Rourke ch.

6 authoritarianism bilateral diplomacy Coercive diplomacy democratic peace theory democratized diplomacy A type of restrictive governmental system where people are under the rule of an individual, such as a dictator or king, or a group, such as a party or military junta. Negotiations between two countries. The use of threats or force as a diplomatic tactic. The assertion that as more countries become democratic, the likelihood that they will enter into conflict with one another decreases The current trend in diplomacy where diplomats are drawn from a wider segment of society, making them more representative of their nations.

instrumental theory of The notion that the purpose of political units and their governments is to benefit the people who government. established them and that the continued legitimate existence of these organizations rests on whether and how well they perform their tasks. multilateral diplomacy Negotiations among three or more countries. multilateralism parliamentary diplomacy power capacity public diplomacy relative power theocracy two-level game theory Taking important international actions, especially those using military force, within the framework of a multilateral organization such as the United Nations. Debate and voting in international organizations to settle diplomatic issues. The sum of a country's power assets that determine its potential for exercising international power. A process of creating an overall international image that enhances your ability to achieve diplomatic success. Power measured in comparison with the power of other international actors. A political system that is organized, governed, and defined by spiritual leaders and their religious beliefs. The concept that in order to arrive at satisfactory international agreements, a country's diplomats actually have to deal with (at one level) the other country's negotiators and (at the other level) legislators, interest groups, and other domestic forces at home. Occurs when a single country, perhaps leading a small coalition of other countries, takes an important international action, such as using force, without the approval of an IGO. The willingness of a country to use its power capacity to influence global events. A contest in which gains by one player can only be achieved by equal losses for other players. See Non-zero-sum game.

unilateralism will to power zero-sum game State 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Sovereignty Territory Population Diplomatic recognition Internal organization Domestic support

Authoritarian Government Theocracy: rule by spiritual leaders

Monarchism: God had granted kings the divine right to govern Communism: dictatorship of the proletariat over the bourgeoisie during a transitional socialist period between capitalism and communism Fascism o Rejecting rationality and relying on emotion to govern o Believing in the superiority of some groups and the inferiority of others o Subjugating countries of inferior people o Rejecting individual rights in favor of a corporatist view that people are workers in the state o Demanding that economic activity support the corporatist state o Viewing the state as a living thing o Believing that the individuals highest expression is in the people o Believing that the highest expression of the individual is in the leader, who rules as a totalitarian dictator

Democratic Government Political rights (voting freely and frequently for competitive candidates) Civil liberties (freedom of expression and association and equality before the law)

Foreign policy: not just international goals that a country has, but how countries use their national capabilities to achieve those goals Statecraft: term often used to encapsulate how a country applies its national capabilities to achieve its foreign policy goals Soft Power: the ability to persuade others to follow your lead by being an attractive example Hard Power: easier to see that certain coercive measures or positive incentives have been used and to observe the result Non-zero-sum: if an actor can gain power without the power of other actors being diminished Power capacity: potential for exercising international power Will to power: the willingness of a country to use its power capacity to influence global events Shimko Ch. 3 anarchy balance of power theory The absence of a central governmental or political authority Predicts that the pursuit of security by nations tends to result in the creation of balances of power on a systemic level. This is often accompanied by the prediction that war is less likely when power is balanced because no nation can be confident of winning a war (and, thus, no nation is tempted to initiate one). Predicts that nations align against whichever nation is seen as posing the greatest threat, not necessarily against the powerful nation. When less powerful actors align with (rather than against) the most powerful ones. Inconsistent with balance of power theory, which predicts that nations will align against (and hence balance) the most powerful nation. A system in which states renounce the use of force to settle disputes and also agree to band together against states that resort to the use of force. In such a system, the threat of collective response by all states deters the use of force by individual states. Collective security was the initial goal of the League of Nations.

balance of threat theory bandwagoning

collective security

degree of power In power preponderance theory, refers to a states position in the international power hierarchythat is, whether it is a great power, a middle-range power, or a weak state.

degree of satisfaction European Union

In power preponderance theory, the extent to which a state is essentially satisfied or dissatisfied with the existing international order. A regional intergovernmental organization of European states designed to promote greater trade and economic integration. Those who founded its precursors hoped that economic cooperation and prosperity would lead to greater political cooperation and a reduction in the conflict and competition that had marked European politics before World War II.

Argues that nations tend to align on the basis of intereststhose that are satisfied with the status quo as hegemonic stability theory opposed to those that are dissatisfied. Peace and stability are more likely when there is a great imbalance of power in favor of the status quo statesthat is, when there is a preponderance of power in support of the existing order. power power politics security community security dilemma self-help Influence over the behavior of others and the ability to prevail in conflict A perspective portraying international relations as inevitably a realm of conflict and competition for power among states. A group of nations among whom exists the prevailing and widely accepted expectation of nonviolence. The problem nations face when the actions taken to make one nation feel more secure inevitably make other nations feel less secure The necessity for actors to make provisions for their own security in the absence of any central authority to protect them from potential threats

Peace through Strength? No Alternative to Power Politics Anarchy Leads to Power Politics A national system is not one of self-help, the international system is Self-help: the necessity for actors to make provisions for their own security in the absence of any central authority to protect them from potential threats Security Dilemma: states must be aware of how their security measures will be viewed by others and nations have to worry about the capabilities and intentions of other states

Power Politics 1: The Balance of Power Power Politics 2: Balance of Threat Theory Power Politics 3: Preponderance Theory The Common Vision of Power Politics Alternatives to Power Politics World Government Collective Security Security Amidst Anarchy