Professional Documents
Culture Documents
By Mark Bertness, et al
From the American Scientist, Volume 92
pages 54 – 61. January – February 2004
1
Directions
• Open the word file, Salt Marshes Under Siege.
• Refer to this paper and answer the questions provided in
this PowerPoint Presentation.
• The word document doesn’t have figures, they are
embedded in the PPP.
• To access the figures, refer to the directions on slide #3 of
this PPP. The questions begin on slide #4. The first few
words of the relevant paragraphs are at the top of each
slide.
• You’ll turn in your answers to me in class on 2/21/2009. No
late submissions please. Hard copies only. 30 points.
2
Salt Marshes Suffer from Human Activity (fig. 1)
To view the doc, depress the escape key and double click on
“pdf” symbol. Each time you see a pdf file, do the same thing.
Acrobat Document
3
“An attentive observer sees…”
• 1. What appears to be the dominate type of
plant(s) in a salt marsh?
4
“A salt marsh develops when….”
5
New England Salt Marshes (fig. 2)
Acrobat Document
6
“Beyond beauty, salt marshes serve as….”
• 3. What are three benefits provided by
healthy salt marshes?
• A.
• B.
• C.
7
“Today, these fertile ecosystems….”
• A.
• B.
• C.
8
“Despite the ecological importance of salt marshes…”
9
Ditches Helped Colonial-Era Farmers (fig. 3)
Acrobat Document
10
“Evidence for the loss….”
11
“Even more trouble lies ahead…”
12
“Global warming also causes thermal…”
13
“Although global warming and a rising…”
14
Phragmites (reed) Dominates Some New England Salt
Marshes
Acrobat Document
15
“Then developers changed the character…”
16
“The reason for the shift…”
17
“In addition, the development-related….”
18
“A striking relationship exists….”
• 12. How is Phragmites distribution and
development correlated?
19
“Overall, local shoreline development …”
20
“The Hudson Bay Lowland – one of…”
21
Lesser Snow Geese Annually Migrate to Hudson Bay
Salt Marshes (fig. 5)
Acrobat Document
22
“Lesser snow geese can exert a strong….”
23
“Three decades ago….”
24
“According to a U.S. Fish and Wildlife….”
25
• 18. In the past what was the limiting factor
for the geese during the Winter?
26
“After a winter of good eating…”
27
“Damage also develops…”
28
“The grazing causes a second positive…”
29
Geese Can Turn Marshes to Mud Flats (fig. 6)
Acrobat Document
30
“Salty and anoxic soil prevents…”
31
“Even if grazing presure were to…”
• .
32
“The geese of the Hudson Bay Lowlands…”
33
“For another example of consumer impact…”
34
“On Sapelo Island and other marshes…”
35
Figure 7. Marsh snail makes its home in salt marshes
from Virginia to the Gulf of Mexico
SMSiege pic7.pdf
Click Above
36
“Early marsh ecologists assumed…”
37
Figure 8. Trophic Cascade Controls Salt Marsh
Acrobat Document
38
“Two of us (Silliman and Bertness)…”
39
“Typically, other consumers…”
40
“These results suggest that a so-called…”
41
“Sea otters of the Eastern Pacific…”
42
“A similar relationship exists between…”
43
“As these examples revel, salt marshes…”
44