KEY FORMULAE 1Total Cost = Fixed Cost + Variable Cost.Contribution p/u = Selling price – Variable cost p/u.Fixed costBreak-even point (in units) = -----------------------Contribution p/uMargin of safety = Current output – Break-even output.Total revenue = Output sold x selling price p/u.Profit = Total revenue – Total cost ORProfit = Margin of safety x contribution p/u. LDR + LRNPV x (HDR – LDR)IRR = ________________________ (LRNPV – HRNPV) ARR = Average annual profit x 100%________________________ InvestmentAverage investment: Initial investment at start + AmountRecovered at end_______________________________________ 2Return on Capital Employed = Profit before Interest and Tax x 100%_______________________________ (ROCE) Capital EmployedCapital Employed = Long-Term Liabilities + Capital + ReservesROCE = Net Profit Margin x Asset Turnover Ratio
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