INDEX

Abbott, T. K., 88
abstraction in knowledge, 8, 1724
activity, 612, 66, 912, 97, 170
see also mental activity
Acton, J. E. E. D., Lord Acton, 1467
agency, 3, 13, 1516, 101, 1634,179
and history, 1517
moral agency, 3, 99101
social agency, 10, 278
agnosticism, 4, 25
Alexander, S., 79,130, 160
Space, Time and Deity, 130
Anglican faith, 5, 59, 65
anthropomorphism, 8, 1756, 1789
Aristotelian Society, 47, 129
Arnold, Matthew, 1
Athenum, 113
attention, 13, 63, 759
Augustine, 7
automatism, 18, 20, 22, 2331, 159

Barnes, Barry, 163, 177

Bartlett, F. C., 35
Bastian, H. Charlton
attention, 78
kinaesthesia, 98
Beer, Gillian, 176
Bell, Charles, 89
Bentham, J., 135
Bergson, Henri, 79, 95, 1745
Time and Free Will, 174
Berkeley, G., Bishop, New Theory of Vision,
88, 100
Bible, 7, 108
Booth, William, General of Salvation Army,
113
Bosanquet, Bernard, 50, 67, 76, 156, 157
Boulanger, G. E. J.M., General, 41
Bowler, Peter J., 138
Bradley, A. C., 70
Bradley, F. H., 48, 4951, 153, 172
mental activity, 69, 715
unconscious, 40
will, 44
British Academy, 143
British Association for the Advancement of
Science (BAAS), 5, 21, 23, 85, 107, 170
British Journal of Psychology, 54
British Psychological Society (BPS), 47, 75
Brown, Thomas, 89
Brunton, Lauder, 98
Buckle, H. T., 141, 153
History of Civilization in England, 136
Buddhism, 105, 117
Burtt, E. A., 10, 172
Bury, J. B., 14750, 153, 155
Butler, Samuel, 139

Copyright

Bacon, Francis, 2, 42
Bagehot, W., 156
Bailey, S., 88
Bain, Alexander, 1, 37, 46, 47, 5, 523, 66,
69, 84
activity, 59, 612, 70
attention, 77
Emotions and the Will, 35
history, 141
muscular sense, 8895, 96100
Senses and the Intellect, 35
Baldwin, J. M., 157
Balfour, A. J., 4, 104, 1289, 164
A Defence of Philosophic Doubt, 4
Ball, Sydney, 1412, 157

269

270

Free Will and the Human Sciences in Britain, 18701910

Calderwood, Henry, 25
Calvinism, 58, 115, 118
Cambridge Modern History, 146
Cambridge University, 19, 36, 135
Carlyle, Thomas, 33, 81, 84, 95, 115, 144,
148, 152
Carpenter, W. B., 33, 77, 125, 138
as Christian, 223, 29
causation, 847, 93
mental physiology, 12, 1819, 213
unconscious, 401
will, 65, 667
Carus, Paul, 119, 179
Catholic faith, 21, 22, 59, 65, 120
causation, 13, 818, 934, 16672, 175,
17980
causal agency, 826
causal powers (active powers), 13, 83
chance, 14, 28, 64
character, 8, 38, 667
Clark, M. J., 43
Clifford, W. K., 67, 159
causation, 867
naturalism, 256, 58, 123, 1267, 180
on character, 267, 139
Collini, Stefan, 6, 38, 39, 101, 163
Comte, Auguste, 81, 125
Courtney, W. L., 119
Cox, E., 37
Creighton, Mandell, Bishop, 146
crowd, 412

Dewey, John, 15, 51, 178

evolution and ethics, 105, 127
feeling of effort, 100
Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology, 170
Dilthey, W., 150
discipline formation, 11, 135
disenchantment, 2, 14, 86, 1001
Dixon, Thomas, Invention of Altruism, 9
Dllinger, I. von, 146
Dostoevsky, F. M., 126, 180
Drummond, Henry, 116, 125
Dublin Review, 21
economics, 135, 137
Edgell, Beatrice, 47, 51
Edwards, Jonathan, 64
effort, feeling of, 512, 95100
see also muscular sensation
Elam, C., 24
Eliot, George, Middlemarch, 155
Elton, G. R., 145, 147
embodiment, 745, 16970
empiricism, 1112, 467, 605, 945, 178
English Historical Review, 145, 150
English literature, discipline of, 149
Enlightenment, 14, 58, 103
epiphenomenalism, 24, 278, 159
Erasmus, D., 58
eugenics, 114, 140
evolution
and ethics 10331
and moral sense, 29, 108, 1256
and politics, 11114
and psychology, 1920, 289, 53, 62, 70,
768, 92
world view, 6, 24

Copyright
Darwin, Charles R., 105, 106, 109, 136,
138, 154
Descent of Man, 5, 29
evolution of mind and morals, 76, 108,
1235
Origin of Species, 176
Darwin, Erasmus, 89
Darwinism, 6, 9
Dawson, Gowan, 5
degeneration, 39
Descartes, R., 24,131
Destutt de Tracy, A.L.C., comte de, 89
determinism, 13, 7, 43, 589, 136, 141,
153, 165, 1745
see also materialism and mechanism,
necessity

fact/value distinction see is/ought distinction

Fall of Man, 2, 7, 40
Ferrier, David, 19, 47, 489
Functions of the Brain, 77
Fisher, H. A. L., 157
Flournoy, T., 175
force, 13, 256, 834, 867, 95, 1001,
161, 179
psychological knowledge of, 8895
Foster, Michael, 19

Index
Frazer, J. G., 142
Freeman, E. A., 143, 14950, 179
Freud, Sigmund, 12, 18, 160
influence in Britain, 3940
Froude, J. A., 150, 152
function, 171, 1778, 180
Galton, Francis, 47, 48, 58, 114, 136
will, 63, 164
George, Henry, 11112
Gladstone, W. E., 1067
Goldman, Lawrence, 141
Great Dock Strike, 112
Green, T. H., 4950, 65, 71, 104, 180
opposition to naturalism, 23, 8, 122
will, 67, 159
Hacking, Ian, 162
Haeckel, Ernst, Riddle of the Universe, 124
Haldane, J. S., 79
Haldane, R. B., 142, 144, 161
Hamilton, William, 11, 88, 93
Hamlet, 4
Hampshire, Stuart, 1
Hardy, Thomas, 14, 155
Jude the Obscure, 104, 155
Hartley, David, 123
Hartmann, E. von, 1601
Philosophy of the Unconscious, 40
Head, Henry, 49, 148
Heath, D. D., 94
Hegelian philosophy, 50, 67, 173
Helfand, Michael, 111
Heller, E., 151
Helmholtz, H., 89
Herbart, J. F., 74, 78
hereditarian belief, 42
Herschel, J. F. W., 85, 87
history
and agency, 1517
and literature, 15, 144, 14751
and science, 14251, 1523
discipline of, 142, 1446
purposes of, 1445, 1489, 153
Hobhouse, L. T., 76, 1401
Hodgson, Shadworth H., 42, 46, 180
history, 1523
mind and body, 20

271

stream of consciousness, 168

will, 635, 164, 166
human sciences, 11, 146
humanism, 118, 159, 175
humanities, 15, 130, 1334, 1423, 147
see also two cultures
Hume, D., 13, 51, 82, 1234, 166, 16970,
175
Huxley, T. H., 3, 9, 21, 245, 44, 67, 1378,
147, 154, 156, 159, 164, 167, 180
Advisableness of Improving Natural
Knowledge, 11011
agnosticism, 4, 25
causation, 867
determinism, 58
education, 111
epiphenomenalism, 24, 159
Evidence as to Mans Place in Nature, 107
Evolution and Ethics, 14, 101, 10321,
140, 179
foundations of ethics, 1214, 12631
Hume, 121
Hypothesis that Animals Are Automata,
238
illness of Huxley, 11617
Liberal Education and Where to Find
It, 11516
science as common sense, 37, 45, 110
Struggle for Existence in Human Society, 113
hypnotism, 19, 39, 41
Hyslop, J. H., 1656

Copyright
idealism, 1113, 4955, 658, 1820,
1289, 1667, 172, 178
inheritance of acquired characteristics,
1389
inhibition, 32, 778
insanity, see responsibility
intellectual culture, 56, 9
International Congress of Experimental
Psychology, 53
Irish Home Rule, 112
is/ought distinction 14, 1045, 112,
12431, 177

272

Free Will and the Human Sciences in Britain, 18701910

Jackson, J. Hughlings, 19, 23, 39, 978

James, William, 89, 15, 37, 45, 52, 87, 93,
161, 176, 180
Are We Automata?, 301
attention, 8, 77
Experience of Activity, 72
feeling of effort, 312, 96, 99100
later philosophy of, 48, 72, 75
phenomenology of will, 1656
Principles of Psychology, 30
religious experience, 401
stream of consciousness, 168
will as moral knowledge, 10, 2933,
623, 131
will to believe, 32
Jevons, W. S., 137
Johnson, S., Dr, 166
Journal of Mental Science, 35
JudeoChristian belief, 5, 58, 131
see also Bible, Fall of Man

London School of Economics (LSE), 76,

138
London University, 19, 37, 42, 47, 135
Lotze, R. H., 53, 89
Loveday, Thomas, 57, 71, 74
Macaulay, T. Babington, 144, 148
McDougall, William, 55, 157, 176
mind and body, 489
MacIntyre, A., 177
McKenzie, W. L., 98
Maine, Henry, 138
Ancient Law, 136
Maitland, Frederick, 145, 147, 155
Malthusian spectre, 110, 11213, 137
Manning, H. E., Cardinal, 21, 59
mans place in nature, 10, 14, 1689
Mansel, H. L., 6
Marshall, Alfred, 137
Martineau, James, 21, 23, 66, 164, 178
causation, 847, 93, 101, 170
Marx, K., 157
Marxism, 18, 170
materialism and mechanism, 1, 5, 7, 245
see also determinism
Maudsley, Henry, 43, 49, 138, 141, 161
Body and Will, 17, 3940, 58
moralism, 1718, 22, 44
nervous physiology, 17, 42
will, 63
Mead, G. H., 78
Medico-Psychological Association, 42
Meinecke, F., 154
mental activity, 57, 59, 6975, 168
see also activity
mental physiology, 12, 1723
mental science, 36, 38, 46
Merleau-Ponty, M., 88, 170, 173
metaphor, 176, 1789
Metaphysical Society, 21, 66, 847
metaphysics, 15, 16, 73, 7980, 1634,
17080
Mill, James, 8991, 135
Mill, John Stuart, 4, 13, 42, 44, 46, 49,
667,104, 123
causation, 812, 85, 87, 935, 166
essays on Bentham and Coleridge, 11

Copyright
Kant, I., 93
antimony of freedom and necessity, 11,
589, 678
Kidd, Benjamin, 13940
Social Evolution, 139
Kierkegaard, S., 2
kinaesthesis, 978
Kropotkin, P. A., Mutual Aid, 112
Lankester, E. Ray, 3
late Victorians, defined, 10, 15, 160,
16970
Le Bon, G., The Crowd, 42
Leibniz, G. W., 83
Leontev, A. N., 170
Lepenies, W., 14, 149
Lewes, G. H., 20, 137, 138, 157, 159, 177
attention, 77
continuity of life, 289
history, 156
muscular sense, 97
synthesis of knowledge, 9
life philosophy, 69, 95
Lightman, Bernard, 5
Locke, John, 50, 83, 88, 178
London Phrenological Society, 5

Index
free will and necessity, 27, 601, 645,
152, 160, 165
history, 135, 144, 148, 150, 153
Nature, 106
Liberty, 61
psychology, 35, 59, 69
System of Logic, 36
Mind, 21, 35, 467, 51
mindbody relation, 15, 17, 201, 267, 33,
35, 48, 78
see also epiphenomenalism
Mivart, St G. J., 120
modernism in culture, 11, 80
modernity, 2, 11
Monist, 119
moral philosophy, 367, 46
morals, philosophical foundations of, 1203,
1301, 1545
Morgan, C. Lloyd, 77, 79
Moore, G. E., 68, 80, 124, 129
Principia Ethica, 1301
Refutation of Idealism, 51
Muirhead, J. H., 130
Mller, Johannes, 89
muscular sense, 8993, 969
see also causation, effort, touch sense
Myers, C. S., 16970
Myers, F. W. H., 39

273

Oxford University, 19, 36, 106, 135

Pearson, Karl, 7, 167
Grammar of Science, 1545
phrenology, 35
Physiological Society of London, 19
Pillsbury, W. B., 79, 178
poetry and the novel, 4, 122, 155
see also history and literature
political economy see economics
Pollock, Frederick, 123, 1257
positivism, 81
logical positivism, 177
Powell, F. York, 145, 147
Price, H. H., 174
Prichard, H. A., 55
Pringle-Pattison, A. S. see Seth, A.
process, 106, 168, 172
Providence, 22, 1345, 150
psychoanalysis, 39
psychology
analytic, 12, 51, 545, 789
and philosophy, 367, 459
and physiology, 478
experimental, 367, 46, 51, 79
in Britain, 11, 357
in Germany, 69
in USA, 75
new psychology, 12, 38, 42, 52
see also mental physiology
pure/applied science, 129

Copyright

natural theology, 13, 83

naturalism, 36, 21, 245, 27, 59, 80, 107,
1278, 161, 169, 175
naturalistic fallacy, 104
Nature personified, 56, 11516
Naturwissenschaft and Geisteswissenschaft,
15, 134
necessity, 1, 8, 28, 601, 136, 154, 159
see also determinism
Neurological Society of London, 98
neurosciences, 12, 24, 15960, 162
new Liberalism, 112
Nietzsche, F., 95, 115, 1212,126, 1301,
1545, 164, 176, 180
causation, 179
influence in Britain, 160
Nonconformist faith, 1718, 59

Quarterly Review, 120

Reay, D. J. Mackay, Eleventh Lord Reay, 143
reflex action, 1819, 21, 28, 32, 39
Reform Bill (1867), 5
Reid, Thomas, 83, 170
religion and science, accommodation
between, 878
responsibility, 20, 39, 1656
Retzsch, M. A., 116
Ribot, T., 93
Maladies de la volont, 39
new psychology, 12
Richards, Graham, 37
Rickert, H., 146
Ritchie, D. G., 67

274

Free Will and the Human Sciences in Britain, 18701910

Rivers, W. H. R., 37, 48

Robertson, G. Croom, 46, 96
Romanes, G. J., 46
Rorty, R., 176
Royal Society of London, 143
Rubinshtein, S. L., 170
Ryle, Gilbert, 68

Principles of Ethics, 113, 136

Principles of Psychology, 35, 478
Principles of Sociology, 136
social evolution, 13641
Social Statics, 122, 137
Study of Sociology, 136, 1567
Synthetic Philosophy, 125
will, 62
Sanderson, J. Burdon, 19
Spinoza, B., 173
Schiller, F. C. S., 175
spiritualism, 19, 3941
Schopenhauer, A., 1601
statistics, 4, 136, 155
science, definition of, 5, 9, 133
Steinbuch, J. G., Physiologie der Sinne, 89
scientific naturalism see naturalism
Stephen, J. F., 166
scientific revolution, 1723
Stephen, Leslie, 58
Scott, Walter, 155
evolution and ethics, 18, 123, 127
Sechenov. I. M., 73
Stewart, J. A., 46
Seeley, John, 144, 1478, 1501
Stoic philosophy, 7, 106, 11718, 121
self, 389, 44, 645, 724, 89, 100, 163,
Stout, G. F., 15, 51, 525, 57, 656, 130,
167, 16970
154
selfhelp, 38
analytic psychology, 12, 54, 169
Seth, A., 66, 101
attention, 789
response to Huxley, 118
causation, 74, 1601, 16770, 17980
Shand, A. F., 756, 79
embodiment, 745
Shaw, G. B., 36, 159, 164, 168
Manual of Psychology, 54, 76
Man and Superman, 124
mental activity, 69, 735, 85, 96, 98,
Sherrington, C. S., 97, 148, 169
101,169, 173
Integrative Action of the Nervous System, 78 Strawson, P. F., 164
Sidgwick, Henry, 9
struggle for existence, 108, 110, 113, 1234
ethics, 194, 124, 125, 129, 150
Stubbs, W., Bishop, Constitutional History of
free will, 589, 678, 166, 168
England, 144
history, 141
suffering, 14, 1045, 11519
naturalism, 78
Sully, J., 378, 48, 51
Smiles, S., 38
Smith, Adam, 123
Taine, H., 93
Snow, C. P., 14
Tait, P. G., 94
see also two cultures
Tarde, G., 157
social evolutionism, 13641, 150
Taylor, A. E., 168
social philosophy, 15, 67, 141, 1556
teleology, 701, 74, 130, 151, 154, 17080
social psychology, 1567
Temple, Frederick, Archbishop, 878
social science, 13542, 1567
Tennyson, Alfred, Lord, 86, 103, 110
Spalding, D. A., 26
Tolstoy, L. N., War and Peace, 154
specialization, 6, 100, 130, 135, 143
touch sense, 889
Spencer, Herbert, 11, 19, 46, 82, 117, 123,
see also muscular sense
157
Travis, Henry, 63
government, 11114, 138
Trevelyan, G. M., 133, 156
Man Versus the State, 142
history as literature, 14751, 153
muscular sense, 8990, 923, 95, 967,
opposition to materialism, 5
100
Tylor, E. B., 138, 156, 1756

Copyright

Index
Tyndall, John, 25, 161
Belfast Address, 5, 23
two cultures, 1415, 334, 151, 154
see also humanities
unconscious will, 40, 45, 1601
unconsciousness, 22, 3940
uniformity of nature, 34, 27, 64, 103, 110,
136, 1512
utilitarian ethics, 63, 111, 11920, 1234
Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation,
136
Vygotsky, L. S., 170
Wagner, Richard, 95
Wallace, A. R., 87, 111, 136, 161
Wallas, Graham, 157
Ward, James, 505, 656, 80, 89, 139, 154
attention, 77
mental activity, 6975, 85, 96, 98, 101,
173, 180
mind and body, 23
Naturalism and Agnosticism, 1
opposition to naturalism, 70, 1345
Psychological Principles, 69
Psychology in Britannica, 53, 70
self, 534, 712, 167
Ward, W. G., 21, 22, 59, 64, 65, 120

275

Ward, Wilfred, 120

Webb, Beatrice, 138, 1489
Webb, Sidney, 1489
Weber, Max, 2
Weismann, August, 139
Wells, H. G., Time Machine, 139
Whewell, William, 11, 834, 166
Whitehead, A. N., 15, 79, 85, 95, 16970
history, 154
metaphysics, 1601, 1713
Wiener, M. J., 43
Wilberforce, Samuel, Bishop, 107
Wilde, Oscar, 1223
Picture of Dorian Gray, 42
will
and law, 425
as social category, 425, 1412, 1567,
160, 1614
free will, philosophy of, 78, 910, 13,
21, 5860, 1345, 152, 1745
loss of, 12, 20, 389, 140
nature of, 7
of God, 7, 1314, 23, 82, 86, 93
phenomenology of, 160, 16570, 173
womens movement, 129, 1534
World War I, 2, 140, 149

Copyright
Young, Robert M., 176, 179