif odef;azu ajratmufqufoG,fa&;uGef&ufuwqifh *syefqefusif a&;pm&Gursm;ukd jzefa0tvkyrsm;aecJonf? TwGif orki;wGirnfh uH-urRmw&yf f f h df f jzpfvmcJhonf? Armhta&;awmfykHygwDu odef;azukd tdENd,okdv$wf&ef tm;vkH; oabmwlvu-f uonf? olwor;oGi;xm;ol rmhup0g'Drsm;. aoG;aqmifpnf; dk dk d f f f f kH;r+ pGrf;&nfay:wGif ar#mfvifhcsufxm;&SdonfESifhtnD wzufuvnf; r[mrdwf wkxrS tultnDudk ,cifu rdwaqGwOD;taejzifh &SmazG&ef qk;jzwfvu-f ujcif; d H f H dk jzpfonf? ulrifwefwyfrsm;. tultnDu&,lum ode;azu wifa&$Eitwl uom dk f S hf ukjd zwfI taemufajrmufvrf;a-umif;twki;oGm;&ef ud;pm;cJaomfvnf; xka'o df h d wGif *syefwkd&SdaeonfhtwGuf jyefvSnfhvmcJh&onf? xkdtcsdefwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmif qef;ESifh Adkvfvusfmwkdu jrefrmjynftv,fykdif;&Sd a&$bkdwGif &Sdae-u_yD; olwkdESifh tHh-op&maumif;avmufatmif rar#mfvifhbJ awGqkHrdcJh-uonf? tHhtm;woifh jzpfae-uaom ,cifa&mif;&if;ESpO;rSm xktcsdewif Armhvwvyfa&;wyfrawmf f D d f G G f . tqifhjrifht&m&Sdrsm; jzpfae-u_yD; *syeft}uHay;rsm;teD;wGif vkdufyg&Sdaevifh upm; aESmifhaES;jcif;r&SdbJ olwkdESpfOD;ukd tumtuG,fay;vsuf olwkdc&D;ukd jzpf ajrmufatmif aqmif&Gufay;cJhonf? odef;azESifh wifa&$onf ajcvsifjzifhwoG,f avSjzifhwwef &ckdifukdjzwfI 1942 ckESpf ZlvkdifvwGif b*FgvDokd a&mufoGm;cJh-u
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onf? olw.v+y&m;r+udk t}uD;tus,oo,0ifvsu&aom _Awo#tm%mykif dk f S f H f dS d d d rsm;u olwkukd csufcsif;yifzrf;qD;vkduf-uonf? d qif;rvm;wGif ckdv+Hae&aom ta0;a&muf_Adwdo# jrefrmtpkd;&taejzifh jrefrmhawmfvSefa&;v+yf&Sm;r+. kd;om;r+ukd tcsdefwkdtwGif; em;vnfvmonfh tavsmuf odef;aztaeESifh ta0;a&muftpkd;&tzGJ0ifrsm;ESifh awGcGifh&vmonf? 1943 ckESpf tapmykdif;wGif olwkdukd wkwfjynfokd oGm;cGifhyvkdufaomfvnf; (7) vcef -um_y;aemuf olwonf a'vDodk vufcsn;oufoufjzifh jyefvmcJ-h u&onf? D dk f ulrifwefa&m/ uGejf rLepfrsm;uyg ky0wKypPn; tultnD wpkw&mrygbJ oem; f f H -uifemr+ oufoufuom ay;cJ-h uonf? dk _Adwdo#wkdtaejzifh oabmxm;ajymif;_yD; olwkdbufygvmum v#Kd0Suf,l epfwckjzpfonfh trSwf (136) wyfzGJtopf zGJpnf;ay;vkdufonfhtwGuf olwkd t}uD;tus,f 0rf;omyDwdjzpfae-uonf? xkdwyfzGJtaejzifh ta&Sawmiftm&S&Sd &efole,fajrrsm;ukd xkd;azmuf0ifa&muf/ vJAD;wyfrsm;ukd xlaxmifoifwef;ay;/ ajymufusm;ppfukd pnf;kH;_yD;/ &Sd_yD;jzpfaom zufqpfqefusifa&; awmfvSefa&; v+y&m;r+rsm;ESihf yl;aygif;aqmif&u&efjzpfonf? okd jzpfI wifa&$udk a&ikyoabFm f S G f f ESifh ac:aqmifoGm;_yD; &ckdifurf;ajcwGif 1943 ckESpf Ekd0ifbmvwGif csxm;ay;cJh onf? aemufwESpf azazmf0g&DvusrS tzkd;rjzwfEkdifaom owif;rsm;ESifhtwl olukd oGm;a&mufac:,lEkdifcJhonf? odef;azu tdENd,wGif qufaecJhonf? olu r[mrdwfXmecsKyfESifh jrefrmhvGwfajrmufa&;v+yf&Sm;olrsm;t-um; qufoG,fa&; t&m&StaersKd;aqmif&u_f yD; wcsdewnf;rSmyif jyef-um;a&;0ef}uD;Xme. 0g'jzef d G f csda&;vkyief;rsm;ukd aqmif&uay;aecJonf? f G f h xkdtcsdefY 1943 ckESpf -o*kwfv (1) &ufae Y jrefrmEkdifiHukd vGwfvyfa&; &&Sd_yDjzpfa-umif; a-unmvkdufonf? t"dywd a'gufwmbarmfu ocifacgif; aqmif (4) OD;ukd tpkd;&tzGJ0if0ef}uD;rsm;tjzpf ceftyfvkdufonf? ocifjrukd 'k=0ef}uD;csKyf/ ocifEk=EkdifiHjcm;a&;/ ocifatmifqef;=umuG,fa&;ESifh ocif oef;xGef;=qufoG,fa&;wkd jzpfonf? Tceftyfr+rsm;rSm *syefwkdu aemufqkH; twnfy&rnfjzpfaomfvnf; TuJhokd -oZmwduUr&Sdaom yk*~dKvfrsm; ukd,fpm;y yg0ifjcif;ukd vG,fvifhwul oabmwl_yD;jzpfayonf? olwkdtm; jyefvnfqef usifawmfvSef&mwGif if;wkd (4) OD;pvkH; acgif;aqmifyg0ifrnfqkdonfukdum; ol wkd rod&Sm-uacs? ocifoef;xGef;rSm xkdv+yf&Sm;r+. acgif;aqmifjzpfcJhonf? atmifqef;. &mxl;wm0efESifh ywfouf_yD; Ttajctaeukd Akdvfr; tdyf(csf)/ yD/
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qD;*&if; (Major H.P. Seagrim) u trSwf (136) wyfzGJokd (3) vt-umwGif owif;ay;ykd _y;jzpfonf? D yxrqkH;vGwfvyfa&; ESpfywfvnfaewGif qefusifawmfvSefa&;acgif; aqmifrsm; pkHnDpnf;a0;rd-uonf? zufqpf*syefrsm;ukd rvkdvm;a-umif;ESifh tcGi&onfEihf olvufatmuf&dS vufeufuiwyfzJGrsm;u olwudk xuGqefusif hf S dk f dk rnfjzpfa-umif; twdtvif; atmifqef;. ajym-um;csufu xkaeudk rSwrw&& d f S f jzpfapcJhonf? EkdifiHa&;ygwDtm;vkH;taejzifh pkpnf;nD!GwfpGm &yfwnf-u_yD; zufqpfqefusifa&; jynfolvGwfajrmufa&;tzGJcsKyf (AFPFL) wnf;[laom emrnfukd vkdufavsmnDaxGpGm a&G;cs,fcJh-uonf? ygwDrsm;taejzifh zufqpf pepfudk acsr+e;&efEihf jynfotpk;&w&yf xlaxmif&eftwGuf tzGJ csKyfY yg0ifjcif; f S l d jzpfa-umif; tpnf;ta0;rS xkwfjyefvkdufaom a-unmcsufwGif yg0ifvmcJhonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. t_rJwrf;vufeufukdifwyfzGJrsm;ukd tiftm;&Sdaom r[mrdwrsm;tjzpf wGuxm;aomfvnf; *syefwra&mufEionfh jrefrmjynfajrmuf f f dk dk f yki; awmifwef;rsm;&Sd ucsi/f csi;/ em*ESihf vl&; vlrsK;rsm;rSvnf; vJA;wyfzJGrsm;ukd df f DS d D _Adwdo#u xlaxmifcJhonf? u&ifvlrsKd;wkdrSm vlrsKd;pkajymufusm;rsm;wGif t"du tiftm;pkjzpfonf? ,dk;',m;EkdifiHe,fpyf oHvGifckdif u&ifawmifwef;rsm;ukd toufaoG;a-ume,fajrtjzpf owfrSwfxm;onf? tb,fa-umifhqkdaomf ,if; e,fajrwGif _Adwdo#ukdvkdvm;_yD; trsm;pkrSm c&pf,mefrsm;jzpf-uaom u&ifrsm; aexkdif-uaoma-umifhjzpfonf? Adkvfr; qD;*&if; taejzifh xkda'oY aemufcsef usef&pfaecJh_yD; vJAD;rsm; pkaqmif;jcif;ESifh avhusihfoifwef;ay;jcif;[lonfh txl;vkyief;&yfrsm;ukd pnf;k;aqmif&u&ef rdrpwqENt& oabmwlnconf? f H G f d d f D hJ _Adwdo#vlrsKd; (2) OD;/ u&ift&m&SdwOD;ESifh tjcm;opPmapmifhodaom _Adwdo# tpk;&0efxrf;rsm;ESihf vJA;rsm; yg0ifonfh tkypwpkudk olu OD;aqmifray;_y; 1943 d D f k + D ckESpf azazmf0g&DvrS 1944 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dvtxd ,if;awmifwef;rsm;wGif aqmif&GufvkyfukdifaecJhonf? *syefuvnf; olwkukd trdt& &SmazGzsufqD;&rnfh d ppfqifa&;ukqifE_J$ yD; aemufq;wGif qD;*&if;tkypudk z,f&m;Ekiconf? qD;*&if; d Hk f k S d f hJ ESifhtwl&Sdaeaom _Adwdo#t&m&Sdrsm; owfjzwfcHcJh&_yD; vlxktay:ESdyfuGyfr+rsm; &yfwefoGm;ap&ef olukd,fwkdif vufeufcscJhonf? qD;*&if;ESifh olvl (8) OD;rSm &efukefwGif aemufykdif;Y uGyfrsufjcif;cH&onf? 'k=Adkvfr;}uD; a*s/ ckdrmwD= wl;avmh(cf) (Lt. Col. J. Cromarty-Tulloch) tygt0if trSwf (136) wyfzJG0ifrsm; ukd u&ifawmifwef;rsm;ay:okd avxD;jzifcsay;cJ_h yD; aemufq; xk;ppfajymufusm; h Hk d
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v+y&m;r+rsm;ukd jyefvnftouf0ifapcJonf? f S h AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. taetxm;ukd qD;*&if;u owif;ay;ykdcJh&mwGif taxmuftxm;tcsufwcsufrSm xl;xl;jcm;jcm;ay:xGufvmcJh_yD; bufwmpAD. d h pm&Gupmwrf;rsm; (Battersby Papers) wGif yg&SvmcJonf? ,if;tcsufudk arm&pf f aumvpf (Maurice Collis) u ol. jrefrmjynfY aemufqkH;ESifh yxrqkH; 1941=1948 [laom pmtkypmrsufEm (205) wGif uk;um;azmfjycJonf? f S d h 1943 ckESpf Ekd0ifbmvwGif Adkvfr;qD;*&if;ESifh ud;rJha-u;eef;tquf toG,fyvkyfEkdifcJhonf? ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmfrS atmifqef;u tajctae ay:aygufonfESifh *syefukd olwyfjzifh jyefvnfwGef;vSef&ef pDpOfaea-umif; azmfjy onfh ol. tapmqk; owif;ay;ykcsufw&yfrm rSwom;p&maumif;vSonf? H d S f 1945 ckESpfwGif _Adwdo#wkd jrefrmjynfxJ jyefvnf0ifa&muf_yD; *syefukd tEkdifwkduf_yD;rS atmifqef;u xkdokdvkyfaqmif&ef qkH;jzwfcJhjcif;jzpfa-umif; t*FvdyfvlrsKd;trsm;tjym;u rSm;,Gif;pGm,kH-unfaecJh-uonf[k bufwmpAD (trSwf 136 wyfzJG/ txl;ppfqifa&;tr+aqmif) u jznfpuxm;jyefonf? u|Eyf h G f fk ukd,fwkdif jrifawGcJh&aom Adkvfr;qD;*&if; owif;ay;ykdcsuf. ckdifrmr+ukd u|Ekfyf tmrcH&Jonf? xkdxufrapm&ifawmif tenf;qkH; 1943 ckESpfwGif atmifqef; taejzifh *syefwudk u,fwif&irsm;tjzpf xifrwcjhJ cif;ukd aemifw&cJ_h y; awmfvef dk Sf S f D S a&;tzGJ0ifwOD;jzpfcJh_yD; jzpfonfqkdonfukd ocifEk.pmtkyf *syefvufatmuf jrefrmjynf wGif taxmuftxm;trsm;}uD; wifjycJhonf? 1944 ck ESpfukefcgeD;wGif atmifqef;u r[mrdwfwyfzGJrsm;ESifh qufoG,fr+ &&S_d yD;jzpfonf? ,cktcg rsKd;cspfArmhwyfrawmf (Patriotic Burmese Forces-PBF) jzpfvmaom ArmhtrsKd;om;wyfrawmfu 1945 ckESpf rwfv (27) &ufaewGif *syefwbufodk olw. aoewfajymif;ukd jyefvnfvncawmhonf? ,if;pwif dk dk S hf hJ aygufurY AdvcsKyf}uD; (2) OD;tygt0if *syef (700) cefudk olwowfjzwfconf? JG + k f dk hJ aemufykdif; ppfqifa&;rsm;wGif &efukefokd OD;wnfcsDwufvmaom _Adwdo#wyfukd ydwqwm;qD;rnfh wyfzJG tawmfrsm;rsm;ukd olwu rv+yEiatmif yvkyEic-hJ u f dk dk f dk f f dk f onf [laom armifhbufwefrSwfpkrsm;ukd arm&pfaumvpfu jrefrmjynfY aemufq;ESihf yxrqk; pmtkyf pmrsufEm (236) wGif xyfru;um;xm;jyefonf? Hk H S H dk tdENd,&Sd r[mrdwfwyfzGJrsm;u ta&Sbufokd zdqif;vm_yD; arvtpykdif;wGif *syefwtaejzifh &efuerS qkwcmay;vku&awmhonf? dk k f f G d f *syefrsm; qkwcmoGm;aomtcg _Adwo#wdk jyefa&mufvmavonf? xktwl f G d d
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jrefrmhtrsKd;om;a&;v+yf&Sm;r+rsm;uvnf; (AdkvfcsKyf&mxl;udk &aeygvsuf) wyfrS xGuvuaom OD;atmifqef;acgif;aqmifrj+ zifh jyefvnftpyvmonf? vH;0vGwf f kd f k vyfa&;udk wESpftwGif;[laom uefoefcsuft& jywfjywfom;om; zdtm;ay; awmif;qdkvmaom vlxkpnf;a0;yGJrsm; &efukefrdwGif topfwzefusif;y-ujyef onf? tdENd,EkdifiH/ qif;rvm;rdwGif ppftwGif; ESpfrsm;Y ta0;a&muftpdk;& (0g) jynfajy;tpd;&tjzpf oGm;a&mufaexkic&aom _Adwo#bk&ifcH qm&,f*sDe,f a': k d f hJ d refprpfonf 1945 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmv (16) &ufaewGif &efukefodk jyefvnf a&muf&Sdvmonf? odkaomf xdkrwdkifrD -o*kwfv (19) &ufaewGif *syefacwfu ajratmuftzGJtpnf;b0rS ajray:tzGJtpnf;tjzpfodk OD;atmifqef;OD;aqmif_yD; jyefvnfpnf;H;v+y&m;cJaom zufqpfqefusia&; jynfolvwajrmufa&;tzGJcsKyf k f S h f G f (zqyv) . rsKd;cspfacgif;aqmifrsm;u &efukefrd&Sd aeol&defkyf&SifHkcef;r}uD;wGif vlxpnf;a0;yG}J uD;w&yf usi;y_yD;v#if "eo[m,jyify&Sd vH;0vGwvyfaom jref k f k f rmEdkifiHtjzpfudk awmif;qdkvdkuf-uonf? odk&mwGif ppftwGif;umvu awmfvSefa&;qifE$JcJhaom ,cifwyfrsm;rSm xkdtcsdefwGif vufeufrsm;kyfodrf;jcif;udk cHcJh-u&onf? 1945 ckESpf/ pufwifbm vwGif oD[V(,cko&vuFm) Edii/H uef'D rdY _Adwo#tpd;&ESihf jrefrmhrsKd;cspfacgif; kd f D d kf d k aqmifrsm;t-um; &&Scaom oabmwlncsut& tcsKdwyf&if;tenf;i,fom ppf d hJ D f yGt_y;jyefvnfzJGpnf;cJaom jrefrmhwyfrawmfwif jyefvnfyg0ifci&&Sconf? vuf J D h G G hf d hJ eufrsm;jyeftyf&ef jiif;qefcJholrsm;u 'DZifbmv (1) &ufaewGif jynfol&Jabmf tzGJ (People's Volunteer Organisation) udk zGJpnf;cJh-uonf? ,if;tzGJonf wu,fwrf;tm;jzifh AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;tm; opPmapmihfodaom jynfolppftzGJ jzpfonf? xdaemufyi;rSpI tjzpftysufrsm;onf vsifjrefpm jzpfysufconf? OD;apm k kd f G hJ onf qm&,f*sDe,f u oludk 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpf ig;ESpfoufwrf; tydkay;cJhaomf jim;vnf; oufwrf;jynfh rxrf;aqmifcJh&acs? *syefu jrefrmjynfudk pwifxkd; azmuf0ifa&mufvmcsdefwGif olonf t*FvefEdkifiHodk oGm;a&mufvnfywfae_yD; ta0;a&mufeef;&if;0eftjzpf aecJhonf? ta&Stm&SwGif *syefw. t[kefjyif;pGm dk a&Sw;csDwufaer+ukd -um;-um;csif; olonf (tvGe^m%frsm;olyy) ay:wl*Eii/H kd f D D D kd f vpPbGef; &Sd *syefoHtrwfESihf qufoG,f&ef ud;pm;cJhonf? xkda-umifh _Adwdo# wdku oludk r,Hk-unfawmhbJ zrf;qD;vdkuf_yD; 1942 ckrS ppf_yD;onftxd udkvdkeD tm%mydkifrsm;u csKyfxm;cJhonf? odkaomf ppf_yD;acwf oljrefrmjynfjyefa&muf
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onfESifh 24 olrsKd;cspfygwDudk jyefvnfzGJpnf;cJhonf? ol *VKefwyfudkvnf; ol. udk,faysmufrdwfaqGrsm; tultnDjzifh aqmvsifpGm jyefvnfwnfaxmifEdkifcJh_yD; ,if;wdkonf &efukefwGif tm%m&&Sda&;twGuf taqmwvsif pwifvkyfaqmif &ef tqifoihfjzpfae-uavonf?25 ode;azjrif/h olwacwf/ olwtwdw/f olwt&dy/ wki;vif;pmay/ &efuef f dk dk dk f d f k 2000 ckESpf/ pmrsufESm 206=208? (Adkvfwaxmifowif;pm/ Zlvkdifv 19/ 1966? rsKd;cspfa,mifaqmif *VKeftwk OD;apm aqmif;yg;wGif azmfjyxm;onfh tcsuf tvufrsm;rSm pdwf0ifpm;zG,f&mjzpfvsuf avsmfuefonf?) ppf}uD;t_yD; _Adwdo#tusOf;axmifrS jrefrmjynfokd jyefa&mufaomtcg zqyvukdyif axmufcHawmhra,mif/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhyif yl;aygif;awmh ra,mif avoHypfao;onf? OD;apmu oltdrfokd owif;pmq&mrsm;ukdzdwf-um;_yD; owif;pmuGefz&ifh ay;I olukd,f&nfaoG; ppftwGif;twKy`wWdukd Zmwf[eftjynfhESifh ajymjyykHukd jynfotm%m*sme,f. t,f'wmwOD;taejzifh wufa&mufaom ocifoef;-rdiu l D f atmufygtwkdif; a&;om;azmfjyxm;onf? ocifoef;-rdiu OD;apmtm; 'kre,udk vufcoihovm; [k ar;vkuaom f dDD H H f d f tcg OD;apmu usKyf0g'[m Armjynf jyef&a&;0g'yJ/ 'kre,uvufc_H y; vufeuf d D D H dk D tjzpf Armjynfudk jyef&atmifvy&r,f? tki,mvefvaygh [k ajzvkuavonf? kf df dk d f xkdtcsdefY 1946 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmvwGif _Adwdef/ avbm0ef}uD;csKyftopf uvD;rifhtufwvD onf jrefrmEdkifiH. a&Sa&;udk aqG;aEG;&eftwGuf vef'efodk uGa&mufpum;ajymyg&ef OD;atmifqef;ESihf zqyvacgif;aqmifrsm;udk zdwf-um; vduonf? 1947 ckEp/f Zefe0g&DvwGif vef'efotoGm; e,l;a'vD 26 wGif OD;atmif k f S kd qef;u u|efawmfwu vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;udkyJ vdkcsifygw,f? jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf dk 'dkrDeD,eftqifheJ ywfouf_yD; ajymp&mr&Sdygbl; [k ajymqdkcJhonf? odk&mwGif trsKd;om;pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;udk wnfaqmuf&ef ud;yrf;onfhtaejzifh OD;atmif qef;onf vef'efu,pm;vS,tzGJwif oltm; qefusiaom tjcm; jrefrmhEiia&; kd f f G f kd f H acgif;aqmifrsm;udkvnf; oabmxm;}uD;pGm xnfhoGif;yg0ifapcJhonf? xkdtcg ppftwGif;umvu jrefrmEdkifiHESihf uif;uGmI OD;atmifqef;udk +H;edrfhoGm;cJhonfh oduQmrJhae_yDjzpfaom OD;apmESihf tjcm; OD;atmifqef;. qefusifbufwOD;jzpfol ocifApdewonf ykvif;ESihf bl;qduokd r[mrdwrsm;jzpfom;um twdutcH tif f kd k hJ f G k f tm;pkjzpfvmonf? Zefe0g&Dv (27) &ufaewGif _Adwdo#tpdk;&u jrefrmEdkifiHudk
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vkH;0vGwfvyfa&;ay;&ef oabmwlnDr+ &&Sdonfhtcg OD;apmESihf ocifApdefwdk ESpf a,mufv;u vufrwa&;xk;&ef jiif;qefc-hJ uonf? odaomf oabmwlnrum; kH S f d k D + 27 kfH f kf &cJav_y? jrefrmEdiionf "eo[m,jyifywGif vGwvyfaom orRwEdiijH zpfvm h D ayawmhrnf? ol. vef'efc&D;pOftwGif; OD;atmifqef;. _Adwdo#wdktay: xm; &Sdaom oabmxm;rSm aysmhaysmif;oGm;cJha-umif; uvD;rifhtufwvD udk,fwdkif u aemufydkif;wGif xkwfazmfajymqdkcJhonf? 28 olwdk (jrefrmudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ ) [m vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;eJ orRwEdkifiHjzpf a&;twGuf olwkd &J pum;vGera-umihf olwaemufvuawG&J oabmxm;tay: f + kd kd f uHraumif;vSpGm vdkufemtav;ay;cJh-u&w,f? 'gayr,fh ajymqdkaqG;aEG;r+awG qufvufyvkyaewmeJtr# u|eawmfwtay: olw&Jr,HouFmjzpfrawG aysmuf f f kd kd k + uG,fukefw,f? u|efawmfxifw,fav wcsKdawG txl;ojzihf cdkifrmjywfom; wJh vlwa,mufjzpfwJh olwdk&J acgif;aqmif OD;atmifqef;[m "eo[m,xJrSm qufvuf&aeoihw,fqwmudk oabmaygufpyvmygw,f dS f kd vef'efokd oGm;a&mufconfh Eke,fi,f&,aom jrefrmud,pm;vS,tzGJ . hJ G f k f f tzGJ0ifwOD;u aqG;aEG;aepOfwGifyif ododomom Todk xkwfazmfajymqdkcJhonf? trSeajym&&if u|eawmfwwawG[m tawGtuHr&ihusuao;wJh vli,fav; f f kd f f wpkom jzpfygw,f rSwom;p&mtaumif;qH;onfum; uvD;riftufwvD (Clement Atlee) f k h . OD;apmtay: oH;oyfcsufjzpfonf? urBmausmf pma&;q&mESifh jyZmwfq&m}uD; k 0DvsH&SdwfpyD;,m; (William Shakespeare) . pum;&yfudk jyefvnftoHk;cs&if; uvD;rifhtufwvDu Todk ed*Hk;ur`wf tqHk;owfcJhonf? vlenf;pkygwD&J ud,pm;vS,wOD;jzpfwhJ OD;apmu vGvkd olwtm;vH;[m k f f J kd k ESpfvdkzG,f&m aumif;vSygw,f? ppf}uD;r_yD;cifu u|efawmf OD;apmudk awGcJhzl;yg w,f? ol[m yH;yH;uav;ESihf rdkufwJhol qdkwJh vlpm;rsKd;vdk u|efawmfoludk tuJcwf_yD; todtrSwf ycJygw,f h
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AdkvfcsKyfxGef;vSatmif/ &JcsKyfESifh 'k=aoemywdcsKyf/ -o*kwfv=1948
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uy`wdefcef;onf Zlvdkif (19) &ufaeu vlowform;rsm;pD;vmaom *spfum;ESifh wdkufrdvkeD;yg; jzpfcJhonfjzpfonf? (17) &ufaewGif OD;xGef;vSatmifu OD;apm tdrukd t_rJrjywf apmif-h unfae&ef trdeay;cJ_h yD;jzpfa-umif; xGuay:vmcJonf? f h f f h OD;apm. b0ifyrjkd rifwufvmr+Eihf ol. _cH0if;xJY vufeufye;rsm; v#Kd0uor; kd h S k f S f d f qnf;xm;onf[laom oHo,jzpfr+rsm;u pDtkdif'D. tmHkudk qGJaqmifcJhonf? OD;apm. aetdrukd apmif-h unh&ef yxrqH; wm0efay;cH&olrm &Jwyf-uyf atmif f f k S ausmfpejf zpf_yD; (18) &ufaewif uy`wecef;u qufvufwm0ef,conf? odk jzifh d G d f l hJ uy`wecef;u ol. pdwcst,H-k unf&qH;ol ESpO;jzpfonfh olpma&;jzpfol vSwif d f f k f D ESifh aemufwa,mufjzpfaom pdk;jrifhwdkudk tif;vsm;uef u|ef;qG,fay:&Sd oHo, &Sdp&maumif;vSonfh &JwdkufESifhwlaom at'Dvrf;_cH0if;}uD;udk (24) em&D tcsdef jynfhapmifh-uyf-unfh+&ef trdefay;cJhonf? uy`wdefcef;. vlwa,mufonf ig;r#m;orm; a,mifaqmifaeonfhtwGuf uefpyfwGif em&Daygif;pGm xdkifaeEdkif onfh taumif;qHk;tcGifhta&;udk &&SdcJhonf? (19) &ufae eHeufwirl uy`wecef;ESihf olvEpa,mufonf xd_k cH0if;tm; Gf d f l S f taumif;qH;taetxm;rsKd;pHrS apmif-h uyf-unfvsuf&-dS uonf? eHeuf (10) em k k h + &DwGif vSwifu yvkyfaeus 0wW&m;twdkif; OD;apmtdrf0if;twGif;rS *spfum;wpD; xGuom;a-umif; uy`wecef;xH owif;ydvuonf? vSwifonf ol. rSeajymif; f G d f k kd f f xJrS rdk;umtusuJhodkaom tay:Hk0wfqifxm;onfh vl (4) a,muf odkr[kwf (5) a,mufudk um;xJwGif jrifvdkuf&onf? *spfum;. eHygwfudk (RC 1814) [k rSwom;rdvu&onf? vSwifonf OD;apmud,wif *dwaygufoxuvm_yD; um; f kd f k f kd f kd G f xGuom;onfukd -unfvsu&onfuvnf; jrifvu&onf? xdaemuf tdrbuf f G h + f dS kd kd f k f jyefroGm;rD t0ifaygufudk apmifhaeoltm; wpHkw&m wD;wdk;uyfajymoGm;onfudk vnf; awGvu&onf? wem&D-um_yD;aemuf uy`wecef;onf olwvyief;_yD;pD; kd f d f kd k f I jyefvmaom *spfum;ESiyif wdurrvdjk zpfcjhJ cif;jzpfonf? hf k f d w&m;qdiaeonfh tcseumvtwGi;wGif ydrya[Vdqefaom tjcm;tao; kf d f f k kd pdwtcsuftvufrsm; xGuay:vmchonf? vlowform;wd. *spfum;a&Srewif f f J k S f G wyfqifxm;aom tjzLESifh teDa&mif v#yfyef;xnf ydwfpwdk. xl;jcm;r+ESifh ywfoufI (pDtdkif'D) t}uD;tuJ OD;xGef;vSatmifrSm tar;cH&onf? xdktcg u|ef awmf. zcifu tE&m,f&SdwJh vkyfief;wck vkyfcgeD;/ 'grS r[kwf c&D;oGm;cgeD;qdk &if vlawG[m olwdeJ olwd&J rdom;pkawGtay: txdtcdkufysuftpD; rusa&muf k k apzdk ewfawGukd auseyfatmif ylaZmfyo&ygw,f [k jyefajzcJonf? odk jzpfonfh h
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OD;xGef;vSatmifonf ADAD,ef;xH OD;apmu ay;ydaom v#Kd0SufoauFwjzifh k a&;xm;onfh rdwWLrsm;udk _Adwdo#ar*smtm; jyvdkufonf? ar*sm,ef;onf tHh-o avmufatmifyif Tv#Kd0Sufqef;-u,fr+udk ajz&Sif;jyawmhonf? wap>u nwdkif; axmheif;axmheif;jzpfaeonf = ar*sm,ef;u oltdrf rSm axmheif;axmheif;jzpfaeaom wap>tajcmufc&onf[k emrnf}uD;aea-umif; H &Si;jyonf? f iSufaysmoD;tpdrf;eJ {nfhcH = OD;apm. ygwDyGJwGif wnfcif;{nfhcHaom iSuaysmoD; trsKd;tpm;jzpfonfh tpdr;a&mif oD;ar$;iSuaysmoD; t&Snrsm;udk qdk f f f f vkjd cif;jzpfonf? oHy&m&nfrm a';Apf. tcspfq; = onf a';Apfrm tjcm;olr[kwbJ k S kH S f _Adwo#ar*sm. om;ti,fjzpfonf? olonf oHy&m&nfukd uduEpouf_yD; ygwD d k f S f yGrsm;wGif ,if;udom ESpEpf cduf cduf aomufo;oljzpfonf? J k f S kH ppfaq;ar;jref;r+um; _yD;pD;oGm;aomtcg OD;xGe;vSatmifonf ol;cef;odk f kH jyef_y; tH-h op&maumif;vSaom xkwazmfawG&rrsm;tay: jyefvnf pOf;pm;oH;oyf D f dS + k onf? pGypxuaom vufnKd ;onf bif*av qDokd xd;vsu&aeav_y? olonf f JG dk f k f dS D jrefrmtrsm;pkxuf udk,fcE<mjrihfrm;onfrSm aocsmonf? uy`wdefADAD,ef;. pmwapmifxwif yg&Saom t&yfcyfjrihjf riheJ vl}uD;vlaumif; qdonfrm olukd J G d f k S &nf!e;ajymqdjk cif;jzpfygovm;? tjcm;t&yfjrihorsm;vnf; trsm;tjym;&Sae&m f f l d OD;xGe;vSatmifonf Ttqifwif wdwusus twyfaumufcsurcsEiao;acs? f h G d d f kd f xdtcsdewif tif;pde&dS txl;cH;wGivnf; -um;emppfaq;r+rsm; qufvuf k f G f k kH f yvkyfvsuf&Sdonf? b!Gefu bk&ifhoufao azmfaumiftjzpf tcsKdxl;jcm;aom 0efccsufrsm;udk azmfxwvsuf&onf? olonf OD;apm. rsKd;cspfygwD0ifjzpfvm_yD; H k f dS aemuf vufeufrsm;/ cJ,rf;rD;ausmufrsm; pkaqmif;&efESihf &efyHkaiG&Sm&ef wm0ef oHk;&yf oludk tay;cHcJh&onf? ZGefv (24) &ufaewGif Adkvfwaxmifyifr ppfvuf eufypPnf;wdkufrS b&if;*ef; tvuf (200) xkwf,loGm;olrSm oljzpfa-umif; b!Gefu xkwfazmfvdkufonf? xkdvufeufrsm;udk oHk;wefwif avmf&Dum;jzifh w}udrwnf;wif_yD; OD;apm. at'Dvrf;aetdrokd olarmif;ydca-umif; olu ajym f f k hJ qdvuonf? aemufw}udrwivnf; jynfvrf;ay:&Sd tjcm; vufeufoavSmifkH k dk f f Gf kd wckrS '\r (303) usnfqHtawmifh wodef;wdwdudk oloGm;a&muf,laqmifcJh& a-umif; 0efcHonf? Zlvdkifv (20) &ufaewGif OD;apm. tdrfaemufbufuefxJrS awG&&aom tvHywaowWmrsm;xJ&dS usnqefrsm;rSm Txkw,vmr+ taxmuf dS k d f f f l
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txm;rsm; jzpfayonf? 0efccsufEifh awG&rwrm tH0ifciusjzpfaeygonf? H S dS + kd S Gf OD;apmZeD;onf. wlawmfol cifarmif&ifuvnf; qyfr&Sif;*ef;wvuf/ tar&duef umbdio;vuf/ pwif;*ef;wvuf/ awmfr*ef; (2) vuf/ vsL*gypPwkd k f kH D wvuf/ ajcmufvHk;jyL; (2) vufESihf usnfqefrsm; 0,f,l&ef ar*sm,ef;qdkol ESihf qufoG,fr+ yvkyfcJha-umif; aemufqHk;wGif 0efcHcsufay;avonf? ar*smrdk;/ uy`wdef ADAD,ef;wdESihf OD;apm qufoG,fr+&SdyHk vufeufESifh cJ,rf;rD;ausmufwdkuf k rsm;rS b&if;*ef;ESifh usnqefrsm; rnfornfyc;,lcy/kH ,if;wdukd *VKefwyfzJG0ifrsm; f kd kH kd hJ k &Sdaom ckdiftwGif; jzefa0xm;yHkESihf OD;apmtdrfab;&Sd a&uefxJwGif 0Sufxm;yHkwdk udk cifarmif&ifu ajymjyavonf? ukuUdKif;vrf;ay:&Sd ol (OD;apm) ydkif ajruGufay:wGif wnf&Sdaom ppfwyf o,f,lydkaqmifa&;pcef;. wm0efcHrSmvnf; ar*sm,ef;jzpfa-umif; cifarmif&if k l H u xyfrxwazmfjyefonf? 7 xdk jyif ar*smvefpf (Major Lance) qdoxrS py&if; H k f D S df zD;vf kiz,f (Springfield Rifle) wvuf/ awmfr*ef; (2) vufEihf umbkiwvuf df wdukd OD;apm&&Sca-umif;vnf; olu qufvufxwazmfonf? xkt&m&S. trnf k d hJ k f d d tjynftpHrm ar*smyDwm tm;eufpf vefpavmh'e; (Major Peter Ernest Lancelot h k S f d f Daine) jzpf_yD;/ olonf urm&Gwf a&mfbmpufHkab;&Sd bef*vdk ESpfxyftdrfwGif aexkiconf? d f hJ OD;apmonf xdkbef*vdktdrfodk r-umc% tvnfoGm;cJhzl;onf? ar*sm'def; onf jrefrmhppfOD;pD;XmecsKyf/ axmufvS rf;a&;wyfwGif wm0efxrf;aqmifae_yD; &efukefajrmufbuf&Sd r*Fvm'Hk yifrppfvufeufypPnf;odkavSmifHk. wyfr;vnf; jzpfonf? Todk jzihf ar*sm,ef;ESifh ar*sm'def;wdonf OD;atmifqef;wdtm; vkyf}uH k k owfjzwfrwif ypfcwftoH;ycJaom vufeufrsm;udk OD;apmtm; ay;tyfca-umif; + G k h hJ ,H-k unfavmufonfh ckirmaom ta-umif;tcsufwukd &&Sconf[k cH;awmfu df kd d hJ k kH azmfjyEkdifcJhonf? AdkvfwaxmifESihf tjcm;vufeufodkavSmifHkwdkrS vufeufrsm; &,lEia&;twGuf uy`weAA,ef;u &JtzGJ . pm&Gupmwrf;twkrsm; yvkyay; kd f d f D D f f cJhonf? ADAD,ef;onf &efukef zdkufcsf&dyfom (Fytche Flats) wGif aexdkifvsuf&Sd&m ,if;wdkufcef;rsm;wGif tjcm; _Adwdo#t&m&Sdi,frsm;ESihf a'ocHpD;yGm;a&;orm; tcsKdvnf; aexkdifvsuf&Sd-uonf? ,if;pD;yGm;a&;orm;rsm;txJrS rmvf[dkx&m (Malhotra) qdkolonf ,if;t&m&Sdrsm;ESihfvnf;aumif;/ OD;apmESifhvnf;aumif; txl;tu|rf;w0if &Sy&avonf? tdE,tEG,jf zpfol rmvf[x&monf _Adwo# d kH dN kd d ukr`%Dwckjzpfonfh vDvf tif ukr`%D (Leele & Co) wGif tvkyfvkyfvsuf&Sd_yD;
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ar*sm'def;ESihf txl;ojzifh eD;pyfr+&Sdonf? _Adwdo#aiGa&;a-u;a&; tusKd;pD;yGm;udk vdvm;aom _Awo#t&m&Si,frsm;onf OD;apmudk axmufc-H u_y; &efueueonf k d d d D k f k f todkif;t0kdif;tcsKdae&mrsm;wGif OD;atmifqef;. vuf0J,drf;aom tawG;tac: rsm;a-umihf pdwfuoduatmufjzpfvsuf&Sd-u&m OD;atmifqef;tm; qefusify vkyf&ef OD;apmudk aoG;xdk;ay;cJhyHk&onf[laom t,ltqtm; Ttcsuftvuf rsm;u twnfyay;ovdk jzpfaeavonf? OD;atmifqef;tm; qefusifaom r[mrdwftpdwftydkif;w&yftjzpf zGJpnf; xm;aom tjcm; vusfmEdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;vnf; &Sdao;onf? jrefrmjynfudk *syef odrf;,lxm;pOfu *syefkyfao;tpdk;&. EdkifiHt"dywdjzpfcJhol a'gufwmbarmfrSm vnf; xdorsm;xJwif wa,muftygt0ifjzpfonf? vky}f uHowfjzwfr+ jzpfym;_yD; k l G G v#if_yD;csif; OD;xGe;vSatmif vkuvzrf;qD;xm;aom oHo,t&Sc&ol vl (800) f d f H d H xJwGif olvnf; ygavonf? xdktwl tjcm;EdkifiHa&;orm;a[mif;wOD;rSm ocif Apdejf zpf_y; olonf ocifxe;tkyEitwl &Jabmfo;usy. e,fcsJt*Fvytm; qef D G f f S fh kH d f d f usifaom (*smr%D/ tDwvD/ *syef) 0ifkd;wef; vdkvm;ol (pro-Axis faction) udk acgif;aqmifr+ay;cJhonf? if;wdktkyfpkonf OD;atmifqef;ESihf Akdvfvusfmwdk acgif; aqmifaom ocifu,awmfri;tkyp ESifh qefusifbufjzpfonf? ocifxe;tkyf kd f d+ f f k G f onf olESihftwlvkdufygrnfh ol -oZmcH jrefrmrsKd;cspfvli,f (11) a,mufudk OD;aqmifI aemufq;tokwtjzpf *syefokd a&muf&om;cJonf? ,if;tokwwif kH f dS G h f G ocifarmifac: Advae0if;onfvnf; ygvmcJonf? + k f h txufyg vusmEdiia&;orm;rsm;onf twlwuGpaygif;um vusmtpGe; f kfH k f f a&muftkyfpktjzpf zGJpnf;vdkuf_yD; ,if;tkyfpkonf OD;apmESihfvnf;aumif;/ EdkifiH jcm; pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;ESihfvnf;aumif; eD;uyfpGm qufoG,fr+&SdcJhonf? xkd a-umifh olwonf OD;atmifqef;. ydibufrsm;jzpfonfrm oHo,&Sp&mrvday? kd f S d k ,if;Ekiia&;orm;wOD;pDonf EkiijH cm;pd;rd;r+rS vGwajrmufa&;&&S&efEihf _Adwo# dfH df k k f d S d tkyfpdk;r+ae&mY olwudk,fwdkif tpm;xkd;0ifa&muf&ef wdkif;jynfudk acgif;aqmifvdk dk -uolrsm;jzpf-uonf? od&mwGif olwukd ppfaq;ar;jref;&mYvnf; OD;atmifqef; k kd tm; vkyf}uHowfjzwfr+wGif olwdk tquftpyf&Sdaeonfh oufaocH tckdiftrm rxGuay:cJacs? odk jzpfI olwukd jyefvway;cJ&onf? f h kd $ f h OD;xGef;vSatmifu apv$wfxm;aom Zlvdkifv (19) &ufaeu vlowfo rm;rsm;. um;ESihf um;wkdufr+jzpfvkeD;yg;jzpfcJhaom OD;apm. tdrfeD;csif; uy`wdef cef; }uD;-uyfonfh t&yf0wf&axmufvSr;a&;orm;rsm;u oHo,&Saom _Awo# J f d d d
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t&m&Sdrsm;. v+yf&Sm;r+rsm;udk tcsdeftwef-um teD;uyfapmihf-uyf-unfh+aecJh onf? OD;apmaetdrf. tjcm;wbufESihf tif;vsm;uef. u|ef;qG,furf;pyfrsm; ay:wGif ig;r#m;orm;toGif yHzsuxm;-uaom uy`wecef;. vlrsm;onf vky}f uH k f d f owfjzwfrrjzpfym;rDu OD;apm_cHtwGi; vlt0iftxGuf v+y&m;r+rsm;udk teD;uyf + G f f S apmih-f uyf-unfaecJ-h uonf? olwonf x&yfum;rsm; t0iftxGuEifh av;vH h + kd f S aom ypPnf;rsm; _cHtwGif; cscJhonfrsm;udk owdxm;rdcJh-uonf? odkaomfvnf; xdtcsdeu rnfuoaom ypPn;rsm; o,fy;aeonfukd rnfor# twdtusrod&dS k f hJ kd f kd l cJ-h uacs? u|efawmf. a,muQrjzpfol w&m;ol}uD; OD;aomif;pdefu aemufydkif;wGif u|efawmhukd Todk jyefajymjycJonf? jrefrmpum;rSm pdeukd pdeuyJ jzwfEiw,f f h f f dk f vdk qdxm;w,f? OD;xGe;vSatmif[m wcsdeu *VKefwyf&J wyfr;}uD;wOD;jzpfcwhJ k f f hJ OD;apmtwGufawmh w&m;Oya'udk qefusif_yD; oloGm;r,fhvrf;rSm tkwfwHwkdif; }uD;wckygyJ [kyifjzpfonf? OD;apmESihf olaemufvursm; rnfr#^m%frsm;I rnfuokd pDpOfonfjzpfap kd f hJ olwdkaoaocsmcsmrodonfrSm olwdktwGuf qefusifbuf (w&m;Oya' buf awmfom;) &efo}l uD;wa,muf &Saeonftcsufyifjzpfavonf? d h d bk&ifcH qm[l;bwf&efpf (Sir Hubert Rance) onf vef'efokd a-u;eef;kuf vdkufonf? tcsKdaom twdkuftcH EkdifiHa&;orm;awGu vufeufrsm;udk cdk;,l pkaqmif;_yD;/ wpwp vufeufudkifxuGr+vrf;a-umif;twGuf jyifqifoGm;_yD;/ tm%mudk wdkufcdkuf&,loGm;vdrfhr,fvdk u|efawmfjrifrdygw,f [k jzpf.? OD;apmtaejzifh uy`wdefADAD,ef;/ ar*sm,ef;/ ar*sm'def;ESihf tjcm;pdwfwl oabmwl _Adwo#t&m&Srsm;. tultnDrsm;udk &,lEiajcvnf;&Saeav_yD? jynf d d kd f d wGif;ppfudk zefwD;Edkifonfh vufeuftvHktavmufvnf; OD;apmESihf ol*dk%f;wGif &Sdaeav_yD? OD;apm_cH0if;twGif; tcsdefESihftr# yvkyfaeaom wdwfwqdwfv+yf &Sm;r+rsm;udkvnf; aoewform; ciffarmif&ifu w&m;Hk;awmfwGif Zmwfa-umif; jyefjycJhonf? ar*sm,ef;.tdrfrSm ajrjyifvrf;rS oGm;v#if (4) rdkifr#a0;aomfvnf; avSjzifh avSmom;v#if em&D0ufc&D;omjzpfonf? olEifh ol&abmfrsm;onf avSjzifh f G S J (7) acguf/ (8) acgufcefoGm;cJh_yD; uefudkjzwfI vufeufrsm; o,fycJha-umif; cif dk armif&ifu xGuqconf? uef.w0ufcefavmufwif &Saom uAifu|e; (Cabin f kd hJ G d f hf f hJ Island) rSmvnf; urf;ESia0;I olwkd aoewfypfavhusih&m pcef;wckjzpfconf? pdwful;,Ofvsuf rnfonfhtpDtpOfudk olwdk udwifa&;qGJcJhonfjzpfap/
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OD;atmifqef;vkyf}uHowfjzwfcH&_yD; aemufqufwGJ tusKd;quftjzpf ,if;tpD tpOfrsm; ysuoO;cJ&avawmhonf? OD;apmonfvnf; Ekiiacgif;aqmifjzpfrvm? f k f h d f hH olonf w&m;H;p&dwrsm;ay;&efEifh tu,fI ar#mvifcsu&cv#if olvwajrmuf k f S f h f dS hJ G f a&;udk aiGjzif0,f,&ef csufcsif;vufiif; aiGvtyfaeaom pdwysufz,f tusOf; h l kd f G om;wOD;omjzpfvmcJonf? odk jzpfonftavsmuf rEav;&Sd csrf;omuG,0aom h h f rdwaqGwOD;xH pmwapmifa&;om;cJonf? OD;xGe;vSatmifonf xkoukd csucsi; f h f d l f f zrf;qD;xm;vdkufonf? OD;apmonf tvm;wlarwWm&yfcHr+rsm;udk wjynfvHk;&Sd olaemufvdkufrsm;xH ay;ydkcJhonf? xdkolrsm;udkvnf; tvm;wl xdef;odrf;xm; vkuonf? d f rwwfomonfhtqHk; OD;apmonf owdxm;a&Smif-uOf&rnfrsm;udkyif *k rpduEiawmhbJ bif*av xHokd ajymifajymifwif;wif;yif pma&;vkuawmhonf? k f kd f d f xkdpmY olwdk. tcsdef;tcsufae&mrsm;ESihf em;vnfxm;r+rsm;udk tusOf;csKH;azmf jyxm;_yD; olonf aiGa&;a-u;a&;tusyftwnf; jzpfaea-umif;ESihf aiGtjrefvdk a-umif; a&;om;xm;onf? jrefrmhxHk;pHtwkdif;yif wbufom;udk pdwftaESmihf t,Sufray;vdka-umif;vnf; jznfhpGufa&;om;xm;onf? odk&mwGif tjref ta-umif;jyef&efum; olu awmif;qdkxm;avonf? axmifrS vGwfvmcgp axmifxGufwOD;yHkpH yHkzsufxm;aom ykvdyfwOD;udk &efukef&Sd bif*av aexdkif&m tdrfodk udk,fwdkifudk,fus ,if;pmukd oGm;ay;cdkif; vduonf? bif*av u pmtdwukd ,lvu_f y; zGiazmufvuum pmo,faqmif k f f kd D fh kd f vmoltm; ,H-k unfrtjynfh xm;&SonfyprsKd;jzifh bif*avonf ola&Swiyif pm + d h kH H Gf udk us,fus,favmifavmif toHxGufzwfvdkufonf? bif*avhrsufESmrSm pmudk zwf&if; toHwdk;oGm;vsuf aoG;rsm; csufcsif;qkwf,kwfoGm;onf? olonf pmudk tydkif;ydkif; tppjzpfatmif csufcsif;qkwf_zJvdkuf_yD; xdkpm&Guftptersm;udk vuf xJuixm;&if; twGi;cef;odk tjref0ifom;onf? xdtcduf axmifxu[efaqmif kd f f G k k G f xm;ol &Jom;onf tdrom a&qGcsvuo-H um;vdu&onf? bif*avonf wHcg; f J kd f k f rS jyefxuvm_yD; rif;'Dae&mu xGuom;/ csufcsif;xGuom; [k olukd atmf G f f G f G [pf&if; armif;xkwfvdkufonf? ueOD;od&&aom taxmuftxm;rsm;u bif*avESifh OD;apmonf qufqH dS a&; tvGefaumif;cJha-umif; jyqdkaeonf? OD;apmonf -o*kwfv (22) ESihf (23) &ufaetxd aepGJrsm; wyfxm;aom pmESpfapmif bif*avxH a&;cJhonf? olonf aiGxyfrHawmif;qdkvdkuf_yD; uy`wdefADAD,ef;[k ,lqolwOD;udkvnf; VV [k pm
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xJwGif &nf!ef;azmfjycJhonf? xdkpmrsm;u olvGwfajrmufa&;ar#mfvifhcsufudk ajymqdkcJhHkomru jynfwGif;ESifhjynfy EdkifiHwum&Sd kdufcwfr+rsm;jzpfoGm;apEkdif aom xkwazmfrrsm; yvkyrnfh _cdr;ajcmufrrsm;yifv#if yg&SvmcJonf? OD;apmu f + f f + d h pmo,faqmifvmolukd ,H-k unfpwcs&a-umif;vnf; bif*avudk tmrcHcsuay; d f f xm;onf? xkaemufyi; bif*avonf pmrsm;udk rnfonftcgr# &&Sjd cif;r&Sawmhacs? d kd f h d ykvywyfzJGu aemufxyfpmwapmifukd bif*avxHom;ay;zd&ef pmo,faqmifol d f G k tm; trdefay;cJhpOfu xdkolonf bif*avtdrfodkta&mufwGif oludk pdwfwdk[ef wlaeaom t*FvdyfvlrsKd;wOD;u ab;odkwGef;xkwfypfcJhonf? bif*avonf ol ypPnf;rsm;udk odrf;qnf;_yD; olaetdrfrS urf;em;vrf;[dkw,fodk csufcsif;ajymif; a&$oGm;um urf;em;[kdw,fwGif wnwmae_yD;aemuf tapmqHk;&Edkifrnfh (bDtdk fG atpD) a&jyifqif;av,mOfysH (Flying Boat) jzihf jrefrmjynfrS xGucmrnfjzpfonf? xdav,mOfysonf aemufaeeeufwif xGucmayawmhrnf? OD;xGe;vSatmifonf k H H G fG f jynfxa&;0ef}uD; OD;ausmf_idr;tm; ,if;udptm; tvsiftjref tpD&ifcvuonf? J f P H dk f OD;ausmf_idrf;u csufcsif;yif bk&ifcH qm[l;bwf&efpfESihf oGm;a&mufawGqHkonf? OD;ausmf_idrf;u bif*av udk ykvdyfrsm;u pHkprf;ppfaq;Ekdifa&;twGuf csufcsif; zrf;qD;&ef awmif;qdkvdkufonf? odkaomfvnf; bk&ifcHu oabmrwlacs? jrefrm Edii. tvGecspfjrwfE;jcif;cH&aom acgif;aqmifrsm; vky}f uHowfjzwfrwif _Adwd kfH f kd + G o#wdk yg0ifaeonf[laom jzpfEkdifajc&Sdonfh owif;tpte xGufay:oGm;ygu jrefrmEdiiwi&aeaom Oa&myvlrsK;pkrsm;tay: t-urf;zuf pD;eif;wducurrsm;/ k f H G f dS d k f kd f + vufpm;acsrrsm; jzpfay:vmEdionfta&;udk bk&ifcu awG;awmpd;&draeyH&onf? + kf h H k f k olu OD;ausmf_idrf;udk oHo,&Sdaeaom xkdt&m&Sd}uD;tm; tenf;qHk; avmavm q,ftm;jzifh ta&;r,l&ef ajymqdkcJhonf? xkuokd jzpfcaomfvnf; OD;xGe;vSatmiftaejzifh bif*av udk olaetdrf d hJ hJ f rS ra&$ajymif;rD oGm;a&mufawGqHkcGihf&cJhonf? awGqHkr+onf (5) em&Dcef -umjrihf cJonf? pdwvy&m;aeaom bif*avonf rnfonft&mudr# xkwazmfcjhJ cif; r&Sd h f + f S h k f cJacs? bif*avtaejzifh OD;apm pmrsm;ukd wkH jyef&ef ud;pm;cJyvnf;r&[k OD;xGe; h h kH f vSatmifu aumufcsufcscJhonf? &uftwef-umaomtcg urf;em;&Sd a&jyifqif;av,mOfysH qduuyfxm;&m k f qdycwwm;ay:odk vufqt0wfaowWmrsm;qGvsuf bif*av wufvmaomt fH H JG J cg OD;xGef;vSatmifonf olqDokd at;aq;_idrfoufpGm av#mufoGm;vkdufonf?
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ADAD,ef;. pdwfv+yf&Sm;zG,f&m jyefajymif;ajymqdkcsufrsm;wGif OD;apmxHrS ,cifu ol&&SdcJhaom rsm;jym;vSonfh tcGihfta&;ay;r+rsm;ESihf aemiftem*wfwGif pD;yGm;a&;vkyfydkifcGihf/ cHpm;cGihfrsm;udkyg ay;vmrnfh uwdcH0efcsufrsm;udk zHk;uG,f xm;avonf? ADA,ef;onf OD;apm. vkyazmfuibufwOD;jzpfol xdywifarmif D f kd f f uav;ESihf avmf&Dum;o,fylyaqmifa&;vkyfief;wGif tpkpyftzGJ0ifwOD;jzpfonfh dk tavsmuf ,ckupY olyg0ifaejcif;rSm a0vtrsK;om;rsK;csppwxufoefrxuf d P d d f d f + TpD;yGm;bufvkyfief;uom OD;apmESifh ADAD,ef;wdk qufEG,fr+. t"du aESmifud; ta-umif;tcsufjzpfayvdrrnf? hf _Adwo#t&m&Srsm;udk ppfaq;ar;jref;r+rsm;u OD;atmifqef;wdk vky}f uHc&r+ d d H ESifh ywfoufI rnfonfh oufaotcditrmudr# xkwazmfEijf cif;r&Scacs? ar*sm kf k f dk d hJ rdk; (Major Moore) onf w&m;kH;wGif w&m;pGJqdkjcif; vHk;0rcHcJh&bJ ar*sm,ef; (Major Young) rSmrl axmif'%f (2) ESpf tjypfay;jcif;cHcJh&aomfvnf; t,lcHwif &mwGif jyefvwom;_yD; jrefrmjynfrS csufcsif;xGucmoGm;cJavonf? uy`wef ADAD G f G f G h d ,ef;onfum; axmif'%f (5) ESpEifh '%faiGw&yfv#if ly; (5000) pD '%faiGEpf f S D S &yf csrSwfjcif;cHcJh&onf? odkaomf 1949 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&DvwGif u&ifolykefxr+ ay:aygufcJh_yD; tif;pdefrdudk u&ifolykefrsm;u pD;eif;cJhpOfu &efukefajrmufbuf&Sd emrnfqdk;vSonfh tif;pdeftusOf;axmifrS tjcm;axmifusrsm;ESihftwl ADAD,ef; vnf; vGwajrmufom;cJonf? xdaemufoonf axmifajy;b0jzifh tjcm;oGm;&rnfh f G h k l ae&mr&SonftwGuf aemufq;Hk Y ADA,ef;onf u&ifoyersm;ESifh aygif;rdom;onf? d h D lkf G 1950 ckESpf/ -o*kwfvwGif xkdif;e,fpyf&Sd aumhu&dwfY u&ifolykef acgif; aqmif apmbOD;}uD;ESihftwl ADAD,ef;vnf; towfcHvdkuf&onf[k &efukefrS ppf wyftm%mydirsm;u ,lqae-uqJjzpfonf? olonf u&ifaomif;usef;olrsm;ESifh kf ESpftawmf-umaexkdifcJh_yD; 1950 ckESpfrsm;tv,fwGif ,dk;',m;rSwqihf _Adwdefodk jyefvnfa&muf&om;cJonf? ajratmufwif aexkipOfumvY Txl;qef;vSaom dS G h G df _Adwdo#uy`wdefESihf eD;eD;uyfuyf&SdcJh-uaom u&ifolykefrsm;taejzifh oltm; t_rJ ai;idium rdwaqGzJG&efcufcaom vlwa,muftjzpfvnf;aumif;/ OD;atmifqef; kf f J wdukd vky}f uHowfjzwfrEifh ywfoufaomrnfonfta-umif;t&mudr#ajymqdvkd k + S h k k 9 pdwf tv#if;r&SdolwOD;tjzpfvnf;aumif; rSwfrdae-uonf? odk jzpfv#if TudpPY _Adwdo#wdk rnfr#avmuf eufeufeJeJ yg0ifywfouf d f d h cJygoenf;? 10/ 11/ 12xktcsdeu jrefrmawmfawmfrsm;rsm; tk;cH,-kH unf-uouJokd h OD;atmifqef;tm; z,f&m;I olwvufa0udc_H yD; olwtm; rvSernfowOD;tm; S kd k kd f h l
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tpm;xk;Eki&ef vef'ef &Sd tm%mydi&yfuursm;rS 13 pDronfh yl;aygif;}uHpnfrw&yf d df kf G f H + jzpfygovm;? odr[kwfygu ADAD,ef;/ 'def;/ ,ef;ESihf rdk;wdvdk vlrsKd;rsm;onf yk*~vd k k u vufeufarSmifcdkorm;rsm;ESihf rdrdwbmom pGepGepm;pm;vkyfvdkolrsm;om jzpf dk f f -uygovm;? xdtjyif bif*av qdorm twdtus rnfornf0gjzpfygoenf;? k k l S l OD;apmESihf ol. vufyg;aprsm;udk zrf;qD;jcif;/ Hk;wifppfaq;jcif;rsm;onf rnf r#avmuf aoaooyfoyf/ pepfwusESihf u|rf;usifvdrRmpGm aqmif&GufcJhonf jzpfapumrl ,if;tr+}uD;wckvHk;onf rsufpdwqHk; jrifEdkifavmufHkxuf tq aygif;rsm;pGm ydryaxG;ywfoufrrsm; &SEicayvdrrnf? k kd + f + d kd f hJ hf
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a&wyfAvav;cifatmif/ _Adwo# kd f d t&efa&wyf (1945)? (1945 rS 1952/ _Adwdo# t&efa&wyfESifh Armh a &wyf r awmf (t_rJ w rf ; ) t&m&Sd tr+xrf;cJhonf?)
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aumvif;wk (cf) (Colin Tooke) onf TcH;. ppfaq;r+_yD;onfaemuf OD;apm. k kH h tr+ukd v#Kd 0upm pwifpprf;axmufvS r;cJonf? wpHwck rSm;,Gi;ae_yD[k olxif S f G kH f h k f cJonf? wae oltrjf yefa&mufaomtcg olArmtdrazmfu olt,fvaZ;&Si; acG; h d f f f }uD;rSm acG;l;jyefae_y[k ajymcJonf? odkjzifh olacG;udol aoewfjzihf ypfowfvu& D h k kd f _yD;/ olacG;rSm teD;&Sd jrpfurf;ab;wGif vJaoaeav_yD? wk (cf) rSm ,Hk-unfI r& Ediatmif jzpfaeonf? xH;pHtm;jzifh acG;l;jyefa&m*grSm tcsdetwef-um pwifjzpf kf k f yGm;&_rJjzpf_yD; xdkaeeHeufuyif olacG;rSm taumif;yuwd jzpfaeonfr[kwfyg vm;? odk jzpfI wk (cf) onf olacG;. acgif;udk jzwfum &efukefrd&Sd wd&p>mefuk q&m0efxH ,loGm;_yD; ppfaq;-unhf&m wd&p>mefukq&m0efu olacG;wGif acG;l; jyefa&m*gr&Sda-umif; twnfycJhonf? xdkaemuf oltdrfudk azmufxGif;cHcJh&_yD; AdvcsKyf}uD; atmifqef; vky}f uHc&r+Eifh ywfoufaom ol. pm&Gupmwrf; zdiwJG k f H S f kf rsm; aysmufq;oGm;cJ&jyefonf? &ufowWywftenf;i,f-um_y;aemuf tpmtqdyf kH h D oihf_yD; wk (cf) onf aq;HkwGif aoqHk;oGm;cJhavawmhonf? OD;apmtr+ESifh qufEG,fvsuf tqef;w-u,faoqHk;cJh&ol aemufwOD;rSm OD;wifxjf zpfonf? olonf OD;atmifqef;. vH;0,H-k unfrukd cH&aom wOD;wnf; G k + aom AsLku&uft&m&Sjd zpfonf? tdE, ydnmOfcH 0efxrf;t&m&S}d uD;wOD;jzpfc_hJ y;/ d dN D 1940 ckEpwif &efuewuUov. 'k=t"dywdtjzpf aqmif&ucz;onf? 1941 S f G k f kd f G f hJ l ckEpwif OD;apmESitwl _AdweEihf tar&duefEiiwodk vkuygoGm;cJ_h yD; vpfbeEihf S f G hf d f S dk f H dk d f G f S [kizm-rdrsm;ukjd zwfI ava-umif;c&D;jzifh jyefvm&mwGif 1942 ckEpf Zefe0g&DvwGif df S [kdifzmavqdyfY ESpfOD;vkH; tzrf;cH&onf? xkdaemuf rsm;r-umrD OD;wifxGfrSm jyefvnfv$wfay;jcif;cH&_yD; tdENd,EkdifiHokd apv$wfum jrefrmppfajy;tpkd;&tzGJ. jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;qkdif&m t}uHay;t&m&Sdtjzpf ceftyfjcif;cH&onf? 1942 ckESpfrS 1945 ckESpftxd tdENd,EdkifiH/ qif;rvm;rdwGif aexdkifvsuf jynfya&muf aecJhonf? ppf_yD;aemuf bk&ifcH.aumifpDwGif bma&;ESihf taumufcGefqdkif&m aumifptzGJ0ifjzpfvmcJonf? 1947 ckEp/f Zefe0g&DvwGif jrefrmEdiiH vGwvyfa&; D h S kf f twGuf !SdE+dif;aqG;aEG;&ef OD;atmifqef;ESihftwl vef'efrdodk vdkufygoGm;cJhonf? xdc&D;pOfwif _Awo#tpd;&ESifh oabmwlpmcsKyfukd vufrwa&;xk;&ef jiif;qefjcif; k G d d k S f d jzihf OD;apmonf OD;atmifqef;udk twdtvif; qefusifvmcJhonf? jrefrmjynfvwvyfa&;&&S_d yD; yxrqH; tpd;&tzGJ wif OD;wifxonf EkiiH G f k k G G f df jcm;a&;0ef}uD;tjzpf ceftyfjcif;cHcJh&onf? odkaomf 1948 ckESpf/ -o*kwfvwGif kd f D Ekwxuc_hJ yD; Advr;csKyf&mxl; 1 jzihf t&efvufeufuiwyfrsm;. ppfO;pD;csKyfjzpf f G f k f
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vmcJonf?Ekiixywef;t}uD;wef;0efxrf;wOD;ESihf tpk;&tzGJ 0if 0ef}uD;wOD;tm; h d f hH d f d ppfwyfrS jrifhrm;vSaom &mxl;wckokd ay;tyfcH&jcif;rSm xl;qef;aumif;xl;qef; aeayvdrrnf? okaomfvnf; ol. toufarG;0rf;ausmif;r+b0onf ppfrxrf;b0 hf d + rS pwifcJhjcif;jzpfonfukd awmfawmfrsm;rsm;rod-uacs? olonf tdENd,&Sd tif'kd ppfwuUovrbJG&cJ_h y; tdE,ydnmOfcH 0efxrf;b0okd 0ifa&muf&eftwGuf ppfwyf dk f S D dN t&m&S&mxl;ukd pGevwcjhJ cif;jzpfonf? orRwEkiiawmfopftaejzifh jynfwi;ppfr; d f $ f dfH Gf D awmufavmif_yD; ysufpD;vkeD;yg;tajctaeokd qkdufa&mufaecsdefwGif ppfr+xrf; a[mif;rsm;ukd &Ekioavmuf jyefvnfppnf;I ckirmonfh t&HwyfrawmfzJGpnf;a&; df k df av;vHvSonfhwm0ef}uD;ukd olzmomurf;vS rf;cJhjcif;jzpfonf? The New Times of Burma owif;pmudk pwifxlaxmifolESihf ,if;. t,f'DwmjzpfvmcJhonf? olonf w&m;ol}uD;OD;ausmfjrihf.tudkvnf; wdkufwdkufqdkifqdkifjzpfaecJhonf? xdtjyif olowif;pmwGif toH;y&eftwGuf OD;apm.tr+ukd xdtcseu OD;wifxf k k k d f G onf pl;prf;avhvmaecJhonf[k trsm;u ,Hk-unfcJh-uonf? 1948 ckESpf pufwifbmvtwGif; wnY OD;wifxGfonf pywfvrf;&Sd olowif;pmwku;cef;rS um;jzifh xGucm&m aygufuapEkiaom ud&,mwcku d f Hk f G JG d f d olum;twGif; aygufuGJoGm;onf? qD'ifum;twGif;&Sd um;armif;olESifh tapmifh a*:&cg;ESpO; (wOD;rSm olab;wGif xkiaeonf) rSm csucsi;yif aoqk;oGm;cJonf? f D df f f H h Adkvfr;csKyftaejzifh aoavmufatmif '%f&m&oGm;onf? obm0w&m;u jyuf &,fyouJoyif vGecaom wESpccefu OD;atmifqef; vky}f uHcc&aom twGi; h dk f hJ f JG H hJ f 0ef;ukd vS r;jrifEionfae&mY T&mZ0wfrj+ zpfym;jcif;jzpfonf? xktcif;jzpfym; Hk f dk f h G d G onfae&mESihf "m;vG,cwf vrf;wzufwi&aom pdeaygvfausmif;twGi;wGif a& h fk G f dS f f wyfpcef; ,lbDtufpf &wemykH (U.B.S. Ratanabon) wnf&Sdonf? xkdnu u|ef awmfu wm0efust&m&SwOD;jzpf_yD; xkaygufurtoHrsm; -um;&jcif;ukd rSwrae d d JG + f d onf? t}uD;tuJ y=t&mcHAdkvfjzpfol au/ 'D=*0kduf(pf) (K.De-Goise) vuf atmuf&Sd a&wyfOD;aqmifv+yf&Sm;wyfzGJu xkdae&mokd tajy;tv$m;a&muf&SdoGm; _yD; a*:&cg; (2) OD; vJaoae_yD; Adkvfr;csKyfrSm touf&SifkHom&Sdonfh owfjzwf r+jrifuGif;ukd awG -u&onf? a&wyfom;rsm;u olukd *spfum;ay:wif_yD; odyfr a0;vSaom &efueaq;k}H uD;okd wufowuydk-uaomfvnf; aq;k}H uD;a&muf_y; k f k f dk f D odyr-umrDrmyif OD;wifxf aoqk;oGm;avonf? [l;wifum (Hugh Tinker) u f S G H ol. *E<0ifajrmufavhvmr+jzpfonfh jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkiiawmf (The Union of dfH Burma) wGif jynfaxmifpk. rdKif}uD;wckudk aorif;u 'kwd,t}udrf z,f&Sm;
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ypfcJhjyef_yD[lIvnf;aumif;/ OD;wifxGfudk EkdifiHa&; ydifbufwOD;. tiSm;a-u; pm;orm;rsm;u vky}f uHcjhJ cif;jzpfonf[Ivnf;aumif; a&;om;cJonf? odaomf l h k vnf; xkd EdkifiHa&;ydifbuf rnfolrnf0gjzpfonfudkrl rnfolur# azmfxkwfEkdifjcif; r&Scacs? d hJ OD;wifxtowfc&r+onf OD;atmifqef;vky}f uHc&r+}uD;tm; olu okaw G f H H oeyvkyaejcif;ESifh qufE,ywfoufaeoavm/ odr[kwf vufeufuiwyfrsm; f G f k kd f twGif; tm;ydifaejcif;ESihf oufqdkifygoavm? 1948 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&DvwGif jrefrm EkdifiH vGwfvyfa&;&_yD;_yD;csif;yif uGefjrLepfrsm;onf tpdk;&udk vufeufudkif qef usifcJh-uonf? u&ifwdkif;&if;om; olykefrsm;vnf; vufeufudkifxuGcJh-uonf? xdktjyif tiftm;toifhtwifhom&Sd_yD; ao;i,fvSao;aom Armhwyfrawmf wyf &if; trsm;tjym;vnf; ykeuefc-hJ uonf? xktcgu tpd;&udk qufvufopPmapmihf f d k odaom wyf&if;rsm;teuf t"dutusqHk;rSm Adkvfr;csKyfae0if; OD;pD;uGyfuJaom trSwf (4) Armhvufeufuiwyf&if;jzpfonf? Tykeuefrrsm;a-umifh 1948 ckEpf dk f f + S tukeyi;wGif ydrpnf;pepfusaom wyfrsm;udk wd;csJ zJGpnf;cJ&onf? Oyrmtm;jzifh f kd f k kd k h OD;wifxGf uGyfuJaom jynfaxmifpkt&efwyfzGJ (Union Auxiliary Forces) ESihf xdkaemuf ppf0efxrf; [k ac:aom e,fjcm;a'owyfzGJ (The Territorial Forces, sitwundan) wdk jzpf-uonf? xdkwyfzGJrsm;onf ckdife,frsm;wGif a'oqdkif&m wm 0efrsm; ,lxm;-u&onf? ppfa&;wGiomru Ekiia&;wGiyg -oZmwdur}uD;rm;r+ f dfH f U a-umihf OD;wifxtaejzihf ppfa&;&nfre;csuwiom &yfwefraebJ Ekiia&;wGif G f S f f Gf dfH yg tjrihq; tm%m&,lvcsi-f uaom ArmhwyfrawmftwGi;&Sd t&m&Srsm;twGuf f kH kd f d tiftm;aumif;aom ydibufwOD;jzpfaecJavonf? f h 1947 ckESpftwGif;u armfvrdifY jynfaxmifpkppf&JwyfzGJ (Union Military Police) wGif 'k=Adkvftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifaeaom wkdif;&if;om;u&ifeDvlrsKd; (u,m;) jzpfonfh apm,dk;; (Saw Yoo Shoo) onf ol. _Adwdo#t&m&Sdjzpfol kd f G Akv}f uD; rduu,fvav; (Captain Michael Lilley) Zlviv (18) &ufaewif ol d k f D xHodk a&mufvm_yD; atmifqef; r-umrD vkyf}uHcH&vdrfhr,f? r_idrfroufjzpfvm cJh&if armfvrdifrdudk xdef;csKyfxm;Ekdifzdk toifhjyifxm;yg [k ajymcJhonfudk ,ae xufwkdif rSwfrdaeao;onf? Adkvf}uD;vDav; rnfr#avmuf ydkrdkodxm;onf qdk onfukd rnfor# rodEiawmhacs? tb,fa-umihqaomf olonf rsm;r-umrD tcsef l dk f f kd d twGi; armfvrdif rdwif kww&ufaoqH;oGm;cJaoma-umihjf zpfonf? f G f k h rSeuefr&onfjzpfap=r&Sonfjzpfap/ TZmwfvrf;tm;vH;ESifh tjcm; tvm; f + dS d k
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wl 'm&DqefqefZmwfvrf;rsm;onf OD;atmifqef;ESihf olvkyfazmfudkifbuf t&if;tcsmrsm;tm; vkyf}uHowfjzwfonfh yl;aygif;}uHpnfr+}uD;wGif OD;apmtjyif tjcm;olrsm; ydkrdkyg0ifywfoufaea-umif; vltrsm;tjym;tm; ,Hk-unfr+ jzpfap ayawmhonf? jyif;jyaom remvdk0efwdkr+a-umihfjzpfap/ tm%m&ruf irf;irf; wufaoma-umihfjzpfap/ odr[kwf tcsKdae&mXmersm;rS yk*~dKvfrsm;u u|Efkyfw. k dk i,f&G,fvSaom trsKd;om;ol&Jaumif;udk vGefrif;pGm r,Hk-unfonfhtwGuf a-umihfjzpfap/ rnfodyifjzpfap/ tppftrSefwu,f&Sdaom odr[kwf awG;xifrSef; k k qr+r#omjzpfaom xkxdxdxd yk*Kd~ vfrsm;u OD;atmifqef;udk z,f&m;ypfcsif d k k k S cJh-uayvdrfhrnf? OD;atmifqef;onf avmh'farmifhbufwef. ta&;ay;jcif;udk cHc&oljzpfonf? odaomfvnf; ti,fwef; _Adwo#t&m&Srsm;taejzifh ppfytwGi; hJ k d d JG f OD;atmifqef;u *syefESihf yl;aygif;cJhonfudk rarhEkdif-uacs? ArmhwyfrawmftwGif; &Sd a&S;kd;tpOftvm t&if;&SiftawG;tac:orm;rsm; (conservative elements) ESihf tvGrf;oifhaom &efukef&Sd EkdifiHjcm;om; t&if;&SifpD;yGm;a&; tkyfpkrsm;twGuf um; OD;atmifqef;. vuf0J,drf;aom EdkifiHa&;tawG;tac:rsm;onf pdwfysuf p&mjzpfaeayawmhonf? Ttcsufudk Adkvf}uD;ADAD,ef;/ Adkvfr;,ef;ESihf 'def;wdk. yg0ifywfoufaer+rsm;u &Si;&Si;vif;vif; azmf!e;jyovsuf&ayonf? f f f dS rnfoqap/ jrefrmh&wyfzJG . &mZ0wfrcif; ppfaq;a&;Xme (Criminal Inkd kd J + J l kd vestigation Department) taejzihf OD;apmuvGI rnfowOD;wa,mufur# vuf nKd ;xd; rpGypcacs? Zlviv (19) &ufaeu twGi;0ef;Y jzpfym;cJaom vlowf k f JG hJ kd f f kH G h r+}uD;wGif OD;apmtaejzifh &nf&G,fcsuf/ OD;wnfcsuf &SdHkwifru udwif}uHpnfI yd&daocsmaomtpDtpOfjzifh aemufuG,frS ud;udkif!ef-um;cJhjcif;jzpfonf? ol udk,fwkdif um,uHajrmufaoewfcvkwfudk rqGJcJhonfhtwGuf oltm; vlowf r+ jzifh pGcsurwifEiaomfvnf; tm;ay;r+ jzihum; pGcsuwifcayonf? xkacwf J f kd f f J f hJ d u jrefrmbmomjzihf xkwfa0aom pme,fZif;ESihf pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;wGif xkdtjzpf tysufEifh ywfoufI yl;aygif;}uHpnfr+ t&dytrGur#udaomfvnf;aumif; w&m; S f f k Hk;awmfY -um;emppfaq;r+rsm; yvkyf&mwGif Oya'ta-umif;t& c|wfacsmfwdrf; yg;r+rsm;tm; &nf!e;Iaomfvnf;aumif; azmfjya&;om;cJjh cif;r&Scacs? f d hJ 1947 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (19) &uf EdkifiHawmf vkyf}uHr+}uD; ESpfywfvnfae wdkif;udk tmZmenfae tjzpf trsKd;om;Hk;ydwf&ufowfrSwfum ,aewdkif ESpfpOf usif;yavh&onf? xdaewaev; usqH;oGm;av_yD;aom acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;tm; dS k kH k vGrf;qGwfwo owd&vsuf jrefrmwrsKd;om;vHk;u *k%fyr+y-uonf? tpdk;&o
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wif;pmrsm;uvnf; tmZmenf}uD;rsm;ESifhywfoufI t,f'Dwmhtmabmfrsm; wav;wpm; t_rJa&;om;avh&onf? usq;av_yD;aom tmZmenf}uD;rsm;. pGef dS kH v$wfr+rsm;udk vuf&Sdtm%mydkifwd. ud;yrf;tm;xkwfr+rsm;ESifh qufpyfazmf!ef; k &ef ud;pm;-u&if; tmZmenf}uD;rsm;. txkywrsm;udvnf; azmfjyavh&-dS uonf? ` dW k TtpOftvmtwdkif; 1992 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (19) &ufaexkwf ppftpdk;&ydkif ysif; &d_iD;aiGzG,faumif;vSonfh vkyfom;jynfolaepOf owif;pmwGif rsKd;cspfpdwfESihf EdkifiHcspfpdwf ypkysKd;axmifa&; [k a&S;qefqefacgif;pOfjzihf csD;rGrf;cef; zGihfxm; onfh aqmif;yg;wapmifY ,aetcsetcgwGif Ekiiawmf_ir0yfyjd ym;r+wnfaqmuf d f dfH d f a&;tzGJ onf rsKd;cspfpw&ioefaeap&ef rsm;pGm vkyaqmifvsuf&onf? Ekiia&; d f Sf f dS dfH rsufESmpmESihf pD;yGm;a&;rsufESmpmwGifyg enf;rsKd;pHkjzihf EdkifiH.*k%foduQmESihf tcsKyf tcsmtm%mudk zsufvdkzsufqD;yvkyfum taxGaxGrauseyfr+rsm;udk aygufzGm; aponfh trsKd;rsKd;aom tiftm;pkrsm;. &efvdkonfh vkyf&yfrsm;a-umihf ,ckuJhodk rsK;csppwukd a&Swef;wifum xifxif&m;&Sm; jyefvnfazmfxwae&jcif;jzpfonf d f d f S k f [lI a&;om;xm;onf? jrefrmEdkifiH 'Drdkua&pDta&;twGuf ay:aygufvmaom 1988 ckESpf/ vlxk tHkuGr+}uD;udk ESdrfeif;cJh&mwGif _idrf;csrf;pGm qENjyae-uaom vli,fvl&G,f axmif aygif;rsm;pGmudk ppfwyfu aoewfjzifh ypfcwfowfjzwfcrtm; 1947 ckEpu vkyf hJ + S f }uHowfjzwfrEifh qufpyfvsuf tqdygaqmif;yg;Ywki;jynfwif jzpfym;cJaom + S k df G G h raumif;r+ ted@mHrsm;rS u|Ekywtaejzifh oifcef;pmrsm; &&Sc_hJ yD;jzpfonf? 1988 k f f kd d ckESpf/ tzsufvkyf&yfrsm;rS awGuHcHpm;cJh&aom rif;rJhpkdufESifh ted@mHkrsm;udk oifcef;pmtjzpf u|Ekfyfwd&,l_yD; TuJhodk aemufwzef xyfrHrjzpfay:a&;twGuf k wm;qD;&vdrhfrnf [k qufvufa&;om;xm;avonf? tmZmenf}uD;rsm;tm; t_rJwap *k%f yavh&aomfvnf; vlowform;rsm; dS rSm rnfolrsm;jzpf_yD; OD;atmifqef;udk rnfonfhtwGuf owfjzwfonfudkrl wvHk; wyg'r# azmfjydk;xHk;pHr&SdcJhacs? Oyrmtm;jzihf txufazmfjyyg vkyfom;jynfoae l pOf owif;pmyg aqmif;yg;Yyifv#if vufonfw&m;cHrsm;udkom &nf!ef;_yD; tvGefa00g;vsuf qdkvkdcsuf t"dy`m,fESpfcGxGufaeom pum;vHk;rsm;jzihf (19) Zlvdkifonf jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHtzdk tarSmifusaomae jzpfonf? tb,fa-umihfqdkaomf e,fcsJ0g'Drsm;u olwdk. a-u;pm;orm;rsm;udk cdkif;ap_yD; wdkufcdkufcJhI jzpfonf? aemufwESpft-umwGif jrefrmEdkifiHonf vGwfvyfa&;udk w&m;0if&&SdcJhaomfjim;vnf; e,fcsJ0g'Drsm; rsKd;aphcscJhaom udk,fhvlrsKd;tcsif;csif;
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aom taxmuftxm;rSm OD;apm.tr+ukd ckcumuG,&eftwGuf &efyaiG pkaqmif; H f kH cJhaom OD;apm.tudkt&if; OD;armifarmif}uD;qkdoljzpfonf? OD;apmtaejzihf t*Fvefjynf&dS y&DAaumifp ac: w&m;v$wawmfcsKyf odk toem;cHpm wifyicifh D D f kd f G 3 &&Sdoifha-umif; urBmausmf pmapmif}uD;wckjzpfaom wkdif;rf (The Times) . t,f'DwmxHodk olu ay;pmrsm; a&;om;ay;ydkcJhonf? if;tjyif tr+r_yD;qHk;rDyif jrefrmEdii. zGJpnf;tkycsKyfykH tajccHOya'tajymif;tvJrsm; jzpfay:cJonf? tu,f kfH f h I xkoom rjzpfcv#if OD;apmonf if;ydiciEifh tusLH;0ifr+ &Sayvdrrnf? d kd hJ k f G fh S d hf odaomfvnf; OD;atmifqef;udk &Si;ypf&ef }uHpnfrtm; vef'ef&dS tcsKdaom k f + todkif;t0dkif;rsm;u axmufcHcJhjcif; &Sd=r&Sd[laomtcsufESihf ywfoufI _Adwdef&Sd yk*~dKvfwcsKdyif oHo,0ifcJh-uonf? OD;atmifqef;aov#if olae&mY OD;apmudk 0ef}uD;csKyftopftjzpf jyefvnftpm;xd;Ekicaomfvnf; jrefrmEdiiukd _Adwo#wdk k d f hJ kfH d vufckyfxJwGifyif qufvufxdef;xm;Ekdifayrnf? vkyf}uHr+}uD; jzpfyGm;_yD; (2) &uft-um 1947 ck/ Zlvdkifv (21) &ufaewGif _Adwdo#atmufv$wfawmfY avbmtrwf wGrf'&Dbwf (cf) (Tom Driberg) u OD;atmifqef;ESifh olvkyfazmfudkifbufrsm;udk av;pm;&aumif;rSef;odaom v$wf awmf. Tbufjcrf;&Sd trwfrif;rsm;taejzifh trSefwu,f eufeufeJeJ 0rf;enf; a-uuGJr+udk azmfjyvdkufygonf? opPmazmuf taumuf}uH&ef v+Haqmftm;ay; vlrdkufarG;-uvsuf ,cktcg oufawmihfoufom jzpfae-uukefaom uGefqm aA;wpf vl}uD;vlaumif;rsm;xuf &efueY &uf&ufpufpufycJ-h uaom vlrorm k f rsm;taejzihf Tvkyf}uHr+}uD;. udk,fusihfydkif;qkdif&m tjypf&Sdr+rSm enf;yg;vdrfhrnf r[kwfa-umif; u|Ekfyf pGyfpGJajym-um;vdkufygonf 4 [k wifjyajymqkdvdkuf&m '&D bwf (cf) udk oltwkutcHtcsKdu avSmifajymifatmf[pfc-hJ uonf? avbmtpd; d f k &ESihf uGefqmaA;wpftwdkuftcHwdk yl;wGJvsuf v+dufv+dufvSJvSJ 0rf;enf;a-umif; xkwfazmfajym-um;cJh-u_yD; T&mZ0wfjypfr+}uD;wGif ygwDESpfbufvHk;rS tvdkwl tvdkyg vdkufavsmnDaxGr+ r&SdcJha-umif; jiif;y,fcJh-uonf? 1990 ckESpf/ Ekd0ifbmv (17) &ufrS (22) &uftwGif; vkyfom;jynfoaepOf l owif;pmwGif ydkrdkI +yfaxG;_yD; ykp>mqefaom aqmif;yg;rsm; tcef;qufyg&Sdvm cJhonf? Edk0ifbmv (13) &ufaewGif rdwDvmcsnfr#ifpufHkY ajym-um;aom AdkvfcsKyfr;}uD; apmarmif. rdefcGef;udk txl;tqef;yI udk;um;xm;onf? Adkvf csKyfatmifqef;. tcef;uudk uyfajrmiftoHk;csI vGwfvyfa&;ud;yrf;r+wGif OD;ae0if;. tcef;uudk yH}k uD;csJ &ef &Si;&Si;vif;vif;&nf&,xm;onf? &efuef f f G f k
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tppftrSef yl;aygif;}uHpnforsm;xHrS tmHvajymif;oGm;ap&ef tuGucs_y; l k JG f D OD;apmudk w&m;Hk;wifum tjypf'%fcscJhjcif;rSm qifuGufwckomjzpfa-umif; cdkif vHkaom oufaotaxmuftxm;rsm;&Sdaeonf? tu,fI OD;apmonf tuGuf qifcc&onf[qv#if jrefrmEdii. vGwvyfa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;udk rnfowu H hJ k kd kfH f l kd wrSefwu,f owfcJh-uygoenf;? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;/ 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;EkESifh tjcm; yk*~dKvfrsm; yg0ifywfoufaeonfqdkonfh -um&SnfpGm pGJ_rJaeaom aumvm[v rsm;wGif trSew&m; rnfr#avmuf &Saeygoenf; f d jynfxa&;0ef}uD; OD;ausm_f ir;/ tjcm;qd&,vpf trmcH Advcifarmifuav; J d f k S f k f wdktygt0if OD;Ek/ OD;ae0if;ESihf tjcm;wif;rmaom oabmxm;&Sdol jrefrmrsm;. tvdqENukd qefusifvsuf u&ifEifh tjcm;vlenf;pk wdi;&if;om;rsm;tay:Y }uD; k S kf rm;aom vkuavsmr+rsm; yvky&ef OD;atmifqef;u pDpOfconftcsufukd pOf;pm; d f f hJ h awG;awmp&mtjzpf xkdaqmif;yg;Y qufvufa&;om;xm;onf? xdk jyif Zlvdkifv (19) &uf/ eHeufcif;wGif &efukefajrmufbuf&Sd u&ifvlrsKd; trsm;tjym; aexkdif aom tif;pdefrd. ckdif&J0efaxmufjzpfol wdkif;&if;om; u&ifvlrsKd; apmpdefr+H qdk olonf OD;apmtm; zrf;qD;&ef trdef&&SdcJhojzihf wu,fhvkyf}uHowfjzwfr+}uD; rjzpfyGm;rD eHeuf (9) em&DcefwGif if;u oGm;a&mufzrf;qD;cJh&onf [k a&;om; xm;&m xdazmfjycsufrm tH-op&maumif;vGe;vSaom tqdk ycsufjzpfaeayonf? k S f xdktcsdefu OD;apmonf wpHkw&m xl;xl;jcm;jcm; vkyfaejcif;r&SdbJ olrdom;pk0if rsm;ESihftwl eHeufcif;tcsdefav;udk zef;aejcif;omjzpfonf [k apmpdefr+Hu ajym qda-umif; xdaqmif;yg;wGif a&;om;xm;jyefonf? xdaemuf apmpderonf nwGi; k k k f H+ f csi;yif yJc;odk cki&0efaxmuftjzpf ajymif;a&$ jcif;udcc&onf[k qdxm;jyefonf? f l df J k H hJ k TwGif OD;apmudk u|eawmf. zcifjzpfol OD;xGe;vSatmifu aev,fyi;wGif f f kd f zrf;qD;cJhjcif;tpm; apmpdefr+Hu Zlvdkifv (19) &uf/ eHeufcif;wGif zrf;qD;cJhonf qdjk cif;rSm vH;0rSm;,Gi;vGacsmfaeonf? twGi;0ef;rS jyefvmaom vlowform; k f J f kH rsm;udk OD;apmu eHeuf (11) em&DwGif udqdkvufcHcJhjcif;udk oludk,fwdkif jrifawG cJh&ygonf[k w&m;Hk;awmfwGif xGufqdkcJhaom uy`wdefcef;rSmrl OD;apmudk zrf; onftcsdeEihf ywfoufI rrSm;,Gi;Ekiay? olonf OD;apmESihf OD;apmtdrukd tcsdef h f S f df f G -umjrihpm apmih-f unfaecJovnf;jzpfonf? xdrwyg; KNU pmapmifwif a&;om; f G h h l k S ol/ tqdyg aqmif;yg;&SirvI xdaeu OD;apmtdrokd &Jrsm; eHeufyi;0ifzrf;jcif;ukd k f S JG k f kd f OD;apmudk,fwdkifujzpfap/ tjcm;wOD;wa,mufujzpfap rnfonfhtcgur# a&; om;ajymqdkcJhjcif;r&SdcJhacs? OD;apmtdrfudk &Jrsm; vma&muf0dkif;0ef;xm;onfhtcsdef
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rSm aev,f (2) em&D &Sd_yD[k azmfaumfb!Geuvnf; twnfyajymqdkcJhygonf? f odaomfjim;vnf; aqmif;yg;wGif yg&Sonfh tjcm;tajctjrpf&aom a&;om; k d dS csufrsm;tm; avhvm-unfv#if OD;Ek (,cifu ocifE) ESifh AkvcsKyf}uD;ae0if; tp h k d f &Sdonfh oabmxm;wif;rmol jrefrmrsm; yg0ifywfoufaeonf[laom pGyfpJGcsuf udrl owdcsyoihvygonf? (_Adwo# tvdawmf&rsm;) [k pGypcxm;&aom u&if k f f S d k d f JG H vlrsKd;pkrsm; (ppftwGi;Y u&iftajrmuftjrm; r[mrdwbufrS &yfc-hJ uonf) ESifh f f jrefrmjynfrS qkwcmoGm;aom _Adwo#wdaemuf xd;ppfqifvuygvmcJaom Armh f G d k k kd f h vGwvyfa&;wyfrawmfxrS pnf;rJurf;rJh y&rf;ywm jzpfae-uao;aom wyfrsm; f J h t-um; aoG;ajrus cdkuf&efjzpfr+rsm; trSefwu,f jzpfay:cJhavonf? jrefrmEdkifiH k G vGwvyfa&;&_y;onfaemuf u&iftrsK;om;tpnf;tk; (KNU) awmcdom;onfh f D h d H tcsdefYum; xdkvlrsKd;pktcsif;csif;t-um; jzpfyGm;cJhaom roifhrwifh &efrD;yGm;onf jynfwi;ppftjzpfokd t&Sew;jriom;cJawmhonf? 6 Gf d f kd fh G h Todk qdkyifqdk&jim;aomfvnf; OD;Ekonf u&ifvlrsKd;rsm;tay: touf!Sm qH; Armacgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfayvdrrnf? u&ifaomif;usef;r+ ray:aygufrD 1948 k hf ckESpf/ pufwifbmvwGif olonf u&ifrsm;. awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk avhvm&ef a'oqdkif&m udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&; aumfr&Sifw&yfudk ceftyfcJhonf? rsm;r-umrD 1949 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&DvwGif u&ifrsm;ESihf tpdk;&ppfwyft-um; jynfwGif;ppf jzpfyGm;aepOf OD;Ekonf _idrf;csrf;a&; tqdkycsufw&yfudk urf;vS rf;cJhygao;onf? odk jzpfI u&ifw. ykeuefxuGrukd ppfwyftiftm; oufoufjzifom acsr+e;vdk kd f + h f -uaom oabmxm;wif;rmol jrefrmrsm;u oltm; odumcsonftaejzifh u&if Q h Ek [k emrnfajymif ay;cJ-h uonf? Ttjzpftysufrsm; jzpfyGm;_yD; ESpftwef-umrS autJif,lrsm;u txifvGJ rSm; rkef;wD;r+rsm; jzpfcJh-u[efwlygonf? 1962 ck/ rwfvwGif AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; tm%modrf;vdkufonfhtcg oludk zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;cJh_yD; 1966 ckESpf/ atmufwdk bmvtxd v$wray;cJacs? ydrI zGJpnf;yHtajccHOya'enf;usaom tpd;&pepfw f h k kd k k &yf jrefrmEdiiwif jyefvnftoufoi;&mY tultnDay;&ef OD;Ektygt0if ,cif kfH G Gf Ekiiacgif;aqmifa[mif; (21) OD;jzifh t}uHay;tzGJ udk ^m%fe^m%feufrsm;aom d f hH D ppftm%m&Sifu zGJpnf;ay;vdkufonf? 1962 ckESpfwGif OD;ae0if; oGwfoGif;cJhaom jrefrmhq&,vpfvrf;pOfygwD wnf;[laom wygwDtm%m&Sipepf tpm; 1962 kd S f f ckEpf rwkiru usio;cJaom ygwDpkH 'Drua&pDpepf ESifh vGwvyfaom aps;uGuf S df D hf kH h dk f pD;yGm;a&; odk jyefvnfOD;wnfvkyfudkifoGm;&ef (21) OD;tzGJ. trsm;pku t}uH
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^m%fay;cJonf? h 1969 ckESpf/ ZGefv (2) &ufaewGif OD;ae0if;u ,if;t}uHycsufudk jiif; y,fvdkufonf? xdkaemuf OD;Ekvnf; pdwfysufum wdkif;jynfrS xGufcGmoGm;cJhav onf? olonf vef'efodk oGm;cJh_yD; xdkae&mYyif OD;ae0if;. ppftm%m&Sifpepfukd vufeufuiawmfve&ef pnf;H;vkyaqmifrnfh oltpDtpOfrsm;udk -o*kwv (29) kd f S f k f f &ufaewGif a-unmcJhonf? aemufqHk;wGif ,if;vGwfajrmufa&;ppfyGJonf xdkif;= jrefrme,fpyfwav#muf&dS jynfwi;rS xGuajy;vm&olrsm; cdv&mpcef;rsm;rS pwif Gf f k +H cJonf? OD;Ek. vGwajrmufa&;v+y&m;r+rS aygufzm;vmaom ppfwyfuvnf; jynf h f f S G kd cspfvGwfajrmufa&;wyfrawmf (Patriotic Liberation Army- P.L.A) [k trnf ay;vdu-f uonf? xkwyfukd ArmhwyfrawmfY xifay:ausm-f um; vlorsm;-uonfh k d d 0g&ifxywef;ppfacgif;aqmifrsm; jzpfc-hJ uaom &Jabmfo;usy0if Advvusm/ Advf h d f kH d f k f f k &efEiEifh Advr;atmifwtjyif vGwvyfa&;&ptcseu Armhwyfrawmf. ppfqif kd f S k f kd f d f a&; OD;pD;csKyf/ u&iftrsK;om; Advr;csKyf [ifqef-um'd; (Brig. Henson Kya Doe)/ d k f k Armhavwyf OD;pD;csKyfa[mif; AdkvfcsKyfawmfrDuvpfzf (Air Commodore Tommy Clift) wdku OD;aqmif-uonf? OD;Ek. v+yf&Sm;r+tzGJonf yl;wGJppfqifa&;twGuf xkdif;=jrefrme,fpyfwav#muf tajcpdkufxm;-uaom autJif,lESihf rGefwdkif;&if; om;olykefwESihf oabmwlnDr+ vufrSwfa&;xdk;-uonf? odaomf r-umvSygacs? dk k jrefrmEkiitaejzihf yxrqH; a&;qGjJ y@mef;cJaom 1947 ckEpf zGJpnf;tkycsKyfykH tajc dfH k h S f cHOya'wGif &S rf;ESihf u,m;jynfe,fwdkudk ay;tyfxm;aom cGJxGufvdku cGJxGuf ydici &Sonfh &ydicitay:Y oabmuGvtjiif;yGm;r+rsm; jzpfay:vmawmhonf? k f G fh d k f G fh J JG tu,fI ppftm%m&Sifwdudk wGef;vSef_yD;onfESifh wydifeuf olwdtm;vnf; if; k k &ydkifcGihfudk ay;ygrnf[laom uwdu0wfudk wdkif;&if;om; vlenf;pkrsm;u ,ck awmif;cHvm-uonf? Todk wdkif;&if;om;rsm;. cGJxGufvdku cGJxGufydkifcGifh udk zGJpnf;yHktajccH Oya't& umuG,fwm;qD;xm;&efom vdkvm;ESpfcdufaom OD;Ekonf 1973 ck/ ZlvivwGif ol. acgif;aqmif&mxl;udk Advvusmtm; v$ajymif;ay;tyfum xki; kd f k f f J df EkdifiHrS 0rf;enf;pdwfysufpGmjzifh xGufcGmoGm;cJhavonf? Adkvfvusfmonf tjrihfrm; qH;pGr;&nfEifh jynfpaomyk*Kd~ vfwOD;jzpf_yD; OD;atmifqef;. yk*Kd~ vfa&;t& cifrif k f S h kH &if;ESD;aom rdwfaqGwOD;vnf;jzpfonf? 1978 ckESpf/ Ekd0ifbmvtwGif;wGif vufeufudkifwyfzGJ (2) zGJt-um; em;vnfr+vGJ&mrS jzpfyGm;yHk&aom autJif,lwdk u olpcef;tm; 0ifa&mufpD;eif;wdkufcdkufr+wGif AkdvfvusfmusqHk;oGm;cJhonf?
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yDt,fvat wyfrawmfrmvnf; xdtusKd;quftjzpf tpdwpwtrmrm uGom; f S k f d f J G cJhonf? xdkaemuf (10) ESpfr# -umonftxd Armhvufeufudkifqefusifr+rSm r&Sd cJhawmhacs? xdkaemufwGifrS &efukefESihf te,fe,ft&yf&yfwGif jzpfyGm;cJhaom ppf wyf. vlowfui;rsm;rS xGuajy;wdr;a&Smifvmaom 'Drua&pDwuy0if ausmif; Gf f f kd kd f JG om;axmifaygif;rsm;pGm e,fpyfodk a&muf&Sdcdkv+Hvm-u_yD; yDt,fvfatwyfrsm; tajccsom;onfae&mrsm;Yyif tajccsum &efueppftpk;&udk vufeufuiawmf G h k f d kd f vSewucu&ef topfwzef ud;pm;-ujyefawmhonf? f kd f kd f autJi,pmapmifwif tpGypc&aom jrefrmacgif;aqmifrsm;xJrS wOD;jzpf f l G f JG H ol AdvcsKyf}uD;ae0if;rSmrl OD;EkEifh tajccHupI jcm;em;aom yk*Kd~ vfwOD;jzpfonf? k f S OD;atmifqef;vkyf}uHcH&r+ESihf ywfoufI &efukefbk&ifcHHk;rS vef'efodk yxrqHk; tao;pdwa&;om;ay;ydvuaom a-u;eef;wGif aoewform;rsm;udk Advae0if; f k kd f k f . trSwf (4) ArmhvufeufuiwyfrS wyfzJG 0ifrsm;tjzpf azmfjyxm;onfukd owd kd f k k csyfoihfonf? 7 xdaemufydkif; bk&ifcHHk;rS ay;ydaom a-u;eef;pmrsm;wGifrl ya[Vd qefvSaom ,if;owif;udk csefvSyfxm;cJhawmhonf? ,if;onf rSm;,Gif;azmfjyr+ ayyJvm;? odkr[kwf EdkifiHa&;&m axmufxm;p&m ta-umif;rsm;a-umifh tm%m ydkifrsm;u ueOD;owif;ay;ydkr+udk qufvufpHkprf;ppfaq;jcif;rybJ a&Smif&Sm;cJh jcif;ayyJvm;? u|Ekfyfwdk rnfonfhtcgr# odEdkif-uawmhrnfr[kwfacs? odkaomf vnf; ^m%feD^m%feufrsm;vSaom trSwf (4) Armhvufeufudkifwyf. wyf&if; r;onf xdtcserpI jrefrmhjrifui;wGif ajcmufvevsu&aeayawmhonfwum;? k dfS Gf S f f dS 1911 ckEpwif arG;zGm;cJonfh wkw=jrefrmujym;jzpfol i,femrnf +armif S f G h f ac: OD;ae0if;onf OD;Ekxuf (4) ESpfi,f_yD; OD;atmifqef;xuf (5) ESpf}uD;oljzpf onf? &Jabmfo;usdytzGJ 0if jzpfyifjzpfaomfjim;aomfvnf; OD;ae0if;onf 1946 ck kH f ESp/f aemufyi;usrom ,SOf ydiorsm;udk &uf&ufpufpufz,f&m;_yD; xdyyi;ae&m kd f S f l S f kd f odk r&rae pwifwufvS r;vmEkicjhJ cif;jzpfonf? vGwvyfa&;&_yD;aemuf uGejf rL f df f epfrsm;/ jynfo&Jabmfrsm; awmcdkoGm;_yD; trSwf (1) ESihf trSwf (3) Armhvufeuf l udkifwyfrsm; ykefuefxuGonfh tcsdefwGif Adkvfae0if;. trSwf (4) Armhvufeuf udkifwyfonf tpdk;&twGuf wckwnf;aom rDScdktm;xm;&m t"durdKif}uD;jzpf vmcJhonf? odkaomfvnf; EkdifiHawmfumuG,fa&;udk wjynfvHk; jzefusufxm;Ekdif &eftwGuf OD;wifx. jynfaxmifpt&efwyfzJGrsm;uJoaom wyfzJGtopfrsm;udk G f k h kd xlaxmifc&onf? hJ trsKd;om;nD!Gwfa&; ckdifrmap&ef &nf&G,fI wdkif;&if;om; u&iftrsKd;
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om;wOD;jzpfol 'k=AdkvfcsKyf}uD; prpf'Gef; (Lt. Gen. Smith-Dun) udkyif wyfrawmf . umuG,a&;OD;pD;csKyftjzpf tpd;&u ceftyfconf? olvufatmufwirS 'k=OD; f k hJ Gf pD;csKyf (2) OD;&Sdonf? wOD;rSm AdkvfcsKyfjzpfvm_yDjzpfaom OD;ae0if;ESihf aemufwOD; rSm &JAdkvfcsKyfjzpfol u|Efkyf.zcif AdkvfcsKyfxGef;vSatmif jzpfonf? 8 ppfwyf&mxl; tpOfwif eHygwf (4) ae&mY &Saeaom OD;wifxonf vufonfw&m;cH vlowf G d G f orm;ray:bJ 1948 ckESpf pufwifbmv (8) &ufaewGif towfcHcJh&onf? xdk aemuf vtenf;i,ft-umwGif u&ifyeuefr+ ay:aygufvmcJonf? 'k=AdvcsKyf}uD; kf h k f prpf'Gef;taejzifh tpdk;&tay: qufvufopPmapmihfodaeaomfvnf; olonf &uftueftowfr&Sd cGi&uf&n,ci;jcif;udk cHc&onf? olukd 1949 ckEpf azazmf fh S f l kd f hJ S 0g&Dv (1) &ufaewGif tem;ay;vdkuf_yD; tvkyfrvkyfolrsm; pm&if;wGif xnfh oGif;jcif;cH&um olonf ucsifjynfe,ftwGif;wGif rdrdoabmESifhrdrd ta0;odk oGm;a&mufaexkdifcJhavonf? 9 OD;xGef;vSatmifonf qif; ('f) [wf (pf) (Sandhurst) bk&ifhppfaumvdyf odk 0ifcGifh&cJhol yxrOD;qHk; jrefrmtrsKd;om;jzpf_yD; 1922 ckESpfwGif oifwef;_yD;qHk; I bGJ &onfEifh bk&if. &mxl;cefxm;jcif;udk cHc&oljzpfonf? olonf 1948 ckEpf S hJ S aESmif;ydi;wGif vef'ef&dS jrefrmoH;odk jrefrmppfor;tjzpf apv$wjf cif;cHc&onf? kf kH H hJ xd&mxl;rSm ,cifu oluiw,c&onfh &mxl;xuf tqifrsm;pGmedraom &mxl; k kd f G f hJ h hf jzpfavonf? 1951 ckEpwif _AdweEiiY olwm0efoufwrf;ukeq;cJ_h yD; olonf S f G d f kd f H f kH rdcifwkdif;jynfodk jyefvmcJhonf? odkaomf olpD;vmaomoabFm oD[dkVfu|ef; (,ck oD&vuFm) udvbqyurf; qkuuyfcsdewif olukd jrefrmaxmufvS r;a&; t&m d k H kd d f d f f G f &Sdrsm;u vma&mufawGqHk_yD; oludkifaqmifxm;aom EkdifiHul;vufrSwfudk y,f zsufypfvdkuf-uonf? TonfrSm &Sif;vif;jyI r&Edkifavmufaom xl;qef;r+jzpf onf? Todk jzifh olonf oD[Vwif 1954 ckEptxd aomifwifaecJ&onf? jrefrm kd f G S f h Edii. ArmhwyfrawmfY t&if;cH tqihtjrihq; ppfwyft&m&S}d uD; (4) OD; &Sonfh kfH f f kH d teuf 1949 ckEpta&mufwirl OD;ae0if;wa,mufom usefcayawmhonf? S f Gf hJ OD;ae0if;onf rufcsD,m A,fvD t,ltqorm;/ tm%mtl;trl;orm; jzpfonfrm ,cifuvnf; rSeconf? ,ckvnf; rSeaeao;onf? oHo,jzpfp&m S f hJ f r&S? Ekiia&;avmutwGi;Y jzpfap/ ppfwyftwGi;Y jzpfap/ ol ydibufreor#ukd d dfH f f f S f 1940 ckESpfrS ,aetxd z,f&Sm;ypfcJhonfh olvufoajcrsm;udk jrefrmtrsm;pk jrif l awGae&onfr[kwfygvm;? xdaemuf ydkItvS rf;us,f/ ydkI vufoGufvmonf? k 1947 ckESpfY trsm;jrifuGif;rS OD;atmifqef; aysmufuG,foGm;cJh&onfudk OD;ae0if;
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(Prof. Josef Silverstein, Rutgers University, N.J, USA tm;
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tuG,f ,lxm;r+w&yfjzpfa-umif;jrif;ydifuGif;onf vltrsm;pka0;&m ae&m jzpfonf? olonf jrif;wpfay;r+rsm;udom em;axmifonfr[kw/f tpd;&Xme toD; k k oD;wGif vkyuiae-uaom oltodrwaqGrsm;xH vSnywfom;vm_yD; aemufq; f kd f d f hf G kH owif;rsm;udk ar;jref;pHkprf;cJhonf [k a'gufwmarmifarmifu OD;ae0if;. vli,fb0udk pdwful;pdwfoef;aumif;aumif;jzihf qufvufyHkazmfxm;onf? OD;ae0if;tm; axmufcHtumtuG,fay;olrsm;xJwGif wOD;jzpfaejcif; twGuf olr-umc% xkwy,fypf&mwGif a'gufwmarmifarmif yg&SroGm;bJ &Sioef f d f vGwfajrmufaejcif;jzpfayvdrfhrnf? Tonfudk udwifcefrSef;I &Edkifonf[kqdk Ekiygonf? a'gufwmarmifarmifonf aysm!owOD;jzpfonf? olonf OD;ae0if;t df h hH l ay: rnfonf_h cdr;ajcmufrr# rjzpfapcJ? if;tjyif uyfzm;owW0gjzpf&eftwGuf ol f + h . ,cif ynmwwft&nftcsif;rsm;udk pGefv$wfypf&efvnf; olu 0efrav;acs? 1988 ckEp/f -o*kwvtwGi; xktcseu jrefrmEkiiwif Oya't& &yfwnfEiaom S f f d df dfH G dk f wckwnf;aom EkdifiHa&;ygwD}uD;jzpfonfh jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwD (rqv) . OuU@ESifh jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkii. orRwtjzpfyif rnfrnf&&r[kwaom a'guf dfH f wmarmifarmifuyif wifajrmufapcJayonf? kd h od&mwGif ydrtpGr;tp&Saom tjcm;yk*Kd~ vfrsm;rSmrl okwoifa&;vrf;pOf. k k kd f d f om;aumifrsm; jzpfcJh-u&onf? OD;atmifqef;. ausmif;om;b0u t&if;ESD;qHk; a&mif;&if;wOD; jzpfcJholjzpf_yD; 'k=0ef}uD;csKyf/ umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;wm0efrsm;ukd vGwfvyfa&;_yD;aemuf xrf;aqmifcJhol Adkvfvusfmonf oltaejzifh tpkd;&&mxl; tm;vkH;rSEkwfxGuf_yD; pD;yGm;a&;avmutwGif;okd 0ifa&muf&ef taumif;qkH;jzpf a-umif; qkH;jzwfcJhonf? 6 OD;atmifqef;. tjcm; t&if;ES;qH;a&mif;&if;wOD;rSm AdvausmaZmjzpfonf? D k k f f olonf 1950 ckESpfrsm; tv,ftxd wyfrawmfxJwGif qufvuf&SdaecJhonf? wkwjf ynf}uD;wGif uGejf rLepfwatmifyc_H yD; wqufwnf; ,leefjynfe,frS jrefrm kd JG jynfxxuajy;_yD; usL;ausmvmol ulrifwefwyfrsm;tm; qefusiwe;vSeaom J G f f f G f f wdkufyGJtrsm;tjym;udk olonf atmifjrifpGm aqmif&GufEkdifcJhonf? 1950 ckESpfrsm; apmapmydkif;wGif AkdvfausmfaZmonf tvGefausmf-um;aom wyf&if;r;wOD;jzpfcJhonf? OD;ae0if;udk,fwdkifuvGJI ArmhwyfrawmfxJwGif quf vufwm0efxrf;aqmifaeol &JabmfoHk;usdyf0ifxJrS olwOD;om usefawmhonf? tvGetrif; daoav;pm;jcif;cH&aom &Jabmfo;usyonf acwfopfjrefrmhordi; f k kH d f kf wGif 'm&Dqefqef taetxm;eD;yg;rsKd;okdyif a&muf&SdoGm;cJhonf? olwdkonf
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jrefrmEkii. vGwvyfa&;zcifrsm;ESifh Ekiivufeufuiwyfrsm;udk pwifxaxmif dfH f d f hH kd f l D f cJorsm; r[kwygvm;? xka-umifh bDtiat (BIA)/ bD'at (BDA) ESifh bDtifeat h l f d dk f (BNA) wdk. ti,fwef;t&m&Sdrsm;udk OD;ae0if;taejzifh pdk;&drfylyefp&m r&Sdacs? AdkvfausmfaZmomv#if wyfrawmfwGif tm%mtwGuf wOD;wnf;aom ol. ,SOf ydibufjzpfonf? f bmwD;vfvifhwem (Bertil Lintner) u a'grmef[kef (Outrage) wGif txufjrefrmjynf&dS uGejf rLepfygwD Armjynfukd 1956 ckEpwif atmifrmCtrnf S f G 0Sujf zifh tywfwuppfqifa&;yvky&mwGif odr;yduraom uGejf rLepfpcef;wckrS dk f f f k f d v#Kd0SufpmtcsKdudk &&SdcJhonf? oufaocHtaxmuftxm; (odkr[kwf) wdkufdkuf qufo,rwpHw&mudk jyojcif;r&Sbvsuf AdvausmaZmonf owif;ayguf-um; G f + k d J k f f r+jzihf tpGyfpJGcH&onf? jynfolvlxkonf wkefv+yfacsmufcsm;oGm;_yD; rnfonfudk ,Hk&rnfrod jzpfoGm;cJhonf? odk&mwGif AkdvfausmfaZmudk wyfrawmfrS xkwfy,fcJh _yD; acwW,m,Dxdef;odrf;xm;cJhonf? olpGJcsufcdkifrmaprnfh taxmuftxm; wdwusus ray:aygufvmonftwGuf 1957 ckEpwif AkvausmfaZmudk jyefvnf d h S f G d f v$wfay;cJhonf? odk jzihf olb0wdk;wufr+vrf;a-umif;rSm ysufpD;oGm;cJh_yD; olonf &efukefrd/ prf;acsmif;&yfwGif wyfrawmfrS ay;aom oihfwifhHkr#om&Sdaom yifpif vpmav;jzifh tajccsaexkdifcJhonf 7 [k a&;om;cJhonf? aomif;usef;r+a-umifh wpdwfwydkif;taejzifh ppfwyfonf tiftm;&&Sdvm cJonf? AdvcsKyf}uD;ae0if;onf wyfrawmfwif olqyuir_+ rJ_rHap&ef tvkyrsm; h k f G k f kd f f aecJonf? 1958 ckEp/f atmufwbmvwGif tH-h op&majcvS r;tjzpf olukd 0ef}uD; h S dk f csKyfwm0ef,&ef jynfovwawmfu tqdk yvduonf? OD;Ekacgif;aqmifaom oef l l $ f k f &Sif;zqyvESihf OD;AaqG/ OD;ausmf_idrf; qdk&S,fvpfacgif;aqmifESpfa,muf OD;aqmif aom wnf_rJzqyv[lI OD;aqmif zufqpfqefusifa&; jynfolvGwfajrmufa&; tzGJ csKyf}uD;onf ESpjf crf;uGom;cJ_h yD; tusK;quftjzpf Ekiia&;tusytwnf;}uD; J G d dfH f ay:aygufcJhonf? a&G;aumufyGJopf _yD;pD;onftxd tdrfapmifhtpdk;&udk OD;aqmif &ef AkvcsKyf}uD;ae0if;udk vkyyicitm%m tyfEi;cJavonf? d f f kd f G fh Sf h AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;. tdrfapmifhtpdk;& pGrf;aqmifr+rsm;onf trSefwu,f tm;jzifh cs;rGr;zG,jf zpfonf? &efuef rdawmfonf oef&i;oGm;onf? Oya'ESifh wnf D f k Sf _idrfr+udk jyefvnftpm;xkd;EkdifcJhonf? ESpfOD;ESpfbufr#waom tajccHrsm;jzifh aomif;usef;oltajrmuftjrm; vufeufcscJhonf? Tatmifjrifr+onf tkyfcsKyfr+ ,E&m;twGif;&Sd t&nftcsif;jynfhrD_yD; oGufvufxufjrufaom t&yfom;0ef
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xrf;rsm;/ tqifhjrihf ppfwyft&m&Sd}uD;tcsKdESifh 'kwd,urBmppfrS ppfjyef}uD;rsm; trsm;pka-umihfjzpfonf? tpdk;&rl0g'onf t&if;&Sif0g'jzpf_yD; vufawGusonfh twGuf rl0g'onf tvkyjf zpfconf? 1960 ckEpwif uwdyxm;aom a&G;aumuf hJ S f G yGJrsm;udk usif;ycJh_yD; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;onf OD;AaqGESihf OD;ausmf_idrf;acgif;aqmif aom tkypbuf tav;ay;cJonf? 1958 ckEpwif tusytwnf;jzpfcvifupm; f k h S f G f hJ h OD;Ekonf vlxkaxmufcHr+udk qufvuf&&SdcJh_yD; tjywftowf tEkdif&&SdcJhonf? rJqEN&Sifrsm;taejzifh EkdifiHa&;wGif ppfwyf0ifpGufr+udk rESpfcdufa-umif; OD;AaqG/ OD;ausmf_idrf; tkyfpkudk jiif;y,fvdkufjcif;jzifh jyovdkuf-uonf? odkaomfvnf; 1962 ckESpf/ rwfv (2) &ufaewGif wkdif;jynfonf uHqdk;rdk; arSmifuscJhavonf? vludufrsm;pGmjzifh a&G;cs,fcHxm;&aom 0ef}uD;csKyf/ 0ef}uD; tm;vHk;/ jynfaxmifpk}uD;. wkdif;&if;om; vlenf;pkrsm;. jynfe,facgif;aqmif rsm;ESihf qefusifbuf yvmEkdifolrSefor# tzrf;cHcJh&avonf? 1947 ckESpf/ 'Drkdu a&pD zGJ pnf;tkycsKyfykH tajccHOya'}uD;udk zsufor;vduonf? jrefrmEkii. zuf f d f k f dfH '&,fwnfaqmufyHkonf ppfwyfpdk;rkd;aom A[dktajcyEkdifiHawmf,E&m;udk vrf; z,fay;cJ&avonf? tm%modr;&jcif;tm; tvGetrif; ,d,i;ysufp;vmaom h f f k Gf D jynfaxmifpk}uD;. tajctaersm;a-umifh[lI ta-umif;jycJhonf? &efukef. xdkumvudk rSwfrdol u|efawmftygt0if jynfoljynfom;rsm;taejzihf xdkodaom k ,dk,Gif;ysufpD;aeonfh rnfonfht&dyfvuQ%mudkr# xkdtcsdefu rawGrdcJhygacs? aomif;use;r+ukd aumif;pGmxde;xm;Ekionf? pD;yGm;a&;rSm aumif;rGevsu&onf? f f df f f dS 1960 ckESpf/ a&G;aumufyGJ_yD;aemuf EkdifiHa&;&moDOwkonf ododomomyif wnf _idrvsuf&onf? f dS AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;. ppftm%modrf;r+onf aoG;ajrusr+r&Sd[k r-umc% a&;om;cJhaomfvnf; trSefpifppfwGif xdkodr[kwfacs/ 1948 ckESpfrS 1952 ckESpft k xd jrefrmEkdifiH. yxrqHk;aom orRw}uD;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhaom pyfa&$ odu. (17) ESpt&G,f om;i,fjzpfol pdi;_rD;onf tm%modr;r+. yxrqH; om; k f f kf f k aumifjzpfcJhonf? pyfa&$odkufonf &S rf;vlrsKd;wd. t"duacgif;aqmifwOD;jzpf_yD; k zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkpepft& jrefrmEkdifiH. pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfr+udk xdef;odrf;xm; Ekirnf[k tckitrm ,H-k unfaxmufcowOD;jzpfonf? xktcsdeu u|efawmf ae df df H l d f xkiaomtdronf ukuKdU if;ESifh [mrpfwpfvrf;qHwi&onfh pyfa&$ou. &efuef df f k G f dS kd f k tdrEifh udutenf;i,fr#om uGma0;onf? f S k f pyfa&$ouxH u|efawmf t}udrrsm;pGm oGm;vnfz;_yD; tdrr}uD;ESiwvsuf kd f f l f fh JG
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aqmufxm;aom tcef;wGif aexkdifvsuf&Sdaom ol. t}uD;qHk;orD;ESihf cifyGef; onfwxH r-umc%qdouJokd oGm;vnfavh&onf? pdi;_rD;. nDtudrsm;jzpf-u kd k h dS kf k aom apmqdkif;anmifa&$ (,l*sif;odkuf) ESihf apm[efzwdonf ,cktcg uae'gEkdif k iHY aexdkifvsuf&Sd-uonf? tm%modrf;onfhnY jzpfysufcJhonfhrsm;udk apm[efz u u|efawmhftm; atmufygtwkdif; jyefajymif;ajymjycJhygonf? tJ'ae eHeuf (1) em&DeJ (2) em&D-um;rSm &efueuuKdU if;vrf;/ trSwf (74) D k f k rSm &SdwJh (9) {u us,fwJh u|efawmfwdktdrfudk ppfwyfu vm0kdif;ygw,f? _cHxJrSm aeaewJh tdrfapawG/ tvkyform;awG/ rDScdkaeolawG/ tapmifhawGeJ olwdkrdom;pk awG tm;vHk;udk xdef;odrf;xm;vdkufygw,f? 'Daemuf ppfom;awG[m tdrf&Sd&mudk a&Swdk;vm-uygw,f? ay (100) avmufawmif ra0;awmhwJh ae&mvJ a&muf a&m/ atmfwdkrufwpfaoewfawGeJ bufaygif;pHkuae_yD; tdrfudk y&rf;ywm ypf awmhwmygyJ? (45) rdepfavmuf qufwuypfaecJygw,f? bma-umifh olwkd pypf kd f h _yD;/ bma-umifh olwtypf&yfoGm;&ovJqdkwm b,folrS rod-uygbl;? dk aoewfoH-um;-um;csif; u|efawmf&J tudkwa,mufjzpfwJh ,l*sif; (Eugene= 23 ESpf) [m oltdyf&may:u vSdrfhcsvdkuf_yD; oltdyfcef;xJu wGm;oGm;_yD; xGufcJhygw,f? tdrfa&SwHcg;r tus,f}uD; yGifhaewmudk olawGvdkuf&ygw,f? ,l*sif;&Jty&m[m tdratmufxyfrm yGiaewJh jywif;aygufa&Swnfwnfrm &Syg d f f S hf h h S d w,f? tdyf&mxJu vSdrfhrcsbJ xrsm;xdkifcJh&if tckxd ol touf&Sifvsuf &SdrSmr [kwfygbl;? ol&J jcifaxmiftjzLav;[m aoewfusnfqef&mawGeJ rGpm}uJae awmhwmygyJ [k jyefajymif;ajymjycJygawmhonf? h u|efawmf&J aemuftudwa,mufjzpfwhJ pdi;_rD; (17) ESpf aysmufaewmvJ k kf oda&m/ u|efawmfhtaz[m atmufxyfqif;oGm;ygw,f? yGihfaewJh tdrfa&SwHcg; aygufem;rSm ,l*sif;udk olawGawmh olwdkESpfa,muf tdrfa&SwHcg;udk ydwf_yD;aomh cwf csufxkd;xm;vdkuf-uygw,f? reufusawmh tJ'tra&Swcg;[m usnfqef&mawGeJ jynfaewmygyJ? u|ef D d f H h awmhftazeJ ,l*sif;wdk b,fvdk usnfqefrrSefcJhovJ qdkwmuawmh tawmfqef; -u,fygw,f? taqmufttHwckv; ysufp;aewmudk jrif&olwi;u tJ'aoewfypfcwf k kH D kd f D r+a-umifh u|eawmfwkd rdom;pkwckv;aoEkiw,fvkd oabmwl-uygw,f? ppfrjzpf f kH df cifu udveacwfypH taqmufttHtrjf zpfaewmu u|eawmfwtoufukd u,f k kd D kH k d f kd cJhwmyg? ajrnDxyfrSm&SdwJh tkwfeH&HawGu (18) vufravmuf xlygw,f? tay:
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tm%modrf;_yD; (4) vt-um Zlvdkifv (7) &ufaewGif &efukefwuUodkvf 0if;udk ppfwyfu 0dkif;&Hvdkuf_yD; atmfwdkrufwpfaoewfrsm;/ pufaoewfrsm;jzifh ypfcwfcJhavonf? (15) a,mufom aoa-ucJhonf[k w&m;0ifa-unmcJh&m ,if;ta&twGufrSm t"dy`m,fuif;rJhvS_yD; enf;vGef;vSonf? rsufjrifoufao rsm;u ppfwyf. om;aumifrsm;rSm &mausmfonf[k qdc-hJ uonf? aemifaomtcg k EkdifiHhacgif;aqmifrsm; jzpfvmrnfh udkatmifqef;/ udkausmf_idrf;/ udkEk/ udkAaqGESihf tjcm;vli,frsm; 1930 ckESpfrsm; ywf0ef;usifwGif pwifawGqHkcJh&m ae&mjzpf_yD; acwfopf jrefrmhrsK;csppw"mwfaygufzm;cJ&m orki;0if wuUovor*~taqmuf d f d f G h df kd f ttHuyif ppfwyfu aemufwaewif 'di;erdujf zifh azmufcypfvuavonf? k kd G kf k JG dk f OD;ae0if;onf rnfoaom qefusirrsK;udr# onf;rcHcacs? 1960 ckEpf a&G; kd f + d k hJ S aumufyGJwGif oltav;ay;cJhaom OD;AaqGESihf OdD;ausmf_idrf;wdkudkyif OD;ae0if;u zrf;qD;_yD;av_yD? ,cifu olq&ma[mif;rsm; jzpfcJh-uaom ocifxGef;tkyfESifh ocifApdefwdkonfvnf; vljrifuGif;rS aysmufuG,foGm;-u&onf? ,if;wdkonf OD;ae0if;xuf tqihjf rihc-hJ uolrsm;jzpfI ab;z,fjcif; cHc&avonf? f hJ wyfrawmftaejzifh if;. jrefrmhenf;jrefrmh[efjzifh jrefrmhq&,vpf vrf; kd S f pOfudk vufawGtaumiftxnfazmf_yD; wESpfceft-umwGif tkyfcsKyfaeaom ppf tkyptwGi;wGiyif &mxl;rS xkwy,fjcif;rsm; pwifjzpfay:vmavonf? ,cifu f k f f f vGwvyfcaom owif;pmrsm;rSm csKyfuijf cif; cHvm&onf? pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm; f hJ kd f udk jynfolydkifodrf;_yD; ppfwyfu ajymif;vGJudkifwG,fvmonf? OD;ae0if;. udk,f ydkifjrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwDrSvGJI usefygwDtm;vHk;onf w&m;r0ifa-umif; a-unmjcif;cH&onf? ,if;vkyuiaqmif&ucsursm;udk olvrsm;xJuyif vlwi; f kd f G f f l kd f oabmwlnDcJh-uonfawmh r[kwfacs? oltkduft&m qufcHrnfhol[k ,lqjcif; cH&aom a&mif;&if;a[mif;jzpfol Akvr;csKyfa[mif; atmif}uD;onf 1963 ckEpwif d f S f G awmfvSefa&;aumifpDrS xkwfy,fjcif;cH&_yD; axmifoGif;tusOf;cscH&avonf? ppfwyfu wnfaqmufaeaom acwfopfjrefrmEkdifiHawmfwGif vHk;0tav#mhay;/ t+H;ay;rSomv#if touf&Sif&yfwnfEkdifayrnf? jrefrmEkdifiHawmfudk ,Hk-unfr+ESihf tm;vH;oabmwlnrtay:wGif wnfaqmufjcif;r[kwbJ wOD;wnf;. tm%m k D + f &Sif tkycsKyfratmufwiom wnfaqmufjcif;jzpfavonf? f + Gf 1970 . q,fpkESpf tv,fydkif;ESpfrsm;wGif ausmif;om;qlylr+rsm;u jrefrm EkdifiHudk udkifv+yfaecJhonf? 1974 ckESpf/ Ekd0ifbmv (25) &ufaewGif urBmausmf jrefrmEkdifiHom; urBmhukvor*~}uD;. twGif;a&;r;csKyfa[mif; OD;oefonf e,l;
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a,mufrdwGif uG,fvGefoGm;cJhonf? oltavmif;udk ajrryfo*[f&eftwGuf jref rmEkiiokd av,mOfysjH zifh o,faqmifom;cJonf? wurBmvH;u av;pm;-unf!_kd y; dfH G h k D f urBmausmy*Kd~ vfwOD;jzpfonfh OD;oef 9 tay: OD;ae0if;onf tvGetrif; remvdk f k 0efwrj+ zpf_y; oltavmif;udk &efuef rdpe&dS omrefocsKi;wckwiom ryEvonf? kd D k G f f Gf f HS kd odkaomfvnf; ausmif;om;rsm;u trsKd;om;ol&Jaumif;wOD;ESihf xkdufwefaom EkdifiHawmfpsmye jzpfapcsif-uonf? ausmif;om;rsm;onf OD;oeftavmif; xnfh xm;onfh acgif;udk vk,l-u_yD; &efukefwuUodkvf0if;twGif;odk o,faqmifoGm;cJh -uonf? Ak'<bmom &[ef;awmfrsm;uvnf; xdkv+yf&Sm;r+wGif yl;aygif;yg0if-u onf? ,if;v+yf&Sm;r+onf udwifwGufqxm;ouJhodkyif aoG;at;at;jzifh acs r+ef;jcif;cH&avonf? ppfom;rsm;u ausmif;om;rsm;udk aoewfrsm;jzifh ypfcwfcJh _y; ausmif;om;&maygif;rsm;pGmrSm tpkvutyHvuf towfcc&avonf? w&m; D kd f kd H hJ 0ifxkwfjyefa-unmr+rSm aoqHk;ol (9) OD;/ '%f&m&ol (74) OD;ESihf zrf;qD;cH&ol (1800) OD;jzpfonf? OD;oefta&;tcif;jzpfyGm;_yD; (2) ESpft-umwGif wyfrawmftwGif;wGif }uD; rm;aom xkwfy,fr+wck xyfrHjzpfjyefonf? arrdppfwuUodkvf ausmif;qif;t&m &Sdi,ftcsKdu OD;ae0if;udk &Sif;vif;ypf&ef }uHpnfud;pm;cJh-uonf? -unf;wyfrS Adkvf}uD;tkef;ausmfjrihf OD;aqmifaom t&m&Sdi,frsm;onf ydkrdkvGwfvyfI ydkrdk 'Drdk ua&pDusaom jrefrmEkiiawmfukd wnfaqmuf&ef pdwu;,Ofc-hJ uonf? odaomf dfH f l k olwdk.t}uHtpnfrSm ay:aygufoGm;cJh_yD; acgif;aqmifrsm; tzrf;cHcJh-u&onf? Adkvf}uD;tkef;ausmfjrihf 10 onf ao'%fuscH&_yD; uGyfrsufjcif;cHcJh&onf? ratmifrjrifjzpfom;onfh tm%modr;&ef ud;yrf;r+wif yg0ifywfoufjcif; G f G r&Saomfjim;vnf; wyfrawmf. OD;pD;csKyfa[mif; AdvcsKyf}uD;ol&wifO; 11 taejzifh d k f D ,if;tr+ESihf qufEG,fr+&SdaecJhonf? olonf ESpf&Snfaxmif'%ftjypfay;jcif;cHcJh& avonf? OD;wifO;tay: opPmapmihoonf[k txifc&ol wyfrawmft&m&Sd (200) D f d H cef ppfaq;ar;jref;jcif;cH&_yD; 1976 ckESpf/ Ekd0ifbmvwGif jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf; pOfygwD0ifESihf au'g (50000) ausmftm; vuf&Sd tkyfcsKyfaeaom ygwDrS xkwf D dfH y,fa-umif; OD;ae0if;ud,wif a-unmcJavonf? 12 OD;wifO;onf jrefrmEkii. k f kd h ppfO;pD;csKyfrsm;xJwif vlcspvciftrsm;qH; OD;pD;csKyfwOD;jzpfonftwGuf tiftm; D G f l k h aumif;aom ydibufwOD;tjzpf owfrwc&_yD; olaemufvu[k ,lqcH&olrsm; f S f H kd f ESitwl z,f&m;cH&jcif;jzpfavonf? fh S 1980 ckESpf apmapmydkif;umvwGif okwfoifa&; onf vufawGtoHk;cs
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cH&jyefavonf? Tw}udrfwGif ypfrSwfonf EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;vnf;r[kwf/ 'Drdk ua&pDa&;wdkufyGJ0if ausmif;om;rsm;vnf;r[kwf/ oabmuGJvGJaom ppfwyf t&m&Sdrsm;vnf;r[kwf/ OD;ae0if;tpdk;&twGuf t"du taxmuftyHh a'gufwkdif }uD;jzpfaom jrefrmEkdifiH. tiftm;aumif;vSonfh ppfaxmufvS rf;a&;wyfzGJ jzpf avonf? &Jabmfo;usyEitwl *syefwif &SaepOfumvY OD;ae0if;onf a-umufp&m kH d f S fh G d aumif;vSaom *syef ppfykvdyf uifaywkdif. axmufvS rf;a&;oifwef;twGuf txl;a&G;cs,fjcif;cHcJh&onf? *syefacwfwGif uifaywdkifwdkvufcsuf cHcJh&olrsm; onf olwdkvkyf&yfrsm;udk ,aewdkif rSwfrdaeqJjzpfonf? vlwa,mufudk olv#Kd (spy) [k pGyfpGJvdkufjcif;rSm uifaywdkif. vufpGJpum;vHk;jzpfonf? Tpum;vHk; onf olwdktenf;tusOf;omwwfaom t*FvdyfpmrS ,loHk;vdkufaom a0g[m& jzpfonf? olv#Kd[wonfjzpfap/ r[kwonfjzpfap/ vufonf;cGcmjcif;/ oGm;ESifh k f f H G qHyifwudk qGJE+wfjcif;jzifh vlwa,mufonf trsm;tm;jzifh olv#Kd[k 0efcHr+yav dk awmhonf? oHo,&Sdolrsm;udkom Todk &ufpuf-urf;uwfonfr[kwf? jrefrmAdkvf avmif; ausmif;om;rsm; ppfa&;jyavhusihf&mwGifyif xdkodk &ufpuf-urf;uwf wwfonf? Tenf;vrf;rsm;onf tusKd;xda&mufr+&SdrSef; tcsKdu oabmayguf yif aygufjim;aomfvnf; ppfa&;jyavhusihfuGif;twGif; rw&m;_cdrf;ajcmufyr+ cH&_yD; jynfovxw&yfv;tay: zufqpft-urf;zuf0g' usio;r+wukd jyefvnf l l k kH fh kH kd -um;odvm&aomtcg jrefrmAdvavmif; ausmif;om;trsm;pktaejzifh aemufq; k f kH wGif *syeftm; jyefvnfqefusifavawmhonf? ppf}uD;_yD;onfESihf jrefrmhwyfrawmfonf *syefudk tajccHcJh&r+ trsm;tjym; tm; ajrryo*[ypfvuawmhonf? 1947 ckEp/f -o*kwv (29) &ufaewif um f f kd f S f G uG,fa&;0ef}uD; Adkvfvusfmonf _Adwdo#udk,fpm;vS,f a*s 'AvsL z&D;rif; (J.W S f k k f Freeman) ESifh oabmwlpmcsKyfw&yf vufrwa&;xd;vduonf? TpmcsKyf oabm wlnDr+t& ppftoHk;taqmifypPnf;ud&d,mrsm;ESifh ppfa&,mOfwpD;udk _Adwdo#wdk u jrefrmEkiitm; ay;&rnfjzpf_y; _Awo# -unf;wyf/ a&wyf/ avwyfwu jrefrm dfH D d d kd EkdifiHwGif tajcpkduftzGJwzGJudk xlaxmifum jrefrmhumuG,fa&;wyfzGJ topfjyef vnfzGJpnf;&mwGif ulnDoifwef;ay;&rnfjzpfonf? xdkoabmwlnDr+udk 1954 ck ESpfwGif aemufqHk;Y zsufodrf;cJhaomfvnf; _AdwdefEkdifiHwGif oifwef;ay;r+rsm;udkrl xkdaemufydkif;wGif tvGwfoabmtm;jzifh qufvufaqmif&GufcJhonf?
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ta-umif;w&m; wdkufqdkifr+wdka-umifhr[kwfbJ olwdkavhusihfay;vdkufol u zefwD;v+HaqmfonfhtwGufa-umihf uifaywdkif tpOftvmonf Todk TES,f wzef jyefvnfarG;zGm;vmcJhavonf? Todk jzihf ppfaxmufvS rf;a&;wyfzGJonf jrefrmEkdifiHwGif a-umufvefr+ rif;rlaeaprnfh EdkifiHa&; &JtzGJtpnf;wck jzpfvm avonf? AdvcsKyfwifO;onf ppfa-uma&;pcef; tajrmuftjrm;udk tif;pdeaxmif k f D f wGif }uD;-uyfwnfaqmufc_hJ yD; A[daxmufvS r;a&;H;udk tif;pdeaxmifokd ajymif; k f k f a$vuonf? xkppfa-uma&;pcef;rsm;xJwif emrnfysufjzifh tausmf-um;qH;rSm kd f d G k r*Fvm'HkavqdyfteD;&Sd a&-unftkdifpcef;jzpfonf? txdef;odrf;cH EdkifiHa&;orm; rsm;tm; !SOf;yef;EdSyfpufI ppfaq;ar;jref;&mwGif Akdvfr;csKyfwifOD;udk,fwdkif tm;wufoa&m yg0ifavh&onf[k owif;jzpfay:cJonf? dS h oabmxm;uGvo[k oHo,&Sc&olrsm;onf eHeufr;rvif;rD olwaetdrf J JG l d H kd kd rS zrf;qD;cH&avh&Sd_yD; rsufpdrsm; pnf;aESmifcH&um a&-unftdkif odkr[kwf tvm; wl pcef;rsm;odk ac:aqmifoGm;cH&avh&Sdonf? rsufpdusdef;avmufatmif xkd;xm; onfh rD;a&mifatmufwGif ppfaq;ar;jref;r+ yvkyfonf? pD;u&ufaq;vdyfrD;jzifh tom;udk xkd;onf? *syefwdkvufpGJ a&pufcs ESdyfpufenf;tjyif taemufwdkif;yHkpH jzpfaom v#yfppfusifpuf (electric shock) udkvnf; toHk;rsm;onf? OD;ae0if;.tkduft&mqufcHrnfhol 'kwd,tqihfyk*~dKvf[k ,lqcH&aom Akvr;csKyfwifO;onfvnf; ola&Su oGm;ESi_fh y;ol Advr;csKyfatmif}uD;. uH-urRm d f D D k f rsKd;udk ta-umif;jycsuf vHk;0 uGJjym;jcm;em;pGmjzifh uHawG&avonf? 1960 ckESpf rsm; apmapmydkif;umvu xm;&SdcJhaom jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwD. wif;rm aom rl0g'rsm;jzihf -unfrnfqv#if Akvr;csKyf atmif}uD;onf yjyifajymif;vJa&; h kd d f orm; vpfb&,f0g'Djzpfonf? rdbrJh Advr;csKyfwifO;onf olarG;pm;zcif OD;ae0if; k f D . ,Hk-unfpdwfcs&aom aemufvdkufwa,mufjzpfaomfvnf; ppfaxmufvS rf; a&;wyfzGJudk wnfaqmuf&if; olonf tm%m tqrwef}uD;xGm;vmonf? ol vlrsm;omv#if EkdifiHjcm;odk oGm;csifovdk oGm;vmEkdifonf? EkdifiHjcm;xkwf pmapmif rsm;udkvnf; axmufvS rf;a&;udpPtvdiSm zwfcGihf&&Sd-uonf? k Todk E+dif;,SOftaetxm;jzifh xGef;awmufvmaom EkdifiHtwGif;rS EkdifiH udk ol. wOD;wnf; ydibufr&Sd tjrifq; tkyp;oltaetxm;tay: tm;aumif; f h kH f kd aom _cdrf;ajcmufr+w&yftjzpf OD;ae0if; cHpm;rdvmonf? 1983 ckESpf/ arvwGifrl Akvr;csKyfwifO; tz,f&m;cH&avawmhonf? axmufvS r;a&;t}uD;tuJ aemuf d f D S f wOD;jzpfol Advr;}uD;bdeEitwl olonf xkwy,fjcif;cH&_yD; olu,wif zefw; k f k D S fh f kd f kd D
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cJaom emrnfq;vSonfh a&-unftif xde;odr;a&;pcef;odk apv$wjf cif; cHc&av h kd kd f f hJ onf? Adkvfr;csKyfwifOD;. tawmfqHk; axmufvS rf;a&;olv#Kd &maygif;rsm;pGm vnf; txkwy,fc-H u&onf? jrefrmEkii. oGuvufxufjrufvaom axmuf f dfH f S vS r;a&; vkyief;&yfrsm; ,m,D&yfom;avmufatmifyif ppfaxmufvS r;a&; wyf f f G f zGJwckvHk; tiftm;csdeoGm;cJhonf? J Ttajctaeay:wGif yxrqHk; tcGihfta&;,loGm;olrsm;rSm ajrmufudk;&D; ,m;rsm;jzpf-uonf? rsufrSefwifOD;udk xkwfy,f_yD; (5) vt-um/ 1983 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmvwGif awmifudk;&D;,m;rS tm%mtqihfjrihfudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ jref rmEkdifiHodk tvnfa&muf&SdvmcJhonf? (9) &ufae Y xkdudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJonf &efukefrdawmf&Sd tmZmenfAdrmefodk oGm;a&mufI usqHk;av_yD;aom jrefrmhol&J aumif;rsm;tm; *g&0y-uonf? xdawmifu;&D;,m;ud,pm;vS,rsm;onf olwkd k kd k f f . orRw c|rf'l;0S rf (Chun Doo Hwan) ESifh ZeD;onfwdk qdkufta&muftvmudk apmihfar#mfae-upOf eHeuf (10) em&D/ (55) rdepfwGif jyif;xefaom AHk;wvHk; aygufuGJcJhavonf? tmZmenfAdrmef. acgif;rkd;tv,fydkif;aygufxGufoGm;_yD; r+d yGihfyHk rD;cdk;vHk;}uD; tlxGufvmcJhonf? ,if;aygufuGJr+toHudk &efukefwrdvHk;vdkvdk -um;cJ&_yD; awmifu;&D;,m; vHk cHa&;tapmifh w&mausmfcefrm aoG;rsm;pd&vsuf h kd S k J$ ajy;v$m;aeonfukd jrifawG -u&onf? (15) OD; yGcsi;_y;aoqH;cJ_h y; xdtxJwif 0ef}uD;tzGJ0if (4) OD; yg&Som;cJonf? J f D k D k G d G h ,if;0ef}uD; (4) OD;rSm pD;yGm;a&;&m pDrHudef;0ef}uD;ESihf 'k=0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfol +qyf *|ef; (Shu Suk-Joon) / EkdifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD; vDbrfqyf (Lee Bum-Suk) / ul;oef; a&mif;0,fa&;ESifh pufr+0ef}uD; uifa'gif0SD; (Kim Dong-Whie) ESihf pGrf;tifESihf obm0t&if;tjrpfqdkif&m 0ef}uD; qlqefcsL; (Suh Sang-Chui) wdk jzpf-uonf? orRw. pD;yGm;a&;&m twGif;0efcsKyfvnf; aoqHk;cJh&onf? '%f&m&ol (12) OD; wGif yl;wGppfO;pD;csKyfrsm;. OuU@jzpfol AdvcsKyf}uD; vDuAufEifh awmifu;&D;,m; J D k f D S kd owif;axmuf (5) OD; yg0ifonf? orRwESihf olZeD;twGuf &nf&G,fI AHk;axmifcJh jcif;jzpfaomfvnf; rdepftenf;i,faemufus_yD;rS olwdk a&muf&SdvmonfhtwGuf tysuftpD;rsm;vSaom TAH;aygufur'%frS olwvwajrmufom;cJ-h uonf? k JG + kd G f G jrefrmppfwyfEifh &JwyfzJGrsm;u AH;azmufcorsm;tm; csufcsif;vduv&mazG S k JG l k f H S -uonf? wywftwGif;wGifyif ajrmufudk;&D;,m;olv#KdESpfOD;udk t&Sifzrf;rdaomf vnf; wOD;rSm ypfcwfzrf;qD;pOfwif aoqH;oGm;cJonf? trSew&m;ay:aygufc_hJ yD; G k h f jrefrmtpkd;&udk EkdifiHwumu csD;usL;cJh-uonf? odk&mwGif avhvmoltrsm;pk
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OD;ae0if;aexki&m tif;vsm;uefeab; tjcm;wbufurf;Y olr aeae&_yD; xdae df H k &monf olr.zcifukd vky}f uHowfjzwf&ef *VKefO;apmtkypu tpDtpOfqJG Zmwf D f k wdkufcJhonfhae&m teD;wGifyif jzpfavonf? olrwnfaxmifcJhaom ygwDjzpfonfh trsKd;om;'Drua&pDtzGJ csKyf. 'k=OuU@onfvnf; zrf;qD;cHc&_yD; axmif'%fEpf dk hJ S &SnusoGm;cJonf? olonf ,cifuvnf; axmif'%fuscHc&zl;onf? ,if;yk*Kd~ vf f h hJ rSm 1988=89 'Drua&pDta&;awmfy. a&Swef;rS ay:xGuvmcJaom wyfrawmf dk kH f h . ppfOD;pD;csKyfa[mif; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;wifOD; jzpfavonf? a':atmifqef;pk-unfrSm xdef;odrf;cHvdkuf&aomfvnf; olr. vludufrsm; a&yef;pm;r+rSm usqif;roGm;cJh ay? olrudk ab;z,fxwvu_f y;aemuf 1988 ckEp/f pufwifbmvu tm%modr; k f kd D S f pOfu uwday;cJonftwdi; taxGaxGa&G;aumufyukd usif;yay;&ef pdwcsoGm; h h kf JG f &_yD[k ppfwyfu awG;xifcJhavonf? odk jzihf 1990 jynfhESpf/ arv (27) &ufae wGif jrefrmjynfolvlxkonf a&G;aumufyGJwGif rJay;cJh-u&onf? trsKd;om;'Drkdu a&pDtzGJcsKyfonf jynfovwawmfu,pm;vS,ae&m (485) ae&mteuf (389) l $ f kd f f ae&mudk tHh-op&m aumif;avmufatmif tEdkif&&SdcJhavonf? rqvwjzpfvJ wpn (wdkif;&if;om; pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;ygwD) onf (11) ae&mr#om tEdkif&&Sd cJhonf? ,if;qENrJonf OD;ae0if;udk qefusifa-umif;ESihf a':atmifqef;pk-unfudk axmufca-umif; jyovduayonf? H k f jynfolvlxku rdrdwdk.toHudk xkwfazmfcJhaomfvnf; ppfwyfu emcH&ef jiif;qefcjhJ yefavonf? jynfovwawmfukd usif;yjcif;rycJay? xktpm; a&G;cs,f l $ f h d cH v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f (60) ausmfudk zrf;qD;cJh_yD; trsm;tjym;rSm tao;tzGJ pGJcsufrsm;jzifh v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,ftjzpfrS kyfodrf;cHcJh-u&onf? v$wfawmf ukd,fpm;vS,f (10) OD;cef xkdif;=jrefrme,fpyfodk xGufajy;wdrf;a&SmifoGm;cJh-u onf? if;xGufajy;oGm;olrsm;onf 1990 jynfhESpf/ 'DZifbmv (18) &ufaewGif trsKd;om;!Gefaygif;tpdk;&udk xlaxmifvdkuf-uonf? 1947 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (19) &ufaewGif vkyf}uHowfjzwfcH&ol wOD;jzpf_yD; OD;atmifqef;. tudkawmfol OD; b0if;. om;jzpfol a'gufwm pdef0if;u ,if;tpkd;&tzGJudk OD;aqmifcJhavonf? 'Drua&pDenf;uspGm a&G;cs,fjcif;cH&aom tpd;&w&yfu &efuef rdwif tkycsKyf& dk k k G f rnfhtpm; OD;ae0if;. vufa0cHom; ppfaxmufvS rf;a&;wyfzGJ. t}uD;tuJ Akvr;}uD; cif!ef ESptenf;i,ftwGi; tvsiftjref -oZmtm%mwufvmonf d f G f f udom jynfovxu rsufjrifu,awG jzpfc&avonf? if;. oabmxm;wif; k l l k kd f hJ rmol tkyp0ifrsm;onfvnf; ae&m ydrcicefvmcJ-h uonf? f k k kd dk f
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OD;apm. aoewform;rsm; twGif;0efHk;twGif; 0ifa&muf_yD; OD;atmif qef;ESihf ol. vkyfazmfudkifbufrsm;udk vkyf}uHowfjzwfcJhonfrSm ,cktcg (59) ESpf&SdvmcJhav_yD? OD;apmonf tm%mtwGuf olydifbufrsm;ukd &Sif;vif;ypfcJh onf? odaomfvnf; xdyfqHk;acgif;aqmifum; oludk,fwdkifjzpfrvmEkdifcJhacs? ol. k tarGrSmrl qufvuf&SifoefaeqJyif? OD;atmifqef;udk vkyf}uHowfjzwfr+ jzpfyGm; _yD;onfhaemufydkif; okwfoifa&;enf;udk OD;ae0if;ESihf ol. twGif;pnf;&Sd aemuf vdkufrsm;u atmifatmifjrifjrif usihfoHk;cJhavonf? 1947 ckESpf/ ZlvdkifvtwGif; -urRmiifonfh xdkaewGif trsKd;om;acgif;aqmifwOD; usqHk;cJh&Hkwifru wEkdifiH vHk;. kd;om;jrihfjrwfr+ESihf vufawGtouf0ifv+yf&Sm;aeaom 'Drkdua&pDpepf tay:wGif xm;&Sdonfh EkdifiH. *k%f,l0ihfuGm;r+onfvnf; tpdwfpdwftr$mr$m ysujf ym;use&pfc&avonf? f hJ OD;ae0if;taejzihf vky}f uHowfjzwfrukd rpDrH r}uHpnfcv#iyif olonf OD;apm + hJ f . tpOftvmtwdkif; xJxJ0if0if usihfoHk; rif;vkyftkyfcsKyfolwOD;jzpfavonf? OD;atmifqef;.orD; a':atmifqef;pk-unfurl touf (32) ESpft&G,fwGif owfjzwfjcif;cHvdkuf&I _yD;qHk;atmif rvkyfaqmifoGm;EkdifcJhaom trsKd;om;ol&J aumif;.tvkyfudk qufvufaqmif-uOf;vkyfaqmif&ef ud;pm;jcif;om jzpfav onf? jrefrmEkiitaejzifh ,aetcgor,wGif _ir;csr;aom 'Drua&pDpepfusaom dfH df f dk om,m0ajymaom EkdifiHwEkdifiHtjzpf &yfwnfaeoihf_yD;/ ,if;okyfouef. trSwtom;tjzpf a':atmifqef;pk-unfukd jrefrmtrsm;pku +jrifae-uavonf? f 17 waeaewcsdecsdeY vGwvyfaom 'Drua&pD jrefrmEkiiawmfwif ,if;odaom f f f dk dfH G k pGr;&nfEijfh ynfponfh acgif;aqmifrsm; ay:xGuvmrnfrm aocsmvSygonf? f S h kH f S ydkrdkaysmf&$ifzG,faumif;aom tem*wfaersm;odk ar#mfrSef;&if; xkdtcsdefwGif ,if;acgif;aqmifaumif;rsm;udk xyfrHvufv$wf tqHk;+H;cHI rjzpfawmhay?

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befaumuf. The Nation owif;pmwGif yg&Sdvmonfh emrnfausmf pm h f k a&;q&m r,f,m'l;AGKd ufpf (Mair Dubois) . u|efawmfpmtkytay: aumufEwf oHk;oyfcsufrSm tao;pdwfus_yD; tawG;tac: eufeJvSayonf? odkaomfvnf; olonf jrefrmEkdifiHom;ESihf EkdifiHjcm;om; pma&;q&mrsm; a&;om;r+tcsKday:wGif om ol.awG;ac:r+udk tajcpdkufxm;ayonf? txl;ojzifh OD;xGef;vSatmif yg0if cJh&onfhtcef;uESihf ywfouffI t_idrf;pm;Akdvfr;csKyfa[mif; OD;armifarmifa&; om;aom jrefrmhtrsK;om;a&;v+y&m;r+rsm; (1940=1948) (Burmese Nationd f S alist Movements (1940-1948) udk tppftrSef t&if;cHtjzpf udk;um;xm;av onf? r,f,m'l;AGKd ufpu ,if;pmtkyyg atmufygpmyd'rsm;udk ud;um;xm;onf? f f k f k pmrsufEm (317) 0ef}uD;tzGJ cef;rrSm OD;atmifqef;. ud,yitcef;jzpf S k f kd f _yD; jrefrmh&JwyfzGJ. &mZ0wfr+cif; pHkprf;axmufvS rf;a&;Xme t}uD;tuJ 'kwd, &JAdkvfcsKyf Hk;cef;.tay:wnfhwnfh txyfwGif&Sdonf? vkyf}uHr+jzpfyGm;csdefu Oa&myppft&m&Sd (2) OD;/ 'kw, &JAvcsKyf (pDti') tcef;wGif &Sae-u_yD; ypfcwf d kd f dk f D d r+rsm; jzpfyGm;_yD;_yD;csif; if;wdkESpfOD; *spfum;wpD;jzihf armif;xGufoGm;cJh-uonf[k aemufw&ufaexkwf owif;pmrsm;u a&;om;cJh-uonf? aemufydkif;wGif if;wdk ESpfOD;rSm jrefrmhppfOD;pD;XmerS awmifydkif;ckdif/ ppfOD;pD;r;=Adkvfr;csKyfeuf&Sf (Brig D f D k f k f Nash) ESifh jrefrmhppfO;pD;XmecsKyfrS axmufvS r;a&;ppfO;pD; Advr;csKyf=Advr;csKyf dS Edkuf (Brig Knight) wdk jzpfa-umif; od&&onf pmrsufESm (321)tH-op&maumif;onfhtcsufrSm pDtkdif'Dt}uD;tuJ taejzifh bmjzpfaeonfukd od&ae_y; tcif;jzpfym;_y;_y;csi; rnfoukd zrf;qD;&rnf dS D G D D f l udk od&Sdaeonfhtcsufjzpfonf? r+cif;pHkprf;axmufvS rf;a&;Xme (pDtkdif'D) t}uD; tuJ/ 'kwd,&JAdkvfcsKyf OD;xGef;vSatmiftaejzifh aoewfypfcwfr+rsm; jzpfyGm;_yD; rdepfydkif;twGif;rSmyif &JAkdvfcsKyf (IGP) udk AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tcef;xJodk ac: aqmifoGm;cJh_yD; aerukefrDrSmyif &JwyfzGJwzGJudk OD;aqmifI OD;apm_cH0if;odk oGm;cJh onf? (,if;wyfzGJrSm BAPS ac: jynfol&Jabmf wyfzGJ0ifrsm;ESifh zGJpnf;xm;aom t&efppfwyftzGJ jzpf_yD; ppfrjzpfru _Adwo# &J*s;rifh (wyf) rS _Adwo#t&m&Srsm; OD; D d D d d aqmif_yD; yef*syfESihf e,fpyfa'orsm;rS tdENd, rlqvifrsm;ESifhom zGJpnf;xm;
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jzpf_yD; xktcsewif {nfonfjzpfol ArmhppfO;pD;XmecsKyf OD;pD;AdvcsKyf (General Ofd d f G h D k f ficer Commanding Burma Command) . ukd,f&Hawmf (aide-de-camp) Adkvfoef;0if;ESifh pum;ajymvsuf&Sdonf? aoewfrsm; ypfcwfonfESifh olwkd -urf; jyifwif 0yfaecJ-h uaomfvnf; r-umcif jyefx-u_yD; Advxe;vSonf pnf;a0;cef; G k f G f r}uD;twGi;okd tajy;0ifa&mufconf? olonf yxrqk; a&muf&vmoljzpfonf? f hJ H dS (tcef; 1/ pmrsufESm 46)? vufeufudkif vlowform;rsm; avSum;ay: wufvm onfudk jrifvdkuf&aom tpdk;&tr+aqmiftzGJ. vufaxmuftwGif;a&;r;jzpfol OD;wift;onf xkcef;rodk aemufxyf0ifa&mufvmoljzpfonf? Hk d xkdae/ paeae eHeuf (9) em&DrS pwifI TtaqmufttHktwGif;wGifyif jrefrmEkdifiH &JAdkvfcsKyf OD;barmifonf tqihfjrifh rdj y&Jt&m&Sdrsm; tpnf;ta0;udk }uD;-uyfyvkyvsu&onf? &efuef rdawmf &Jrif;}uD; OD;atmifcseEifh 'kw, &JAvf f f dS k d f S d kd 3 csKyf OD;xGe;vSatmifwvnf; xktpnf;ta0;odk wufa&mufvsuf&onf? olwkd f S kd d dS onfvnf; aygufurrsm;a-umihf xdwvefacsmufcsm;oGm;-uonf? ,if;aygufuJG JG + f r+udk oufaoxGufqdk&mwGif &efukefrd&Jrif;}uD;u tkwfrsm; ydusoHuJhodkvnf; aumif;/ u|Efy. zcifu tH;tH;uGuf uGuqnorsm;tjzpfvnf;aumif; xifjrif k f k k f l H H cJ-h uonf? odk jzifh xdaetpnf;ta0;onf wefom;cJonf? k G h &JwyfzGJ. Hk;cef;rsm;onf ESpfxyftaqmufttHkjzpfaom twGif;0efHk;. ta&SbuftaqmifwGif wnf&Sdonf? tpdk;&Hk;cef;rsm;rSmrl ta&S/ taemufESihf awmifbufwwif qufpyfwnf&aeaom taqmufttHrsm;twGi; ae&m,lxm; kd G dS k f -u_yD;/ ajrmufbufwGif taqmifao;wckom&Sdonf? ,if;ajrmufbuftaqmif onf (xdtcseu a&wyfrS ,m,Dawmif;,lwyfpxm;aom) pdeaygvf (St. Paul's) k d f JG f ausmif;udk rsuEmrlvsu&_dS yD; av;axmify/kH twGi;0ef; taqmufttH. pwkw f S f h f kH k ajrmuf rsufESmpmjzpfvsuf&Sdayonf? ta&Sbuftaqmif ajrnDxyfwGif&Sdaom jrefrmEdiiH &JAvcsKyf;cef;rSmrl AkvcsKyf.tcef;ESifh wnfwnfqefusifbufwi&dS k f kd f kH d f h h Gf onf?taemufbuftaqmifyxrxyfwi&aomAkvcsKyf.tcef;onf zwfIwyf G f dS d f I&aom eH&t&Sirsm;&S_d yD; tpd;&tr+aqmiftzGJ cef;rtjzpf wd;csJtoH;csI&onf? H f k k k txl;cHkHk;u oufaorsm;udk -um;emr+ pwifv#if pwifcsif;yif Ttr+}uD; . w&m;0ifwiwef;oljzpfaom &efuef rdawmf &Jrif;}uD; OD;atmifcseonf w&m; kd f k d f vdbufrS yxrqH; pwifoufaocHojl zpfvmonf? olonf jrefrmEkiiH &JAvcsKyf k k d f kd f Hk;cef;rS taemufbuftaqmifodk vrf;av#mufvmcJh_yD; aumifpDcef;rodk a&muf aomtcg AdkvfxGef;vSESihf OD;wiftkH;wdkudk ,if;ae&mwGif awGcJh&a-umif; olu
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oufaocHxuqconf? G f kd hJ OD;xGef;vSatmifonf w&m;vdkjyoufaotrSwf (38) jzpfonf? olonf zswfvwfoGufvufoltjzpf vlodrsm;jym; xifay:ausmf-um;oljzpfonf? olonf taemufawmifbufxGufaygufrS pywfvrf;odk um;armif;xGufcGm_yD; taemuf bufydkif;odkoGm;um awGor#vltaygif;udk ar;jref;awmhonf? ar;jref;I c&D; ra&mufonftcg olonf taemufajrmufbuf*wrS jyefvmcJonf? xdtcsewif h d f h k d f G jrefrmEdiiawmf &JAvcsKyf OD;barmiftaejzihf ypfcwfrrsm;ESifh ywfoufI od&Ei_fh y; kfH kd f + dS S D jzpfaeum OD;xGef;vSatmif jyefa&mufa&mufcsif; olu xkdowif;udk ajymjyvdkuf onf? xdaemuf olwEpa,mufv; owfjzwfr+ tcsi;jzpfym;&mae&modk csucsi; k kd S f kH f G f f oGm;cJh-uonf? xdkaemuf twGif;0efcsKyf (Chief Secretary) OD;umpD. Hk;cef;odk qufvufoGm;-uum a-uuGJzG,f&m tjzpfqdk;udk today;cJh-uonf? OD;xGef;vS atmiftaejzifh OD;umpDESihf pum;ajymaeqJrSmyif uy`wdefcef;xHrS w,fvDzkef; tac:0ifvmonf? uy`wdefcef;tm; twGif;0efrsm;Hk;odkvm&ef ajymvdkufojzifh if;onf em&D0uftwGif; a&muf&Sdvm_yD; pDtkdif'Dt}uD;tuJtm; oludk,fwdkif tpD&ifcavawmhonf? H OD;armifarmifu olpmtkyfxJwGif azmfjycJhaom Oa&mywdkufom; ppfwyft &m&Sd (2) OD;rSm jrefrmhppfOD;pD;Hk;/ jrefrmjynfawmifydkif;ckdifa'o wyfrif;jzpfol Adkvfr;csKyf euf (&Sf) ESifh jrefrmhppfOD;pD;XmecsKyfHk; ppfOD;pD; (axmufvS rf;a&;) Adkvf r;csKyfjzpfol Ekduf wdtjzpf xkwfazmfod&SdcJh&onf? olwonf ypfcwfr+rsm;jzpf_yD; k dk _yD;csif; *spfum;wpD;jzifh armif;xGufoGm;cJh-uonf? tmZmenfae ywf0ef;usif avmufwGif xkwfa0aom ppftm%mydkifwdk. owif;pmrsm;u wdkufwdkufqdkif qdif r-umc%qdovdk pmrsuEm (317) wGif yg&Saom Ttv,fpmyd'ukd ud;um; k k f S d k f k azmfjyavh&Sdonf? 4 pma&;olu Tta-umif;t&mudk &nf!ef;azmfjycJhaom pm rsufESm (339) &Sd rSwfpk trSwf (125) udk udk;um;v#ifvnf; qDavsmfayvdrhfrnf? (Advr;csKyf euf (&S) rSm tpd;&tdrawmftwGi;&Sd bk&ifc. vufatmufcH k f f k f f H dN ud,yitwGi;0eftzGJrS twGi;0efcsKyfjzpfol yD*st;euf (&S) (P.G. E Nash) (tdE, k f kd f f f D D f ydnmOfcH0efxrf;= ICS) . tudkawmfoljzpfonf? Zlvdkifv (28) &ufaepGJjzihf ay;ydkaom a-u;eef;trSwf (313) (Telm.Gvr-SSB, No. 313) pmydk'f (6) wGif Zlvdkifv (18) &ufaewGif u|Ekfyfonf zdvpf (&Sf) wufa&mufaeaom aq;Hkodk tvnfoGm;a&mufcJh&m oltaejzifh vufeuftrsm; aysmufqHk;aer+udk od&Sdae a-umif; awG&SdcJh&onf? olu OD;apm. bef*vdkudk ntcsdefwGif ppfajrjyifoHk; rSef
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ajymif;rsm;jzifh apmihf-unfhaecJh&m OD;apmonf vl (4/ 5) OD;ESihftwl avSwpD;jzifh t}udrftawmfrsm;rsm; rouFmzG,f&m tif;vsm;ueftwGif; oGm;vmaeonfudk awG&c&a-umif; owif;rsm; u|Eytm; xyfrajymjycJonf? OD;apmtaejzihf aumif; dS hJ fk f H h aumif;rGefrGef t_rJ0wfpm;qif,ifxm;wwf&m ol0goemt& rdef;rr+ayyJvm;[k ,lqcJhonf? ppfwyft&m&Sdrsm;taejzihf OD;apmonf vufeuftajrmuftjrm; pkaqmif;aecJa-umif;,H-k unfae-uonftcsuukd euf(&S)u[ef (Lt.Col. Hunt) h h f f udk owday;cJh&ao;onf? [ef qdkonfrSm jrefrmppfOD;pD;XmecsKyf/ umuG,fa&; Xme/ vHkcHa&;t&m&Sd 'k=Adkvfr;}uD;wOD;jzpfonf? TonfrSm vkyf}uHowfjzwfr+ wu,frjzpfym;rDtcsdeujzpfonf? [efonf ppfrjzpfru &efuewif pD;yGm;a&; G f D k f G vkyief;wckY tvkyvyuicz;oljzpf_yD; OD;apm.pdwtxmudk od&cojl zpfonf? f f k f kd f hJ l f dS hJ 'kw,&JAvcsKyf(pDti')uvnf; oltm;uefujkd zwfIOD;apmtdrukd axmufvS r; d kd f dk f D f f apmihf-unfhcdkif;xm;cJhonf? OD;apm.tr+wGif pDtkdif'D&JwyfzGJ. oufaoxGufqdk csufu-kd unfyg?) h owfjzwfr+jzpfyGm;aecsdefwGif tpdk;&tr+aqmiftzGJcef;ratmufwGif &Sdaom Hk;cef;wGif qm[l;bwfpf&ef. vufaxmuftwGif;0efjzpfol qmepfavrdktm (Sir Nick Larmour) 5 onf tvkyvyaecJa-umif; od&onf? Tonfu u|Eywkd f kf h fk f 6 tm; zdvpfeuf (&Sf) . tjcm;xGufqdkcsufwckudk tmHka&mufoGm;apcJhonf? ,if;xGufqdkcsufrSm atmufygtwkdif;jzpfonf? TrESpf rdz,f tjzpftysufowif;. tjcm;+axmifwckrm vky}f uHrrjzpf G h S + yGm;rD wywftvdkavmufY tpdk;&tr+aqmiftzGJwGif tpnf;ta0;&Sdaecdkuf tr+ aqmifcef;rodk wufa&mufoGm;aom avSum;t0ifwHcg;0Y jrefrm&JwyfzGJESifh wGJ zufI wm0efcsay;xm;aom _Adwdo#t&m&SdESpfOD;udk wm0efcsxm;cJhjcif;yif jzpf onf? TonfrSm jrefrmvlrsKd; &JwyfzGJ0ifw. *k%foduQmudk xdcdkufapojzihf if; dk t&m&Srsm;udk jyefvnfyor;ay;cJ&onf? odk jzpfav&m (19) &ufaeu if;t&m d k f d f h &Sdrsm;om wm0efcsxm;onfhae&mwGif &SdaecJhaomf rnfodk jzpfysufEkdifonfudk cef rSe;wGuq-unfI&ayonf? tb,fa-umihqaomf olwonf vufeufrsm; udif f f h f kd kd k aqmifxm;-u_y; rouFmzG,&m vlowform;rsm; 0wfqifxm;-uaom ppfwyf,l D f eDazmif;ta[mif;rsm;a-umihf vG,fvG,fESihf ausmfjzwfcGihfay;vdrfhrnfr[kwfacs? Zlviv (19) &ufae/ nae (4) em&D (25) rdepfwif qm*D;vfbwfvw0w kd f G d fd f (Sir Gilbert Laithwaite) xHokd ,m,Db&ifc. twGi;0ef qm'AvsL'D azmifvm k H f (R.W.D. Fowler) ay;ydaom a-u;eef;pmwGif yg&Sonfh tcsutvufrsm;ESifh zdvpf k d f
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olwkd.av;pm;&aom acgif;aqmifr[kwfygvm;? u&iftrsKd;om;umuG,fa&; tzGJ autJif'Dtkd (KNDO) taejzifh autJif,l. vufeufukdifvufwHjzpfcJh_yD; ykeuefxuGr+ jzpfcsderp_yD; txufazmfjyyg u&iftrsKd;om;pmapmifyg aqmif;yg; f f S xGuay:vmonftcsdexqv#if (36) ESpe;yg;cef ausmfjzwfc_hJ yD; ,if;ykeuefrrm f h f d dk f D f + S ,aewkdif t"Ge&Snfvsuf&Sdaeayonf? autJif,l. tqkdygtjzpftysufESifh ywf f oufI ykdrkdtao;pdwfjrifodEkdifap&eftwGuf u|efawmfu olwkdukd zwf+avhvm Ekdif&ef pmtkyfaumif;rsm; !efjycJhygonf? okdaomfvnf; jyefvnfrGrf;rHjyifqifwkd; csJxm;aom u|Ey.pmtkyf 'kw,t}udrf (t*Fvybmom) xkwudk 1996 ckEpwif fk f d df f Sf G kdufESdyfxkwfa0_yD;onfESifh 1996 ckESpf atmufwkdbmvwGif ,lEkdufwufuif;'rf; (United Kingdom) &Sd bDbpD (2) kyjf rifo-H um;rS tmZmenfae ESpf (50) jynftjzpf D h taxmuftxm;rsm;jzifh txl;tpDtpOfw&yfjyo_yD;aemufY ,if;ta-umif;t &monf xyfrHay:aygufvmjyefonf? 1996 ckESpf atmufwkdbmvtwGif;wGif vlawGar;jref;r+yvky&eftwGuf xkwvya&;r;rsm;u u|eawmfudk t*Fvefjynfodk f f kf f h zdwfac:cJhonf? xkwfvkyfa&;r;rsm;taejzifh 0d0g'jzpfaeaom u&iftrsKd;om;pm apmifyg aqmif;yg;acgif;pOftwki; tpDtpOf.acgif;pOfudk tok;yvdrrnfuvnf; df H hf dk aumif;/ tpGypcae&onfh _Awo#wdk yg0ifywfoufrrm t"duausmk;jzpfvrrnf f JG H d d + S d d hf ukvnf;aumif; u|eawmfwtaejzifh xktcseu rod&cacs? if;kyjf rifo-H um;tpD d f dk d d f dS hJ tpOftaejzifh tcsKaom u&ifvrsK;rsm;. apm'uwufruvnf;aumif;/ ,lau d l d + dk &Sd -unfotajrmuftjrm;. +wcsruvnf;aumif; jzpfay:apcJonf? taemuf h + l f + dk h EkdifiHrsm;xHrS cJ,rf;rD;ausmuf taxmuftyHh&&Sda&; ar#mfvifhcsufjzifh apmbOD; }uD;u ,if;c&D;vrf;ukd uHukdykHI tokH;cscJhjcif;/ ,cif0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif; OD;EkESifh AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; tp&Sdonfh wif;rmaomoabmxm;&Sdol Armrsm; yg0ifywf oufaer+ukd u&iftrsKd;om;pmapmifyg aqmif;yg;u pGyfpGJxm;jcif;/ jrefrmEkdifiH awmifwef;om;rsm;. rdwfaqGrsm; tp&Sdonfh _Adwdo#tzGJtpnf;rsm;rS v#Kd0Suf v+y&m;aeonfh yk*Kd~ vfrsm; yg0ifywfoufaeonf[k bDbpD (2) tpDtpOfu wifjy f S D cJjh cif; ponfwrm wckEiwck qufpyfaeayonf? v#Kd0uvy&m;olrsm;. yxr dk S S hf S f + f S qkH;tpnf;ta0;ukd jrefrmEkdifiH awmifwef;om;rsm;. rdwfaqGrsm;tzGJ 8 (Friends of the Burma Hill Peoples) ukd zGJpnf;onfhtcsdef 1947 ckESpf Zlvkdifv EkdifiHawmf vkyf}uHr+rwkdifrD vef'ef-rdY usif;ycJha-umif; if;kyfjrifoH-um;tpDtpOfu jyocJh aomfjim;vnf; autJi,rS txl;uk,pm;vS,f tkvAm boef; taejzifh _Adwo# f l d f d D d vkvm;aom u&ifrsm;. tajccHvvm;csufudk tultnD&&Sa&;twGuf a&muf&dS d dk d
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(Selected telegrams Concerning the Assassination and Trial)
qm[l;bwf&efrS avmhyufopfavm&ihxokd f H a-u;eef;pm/ tkittm= trf42504 d f kd

(Sir Hubert Rance to Lord Pethick-Lawrence. Telegram, IOR: M/4/2504)
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&efue/f 1946/ pufwifbmv (21) &uf/ (23;00)em&D k vufc&&S/d pufwifbmv (21) &uf/ (21;50) em&D H
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ygonf? vGefcJhonfhESpf&ufu OD;apmu olowif;pmrSaeI zqyvtzGJcsKyfudk jyif;jyif;xefxefpdefac:cJhygonf? qufvufpHkprf;ppfaq;r+rsm; yvkyfvsuf&Sd&m oihxH tqufrjywf owif;ay;ydaeygrnf? f k 2? ,l*ef'gwGif &Saom *smrefvrsK;/ OD;apm. r,m;qdoupEifh ywfoufI d l d k l d P S OD;apm. ZeD;onfu olESihf uGm&Sif;vdkpdwf jyif;jyaea-umif;vnf; pDtkdif'Du tpD&ifcygonf? H 3? OD;atmifqef;/ OD;ay:xGe;/ a'gufwmbarmf/ OD;apmESihf OD;Apdewukd usaemf f f kd ,aeawGqHkcJhygonf? OD;atmifqef;u oltr+aqmiftzGJudk tpD&ifcH&rnfjzpfI reufjzef/ odr[kwf we*FaEGae aev,fcif;/ odr[kwf wevFmae eHeufwif olukd k k G 1 u|efawmfxyfrawGygrnf? H 4? oydwftaetxm;t& tm;&p&mraumif; (xyfrH=raumif;) yg? tpnf;ta0;_y;tpnf;ta0;ESifh ,if;tpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif tpD&ifcpmrsm;om D H waev;Hk -um;emae&ygonf?reufjzefwe*FaEGae/aev,fwif pt,fvat(CLA) G D f aumfrDwD. vuf&Sd tzGJ0ifr[kwfawmhaom tzGJ0if (3) OD;udk u|efawmf awGyg onf? xkorsm;xJwif t&mxrf;/ tr+xrf;aygif;pHtzGJcsKyf. OuU@vnf; yg&Sygrnf? d l G k d qm[l;bwf&efxHrS tm;vfatmhzvpfw0(vf) (Earl of Listowel) xHokd f kd J a-u;eef;pm/ tkittm= trf42714 d f kd csufcsif; tjzpfq;kH ? &efue/f 1947 ckEp/f Zlviv (19) &uf/ (12;00) em&D k S kd f vufcH&&Sd? Zlvdkifv (19) &uf/ (08;40)em&D eHygwf 281/ bk&ifcxrS ud,yia-u;eef;= H H k f kd f ,aeeHeuf (10) em&DcGJwGif pwif;*ef;aoewfudkif ArmoHk;OD;u tr+aqmif tzGJ ukd tpnf;ta0;xkiaepOf wkucur+ yvky-f u&mwGif xdcuaoqH;olrsm; df d f dk f kd f k aoqHk;= OD;&mZwf/ OD;bcsKd/ ocifjr/ OD;b0if;/ ref;bckdif '%f&m&olrsm;=OD;atmifqef;(&ifbwfaygufxu'%f&m&)/rdi;yGeapmfbm;/ G f kf f G 2 xyfrHI tjynfhtpHk tpDt&ifcHygrnf? tm'AvsL'Dazmifvm (R.W.D. Fowler) (bk&ifc. acwWtwGi;f 0ef) xHrS qm*Dbwfvw0wf H d fd (Sir Gilbert Laithwaite) xHokd a-u;eef;pm= tkittm= trf42714 d f kd csufcsif;tjzpfq;kH ? &efue/f 1947 ckEp/f Zlviv (19) &uf/ (16;25) em&D k S kd f
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Aung San Suu Kyi. Burma and India: Some Aspects of Intellectual life under Colonialism. New Delhi Indian Institute of Advanced Study & Allied Publishers, 1990. Aung San of Burma. Edingburgh: Kiscadale, 1991. Freedom from Fear. London: Penguin Books, 1991. Letters from Burma.First published by Mainichi Shinbunsha asBiruma kara no tegami, 1996. Published in English in Penguin Books,1997. Aung Moe Htet To Stand and be Counted-The Suppression of Burma's Members of Parliament. The All Burma Student's Democratic Front, Bangkok, (Editor) 1998. Edited by Aung Moe Htet. Aung Saw Oo. Reflections on Aung San Suu Kyi. Chiang Mai, Thailand, 1991. Allen, Louis Burma: the Longest War 1941-45. First published in Great Britain by G.M. Dent, 1984. Phoenix Press, 2000. History of Modern Burma. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Cady John F.A. Press, fifth printing 1978. Collis, Maurice. Last and first in Burma (1941-1948). London: Faber & Faber,1956. Dun, Gen Smith. Memoirs of the Four-Foot Colonel. Ithaca, New York, Cornell University Southeast Asia Programme, Data Paper no. 113,1980. Feaver, George. The Webbs in Asia-1911-12 Diary. (Macmillan, 1992) Introduced and edited by Prof. George Feaver, Professor of Political Science, University of British Columbia, Canada. Furnivall, John S. The Fashioning of the Leviathan - The Beginnings of British Rule in Burma. The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia 1991. From The Journal of the Burma Research Society vol.29, no. 1, April 1939, pp. 3-137. Edited by. Prof. Gehan Wijeyewardene. Gravers, Mikael. Nationalism as Political Paranoia in Burma: An Essay on the Historical Practice of Power. Nordic Institute of Asian Studies Reports no. 11, Denmark, 1993. Burma. Hutchison House, London, 1950. Editor Sir Reginald Hall, D.G.E. Coupland. Herbert, Patricia Burma. (World Biographical Service # 320) Clio Press Ltd., M. (Compiler) Oxford England & ABC-CLIO Santa Barbara USA, 1991. The Victim. Kyipwayay Press, Mandalay, 1976. Translated by Than Hla, Ludu U. Tun & Kathleen Forbes. Original title War, Love & Prison in Burmese self-published. History of Burma from the earliest times to March Htin Aung. 1824, the beginning of the English conquest. London: Longmans Green, 1925.
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Izumiya, Tatsuro. The Minami Organ. Translated by Prof. Tun Aung Chain, Rangoon Arts and Science University, 1985. First Published in Japan as Sono na wa Minami Kikan, Tokyo 1967. Kyaw Min. The Burma We Love. Calcutta. India Book House, 1945. Outrage: Burma's Struggle for Democracy. London: White Lotus, Lintner, Bertil. 1990. Aung San Suu Kyi and Burma's Unfinished Renaissance. Bangkok. White Lotus, 1991. Burma in Revolt-Opium Insurgency since 1948. Bangkok. White Lotus1994. From Sangha to Laity: Nationalist Movements of Maung Maung, Burma 1920-1940. New Delhi. Manohar (for the Australian (ex- Brig) National University), 1980. Burmese Nationalist Movements1940-1948. Edinburgh: Kiscadale, 1989. Maung Maung,Dr. A Trial in Burma; The Assassination of Aung San. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1962. Burma's Constitution. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1959 (ed). Aung San of Burma. The Hague: Martinus Nifhoff (for Yale University Southeast Asia Studies), 1962. Burma and General Ne Win. Bombay. Asia Publishing House, 1969. Maung Maung Gyi. Burmese Political Value: the Socio-Political Roots of Authoritarianism. New York. Praeger,1983. Maung Maung Pye. Burma in Crucible. Rangoon. Khittaya Publishing House, 1952. McEnery, John. Epilogue in Burma: 1945-48: The Military Dimensions of British Withdrawal. Bangkok. White Lotus (reprint) 2000. Mitzutani, Inao. A Bunch of Bananas-with memoirs of Col. Kodomatsu Masakazu. Edited & published by The Historical Section (Shigakka), College of Liberal Arts, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan, 1984. Grandfather Longlegs - The Life and Gallant Death of Major Morrison, Ian. H.P. Seagrim, GC, DSO, MBE. Faber & Faber Ltd, London 1946. Mya Sein,Daw. The Administration of Burma. Kuala Lumpur, Singapore, London: Oxford University Press, 1973. Nu, U. U Nu-Saturday's Son. New Haven & London, Yale University Press, 1975. Translated by U Law Yone. Edited by Dr. Kyaw Win. Politics, Personality and Nation Building: Burma's Search for Identity. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press1962. Twilight over Burma - My Life as a Shan Princess.University of Sargent, Inge. Hawaii Press 1994. Death of a Hero: The U Thant Disturbances in Burma. December Selth, Andrew. 1974, Australia-Asia Paper #49 (Centre for the Study of AustraliaAsia Relations, Griffith University, Brisbane,1989). Burma's Armed Forces: Power without Glory. East Bridge, Norwalk, CT 06850 USA, 2002. Silverstein, Josef. The Political Legacy of Aung San. Ithaca: New York. Southeast Asia Programme Data Paper no. 86, 1982. Burma: Military Rule and the Politics of Stagnation. Ithaca/London. Cornell University Press, 1977. Pye, Lucian W.
Thaung, Kyemon U. A.Journalist, A General and an Army in Burma. Bangkok. White Lotus, 1995. Thein Pe Myint. Selected Short Stories of Thein Pe Myint. Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 1973. Translated by Patricia M. Milne, with introduction and commentaries. The Union of Burma: A Study of the First Years of Independence. Tinker, Hugh. London. Oxford University Press,1957. Burma: The Struggle for Independence 1944-48 (in two Volumes), London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1984. Tint Way, Dr. Trauma and the Cross-Cultural Self: A Burmese Case Study. A psychoanalytic paper published in The Self in Conversation Volume II Journal of the Australian & New Zealand Association of Psychotherapy, 2003. Trager, Frank N. Burma: From Kingdom to Republic. London: Pall Mall, 1966.
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Burma: The Curse of Independence. Pluto Press, London Sterling VA, USA., 2001. Tzang Yawnghwe, The Shan of Burma: Memoirs of a Shan Exile. Singapore. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1987. Chao. Cries from Burma - A Report on Conditions for Political Prisoners Win Naing Oo. in Burma's Infamous Insein Prison. Bangkok. All Burma Student's Democratic Front, 1996. Ziegler, Phillip. Mountbatten. Originally published: New York: Knof 1985.
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Is Trust Vindicated, The Chronicle of a Trust, Striving and Triumph, Director of Information, Government of the Union Of Burma, 1960. The Conspiracy of Treasonous Minions within the Myanmar Naing-gan and Traitorous Cohorts Abroad, Ministry of Information, Government of Myanmar, Rangoon, 1989. Political Situation of Myanmar & it's Role in the Region by Lt. Col Hla Min, Office of Strateqic Studies, Ministry of Defence, 21st Edn.Nov. 1999.
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vlxkOD;vS= axmifeJvlom; =vlxkpmykHESdyfwkduf/ rEav; 1957? if;pma&;olrm emrnfausmxwa0olEihf owif;pmq&mwOD;jzpf_yD; 1953 ckEprS S f k f S S f 1956 ESpfukeftxd EkdifiHa&;r+rsm;jzifh &efukefaxmifwGif; axmifuscJhonf? axmif wGif;okH;ESpfausmfumvtwGif; axmifusbufrsm;ukd ar;jref;_yD; pdwf0ifpm;zG,f tr+rsm;ukd a&;rSwfxm;cJhonf? xkdaemuf if;wkdukd pmtkyf (9) tkyfjzifh xkwfa0cJh onf? wcsdefwGif vlxkOD;vSonf taqmif (5) wGif cifarmif&if/ okcwkESifh wcef; d xJuscJhonf? armifeDrSm wjcm;cef;wGifjzpfonf? if;wkrSm EkdifiHawmfvkyf}uHr+wGif d yg0ifywfoufcJholrsm;jzpf-uonf? okcZmwfa-umif;jyefcJhonfrsm;rS oufqkdif&m aumufEwcsufrsm;ukd TrSwcsufrsm;wGif azmfjyygrnf? k f f pmrsufESm 100=102? -urRmiifonfhae 1947 ckESpf/ Zlvkdifv (19) &uf eHeufapmapmyki;wGif OD;apmu olpwf uduf a&G;cs,fxm;olrsm;ukd owfrwxm; df d S f onfhvkyfief; taumiftxnfazmf&eftwGuf xGufcGm&ef tqifoifhjyifzkd qifhac: vkuonf? b%ftEk-urf;pD;&ef avhusifxm;olrsm;twGuf ppfwyf,eazmif;rsm; d f h l D ukd ukd,fESifhwkdif;_yD; jyifxm;_yD;jzpfonfhtwGuf tjcm;olrsm;u ,if;wkdukd OD;apm tcef;wGi;rS t0wfy}Hk uD;rSvnf;aumif;/ OD;xkyrsm;ukd um;*ka'gifxrvnf;aumif; f f d J S oGm;a&muf,lay;&onf? okaomf olwtwGuf ppfwyfokH; bGwfzdeyfrsm;r&Sdonfh d kd twGuf olwtaejzifh olwukd,fykdif &mbmatmufcH t!kda&mifuif;bwfSL;rsm; kd kd
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olr.b0rSm aysmf&$ifat;_idrf;vSonf? 1988 ckESpf 'DZifbmv (27) &ufaewGif olr.touf (77) ESpftwGif; olruG,fvGefcJhonf? 7 at;&Sm;0d(cf) (Asia Week)/ 1993 ckESpf/ rwfv (3) &uf/ aqmif;yg;. tqk;yki;/ urBmay:&Sd t}uD;qk;tmCmw/ ol (ae0if;) . AkvcsKyfatmifqef;ay: H df H d f xm;&Sdaom rkef;wD;r+onf jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;ol&Jaumif;. (ouf&Sdxif&Sm; &Sdaeaom) om;orD; (2) OD;wkdtay:xd qufvuf&Sdaeao;ygovm;/ a':atmif qef;pk-unf b,frm&Saeonfudk u|eawmfwtm;vk; od-uygonf? AdvcsKyfatmif S d f dk H k f qef;wGif atmifqef;OD;[kac:aom om;wOD;&Sdygao;onf? olonf ava-umif; qkdif&m tif*sifeD,mwOD;jzpf_yD; tar&duefjynfaxmifpkY aexkdifvsuf&Sdonf? atmufygtjzpftysufrSm t*FvefwGif vGefcJhaom tESpfESpfq,fcefu ausmif; om;av;wOD;r#omjzpfaom atmifqef;OD;okd jzpfysucjhJ cif;jzpfonf? xktcseonf f d d f d S f l Hk 0k'pawmh (Woodstock) wkacwfjzpfonf? qH&nvi,fonf vef'ef&dS jrefrmoH; f Y &SdaepOf OD;ae0if;u xkdae&mokd a&mufoGm;cJhonf? ppfoHr;u xkdvli,fonf rnfoljzpfa-umif; OD;ae0if;ukd today;vkdufonf? OD;ae0if;onf a'gotkd; aygufuxu_f yD; 'DacG;rom; ukd oH;0if;xJu tckcsufcsif; uefxwypfvu[k JG G Hk k f dk f trdefay;cJhonf? ppfoHr; &JxGef;tm; teD;uyfqkH;av,mOfysHjzifh &efukefjyefykd vkuonf? d f 8 touf (7) ESpfom&Sdao;aom atmifqef;vif;onf &efukefrd/ wm0g vde;vrf; aetdr_f cH0if;twGi; &$H Eprsm;ygaom a&tdiwif a&epf_yD;aoqH;cJonf? f f S f kf G k h 9 0ifa&mufpD;eif;aomtzGJudk &J0efaxmuf (Police Superintendent) tuf (pf) 'D *syf (S.D.. Jupp) uOD;aqmifconf? 1928 ckEp/f 'DZbFmvwGif rpPwm*syf hJ S udk Armjynf&wyfzJGokd ceftyfconf? J hJ 10 The Burman (1947 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmv (23) &uf/ w&m;vdkjy oufaojzpfol Armhvufeufudkif wdkufcdkufa&;&JwyfzGJrS acgif;aqmif &Jwyf-uyf (Head Constable) rif;Edkifonf 0ifa&mufpD;eif;onfhtzGJwGif yg0ifcJh_yD; oludk aoewfESihfcsdef&G,f_yD; ypf&ef yrlcJhonfhtwGuf ol. typfcH&olrSm r+ef}uD;jzpf a-umif; Hk;awmfwGif twnfyajymqdkcJhonf? 1947 ckEp/f atmufwbmv (9) &ufaexwf jrefrmhtvif; owif;pmwGif S dk k vkyf}uHr+}uD; pwifppfaq;onfh ,cifaeta-umif; aqmif;yg;Y a&;om;xm; onfrSmr+ vlowform;/ }uH&mygol tpGyfpGJcH&ol w&m;cH (7) OD;tm; vufeuf ukdifykvdyfrsm;u vufxdwfcwfapmifha&Smufxm;um kH;cef;wGif;okd 0ifvmcsdefwGif
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r+ef}uD;tm; vusfmbuf vufwykdif;jywfaeol [k azmfjyxm;ygonf? 11 1989 ckESpfwGif u|efawmfonf tdyfcsfatpwkdem (H.A. Stonor) ESifh pma&;om;qufoG,fcJh&m 1997 ckESpf Zlvkdifv (19) &ufwGif bDbDpD (2) kyfjrifoH -um;tpDtpOfu EkdifiHawmfvkyf}uHr+ taxmuftxm;kyf&Sifukd jyo_yD;aemuf _Adwdefjrefrmtoif;. ukd,fykdifuGefysLwm uGef,ufae&mwGif olwifjycJhaom tcsufukdyif olu xyfrHtxl;ya&;ygonf? b,fvkdyJjzpfjzpf tm;vkH;xJrSm ykHrSefr[kwfbJ xl;jcm;aewmu OD;apmukd,fwkdif&J v+yf&Sm;r+awGyJ? eef;&if;0ef a[mif;wa,muftaeeJ OD;apmrSm Ekiia&;&nfre;csuawG &Saeao;wm oHo, dfH S f f d 0ifp&m rvkdygbl;? 'gayr,fh tJ'DtcsdefrSm ol&JtytrlawGuawmh tm%m&zkd r[mpDrHudef;}uD; csufcsif;}uHpnfaewJh vlwa,mufykHrsKd;awmh ray:ygbl;? wu,fwrf;u OD;apmtaeeJ vkH;0bmrS rvkyfcJhbJ tzrf;cH&wJhtxd oltdrfxJ xkiaecJwmyJ? rpPwm tdycsfatpwkemonf vky}f uHrj+ zpfpOfu jrefrmjynftwGi; df h f d f tajcpkdufxm;aom 0Jvfcsf&J*sDrifhrS ti,fwef;t&m&Sdjzpfonf? olonf aemufykdif;wGif vef'ef&Sd jrefrmawmifwef;om;rsm;. rdwfaqGrsm;tzGJ ukd 0ifa&mufconf? hJ 12 vlxkOD;vS/ axmifeJvlom; (okcZmwfa-umif;jyef) pmrsufESm 107? OD;apm. _cH0if;twGif;wGif usef;rm}uHckdifaom a,musfm;OD;a& (30) ausmf aexkdifvsuf&Sd_yD; olwkdtm;vkH;ukd 1947 ckESpf Zlvkdifv (19) &ufaewGif tif;pdeaxmifodk ac:aqmifom;cJonf? f G h 13 txl;ckHkH;. pD&ifqkH;jzwfcsuf (1947 ckESpf w&m;qkdifjcif;trSwf=1) rS w&m;kH;a&;om;csuf? ,cktcg OD;apmESifh tvGefrsm;jym;aom oltdrfom;pk tzGJ0ifrsm;ukd &mZ0wfr+jzpf_yD; em&Dykdif;twGif; zrf;qD;Ekdifjcif;rSm rpPwmcef; (w&m;vkdjyoufao=39) u twGif;0efcsKyfESifh olkH;cef;wGif pnf;a0;aeaom OD;xGef;vSatmif (w&m;vkdjyoufao=38) xH olukd,fwkdif oGm;a&mufay;ykonfh d owif;a-umifjh zpfonf?
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jyefvnfzJG pnf;onhtcg olonf t&m&Stqifjh zpfvmcJonf? usL;ausmfvmaom f d h d dk f dk f ulrifwefwkwjf zLwyf Kuomintang wkudk jyefvnfwucu&mY olonf emrnf ausmwyf&if;r;wOD;jzpfconf? olonf ol&bGJ ESpxyfur;&&Sconf? wyfrawmf f hJ f G f d hJ OD;pD;csKyfEihf umuG,a&;0ef}uD;tjzpf 1974 ckEpwif wk;jrifom;cJonf? Adv}f uD; S f S f G d h G h k tke;ausmjf rif. AdvcsKyfae0if;ESihf taygif;ygwcsKtm; vky}f uHowfjzwf&ef }uHpnfr+ f h k f d wGif ywfoufonf[aom pGcsujf zifh if;.jrifrm;aom &mxl;}uD;rsm;rS oludk 1976 l J h ckESpfwGif xkwfy,fypfcJhonf? owif;xdrfcsefr+jzifh axmif (7) ESpfuscH&_yD; yifpif vnf;r& vkyfoufqk qka-u; cHpm;cGifhrsm;vnf; ray;awmhacs? okdaomf olonf ol.ud;pm;r+jzifh &efuewuUovrS Oya'bGJ &&Sconf? 1988 ckEpf pufwifbmv kf dk f d hJ S wGif trsKd;om;'Drua&pDtzGJ csKyf zGJ pnf;onftcg rsKd;cspf&abmfa[mif;rsm;tzGJ . dk h J acgif;aqmifykdif;rSaeI yg0ifyl;aygif;cJhonf? atmifqef;pk-unfu taxGaxG twGi;a&;r; yxrwGif olu 'kw,OuU@ jzpfonf? xkaemuf OuU@ jzpfvmonf? f d d 1989 ckESpf ZlvkdifvwGif taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJtwGuf pnf;kH;aepOf olESifh atmifqef;pk-unfwkd ESpfOD;vkH;ukd tdrfwGif;tus,fcsKyfcsxm;jcif;cHcJh&onf? xkaemuf ppfc;u oludk tvky-f urf;ESihf axmif'%f (3) ESpf csrSwc_hJ yD; 1992 ckEpf d Hk Hk f S azazmf0g&DvwGif aemufxyf (7) ESpf xyfrw;jriconf? H dk hf hJ 19 OD;atmifcif=ae0if;/ EkdifiHa&;kyfykHv$m/ tykdif; (2) {&m0wDpmapmifyg aqmif;yg;/ csif;rkdif twGJ (8) trSwf (9)/ pufwifbmv 2000 ckESpf/ pmrsufESm (28)? ae0if;[m ol&J vkH;0O\kHjzpfwJhtm%mukd b,fvkdwefzkd;ukdyJ ay;&ay;& ay;_yD; vGefcJhwJh tESpf (40) ausmftwGif; tm%mukd vk,lxdef;odrf;cJhw,f? ol&J -ydifzufawGukd xkwfypfcJhw,f? ol&J rdwfaqGawG/ &Jabmf&Jbuf aemufvkdufawG tay:rSmvJ opPmazmufcw,f? hJ 1977 ckESpf azazmf0g&DvrSm usif;ycJhwJh rqv&J wwd,t}udrf nDvmcH usif;ypOfu v#Kd0uray;wJtcg ygwDacgif;aqmiftpOfvurm ol[m eHygwf (4) S f J h dk f S ae&mukd tqifhusoGm;cJhw,f? okdaomfvJ olwkd[m oltay:rSm qkd&S,fvpf'Drkd ua&pDudk k;om;pGm ,k-H unfo&,fvdk em;rvnfrvcwmjzpf_yD; oluav#mhwuf d l + JG hJ dk G cJh-uwmjzpfw,f? tJ'Dtcg ol[m ygwDEkdifiHa&;ukd pdwf0ifpm;ykHrjyayrJh axmuf vS rf;a&;wyf&J tultnDukd&,l_yD; ygwDoefpifa&;ta-umif;jycsufeJ ygwD0if (54000) ukd xkwypfvuw,f? tJ'tcseu tpk;&tvkyrm ygwD0ifjzpfa&;[m f dk f D d f d f S r&Srjzpfvtyfaeygw,f? tJ'aemuf olqENtwki;[m t&m&mukd csKyfuivmyg d dk D df dk f w,f? okdaomfvJ ygwDoefpifa&;[m ae0if;tay: }uD;}uD;rm;rm;wefjyefkduf
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(17) &ufwGif (49) }udrfajrmuftpnf;ta0;odk wifoGif;aom tpD&ifcHpm tD;pD tif 4 199337 / pmrsufESm 19 (u)=armifaomfu (c) OD;baomf/ touf (65) ESpf (trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJcsKyf A[dkaumfrwD0if) onf 1989 ckESpf/ Zlvdkif v (23) &ufwGif zrf;qD;jcif;cHcJh&onf? ta&;ay:jy@mef;r+ tufOya'. yk'fr 5 (u) ESifh 5 (c) t& 1989 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmvwGif oludk tvkyf-urf;ESihf axmif '%fEp(20) tjypf'%fcsrSwconf? olonf aemufausm tmHa-umr}uD; a&m*g S f f hJ k wckjzpfonfh vnfyif;cdkifa&m*gudk jyif;jyif;xefxef (severe Spondylitis) cHpm;& vsuf&Sd&m 1990 ckESpf/ pufwbFmvtwGif;wGif tif;pdefaxmifxJY tpmiwfcH qENjyaepOf t}uD;tus,ftducc&onf? xda-umihf ol. nmbufwjcrf; ao k f H hJ k oGm;cJhonf? 1991 ckESpf/ ZGefv (9) &ufwGif uG,fvGefcJhonf? 23 a':atmifqef;pk-unfonf _Adwo#vlrsKd;jzpfol rduu,ft&pf ( Michael d k f J Aris) udk 1972 ckESpfwGif vufxyfcJhonf? a'gufwm rdkufu,f ADvefukwf tJ&pf onf wdAufESihf [dr0Emavhvmr+ESihf ywfoufaom atmufpfzdk'f (Oxford) wuUodkvf. okawoeynm&Sifjzpfonf? atmufpfzdk'fwuUodkvf pdeftefaxmfeD aumvdyf. ausmif;tkyftjzpf 1998 ckESpfwGif xrf;aqmifaepOf uifqma&m*g zdpD;r+cHcJh&onf? &efukefwGif&Sd olZeD;onftm; aemufqHk;E+wfquf&ef jrefrm ppftkyfpktm; jynf0ifcGifhADZmay;yg&ef arwWm&yfcHcJhonf? odkaomfvnf; ppfAdkvf csKyfrsm;u uk%mw&m; acgif;yg;pGmjzihf ADZmay;&ef jiif;qefcJhonf? a'gufwm tJ&pfonf 1999 ckEp/f rwfv (27) &ufae/ ol. (53) ESpajrmufarG;aewif vef'ef S f G &Sd csmcsDaq;HkwGif uG,fvGefcJhonf? ppftpdk;&onf olwdk.om;ESpfOD;jzpfonfh tJvpfZENm; jrifhqef;atmifESihf uif (rf) xdefvif;wdk. EdkifiHul;vufrSwfwdkukd ESptawmf-umuyif zsuor;cJonf? olwukd olrcifxvnfywf&ef wcgw&Hrom f f df h kd d H S cGihf ycJonf? h 24 bDbDpD (2) wDAGD (txufygtpDtpOf)/ rSwfwrf;kyf&Sifonf AdkvfcsKyf. wOD;wnf;aomorD;jzpfo. pl;&Sem-unf;zG,ajymqdrj+ zpfonfh usr azazom l f k toufxif&Sm;&SdaecJhr,fqdk&if 'Drdkua&pD[m touf0if v+yf&Sm;aecJh rSmjzpf_yD; wnfwaecJrmjzpfw,f? olukd qH;+;cJ&wm[m aysm&iz,&m 'Drua&pD jrefrmEdiiH hH h S k H h f $fG f kd kf awmfukd wnfaqmufzkd tcGita&;udk usrwdq;H;cJ&wm jzpfygw,f? 'gayr,fvJ hf k kH + h h 'kwd,tcGifhta&;awG[m t_rJvmwwfp_rJrdk usrwdk wwfEdkifwkH; tJ'DtcGifhta&; awGukd t&trd zrf;udi&rSmjzpfygw,f [laom pum;&yfrsm;jzihf tqH;owfxm; kf k avonf?
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cH0efxrf;=1947) ESihf awGqHkar;jref;cJh&mrS olESihf olvkyfazmfudkifbufrsm; 1947 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (19) &ufaewGif twGif;0efrsm;Hk;Y&Sdaea-umif; ajym-um;csufudk aumufEwazmfjyxm;onf? aumifpcef;reJ tawmfe;wJh H;cef;xJrm u|efawmf k f D D k S wdk wckckpm;aomufae-uwkef;/ atmfwdkrufwpf aoewfoH ESpfcsufoHk;csufudk u|eawmfwkd kww&uf-um;vdu&ygw,f olonf aumifpcef;rodk oGm;a&mufchJ f f k f D &m Todk jrifcJh&onf? ae&mwumrSm aoG;awGcsnfhyJ/ tawmhfudkrsm;w,f/ 'DvdkaoG;rsKd; u|efawmf wcgrS rawGzl;bl;? bmjzpfvdkvJqdkawmh teD;uyf_yD; aoewfawGeJ ypfcwmr[kwvm;? aoewf'%fa-umifh pm;yGwi;u ypPn;awGeJ hJ f J Gf f pm;yGJtpdwftydkif;awGvJ wppDusKd;yJhysufpD;ae-uw,f? aoG;tdkifawGxJrSm uefausmufvGifhxGufoGm;wJh zdeyfawG&Sdae-uygw,f? tqifhjrifh _Adwdo#t&m&Sd trsm;tjym;onf twGif;0efrsm;Hk;twGif;wGif olwHk;cef;rsm;&Sdae-uonf? dk 6 [l;wifum.jrefrmEdii/H vGwvyfa&;ud;yrf;r+1944=48pmrsuEm(872)? kf f fS 7 qm/ bOD;onf xdktcsdefu w&m;v$wfawmf. w&m;ol}uD;ESihf zGJpnf; yHkOya'tzGJwGif ta&;ygaomtzGJ0ifwOD;jzpfonf? 1952=57 wGif EdkifiHawmf orRwjzpfonf? armifarmif (Advr;csKyfa[mif;) oHCmrSomrefvo jrefrmEkii. trsKd; k f l dk dfH H G om;a&;v+y&m;r+rsm; 1980 ykEy/f pmrsuEm (260)/ rSwcsuf (20)? w&m;k;csKyfwif f S H dS fS f acwWw&m;ol}uD;wm0ef,lxm;aom OD;bOD;onf txl;w&m;ckHkH;wGif yg0if_yD; q&mpHukd ppfaq;cJhonf? OD;bOD;tm; pma&;olu okyfazmfxm;onfrSm bcif e,fyi0efaxmufonf OD;OwWrtm; yxrjypf'%f pD&ifcsucscojl zpfonf? dk f f hJ 8 z&ef/ tif/ xa&*g (Frank N.Trager) jrefrmEkiiH bk&ifEiirS orRwEkiiH df h dk f H df ok (Burma: From Kingdom to Republic) (vef'ef ayg(vf) arm(vf) ykHESdyfwkduf d 1966 ckEp) pmrsuEm 105? 'kw,urBmppftwGi;u trSwf (136) _Awo#wyfzJG Sf fS d f d d . wyfzJG0ifa[mif;rsm;yg0ifaom u&ifrsm;ukd taxmuftyHay;a&;}uHpnfrw&yf h + ukd 1948 ckESpf pufwifbmvwGif azmfxkwfcJhonf? [l;wifum (Hugh Tinker) jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkiiH vGwvyfa&;yxrESprsm;ukd avhvmr+(vef'efatmuf(pf) df f f zk'wuUovf pmykEywuf 1957ckEpf pmrsuEm 37)? umvuwWm;&Sd 'k=Akvr;}uD; d f kd H dS f dk S fS d f kf a*s/pD/wl;avmh(cf)(J.C. Tulloch-M.C.) trf/pD/ ESihf &efue&dS a'vDar;(vf)owif;pmrS tvufZENm; uif;bJ(vf) (Alexander Campbell) (ESpfOD;vkH;rSm 136 wyfzGJrS jzpfcJh -uonf) wkd. v+yf&Sm;r+rsm;ukd jrefrmtpkd;&u &SmazGawG&SdcJh_yD; uif;bJ(vf)ukd &efukefrS xkwfypfjcif;cH&onf? aemuftr+wckrSm Seventh-Day Adventist
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c&pf,mefbkef;}uD;wOD;jzpfol a*s/ 'AvsL/ abmf(vf)'0if (J.W. Baldwin) . tr+ jzpfonf? vGwvyfa&;r&ao;rD _Adwo#wu oludk jrefrmEkiirS jynfEi'%fcwfcH f d dk dfH Sf &onf? olonf vef'efwif jrefrmEkiiH awmifwef;om;rsm;. rdwaqGrsm;tzGJ G df f tpnf;ta0;rsm;ukd oGm;a&mufwufc_hJ y; 1949 ckEpwif autif,odk oGm;a&muf D S f G l yl;aygif;cJonf? 1951 ckEptxd olwEitwlaexkic_hJ y; tzsm;a&m*gjzifh uG,vef h S f dk S hf df D f G cJhonf? olocsKif;tkwf*lay:wGif Tae&mwGif u&ifvlrsKd;rsm;ukd cspfcifjrwf Ekd;olwOD; vJavsmif;ae onf [laom pmwrf;a&;xkd;xm;onf? 9 arm&pf/ aumvpf (Maurice Collis) jrefrmjynfY aemufq;ESihf yxrqk; Hk H (1941=1948) azbmESihf azbmvDrwuf/ vef'ef) pmrsufEm 2526? d S 10 rl&if; jrefrmhtvif;owif;pmudk 1914 ckESpfwGif jrefrmEdkifiHY pwif wnfaxmifcJh_yD; 1969 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv (31) &ufaewGif ppftkyfpku jynfolydkif odrf;cJhonf? 1998 ckESpf/ ZGefv (15) &ufrSpI befaumufwGif acwfydif*sme,f pmyHEywurS jyefvnfuEyxwa0cJonf? k dS f kd f kd f dS f k f h 11 tdvAm *d;vfprpf (Oliver Goldsmith) . oabmaumif;a,mufsm;wOD; k D k 12 bDbDpD (2) wDAGD (txufygtpDtpOf)/ wifqufol = atmifqef;udk H zrf;qD;jcif;ryEkirD 0ef}uD;csKyf uvD;rif/h tufwvD (Clement Altee) u bk&ifcukd df jyefac:vdkufonf? vlawGar;jref;cH&ol tJ&pf/ bufwmpbD= qma':refprpf uawmh aemifwr&ao;bJ aemufrS rdwfaqGwOD;pD pma&;vdkufwmu= usKyfwdk u atmifqef;&J olavmufta&;rygwJh vkyazmfuibufawGukd qGJ ud;cs_y;om;yJ? f kd f D 'ga-umihf olu b,fta-umif;a-umihf *sL&Da&Srm tcGitvrf; r,lEiovJqwm S fh dk f kd usKyfem;rvnfEkdifbl;? oludk aopm;aoap pD&ifcsufcs&if usKyfwdku oem;uk %may;zdk aocsmrSmaygh? 'gayr,fh tJ'vkd tajctaeay:rSom ta&;,lEirm? D dk f S 13 [l;wifum (Hugh Tinker) t,f'wm jrefrmEkiiH vGwvyfa&;ud;yrf;r+ D df f vef'ef/ bk&ifr}uD;. pma&;ud&,m k;cef;/ 1983=84 twGJ (1) pmrsufEm 543/ d H S tcsuf 563? 14 bDbpD (2) wDAGD (txufygtpDtpOf)/ atmifqef;pk-unf= armihbufwef D f (Mountbatten) u em;vnfr+&Sdwmu usrzcif[m jrefrmjynfrSm todtrSwf y&r,fh tiftm;jzpfa-umif;eJ olu vufccwmuvJ trSetwdi; r[mrdwawGukd H hJ f kf f Armhwyfrawmfu xl;uJpGm tultnDay;Ekdifa-umif;udk ,Hk-unfw,fqdkwm usr xifygw,f? 15 'k=Adkvfr;}uD;vS rif;/ jrefrmEkdifiH. EkdifiHa&;tajctaeESifh a'otwGif;
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oltcef;u (umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;Xme/ 21 }udrfajrmufxkwfa0jcif;/ 1999) pmrsufEm 36? S AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;pdwful;cJhonfrSm _Adwdo#wkdxHrS vGwfvyfa&;&_yD; aemuf jrefrmEkii. vktyfcsufrsm;ESitnD zGJ pnf;tkycsKyfyHk tajccHOya' (1947 dfH d hf f ckEp) ukd jyefvnfjyifqif&efjzpfonf? uHta-umif;raumif;vSpm Tonfrm jzpf S f G S ay:rvmcJawmhacs? tb,fa-umifqaomf r-umao;cifuyif _Adwo#owif;Xme h h dk d rsm;okd xkwfjyefay;cJhaom tvGeftxl;ta&;}uD;aom taxmuftxm;rsm;t& _Adwdeftajcpkduf jrefrmEkdifiH awmifwef;om;rsm;. rdwfaqGrsm; tzGJu vGwfvyfa&;r&rD AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh 0ef}uD;tzGJukd vkyf}uHowfjzwfr+ESifh 1947=48 ckEpf ywf0ef;usifrsm;wGif u&ifaomif;usef;r+rsm; jzpfym;atmif pDr!ef S G H -um;cJjh cif;jzpf_yD; if;wkonf _Adwe. ukvee,fcsJ uGeqmaA;wpf tpk;&ESihf d d f d dk D f d wdusaom tquft oG,frsm;&SdaecJhonf? 16 a':atmifqef;pk-unf. atmifqef; (uGif;pfvef;wuUodkvf=-opa-w vs/ 1984) pmrsufESm=(33) olyGifhyGifhvif;vif;0efcHcJhouJhodk olonf rrSm;r,Gif; Edkifaomol r[kwfyg? odkaomf ol.pdwfrSm tpOft_rJ us,fjyefvsuf&Sdaom pdwjf zpfum tpOfrjywf zGH zd;wd;wufEiaom pGr;tm;&Saeonf? k dk f f d 17 w&m;Oya' pdk;rdk;r+ESifh vHkcHr+wdkudk tpm;xdk;Edkif&efESifh 'Drdkua&pD a&G;aumufyGJrsm; usif;yEdkifa&;twGuf udwifjyifqifr+rsm; yvkyfEdkif&ef vkyfydkif cGifhtm%m tyfESif;vsuf tpdk;&w&yfudk OD;aqmifEdkif&eftwGuf 1958 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbm vwGif jrefrmEdkifiHawmf jynfolv$wfawmfu AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;udk emrnfpm&if;wif tqdk ycJonf? ae0if;tm; uefowfxm;aom wm0efoufwrf; h rSm 1958 ckEp/f Ek0ifbmvrS 1960 ckEp/f azazmf0g&Dvtxdjzpfonf? S d S 18 npmpm;yGwckY vl0ifpm;r+ta-umif; ajym-um;r+wckudk wqifcH jyefvnf J h -um;od&_yD; ,if;rSm &$ifjrL;zG,f[k xif&aomfvnf; ta&;}uD;onfh ykHjyifwyk'f jzpfonftwGuf xyfcgxyfcgajymjcif;jzifh ykraumif;rGevmygvdrrnf? ol.tkyp;r+ h d dk f hf f dk apmapmykdif;wGif tm%m&Sifae0if;onf xkdif;rif;orD;wyg;ukd EkdifiHawmfnpm pm;yGJw&yfjzifh wnfcif;{nfhcHonf? rif;orD;u olronf 1767 ckESpfu jrefrmwkd t,k',-rdawmfudk odr;ykupOfu oltukEitwl uGyrsufjcif; cHc-hJ u&aom rif; < f d f d S hf f orD; jyefvnf0ifpm;cJjh cif;jzpfonf[k ae0if;ukd ajymjyonf? tu,fI aemufb0 rsm;wGif tcse-f um&Snpm uGumcJ&aom oltukEihf jyefvnf qkqnf;&ef ar#mvifchJ d f G J G h d S H f h _yD; olwEpO;yl;aygif;I jrefrmEkiiudk zsuq;vufpm;acs &ef olrraorD useqchJ dk S f D dfH f D d f dk
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a-umif; olru ajymjyjyefygonf? ae0if;u olrbuf tenf;i,f,drf;vkduf_yD; olrem;em;uyfum wk;wk;av;ajymygonf? igu riftuky? -unfav? ig jrefrm d d h d J h jynfukd bmvkyfxm;ovJ? at;'gtpyJ&Sdao; w,f [l.? 19 a'gufwmwifa0 BA, MBBS (Rgn), MRACMA, MM (Psychotherapy) h (Sydney), FRANZCP onf Westmead aq;kHwGif pdwfa&m*g txl;ukq&m0ef (Staff Specialist Psychiatrist) wa,mufjzpf_yD;/ jyifyukd,fykdifaq;ukcef;wGif pdwa0'em cGjJ crf;pdwjf zmukx;jzifh ukool q&m0ef (Psychotherapist) wa,muf f Hk jzpfonf ? if;pdwfyg0ifpm;onfh bmom&yfrsm;xJwGif tuGif;rJhtm%m&Sifpepf vufatmuf aexki&jcif;. tusK;quf&v'frsm;ESihf tqkyg&v'frsm;. om;pOf df d d ajr;qufwif qk;usK;oufa&mufapr+rsm;/ ppfajy;'kuonfrsm;ESihf nO;yef;ESypufc/H dk d d Q f df "m;pmcHrsm;twGuf pdwa0'em ukx;rsm; ponfwyg0ifonf? f Hk dk 20 Tae&mwGif u|eawmf t*Fvybmomjzifh a&;cJonfpmtkywif ',fe&,f f df h h f G D f (vf)'Dz; (Danicl Defoe:1661-1731) . pmayrS avsmuefonfh atmufyga&;om; dk csufukd ukd;um;jyxm;ygonf?
The best of men cannot suspend their fate: The good die early, the bad die late.
a-u;rkO;aomif;/ xif&m;ausm-f um;aom owif;pmq&mESihf pma&;q&m? H D S tar&duefEiiH zavmf&'ge,fwif ,cktcg aexkivsu&_dS y; +armif (c) ae0if;. dk f D G df f D b0jzpfpOfrsm;ukd taumif;qk; ykazmf Ekiojl zpfonf? olonf pmtkywapmifwzGJ jzpf H H df f atmif atmufygukd,fa&;twKy`wWdrsm;ukd taumif;tqkd; rcGif;rcsefa&;om;cJh onf? (1) Advae0if; ppf"m;jyvrf;pOf/ 1944 ckEpf ZlvivwGif a&'D,bm;rm;/ k f S dk f dk rme,fyavmu ykEyxwa0onf? H dS f k f (2) owif;pmq&mwOD;/ AdvcsKyf}uD;wOD;ESihf jrefrmjynf&dS ppfwyfwwyf/ k f 1995 ckEpwif 0+uv;wyfp/f befaumufEihf csiferm ykEyxwa0cJonf? S f G d f dk S D S H dS f k f h (3) Advae0if;Zmwfvrf;+yor# (Akvae0if;. +yaxG;ayGvD Zmwfvrf; k f f d f f tjynftpk) 2001 ckEpwif uk,wixwa0 _yD; OD;ae0if;. jymwqky/ 2004 h H S f G d f dk f k f f ckEpwif uk,wixwa0? trSwf (2) rSvI usetm;vk; jrefrmbmomjzifjh zpfonf? S f G d f dk f k f JG f H Ekii&yf jcm;a&muf jrefrmpma&;q&mrsm;onf ae0if;ESiywfoufI aqmif;yg;rsm; dfH hf ykHrSefa&;avh&Sd-u&m tcsKdrSm ol.oDva-umifh tusifhysufr+rsm;tajctae/ bufvurrsm;ESihf tawG;tac:vGacsmaer+rsm;tay: txl;yxm;-uonf? tvm; dk f + J f
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wl t"dutcsufrsm;tay: tajccHaom u|efawmfwkd. tufaq;rsm;ESifh tawG; tjrifrsm;onf at;&Sm;0dcf r*~Zif;wGif 2003 ckESpf Ekd0ifbmvwGif b0&Sifrif; w&m;ae0if; ESifh 1993 ckESpf ZlvkdifvwGif ol&Jaumif;wOD;.t&dyf tjzpf azmfjycH&_y; befaumufrS xkwa0aom acwfydi *sme,fwif &Spav;vk;ESpywf D f f G f H f vnftxdr;trSwpmapmiftwGuf ae0if;.0Suvuf tp&Sonfh aqmif;yg;rsm; f f f d azmfjycHc&onf? ,if;okaom aqmif;yg;rsm;ukd u|efawmf vkyazmfuizufrsm;ESihf hJ d f dk f u|eawmfu,wif pDtm'DbD owif;rsm;ESihf tjrifrsm; pmapmifwif a&;om;xkwf f dk f dk G a0cJonf? h 22 ae0if;ESifhtwl olorD; cifpENm0if; (owif;rsm;wGif ol.q&m0eftjzpf azmfjy-uonf)/ olr. cifye; at;aZmf0if;ESihf ajr; ausmae0if;wkd vkuygcJ-h uonf? Gf f d f _yD;cJhaom tESpf (20) twGif; tusifhysufqkH; urBmhacgif;aqmif (10) OD;pm&if;wGif ql[m wktaejzifh xdyq;kH tqiftjzpf EkiiwumjrifomxifomtzGJrS xkwa0aom d f h dfH f urBmvk;qki&m tusiysurtpD&ifcpmu 2004 ckEpf rwfvwGif tqifowfrwcH H df fh f + H S h S f &onfrm pdw0ifpm;zG,jf zpfonf? S f 23 +armifonf ti,fwef;pma&;av;tjzpf tvkyfvkyfzuf a':wifwifukd 1930 ckEpvnfwif vufxyfc_hJ yD; om; (2) OD; xGe;um;cJonf? olwu_JG yD;aemuf S f G f h dk AdvcsKyf}uD;ae0if;tjzpf rpPpauwDawmif}uD; (c) auwDboef; (c) cifaroef;ukd k f f 1950 ckEptapmyki;wGif vufxyfconf? olrwGif orD;ok;OD;yg&SvmcJ_h y; ae0if;ESihf Sf df hJ H d D orD; (2) a,muf/ om; (1) a,muf &&Sconf? olronf 1972 ckEpwif uG,vechJ d hJ S f G f G f onf? 1970 ckEpvnfwif a':-umqef[ac:aom &ckitrsK;orD;wOD;ukd ZeD;r,m; Sf G k df d ycJhonf[k aumvm[vjzpfcJhonf? ukef;abmifrif;qufrS bk&ifrif;wkef;rif;. jrpfawmfol *|epf b,fvmrD (June Rose Bellamy) (c) &wemewfr,fudk 197576 f dk ckESpfwGif w&m;0ifvufxyfcJhjyefonf? ,if;tdrfaxmifrSmvnf; acwWr#omcH_yD; tdrwi;&efjzpfrtwGi; aq;vdyjf ymzefcujf zifh ypfaygufrj+ zifh tqk;owfom;cJonf? f Gf + f G H G h rnfou pypfaygufonfEiywfoufI owif;jyefym;r+twGi; 0d0g'uGvrrsm;&SchJ l S hf G f J JG + d onf? aemufqkH;od&Sd&onfh vufxyfxdrf;jrm;r+rSm &efukefwuUokdvforkdif;XmerS okawoe uxdu a':eDejD rifEijhf zpfonf? olrESiu_JG y; jyefvnfvufxyfjyefonft hS hf D h wGuf ,if;ukd ESpf}udrf[kwGufv#if pkpkaygif; (6) }udrf&Sdonf? 24 Tpmyk'EiywfoufI u|eawmf t*Fvybmomjzifh a&;cJonfh pmtkywif d f S hf f d f h f G +dwfpyD;,m; (William Shakespeare: 23.4.1564-23.4.1616: in Julies Caesar) a&;om;csufrsm;rS jrefrmjynf. vuf&SduH-urRmESifh oufqkdif&m pum;rsm;ukd
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There is a tide in the affairs of men, - Which taken at the flood, leads on to fortune; - Omitted all the voyage of their life - Is bound in shallows, and in miseries.
t,f'wmxHay;pm= {&m0wDpmapmif csif;rki/f xki;EkiiH = 2003 ckEpf D d df df S {_yDvwGif ykHESdyfxkwfa0? pmrsufESm (6)/ acgif;pOf &mZyvifokdtrSm; a&;ol cifatmif/ -opa-w;vs? oif. 2003 ckEpf Zefe0g&D=azazmf0g&Dxwpmapmif (twGJ 11/ trSwf 1) S k f rsufESmzkH;wGif AdkvfcsKyfr;}uD;oef;a&$ukd a&S;kd;pOfvm jrefrmbk&ifrsm;. taqmif ta,mif0wfpjHk zifh azmfjycJjh cif;rSm oltyrufpwu;tjrifjzpfEiaomfvnf; u|eawmf df d f l dk f f wktwGurm ajcmuftyrufozG,jf zpfaeonf? yef;csq&mu bk&ifrif;wke;rif;ukd d f S d f D f ykazmfonfEihf qefusizuf b,fbufodk oludk ,dr;aeatmif yef;csu rSereuefuef H S f f D fSf ykazmfEiygonf? wHqytjynfEihf ppf0wfptwGi;rSmxuf olu yk-d unfaumif;ae H dk f d f h S Hk f h ygonf? 1990 ckESpf Ekd0ifbmvxkwf at;&Sm;0dcfpmapmifyg bk&ifrif;w&m;}uD; ae0if; ykHukd u|efawmhftm; jyefvnfowd&apygonf? ,if;aqmif;yg;wGif rukdf o&zlaqmif;bk&ifjzpfcsiaom ae0if;. b0&nfre;csuudk cefre;wGuq a&;om; f Sf f Sf f cJhonf? ae0if;taejzifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; OD;aqmifcJhaom &JabmfokH;usdyf trsK;om;ol&aumif;rsm;. taiGtoufudk uduonfjzpfap/ ruduonfjzpfap d J f f qifjref;xm;cJonf? ae0if;u AdvcsKyfatmifqef;. txl;av;pm;cH&aom acgif; h k f aqmifr+ukd tarGqufcHcJh&onf[k auG;a-umfcJhonf? okaomfvnf; vkyf}uHowf d jzwfr+ yl;aygif;}uHpnfr+}uD;wGif ol yg0ifywfoufaeonfrSm xifomjrifom &SdvS onf? vGeav_y;aom aemifww&m; &roGm;&Smonfh ae0if;taejzifh aumufuspf f D ,kwrmapumrl wpkw&m pGaqmifr&_dS yD; kyoit& -unfaysmfaysmf aysmf&ao; f H J + f Gf h + dS onf? eef;yvifrS wpufrS ra&$ol vuf&Sd ppftm%m&SifrSmrl csD;rGrf;p&mqkdI wuGufrS r&Sdacs? &ufpuf,kwfoGrf; vl&rf;um; tm%m&Sifrsm;. jycef;aqmif twGi; ^m%fynmESihf ky&nftm;jzifh teD;pyfq;kH wlorm ,l*ef'grS AdvcsKyf bD'trif f f lS k f D jzpfonf? olwEpO;rSm kywrsm;jzpf-u_y; tqifoif&Ei_hf y; kyajymifumwGe;rsm;u dk S f D f l D h dS S D f f oufaojyESi_hf yD;jzpfonf? olwEpO;vk;uk,pwif olw. tao;pm;av;awGEihf dk S f D H d f D G dk S &Hvsuf&Sd_yD;jzpfonf? ,l*ef'gtm%m&Siftaejzifh xkdufwefonfhjypf'%fukd vGwf ajrmufaeapumrl w&m;Oya'ukd pD&if&ef Ekiiwum w&m;k;rsm; tqifoif&ae dfH H h dS av_y? D 26 ta0;a&mufowrefwOD;. = rdawmfjyefx;a[mif;avmif;rif;w&m; H D
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ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္းကိုဘယ္သူသတ္သလဲ။

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