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Communication Introduction
Communication, theories of communication, business communication, barriers of...
From sojanmathew99
Sender
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The sender is the speaker. A sender starts withan impulse he or she wishes to express and then mustencode that idea into symbols (words) and signs (facialexpressions, tone of voice, etc).
Message
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The message is the symbolsand signs which are actuallytransmitted. All messages are carried bya channel (such as face-to-face, over thephone, email, etc).
Receiver
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The receiver is the listener.The receiver must decode the symbolsand signs of the message sent throughthe channel. Decoding involves workingthrough one's own perceptual filters toarrive at thoughts which approximatethe sender's original intent.
Feedback
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Feedback is the signs thereceivers projects while the sender issending a message. Feedback allows thesender to know how his or her messageis being received.
Environment
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Environment is thephysical, social and emotional context the communicationtakes place in. Environments can place expectation andcontraints on communication.
.1Berlo’s S-M-C-R, 1960
.aBackground
.i
Ehninger, Gronbeck and Monroe: “Thesimplest and most influential message-centered model of our time came fromDavid Berlo (Simplified from David K.Berlo,
The Process of Communication
(New York: Holt, Rinehart, andWinston, 1960)):”.iiEssentially an adaptation of theShannon-Weaver model..bSignificant after World War II because:.iThe idea of “source” was flexibleenough to include oral, written,electronic, or any other kind of “symbolic” generator-of-messages..ii“Message” was made the centralelement, stressing the transmission of ideas..iiiThe model recognized that receiverswere important to communication, for they were the targets..ivThe notions of “encoding” and“decoding” emphasized the problemswe all have (psycho-linguistically) in translatingour own thoughts into words or other symbolsand in deciphering the words or symbols of others into terms we ourselves can understand..cWeaknesses:.iTends to stress the manipulation of the message —the encoding and decoding processes.iiit implies that human communication is likemachine communication, like signal-sending intelephone, television, computer, and radar systems..iiiIt even seems to stress that most problems inhuman communication can be solved bytechnical accuracy-by choosing the “right”symbols, preventing interference, and sendingefficient messages.
.iv
But even with the “right” symbols, peoplemisunderstand each other. “Problems in“meaning” or “meaningfulness” often aren’t amatter of comprehension, but of reaction, of agreement, of shared concepts, beliefs, attitudes,values. To put the
com-
back intocommunication, we need a
meaning-centered
theory of communication.”
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