ROBOTICS

INTRODUCTION
Robotics, computer-controlled machine that is programmed to move, manipulate objects, and accomplish work while interacting with its environment. Robots are able to perform repetitive tasks more quickly, cheaply, and accurately than humans. The term robots originates from the Czech word robota, meaning compulsory labor.

HISTORY
In early 1800s mechanical puppets were first built in Europe, just for entertainment value. And these were called robots since there parts were driven by linkage and cams and controlled by rotating drum selectors. In 1801 Joseph Maria made the next great change and invented the automatic draw loom.

HOW ROBOTS WORK

The inspiration for the design of robot manipulator is the human arm, but with some differences. For example, a robot arm can extend by telescoping- that is, by sliding cylindrical sections one over another to lengthen the arm. Robots arms also can be constructed so that they bend like an elephant trunk.

 The joints of a robotic arm are usually driven by electric motors. A computer calculates the joint angles needed to move the gripper to the desired position in a process known as Inverse Kinematics. Each joint in the arm has a device to measure its angle and send that value to the controller.

 If the actual angle of the arm does not equal the computed angle for the desired position, the servo controller moves the joint until the arms angle matches the computed angle.

USES FOR ROBOTICS

700,000 robots were in the industrial world in 1995 and over 500,00 we used in JAPAN. About 120,000 in Western Europe and 60,000 in the United States. General Motors Corporation uses these robots for spot welding, painting, machine loading, parts transfer, and assembly.

 TIN MAN 1: The Tin Man was built by KISS Institute; it is a robot wheelchair which can automate some of the navigation and steering for someone with extreme disabilities

 ENTERTAINMENT:

FUTURE OF TECHNOLOGIES
Perhaps the most dramatic changes in future robots will arise from their increasing ability to reason. SchoolNet Robotics-Future Project Technology of the Future: Teleportation Technology of the Future: Nanotechnology Technology of the Future: Data Storage

ADVANTAGES
The main advantage of a robot include its flexibility. Flexibility deals with the ability to adapt to changes and to be able to work in a flexible manner. Robots can work constantly.

 A persons consistency will vary depending on the hour of the day, day of the week, personal problems, weather or training. But Robot can work 24 hours continuously.

DISADVANTAGES
Robots are so expensive. Limited ability to deal with variables. Although robots are becoming more capable and lass expensive, an inexpensive robot can easily cost $7,000 with many robots costing $45,000 and up.

ROBOTS ON EARTH
Typical industrial robots do jobs that are difficult, dangerous or dull. They lift heavy objects, paint, handle chemicals, and perform assembly work. The major categories of industrial robots by mechanical structure are:

 CARTESIAN ROBOT: Used for pick and place work, application of sealant, assembly operations, handling machine tools. Its a robot whose arm has three prismatic joints, whose axes are coincident with a Cartesian coordinator. CYLINDRICAL ROBOT: Used for assembly operations, handling at machine tools, spot welding, and handling at diecasting machines.

POLAR ROBOT: Used for handling at machine tools, spot welding, fettling machines, gas welding and arc welding. SCARA ROBOT: Used for pick and place work, application of sealant, assembly operations and handling machine tools. It is a robot which has two parallel rotary joints to provide compliance in a plane.

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