Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Research Findings
March 2005
Prepared for:
Corporate Culture PLC
On behalf of:
WRAP (the Waste and Resources Action Programme)
The Old Academy
21 Horse Fair
Banbury
Oxon OX16 0AH
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Overview of Research Structure
This research project examines consumer use of and attitudes towards free ‘vest
bags’ and ‘Bags for Life’. The research provides an overview of the current market,
and by providing baseline measures it will also allow the effects of any future activity
to be measured. Within the research we also examine opportunities for developing
the Bag for Life concept.
The research was conducted in two stages. The first stage comprises of:-
Our second stage of research was constructed in the light of the findings from the
first stage, and comprises of:-
This report combines the findings from both stages of this project.
CONTENTS
Page No.
1. INTRODUCTION i
1.1 Background & Purpose i
1.2 Research Objectives iii
1.3 Method & Sample iv
3. MAIN FINDINGS 1
3.1 Background Observations on the Sample 1
3.2 Current Approach to Shopping 3
3.3 Bag Usage 4
3.4 Role and Perceptions of Single Use Bags 6
3.5 Awareness and Spontaneous Perceptions of B4L 9
3.6 Current Usage of B4L 11
3.7 Reasons for Using B4L vs. Not using 13
3.8 Perceptions of B4L Activity by Different Supermarkets/Outlets 15
3.9 Perceptions of Alternative B4L Products 17
3.10 Ways of Stimulating More/More Extensive Use of B4L 22
Appendices 25
1. Recruitment Questionnaire
2. Discussion Guide
3. Omnibus questions
• The Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA), the Scottish
Executive and the Welsh Assembly Government have asked the Waste and Resources
Action Programme (WRAP) to investigate the potential of the ‘Bag for Life’ (B4L) scheme
.
• The scheme was designed to reduce significantly the 8 billion free carrier bags given
away by UK retailers each year. Plastic carrier bags are widely seen as an
environmental problem: the inefficient ‘single use’ of free carrier bags and the visible
problem of litter and associated environmental affects.
• The growth in the use of plastic bags demonstrates how deeply they have become
embedded in consumer expectation and behaviour. UK consumption of plastic carrier
bags is estimated at between 60,000-90,000 tonnes per annum which accounts for 3.5-
5.3% of total plastics used in packaging.
• In order to address the plastic bag problem, WRAP is looking to identify mechanisms
that might encourage consumers to change their behaviour and use a B4L instead of
free carrier bags.
• There is some evidence that encouraging people to use a B4L does prompt a reduction
in the use of free plastic bags. A voluntary pilot programme initiated by Durham County
Council achieved significant increases in the sales of B4L and gained the support of local
retailers.
• Through its Retailer Initiative, WRAP is already working with retailers to reduce resource
use and household waste production. The B4L is one element of this over-arching
initiative. Retailers have supported and actively promoted the idea of a national B4L
scheme based on initiatives operated by major supermarket chains such as Tesco,
Sainsbury and M&S.
• WRAP believes that the engagement of retailers in a nationwide scheme can make a
significant difference to consumer behaviour encouraging both reduction in the
consumption of carrier bags and the promotion of re-use. In order to achieve a long term
shift in consumer behaviour, the initiative would need to align itself with retailers’ brand
values and consumers’ desires and expectations.
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i Andrew Irving Associates
• The overall purpose of this programme of research is to explore and understand the
range of consumer behaviour, attitudes and motivations with regard to use of shopping
bags/B4L, and to establish a quantitative benchmark of current behaviour which can be
used as a basis for tracking changes in attitudes/behaviour over time.
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2. Research Objectives
i. To explore and establish consumers’ current usage of and attitudes towards free
‘single use’ carrier bags.
ii. To investigate factors encouraging/discouraging use of free ‘single use’ carrier bags.
iii. To assess consumers’ awareness and concerns about the environmental impact of
‘single use’ carrier bags.
iv. To examine the incidence and nature of recycling/re-use of ‘single use’ carrier bags
and the factors encouraging/discouraging this.
vi. To identify possible ways of stimulating more extensive use of B4L and/or
alternatives for ‘single use’ carrier bags, such as:
¾ financial reward
¾ incentives (loyalty points, charitable donations, local competitions)
¾ increased awareness of B4L
¾ greater availability of B4L
¾ making B4L a habit.
vii. To obtain consumer reactions to examples of B4L in terms of size and shape,
material used, ease of use, etc.
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3. Method & Sample
• It was agreed that the sample should upweight representation of the female main
supermarket shoppers aged 25-60 and downweight representation of male shoppers on
the basis that the former are likely to be more regular shoppers and have rather more
influence over household decisions to use B4L.
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• Fieldwork took place between 2nd and 16th February in the following locations:
¾ London (Southgate)
¾ South East (Reading)
¾ East Anglia (Ramsey)
¾ North East (Durham)
¾ Scotland (Houston)
• Fieldwork locations were selected in the light of the findings of the omnibus research
carried out prior to the start of the qualitative fieldwork. Locations were selected to
ensure representation of areas of high vs. low usage and urban vs. rural, as follows:
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v Andrew Irving Associates
2. SUMMARY & CONCLUSIONS
• The findings of this research indicate that the term ‘single use bags’ is something of a
misnomer. Only one or two respondents claim that they discard these bags after only
one use. The overwhelming majority claim to re-use these bags for a variety of other
purposes including rubbish disposal, carrying sports kit, etc. Some are taking surplus
bags back to supermarket recycling banks.
• As single use bags are freely available in supermarkets and there is little or no evidence
of checkout staff seeking to limit the amount customers use, few see much need to re-
use these bags when food/grocery shopping. However, there is some feeling that should
supermarkets start charging for single use bags (c.f. Aldi, Lidl) this might make them
think again.
• With the exception of the planned, regular weekly food/grocery shop, most other
shopping, especially from the High Street, is fairly impromptu and impulse.
• In the High Street, single use bags are usually offered at checkout, and most accept
these with their purchases. For clothes purchase, especially from more fashionable,
expensive outlets, customers expect stores to provide a bag for a variety of reasons,
e.g.:
¾ it says they shop at prestige outlets
¾ it is a reinforcement of the pleasure of buying the item
¾ it is proof of purchase when leaving the store
¾ it is easier to return items in the original packaging.
• There are hints that unwillingness to risk challenge or attract attention is sometimes
given as a reason for not re-using bags when shopping.
• There are indications that neither the ‘bag for life’ concept nor the idea that supermarkets
would replace a B4L free of charge when worn out has, as yet, really registered with the
majority of respondents.
• Only a minority have bought a B4L. Whilst some did so for environmental reasons,
others bought because they needed a stronger/larger bag at the time. That having been
said, regular re-usage of a B4L is not universal. More commonly, a B4L is re-used if
and when respondents remember to do so.
• Significantly, for most, the term ‘bag for life’ is synonymous with the bags which can be
bought at supermarket checkouts.
• Barriers to greater re-use of B4Ls include:
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¾ feeling that it is somehow not the done thing to use a B4L bought in one
supermarket chain in another chain’s outlet
¾ not wanting to look ‘cheap’ using a branded supermarket B4L in other stores
¾ unwillingness to put new clothes, etc. into a bag previously used for food
shopping, especially vegetables or other wet food.
• Apart from the minority who have bought a B4L, awareness of the availability of B4Ls in
supermarkets is fairly low. There seems to be little evidence of checkout staff actively
promoting B4Ls.
• However, it should be appreciated that the dominant use of single use bags has
encouraged other kinds of re-usable bags to be seen as old fashioned, for older people,
especially women.
• Thus trolleys, string bags, square canvas bags, etc. are perceived by many as ‘not for
me’, regardless of their functionality.
• Whilst some allowance must be made for a degree of posturing, this sensitivity
demonstrated that the design and appearance of bags is likely to impact on take-up of
the B4L concept.
• In order to overcome these hurdles, promotion of B4L will not only need to raise
awareness. It will also need to address the imagery and associations of re-usable bags.
• Consumers will need to be fully educated about the existence of B4L and informed how
and why they represent a practical and effective means of addressing the environmental
problems of single use bags. They will also need to be persuaded to use B4L as a
matter of habit.
• There are indications that, currently, retailers/supermarkets are not really promoting
B4Ls and that more could be done to raise customers’ awareness of the B4L option.
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• Other ways retailers could incentivise/encourage consumers to get into the B4L habit
might include:
¾ charging for single use bags
¾ offering loyalty points for re-using B4ls
¾ donations to a (local) charity for re-using B4Ls
¾ money off for B4L usage.
• Ideally, a mass media advertising campaign operating both in the national media and at
point of sale would help to kick start the shift towards increased usage of B4L.
• That having been said, we suspect that, given the current association of B4Ls with
food/grocery shopping, any build up of B4L usage would need to start in the
supermarkets. In time, and with education, consumers should become more aware and
accustomed to re-using bags beyond the supermarket context.
• The overall picture emerging from the omnibus survey was fairly flat with less marked
differences by age, gender and SEG than might have been anticipated.
• In terms of awareness of B4L just over ¾ claimed to have heard of B4L. Awareness
was somewhat higher amongst ABs (83%), women (82%) and the 45-64 age group
(78%). It was lower amongst men (69%) and DEs (70%). B4L awareness was higher in
the South and Midlands than in the North. It was highest in East Anglia (84%) and
lowest in the North East (73%.)
• One third of the sample had ever bought a B4L. Purchase was slanted towards women
(42%) rather than men (24%). Purchase was higher amongst the 45+ age group and
lower amongst 16-24s (17%). Purchase was higher in the Midlands and South than in
the North. Levels of purchase were highest in Wales (41%) and Greater London (38%)
and lowest in the North East (26%) and South West (27%).
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• In the sample as a whole only 10% (one-third of B4L purchasers) claimed to use their
B4L just about every time they went shopping. A large minority of B4L purchasers (41%)
admitted that they used their B4L occasionally or less often.
• B4L owners’ propensity to use their B4L was strongly influenced by type of shopping.
• Around half claimed that they would use their B4L or re-use other bags or their own bag
when shopping at supermarkets and half said they would use free carrier bags provided
by the supermarket.
• When shopping for clothes the overwhelming majority (85%) used the free carrier bags
provided by the shop at the time. Likewise most used free carrier bags when shopping
in the high street (63%) and when DIY shopping (69%).
• Taken as a whole the omnibus findings suggest that even amongst B4L purchasers
willingness to use B4L was quite constrained and limited. This implied that there was a
major task to extend usage amongst current purchasers and to persuade non-users to
give B4L a try.
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3. MAIN FINDINGS
• Our sample included a wide spread, ranging from young girls through to the elderly.
• Whilst most were driving/being driven to the supermarkets, a few were using public
transport.
• Some respondents, mainly 25+, were taking part in some recycling, but this was largely
because it was fairly simple and convenient for them to do so, e.g. kerbside collections/
green boxes supplied by the local Council, bottle/aluminium banks in supermarket car
parks, etc.
• However, indications that for those with family (young/teenage children) and who were
also working, recycling was fairly low on their list of priorities. They did what they could if
it was convenient and easy for them to do.
• Younger respondents, both male and female, did not appear to be too motivated by
environmental considerations.
• Given the wide age range and demographic spread in the sample, predictably, ideas
about bags varied a great deal.
• Significantly, it was widely felt that people were assessed by the bag they carried.
“It’s all about image, it’s all about how other people look at you
and how you’re portrayed by the bag that you’re carrying.”
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“In my case, unintentionally, I look at the bag and the bag itself
might reflect the personality of the person.”
• Thus, young women had strong ideas about bags that their mothers or grandmothers
had, and that they would not be seen dead with.
• Men were sensitive about being seen with bags that they saw as too feminine and were
apprehensive about what this might say to other men about their virility.
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3.2 Current Approach to Shopping
• Older respondents were more likely to do a regular weekly food shop, often with their
partners/spouses.
• Young respondents (18-24), mainly female, still living at home might accompany their
mothers to a supermarket, but basically had little interest in grocery shopping per se.
• In contrast, ‘recreational’ shopping for clothes, hobbies, electrical goods, etc. whilst less
frequent was seen as a somewhat more enjoyable experience.
• Interest in clothes shopping was largely confined to younger respondents and women.
Typically, clothes buying was done during lunch breaks/at weekends and was usually
regarded as something of a shopping occasion. The women bought their clothes mainly
from high street chains (M&S, Gap, Next), although one respondent claimed to buy
exclusively from charity shops. Those on restricted incomes mainly bought their clothes
from discount stores, e.g. Primark.
• Men tended to be less interested in clothes purchase and bought as and when
necessary. Some older men left it to their wives to do their clothes buying.
• Interest in DIY shopping was mainly limited to men and a few women. DIY purchases
were likely to be occasional and prompted by a specific need.
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3.3 Bag Usage
• Amongst the majority, widespread propensity to use bags offered/supplied by the outlets
at point of sale – seen as normal practice to use free bags from shop.
• In supermarkets, this resulted in overwhelming majority using single use bags on most
shopping expeditions.
• In situations where they were carrying heavier items (bottles, tins) claims of doubling up
bags for added strength.
• Some reference to checkout staff automatically pulling down single use bags and/or
packing the shopping for them as they scanned the items.
• Also, to packers at the checkout being quite profligate with the single use bags and not
trying to fill them up.
• Some observations of shoppers (and staff) seeking to separate items when packing, e.g.
not jumbling tins with pastries, raw meat with vegetables, etc.
• This prompted use of more single use bags as opposed to maximising capacity of
individual bags, and it also minimised the risk of handles tearing/bags splitting.
• A small minority (mainly in the older age groups) claimed that they had got into the habit
of regular B4L use.
• A further minority claimed to have bought one or more B4L at some time but were not
using them regularly nowadays (or indeed, at all). There were extensive references to
forgetting to take them when they went to the supermarket or having mislaid them.
• Bag usage on the High street largely depended on the items bought. For things like
toiletries, magazines/stationery, etc., bags were usually offered at checkout. Sometimes,
respondents claimed they would do without, but for the majority there was a passive
acceptance of the bag offered.
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• In clothes shops, especially the more expensive outlets, being seen with the bag was
central to the purchase process:
¾ it was a badge that they were shopping at prestige outlets
¾ a reinforcement of the pleasure of buying the item
¾ proof of purchase when leaving the store
¾ easier to return items in original packaging.
• There was also some feeling that the shops were using the bags to promote the store
and that assistants would be reluctant to let customers leave the store without a bag or
use a bag for another outlet.
• One respondent claimed that when she was younger she used to buy small items from
fashionable outlets in order to collect their bags.
• Those on more restricted budgets who were buying day to day clothes from discount
stores (e.g. Primark) would still have their purchase put into a bag initially although they
might stuff the bag into another shopping/carrier bag once out on the street.
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3.4 Role and Perceptions of Single Use Bags
• Across the sample, single use bags seen as a lightweight, flexible, practical and useful
tool for carrying and containing things.
• Furthermore, they were free and plentiful – there was no evidence of checkout staff
trying to limit the number of bags taken by customers. Indeed, some reported instances
of checkout staff offering/agreeing to double up single use bags to strengthen them.
• Indications of very high re-usage of single use bags for a variety of purposes, including:
¾ lining waste paper baskets
¾ bagging up wet/smelly food items before putting in the bin
¾ as a ‘glove’ for picking up dog poo/other unpleasant messes
¾ containing dirty nappies
¾ carrying muddy/wet clothes (sports equipment/kit)
¾ carrying miscellaneous items
¾ filing system for papers
¾ etc.
• Also, supermarket branding on most single use bags seen as fairly neutral, every day,
ordinary, not making any statements about the person carrying it.
• Indications that ‘single use’ something of a misnomer for bags which have many other
uses beyond their initial role as something to bring the shopping home in.
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• Relatively limited reference to discarding single use bags after one use. Most
households had a storage system for keeping these bags. However, one or two younger
respondents did admit to binning them once they had unpacked their shopping.
• Limited awareness that some supermarkets had bins for recycling single use bags.
Some, mainly older respondents, had done this for excess bags; others had simply
thrown them out with general household rubbish when they had too many/run out of
storage space.
• Men found the shape of single use bags convenient for carrying a large number at the
same time. For women, the limited capacity of each single use bag meant that they
were unlikely to be too heavy to lift/carry out of supermarket trolley into car, into the
house, etc.
• Little evidence of people re-using single use bags when shopping in large, main
supermarkets.
• However, for outlets which charged for bags, e.g. Lidl, Aldi, some recall of seeing people
taking old single use bags along.
• Amongst a minority, there was some spontaneous concern that because single use bags
are non-biodegradable they can:
¾ lead to unsightly litter and defacing of the countryside
¾ harm to wildlife
¾ take a long time to decay (estimates ranged from 100 to 500 years).
“You see the poly bags hanging from the trees. Poly trees we
call them. They’re an eyesore.”
• Top of mind awareness of the adverse environmental consequence of single use bags
was fairly limited. Rather, most seemed relatively not troubled by the adverse affect of
single use bags.
• (In contrast, there was fairly extensive spontaneous concern about excess packaging
used by supermarkets on food, confectionery and toiletry items.)
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• Other negatives to single use bags included:
¾ propensity to split/tear (even for new bags) if caught by sharp edges or
overloaded
¾ biodegradable bags (e.g. from ASDA) seen as thin and flimsy.
• There was some awareness that other countries were trying to reduce the use of single
use bags:
¾ consumers were being charged for them in Ireland
¾ in the USA shops were providing large brown paper bags
¾ in France, many supermarkets did not provide single use bags and customers
either brought their own baskets or used empty cardboard cartons.
“In Ireland if you want a poly bag you pay five cents which
goes to the environment.”
• In Scotland there were references to the fact that B&Q were charging for single use
bags.
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3.5 Awareness and Spontaneous Perceptions of B4L
• Indications that the ‘bag for life’ concept had not, as yet, really registered with the
majority of respondents.
• The name ‘bag for life’ raised a few wry smiles from some women, who saw it as a
potential source of some amusement for their men folk and thought a more neutral term
could be found.
“I bet some man has said that he has a woman and that she’s
his bag for life!”
• Most respondents had not taken on board the idea that supermarkets would replace
B4Ls free of charge when worn out and that they could be recycled.
• Significantly, across the sample, ‘bag for life’ was given a rather narrow definition as the
bigger, stronger plastic bags bought from supermarkets which could be re-used. The
B4L concept was not extended to durable bags which were re-used whenever they went
shopping.
• However, there were some doubts as to how widely re-usable a B4L was. Some felt
rather uncomfortable with the idea of re-using a B4L bought in one supermarket chain in
another chain’s outlet. There was some feeling that this was somehow ‘not done’, and
that store staff might have something to say/look askance.
• Respondents claimed they would be very unlikely to re-use a B4L in other high street
shops, especially more upmarket clothes shops because:
¾ it seemed slightly cheap, ‘naff’
¾ there were some concerns about large bags attracting the attention of store
security and possibly being accused of shoplifting
¾ store assistants would probably disapprove of such behaviour and comment
adversely.
“They know you’ve paid for it if it’s in their bag If you see
someone walking out of a shop and they’re putting something
into their bag you would think they were shoplifting.”
• Beyond this, there was also considerable resistance to the idea of putting new clothes,
etc. into a bag previously used for food shopping, especially if it had been used for
vegetables or other wet food.
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3.6 Current Usage of B4L
• Whilst there seems to be a sizeable segment who have bought a B4L at some time,
regular usage of these bags was confined to a small minority who seemed consciously to
have bought into the B4L concept and claimed to have several B4Ls which they took as
a matter of course on main food shopping expeditions.
• Some hints that those who walked to the supermarket/used public transport might use a
B4L because they were stronger, more durable and less likely to split.
• A further segment had bought B4Ls at some time apparently because they needed a
larger/stronger bag rather than for any environmental reasons.
• Whilst most of the B4Ls bought had been the 10p plastic bags, a few had bought the
M&S fabric bags. One respondent had bought a couple of green bags in Ireland when
on holiday a few years previously.
• One respondent had bought a B4L because there were no other bags available at
checkout.
• Significantly, across the sample, many respondents only discovered in the groups that
B4Ls could be replaced free of charge.
• However, there were signs of some resistance to the idea of asking the check out
assistant to replace a torn/worn out B4L. Many, especially younger respondents, felt it
would be too embarrassing for such a low value item, and might make them look mean
and niggardly.
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• At this stage, the following segmentation of B4L usage is mooted:
¾ Regular users:
> seemingly more organised, older shoppers who had worked out a system
for ensuring that they went to a supermarket equipped with B4L (e.g.
keeping a bag of B4L in the garage/car, storing B4L in the car having
unpacked their groceries, etc.)
> suspicion that regular B4L usership may be linked to regular (weekly),
planned shopping trips
> some had more than one B4L.
“I have eight of those bags and I fold them all into one bag and
take it to the shop every week.”
¾ Non-B4L purchasers:
> non-purchase was mainly because they were not aware of B4L
> a small minority resisted paying for a bag, especially when supermarkets
were providing an unlimited supply of single use bags free.
“It’s because you can get bags for free that you won’t pay 10p
… the other thing is, you are advertising the company, you end
up paying to advertise their stores when you’ve paid to shop
there anyway. Why should I pay to promote your store?”
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3.7 Reasons for Using B4L vs. Not Using
“It’s not the issue of whether I’m bothered being seen with a
bag or not, it’s the fact that I wouldn’t remember to take one
with me.”
“They’re actually quite big. If they pack the bags for you, you
can’t lift the damn thing. … And when they get worn and start
looking grubby, it makes me feel like a tramp.”
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• Amongst both users and non-users there was some feeling that it would not really be
right to use a B4L in the same retailer’s outlets (i.e. they could not use a Tesco B4L in
Sainsbury’s).
• For those who shopped across different multiples this presented a further barrier as it
seemed to impose yet another layer of pre-shopping organisation to sort and take the
‘correct’ bags.
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3.8 Perceptions of B4L Activity by Different Supermarkets/Outlets
• Overall, few seemed aware of much, if any, B4L promotional activity being undertaken
by supermarkets or other outlets.
“They just assume that you want loads of these poly bags.
They don’t every say ‘would you like to buy this bag and when
it wears out we’ll replace it. It’s 10p’. As soon as you get there
they’re pulling all the bags down and opening them for you.”
• Furthermore, there was no recall of any posters or other promotional material at POS
seeking to explain the B4L concept and encourage usage.
• There was no recall of checkout assistants asking if a customer would like a B4L.
Rather, respondents often remarked on how checkout staff would be pulling down/
opening out single use bags before starting to scan the shopping.
“You always have to ask for a stronger bag. They never ask
you.”
• Significantly, there was very little recall or awareness of B4L promotional campaign in
Durham. One or two women recalled the Council providing small bags for
schoolchildren, but nothing on a wider scale. The men were not aware of any B4L
promotional activity.
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“We’re not made aware of the damage that bag is doing. If we
were made more aware … Nobody ever mentions carrier bags.
All this recycling of tins and bottles, whoever mentions carrier
bags?”
• Bags provided in fashion outlets were seen as advertising for the outlet and therefore did
not fall within the B4L orbit.
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3.9 Perceptions of Alternative B4L Products
• ‘Bag for Life’ was almost exclusively associated with the large, stronger plastic bag
costing 10p from the supermarkets. The descriptor ‘bag for life’ was not extended to
other bags which were variously referred to as ‘carrier bags’, ‘plastic bags’, ‘poly bags’.
• The standard B4L was seen as functional and useful, especially for carrying heavier
items. However, the designs on the examples attracted some resistance:
¾ Tesco – felt to be rather gaudy and too childish, especially for men and young
people, although women with children felt it had some charm
¾ Sainsbury’s – the colour was too loud and stridently orange
¾ Somerfield – had some low key appeal to men because it was so sub-fusc;
women found it drab
¾ M&S – quite attractive and classy to women, but a little too feminine for men
¾ Booths – the image was quite attractive, but the appeal of the bag lay in the idea
of a charity benefiting (although this information was in very small print and not
immediately noticed).
• In more general terms, on all of these bags the store branding was pretty prominent, and
this was felt to inhibit their re-use in other outlets.
• Also, some older women thought that fully laden, the bags might be too big/heavy to
carry and lift from trolley to car.
• Furthermore, on the Somerfield and M&S bags, the explanation of the B4L concept was
on the gusset base. This meant few, if any, would get to see it.
• Indeed, many had not noted the offer of exchange on other B4L bags where it was more
prominently displayed, e.g. Sainsbury’s.
• The M&S fabric bags appealed to many women, although the rather virulent green,
prominent M&S branding, and cost limited their overall appeal.
• Men felt they resembled women’s handbags which limited their relevance to them.
(Moreover, some men pointed out that the larger fabric bag with the solid handles would
be very difficult to carry if it was fully laden.)
• The smaller M&S bag was seen as convenient for carrying around, but seemed to have
limited capacity.
• The darker green and more discreet branding of the Superquinn bag was more
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acceptable, especially to men who also found its square shape less feminine than the
waisted M&S version. However, it was seen as being a bit small for their grocery
shopping needs.
• Respondents thought the large Sainsbury’s bag with the plastic weave material and the
rigid base would probably be stronger and more robust than the standard B4L.
However, its overall appeal was limited by:
¾ its size – too big for (shorter) women to carry comfortably and, when full, possibly
to heavy to lift
¾ the colour
¾ the cost (70p) – especially for those who resisted paying 10p for a plastic B4L.
• The colour and design on the Carrefour bag was fresh, muted and quite attractive. The
bottle strap inside (when noticed) was seen as a clever idea. However, this bag was
often rejected fairly quickly because it was even bigger than the Sainsbury’s bag and
therefore likely to be even more awkward to lift/carry.
• Bags from fashion outlets, e.g. Monsoon, FCUK, etc., whilst a must for new purchases,
were usually not regarded as a ‘bag for life’.
• Amongst women, especially younger, indications that some were likely to keep the
prettier, more decorative, stylish bags. But, their potential for re-use was seen as fairly
limited, e.g.:
¾ holding gifts for friends (e.g. a bottle of wine when going round for dinner)
¾ decorative storage for personal effects (e.g. cosmetics).
• There was some anecdotal evidence of younger, late teenage girls collecting bags from
different fashion outlets for the sake of it.
• Men across the different age groups were fairly adamant that they would not be seen re-
using a fashion outlet bag because of the image associations. Being seen with a new
bag said they had the money and taste to go to these outlets; re-using these bags gave
out more negative messages about the sort of person they were.
“If I have a new one of those [Monsoon] other blokes will say
‘he’s going to get lucky tonight’. If I see another bloke walking
around carrying a Monsoon bag that’s already been used I’d
y:jn2094\2094pres
18 Andrew Irving Associates
cross the road to get away from him.”
• Bags from Monsoon, Accessorize, FCUK, etc., made of paper had limited potential as
possible ‘bags for life’ because paper was not seen as particularly practical in wet
weather. However, a smaller bag, e.g. Muji, might be useful for carrying sandwiches to
work, but this was seen as recycling – the bag was likely then to be discarded rather
than re-used again.
• The plastic bags (River Island, Zara, etc.) might be re-used for carrying things, e.g. wet
sports kit, or re-cycled, but were not seen as ‘bags for life’ in the sense of being re-used
over and over whenever they went shopping.
“That big House of Fraser bag, that’s the kind of thing I’d use
for taking clothes to the charity shop in, aye.”
• Amongst the men there was some muted approval of the Hatchards bags. Both the
laminated paper and plastic version were seen as strong and sturdy. The dark green on
the paper bag was not unattractive, and the shape was described as masculine. The
plastic version was acceptable for carrying lunch to work. However, in both cases, any
likely re-use was going to be fairly short term and limited.
• Bags from designer stores met with a very mixed response. On the one hand, amongst
the more upmarket women who did occasionally shop from Liberty, Harvey Nicholls, etc.,
there was a slight cachet to be seen with a smart bag. If they were going to re-use a bag
they would be more likely to use a Harvey Nicholls bag than a John Lewis bag.
y:jn2094\2094pres
19 Andrew Irving Associates
• On the other hand, the more downmarket felt that being seen re-using a bag from a
designer store might invite adverse comment from their friends/peer group.
• The men were fairly indifferent to bags from designer stores and thought they might re-
use them if they needed to. However, the Liberty bag was generally rejected because of
its shape.
• Respondents were also shown three fabric totes/shoppers. The green nylon peacock
feather design met with some low key approval amongst older women, who quite liked
the muted colour. They could see themselves taking it to work with them to carry things
like book, umbrella, packed lunch, and perhaps some small items of shopping.
However, its shape and size was not seen as suitable for larger items.
• The shape of the floral print bag was acceptable, but the fabric design had little appeal.
It was often described as a “nanna bag”.
• The striped fabric bag was seen as a beach bag for the holidays. Whilst older
respondents imagined it would appeal to the young, younger respondents rejected it as
not 'cool' and for older people.
• The Monoprix bag in its own little pouch appealed to older women, who saw it as neat
and stylish. Indeed, one respondent had a plain black version in her handbag.
However, younger respondents saw it as something of a hassle to take it out of the
pouch when they wanted to use it and then have to remember to replace it afterwards.
• Not surprisingly, the men unanimously rejected all these bags as anything they would be
seen carrying.
“The wife can carry that one with the stripes when we go to the
beach and I’m following behind with all the heavy gear. A long
way behind.”
y:jn2094\2094pres
20 Andrew Irving Associates
• Respondents were also shown photographs of examples of re-usable bags:
¾ the string bag was almost universally rejected by both men and women. Some
older respondents who could remember using string bags recalled that they
gradually lost their shape and stretched, and that smaller items were prone to
falling out
¾ the satchel type was seen as mainly for young people/teenagers, although some
older women found it acceptable. The idea of a slogan attracted a mixed
response – some were resistant to the idea of going around making a statement;
others were fairly neutral;
¾ the cloth bag was, overall, slightly more appealing than the satchel, but attracted
much the same response with regard to the slogan
¾ the expandable net bag was universally rejected. Respondents resisted the idea
of other people being able to see what they had bought.
• Significantly, apart from the re-usable bags bought in supermarkets, respondents could
not see themselves re-using any of the alternatives for their grocery/food shopping.
y:jn2094\2094pres
21 Andrew Irving Associates
3.10 Ways of Stimulating More / More Extensive Use of B4L
• We suspect that currently supermarkets were going through the motions rather than
really seeking to change customer behaviour with regard to bag usage. Customers were
following the supermarkets’ lead.
• Indications that currently take up and usage of B4L was being held back by a
combination of factors relating to:
¾ consumer awareness and understanding of the problem
¾ consumer awareness and acceptance of B4L as a satisfactory solution
¾ ingrained habit amongst most consumers of accepting bag supplied by store
¾ supermarkets promoting/encouraging purchase of B4L
¾ supermarkets encouraging re-use of B4L/discouraging use of single use bags at
POS
¾ consumers remembering to re-use B4L /developing a B4L habit
¾ stores developing policies that encourage B4L usage (e.g. charging for single use
bags, not using bag as proof of purchase, etc.)
• In order to start changing behaviour in this area there needs to be changes to both the
consumer and retailer approach:
Amongst Consumers…
• As yet most have not really taken on board single use bags as a problem that needs to
be addressed. They need to be made more conscious of and concerned about the
adverse environmental impact of single use bags, the length of time they take to decay,
the unsightly and harmful effects of litter etc., and what they can do to alleviate this
problem.
• Following on from this most consumers still need to be fully educated about the
existence of B4L and informed how and why they represent a practical and effective
means of addressing the scourge of single use bags.
y:jn2094\2094pres
22 Andrew Irving Associates
Amongst Retailers …
• More could be done to raise awareness of B4Ls by, for example, displaying them more
prominently at checkouts and having posters, etc., advertising their existence.
• Furthermore checkout staff might invite customers to try B4L, and at the same time be
less extravagant with free single use bags.
• Charging for single use bags would also provide a further incentive to encourage use of
B4Ls. It was frequently noted that in Aldi and Lidl, where there was a charge of 3p for
each single use bag, customers were more inclined to re-use old single use bags.
“You are already getting loyalty points anyway and they add
up. You don’t think about loyalty points every trip, you just
think about them when they come in the post every few
months when you’ve got £5 off or £10 off or whatever.”
• The idea of supermarkets/retailers offering to donate money to charity met with a mixed
response. There was some feeling that a local charity might be easier for people to
identify with. However, many were sceptical about how any such scheme would or could
work in practice.
• For these schemes to be acceptable to all consumers, the definition of B4L would need
to be extended to where customers use their own bag.
• Currently, High Street outlets seem to have little interest in promoting the B4L concept.
Consideration might be given to developing initiatives which could help to bring them on
board.
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23 Andrew Irving Associates
More generally …
• There was some feeling that a generic B4L identity and branding would help to
communicate the B4L concept and values as well as making them more universally
appealing and acceptable across different outlets.
• In this context, consideration might be given to making the design of the supermarket
bags more neutral and acceptable to all, with less focus on store branding.
• To develop some momentum behind a shift towards greater usage of B4L, a co-
ordinated marketing approach is required.
• Ideally, a mass media advertising campaign operating both in the national media and at
point of sale, would help to kick start the shift towards B4L.
• There were some suggestions that both the education process about B4L and
developing the motivation to use B4L might be stimulated and enhanced via school
initiatives encouraging children to encourage their parents to get involved.
“If they told our kids at school and they came home and started
telling us then it would make us older ones aware who don’t
normally listen to things. When your kids are telling you things,
if you go into schools and preach to the kids how important it is
to re-use your carrier bags the kids then come home and tell
us adults. You would listen then.”
• At this stage we suspect that any build up of B4L usage needs to start in the
supermarkets. In the High Street, there are additional barriers, relating to the fact that
the shopping is often less planned and the shopping itself is more indulgent and image-
laden.
• In time and with education consumers should become more aware and accustomed to
re-using bags beyond the supermarket context.
y:jn2094\2094pres
24 Andrew Irving Associates
APPENDICES
1. Recruitment Questionnaire
2. Discussion Guide
3. Omnibus Questionnaire
y:jn2094\2094pres
25 Andrew Irving Associates
Andrew Irving Associates JN2094
Lloyds Bank Buildings Recruitment Questionnaire
Muswell Hill Broadway
London N10 3RZ January 2005
Tel. 020 8444 5678
Address:
Good morning / afternoon. I am from Andrew Irving Associates and we are conducting some
market research in this area on people’s attitudes towards shopping. Could you help us,
please? Thank you very much, but first of all can I ask a few questions to make sure that we
talk to the right cross-section of people.
Q1. Do you or any members of your immediate family/close friends work in/for …
READ OUT/SHOW CARD A
Market research 1
Retail marketing 2
Retailer or consumer advertising 3
Public Relations or Journalism 4
Retailing, i.e. shops or stores 5
Any company involved in the manufacture 6 Close
distribution or retailing of plastic bags
Any company involved in waste collection 7
or disposal
Any company involved in the recycling of 8
waste products
Environmental lobby groups, e.g. Greenpeace 9
Friends of the Earth, etc.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
None of the above 10 Q3
y:jn2094\2094q
JN2094 2 January 2005
Q8. Are you an active member of any environmental lobby group such as Greenpeace or Friends
of the Earth?
Yes 1 Close
----------------------------------------
No 2 Q9
JN2094 4 January 2005
Q9. Finally, have you taken part in any market Yes 1 Close
research group discussion in the last ----------------------------------------
6 months? No 2 Recruit
If respondent fits quota, send him/her an invitation card confirming date, time and location of the
interview. Make sure that respondent’s name, address and telephone number, and the date and time of
the interview is clearly recorded on the front of the questionnaire so that you can telephone him/her with a
reminder to attend.
I hereby declare this questionnaire has been completed according to the instructions and the Market
Research Society’s Code of Conduct, and that the respondent was unknown to me at the time of recruitment.
RECRUITER’S NAME:
SIGNED: DATE:
Topic Guide
1. Warm up
• Explain about purpose of discussion, tape recording etc.
• Invite respondents to introduce themselves in terms of occupation, interests,
circumstances, children in household, car ownership, etc.
• General approach to shopping – what kind of shopping do they do more / less
often?
• Supermarket, high street, clothes, DIY, etc.? When? Where? How?
• Spontaneous concerns about issues relating to shopping? Probe for any
spontaneous reference to environmental concerns
2
7. Reactions to a selection of B4L products
• Size & shape
• Look / appearance / street “appeal”
• Material used
• Perceived durability/ruggedness
• Functionality / ease of use, etc.
• Probe reactions to examples of bags from:
* grocery multiples – e.g. M&S, Sainsbury, Tesco, Superquinn, Carrefour, etc
* “Designer stores” – e.g. Prada, Liberty, Harrods, Fortnum and Mason
* Overseas – e.g. Monoprix handbag pouch
* Fashion outlets – e.g., FCUK, Accessorize
• Appeal of different types of shapes and formats – e.g.
* wheeled trolley
* rucksack
* standard sized carrier bag
* drawstring bag
* handbag pouch
* string bag
• Preferences for aesthetics/material/size (e.g. plain colour, “Save the planet” type
campaigning slogan, fashion icon image, e.g. FCUK, accessorize examples,
attractive prints, e.g. floral/natural/stripes, etc.)
• Views on retailer branding on bags – would this prevent wider usage
• Views on using bags to communicate a message – e.g. “save the planet” /
“recycle” / “it’s fantastic to use less plastic” type message
9. Self-Completion Questionnaire
3
114701 BAGS FOR LIFE SECTION
Thinking now about "bags for life" by which I mean the strong carrier bags that you buy from supermarkets and
other retailers to use every time you shop and which are replaced free of charge when they wear out.
Q1 Which of these describes your experience of "bags for life"? READ OUT, ROTATE ORDER, TICK
START. SINGLE CODE ONLY.
ASK Q2 IF BOUGHT ONE OR MORE OF BAGS FOR LIFE (CODE 2 AT Q1) OTHERS TO NEXT
SECTION
Q2 How often do you use one of these "bags for life" when you go shopping? READ OUT, FLIP
SCALE, TICK START. SINGLE CODE ONLY.
Q3 What type of bag do you usually use when you shop in . . . . . . . . . . . . .? READ OUT, ROTATE
ORDER OF EACH TYPE OF SHOP AND BAG, TICK START. SINGLE CODE ONLY.
Supermarkets Clothes shops High street shops other than DIY stores
or grocers for clothing or groceries
The free carrier bags provided in the shop at 1 1 1 1
the time
"Bags for life" previously bought from a 2 2 2 2
retailer
Old carrier bags which I am re-using but 3 3 3 3
which are not "bags for life"
My own bag, basket, rucksack or trolley 4 4 4 4
Other (specify) 99 99 99 99
Attitude to Recycling 1
Frequency of Supermarket Shopping 3
Supermarkets Shop 4
Driving to the Supermarket 6
Making Use of Free Vest Bags 7
Vest Bags: Dislikes 9
Number of Vest Bags Use Each Week 11
Reusing Vest Bags 13
Other Uses for Vest Bags 14
How Dispose of Excess Vest Bags 15
Use of Alternatives to Vest Bags 16
B4L: Awareness & Purchasing 18
Reasons for Purchasing a B4L 20
Other Uses for a B4L 21
Number of B4Ls in Home 22
Use of B4Ls For Grocery Shopping 22
Remembering / Forgetting B4L 23
Replacing B4Ls 24
Recognise the Term ‘Bag for Life’ 25
Interest in a ‘Bag for Life’ 27
Reasons for Resisting B4Ls : Verbatims 32
Reasons for Buying a B4L 33
Ideas for Promoting B4Ls 36
B4L: Alternative Designs 38
Attitudes to Vest Bags 41
Appendix: Questionnaire 43
The content of the questionnaire was partly based on the findings that emerged from
the initial qualitative stage. This proved to be particularly valuable in helping us to
produce appropriate and comprehensive attitudinal statements.
In total we conducted 1048 street interviews across GB, dividing the interviews
across the regions according to their relative populations (accepting that we needed
to book a number of whole interviewer-days in each). Fieldwork took place between
2nd-10th March 2005, a period marked by blizzard conditions and heavy snowfalls
across many parts of the country. Around a third of our interviewers complained
about the length of the questionnaire; if the survey is repeated we need to reduce the
number of questions.
Quotas were set to represent the adult GB population by gender, age and SEG (we
allowed interviewers some flexibility to reflect the profile of their allocated sampling
point). We only excluded those few who rarely or never shop in supermarkets.
Completed questionnaires were returned to the office for checking and coding, we
also conducted a minimum of 10% telephone check-backs on the work of each
interviewer. On this project the work of all interviewers proved to be satisfactory.
Data processing was conducted by a specialist bureau to our specifications.
Male
Female
18-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65+
Married / co-hab
Single / wid / div
AB
C1
C2
D
E
Scotland
North
Wales & W / Mids /East
London & South
18-24 10
25-34 17
35-44 21
45-54 18
55-64 16
65+ 18
Married / co-hab 58
Single / wid / div 41
AB 13
C1 31
C2 23
D 16
E 17
Scotland 9
Border 2
North East 5
North West 9
Yorkshire 11
Wales & West 9
Midlands 16
East 7
London 17
South & South East 10
South West 4
The above data formed the basis of the chart on the previous page.
y/:jn2094/2094rep iii Andrew Irving Associates
Summary & Conclusions
One in three like to think they recycle everything that can be recycled, 14% admit
that they do not recycle at all (higher among <35s and DEs).
Four-fifths put ‘practically everything’ into vest bags on their main supermarket
shopping trip.
The environmental impact of vest bags is not salient; people are far more likely to
talk about functional problems (bags splitting etc) than ecological concerns.
Three-fifths admit that they ‘do not even think about recycling’ while at the
supermarket checkout.
People typically guess that they use 10, a dozen or half a dozen vest bags a week,
two-fifths admit to using a dozen or more. The average (mean) of these guesses is
just over 8 bags per week (across GB this would equate to 10 billion per annum).
However three-fifths tell us they reuse all of their vest bags, very few discard all vest
bags (10% of <35s and DEs).
Most vest bags are being used to collect other rubbish, most commonly as kitchen
bin liners. Few people reuse vest bags for supermarket shopping.
Half pick up more vest bags than they have a use for. Most excess bags go into
general household rubbish. Just 8% take vest bags to a recycling point.
Two-fifths have bought a reusable plastic bag at the supermarket checkout, but we
suspect that we are under-representing household penetration of B4Ls (some will
not realise their partner has bought). Penetration is higher among 45-64s, lower
among ABs, and among those who rarely or never recycle (generally).
While half of women and 30% of men have paid for a carrier bag at the checkout,
most simply wanted a stronger bag for their shopping on that occasion.
13% of all supermarket shoppers claim to use a B4L most times they shop.
The main problem is simply that you forget to take the bag with you, unless you keep
it handy in your pocket / handbag or in the car.
Only a third of purchasers realise the bag would be replaced free, and only a third of
these have asked a supermarket to replace a bag (=12% of purchasers, 5% of all
supermarket customers).
Three-fifths of supermarket shoppers (70% of women) recognise the term ‘Bags for
Life’.
Only one in three are interested in purchasing a B4L in the future. There is more
motivation from being able to acquire stronger bags (particularly DEs) than for
reducing the waste from vest bags (although ABs are more receptive). Clearly both
aspects need to be stressed; this is a product that benefits both the consumer and
the environment.
While it may be unpopular, charging for vest bags would certainly encourage people
to purchase B4Ls instead. Only one in five think they could be persuaded to buy a
B4L by being told about the environmental damage caused by vest bags. Certainly
those who do not recycle are very unlikely to want to hear any ecological arguments.
From the three examples we showed, there is most enthusiasm for the (Irish) Green
Bag, which half of women and a third of men say they would use on their main
supermarket shop.
I recycle sometimes 23
I do not recycle 14
We asked this standard WRAP question about recycling at the end of the survey; we
did not want to focus our respondents on this issue before we had asked about
plastic bags in detail.
In reality there can be very few households who actually recycle everything that can
be recycled, although one in three like to think that they do, this proportion increasing
with age (from just one in four of the under-35s through to 45% of the 65+).
At this point in the interview respondents would now be aware of the purpose of our
survey, since preceding questions referred to the ecological impact of the waste from
plastic bags. In spite of this 145 (14%) are prepared to admit that they do not recycle
at all, and the proportion is much higher among the under-35s (23%, compared with
13% of 35-44s, through to just 6% of the 65+.) Only 9% of ABC1s tell us they do not
recycle, compared with 14% of C2s and 20% of DEs.
In our full tabulations we show all questions cross-analysed by those who claim to
recycle everything / a lot (the first two codes), by those who recycle only sometimes,
and by those who never recycle. Overleaf we show demographic differences in
attitudes towards recycling.
y:jn2094\2094pres Andrew Irving Associates
Attitude to Recycling
Recycle a lot / all Some / None
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
AB 75% 25%
C1 68% 32%
C2 63% 37%
DE 54% 46%
Above we combine the ‘top two’ and ‘bottom two’ statements from the question on
recycling, and contrast the opinions among different demographic groups. This
highlights the age and SEG differences discussed on the previous page, and also
shows that the majority of our 95 respondents in Glasgow and Edinburgh admit that
they rarely (25 of them) or never (33) recycle.
y/:jn2094/2094rep 2 Andrew Irving Associates
Frequency of Supermarket Shopping
QA About how frequently do you personally shop in supermarkets nowadays?
Q1 How frequently do you or your household go to the supermarket for your main grocery
shop, as opposed to buying just a few grocery items?
Main h/h
Personally Grocery Shop
Base: all (1048) (1048)
% %
4 times a week or more 14 3
Once a week 35 65
Once a month 3 5
Less often * 2
We excluded those who never shop in supermarkets. Over 90% of our respondents
are in the supermarket at least once a week, indeed most are shopping in
supermarkets at least twice a week.
Two-thirds of households are still in the habit of doing one main shopping trip each
week, while the proportion who do their main grocery shop more frequently is
roughly the same as the proportion who shop less frequently than this.
y/:jn2094/2094rep 3 Andrew Irving Associates
Supermarkets Shop
Q2a Which supermarket do you use for your main shop?
Q2b And which supermarket or shop do you use when you go for just a few grocery items?
0% 10% 20% 30% 40%
Tesco
ASDA
Safeway / Morrison’s
Sainsbury’s
Somerfield
Co-op
KwikSave
Iceland
Waitrose
Co-op and corner shops are also used for top-up shopping, although many simply
return to their main supermarket.
The above data formed the basis of the chart on the previous page.
Usually Drive…
For ‘Main’ Top-Up
Shop Shop
Base: all (1048) (1048)
% %
Usually drive 64 43
Do not 35 55
No main / 1 2
top-up shop
Two-thirds drive to the supermarket for their main weekly shop – the proportion is
lowest among the under-35s (55%) and the 65+ (59%), among DEs (43%), and
among our Scots (47%).
Only 43% drive to purchase their top-up shopping – a third of those who drive for
their main shopping therefore use other means for their top-up shop (we met only 11
people who drive for top-up shopping but not for their main shop).
y/:jn2094/2094rep 6 Andrew Irving Associates
Making Use of Free Vest Bags
100% 1% 1%
8% Don’t do main
90%
11% shop / top-up
50%
30%
Mainly use vest
bags, also use
20%
other
10%
Put practically
everything into
0%
vest bags
Main Top-Up
Grocery Shop
Shop
Note that the question asked about ‘free plastic carrier bags’ – we refer to ‘vest bags’
frequently in our reporting, but this term does not appear in our questionnaire.
Vest bags are ubiquitous; those who put practically everything into vest bags on their
main shopping trip outnumber those who rarely or never use vest bags by 10:1. 18%
of the 55+ (but only 7% of the under-55s) rarely use vest bags or only put some
items into vest bags on their main shop (the green portion on our chart).
Even for top-up shopping, over three-quarters are putting practically everything into
vest bags, while 15% (but almost a quarter of the 55+) rarely use vest bags for their
top-up shopping or only put some items into vest bags .
Main Top-Up
Base: all (1048) (1048)
% %
I put practically everything 79 77
into the free plastic carrier bags
The above data formed the basis of the chart on the previous page.
1st All
mention mentions
Base: all (1048) (1048)
% %
Anything disliked 55 55
Environmentally unfriendly / 5 7
non biodegradable
Such a waste / Get given so many 4 5
Cause litter 2 3
Too small 1 2
Other comments 2 2
Nothing disliked 44 44
DK / NA 1 1
Note that at this point on the survey we have only asked about grocery shopping and
their use of free plastic carrier bags, questions on recycling appear at the end of the
questionnaire. We decided to explore the salience of the recycling issue in relation to
vest bags by asking a very general unprompted question, getting people to tell us
what, if anything, they dislike about free plastic carrier bags.
While many have no complaints about vest bags, those who complain about
functional problems (they split, handles cut into your hand, difficult to open)
outnumber those who think to mention environmental concerns by a factor of 7:2
(42% first mention the functional problems itemised above, while just 12% talk about
the various environmental concerns).
y/:jn2094/2094rep 9 Andrew Irving Associates
Vest Bags: Dislikes : Verbatim Comments
Nothing disliked – they are free – you can’t complain
Handles are so thin you can’t put much in them as they cut into your hand
I’ve had tins roll down the high street because the bottom has fallen out of the bag
They rustle – I don’t like the noise they make
Sometimes they smell absolutely horrible- like car tyres
Risk of suffocation
There’s nothing wrong if people dispose of them properly – they’re a menace when they
blow around the countryside
Not disposed of properly and a litter nuisance – dangerous to drivers as well when blowing
about
I know they’re not environmentally friendly – I do feel guilty
They don’t biodegrade fast – we should be charged for them
They’re plastic- not biodegradable – should have paper ones like America
They shouldn’t be allowed – paper bags should be used for environmental purposes
Too easy – stops you using other things and I don’t like that they are non biodegradable
People don’t recycle them
It’s a disgrace- they should be 50p each – there’s so many of them and they don’t degrade.
The shopkeepers always offer you them even if you don’t really want one
They are pushed on you – they just assume you want them and pack your shopping – we end
up putting them in our trolley, but they have wasted so many bags – they never ask you
Should charge for them – something like a landfill tax
Inconvenient without, but it seems to work in Ireland
I use bags for life, because it saves production
Above we show some verbatim comments taken from the questionnaires – we have
included a higher proportion of the comments that relate to ecological concerns.
None
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13-14
15
16-19
20
21-29
30
More
Of course few people will know exactly how many vest bags their household uses
each week, which is why we often hear people guessing that they use 10, a dozen or
half a dozen. Around two-fifths admit to using a dozen or more each week, and at
the top-end we met two people who each told us they use 50/wk. In our full
tabulations we show all questions broken down separately by those who claim to use
under 10/wk, and those who use 10+/wk. Just 35 people do not use any vest bags
(=3%, 20 of them are 55+, 14 are DE).
The average of all of these very approximate estimates is just over 8 bags per week
(=430 bags per year). As there are approaching 25m GB households, this equates to
10 billion vest bags per annum through supermarkets.
y/:jn2094/2094rep 11 Andrew Irving Associates
Number of Vest Bags Use Each Week
Q6 In total, about how many of these free plastic carrier bags do you think you and your
household pick up from supermarkets and other grocery stores each week?
Don’t know 6
The above data formed the basis of the chart on the previous page.
DK / NA 3
While a staggering number of ‘disposable’ bags are taken home from supermarkets
each week, the vast majority of these bags are being reused somehow.
Half of the under-35s, rising to 70% of those aged 65+, tell us they reuse all of their
vest bags, while just 10% of the under-35s and DEs (and 5% of the 65+) discard all
their bags. Those who collect the most bags (i.e. the ~40% with 10+/wk) not
surprisingly are less likely to have uses for all of their bags, although they are no
more likely to discard all of their bags.
y/:jn2094/2094rep 13 Andrew Irving Associates
Other Uses for Vest Bags
Q8 What do you mainly use them for? PROBE What else do you use them for?
Most vest bags are being used to collect other rubbish, most commonly as kitchen
bin liners. Most vest bags are therefore going into the general household rubbish
collection.
Just 87 people reuse vest bags for supermarket shopping (62 of whom tell us this is
their main use for these bags) – however we notice that these households are
almost as likely to be picking up 10+ vest bags per week from the supermarket as
the sample as a whole (i.e. 33% of them do so, as opposed to 37%).
Most vest bags are reused, but the vast majority of these will still end up in with other
general household waste. However there is still the question of what happens to the
bags that are not reused – half of our respondents tell us they pick up more vest
bags than they have a use for, while just over one in five reuse no more than half of
the bags they receive (these subdividing fairly evenly between three groups; those
who reuse half, some or none).
Unfortunately most of the bags that people do not have a use for also go straight into
general household rubbish.
Just 87 of these households (8% of the total, or 16% of those who do not reuse all
their vest bags) recycle excess bags by either taking them back to the supermarket
(e.g. Tesco and JS customers) or other recycling points (only one person told us
they do both). Just 23 pass them on for other shops to reuse.
Your own
shopping bag
Reusable
strong carrier
bag
Re-use (vest)
bag…
Cardboard
boxes from
store
Wine carriers
/ wine box
Main
Shopping Shop
bag on
wheels
Reg/Occ
Just 37% (but half of the 55+) tell us they at least sometimes use containers other
than vest bags on their main supermarket shopping trip. 45% at least sometimes use
containers other than vest bags for top-up shopping (57% of 55+). Within these
figures are some containers which are picked up in store (cardboard boxes which
some use occasionally, and wine carriers). 10% regularly use their own shopping
bag on their main supermarket shopping trip (a fifth of those aged 55+, but only 6%
of under-55s), while 4% regularly use a shopping bag on wheels (7% of 55+).
While we do pick up use of B4Ls at this question, we ask specifically about these
later in the questionnaire; of course the fact that some people are using them does
not mean that they are necessarily reusing them; some could be purchasing these
bags for single-use.
The above data formed the basis of the chart on the previous page.
We later prompt with a more detailed description of Bags for Life, although the
version used at the above question should be sufficient to remind those who have
actually bought one of these bags.
The earlier omnibus survey showed around one in three adults had purchased a
B4L. On our survey among supermarket shoppers we present the concept in a
slightly different way, describing these as bags which are bought for 10p and which
can be reused (but we do not mention the fact that they can be replaced free until
later in the interview).
We find that two-fifths of supermarket shoppers have bought a reusable plastic bag
at the checkout =416 of our respondents (a further 21 tell us that another household
member has bought a reusable bag.). Within our figures will be some who visit
discounters which routinely charge for bags (indeed 18 of the 25 who are main
shoppers in Lidl / Aldi / Netto tell us they have bought a reusable carrier bag).
However we suspect that our figures (and those of the omnibus) may still under-
represent household penetration, since there will undoubtedly be those who do not
realise that their partner has bought a B4L.
Male 30%
Female 48%
18-34 35%
35-44 35%
45-54 49%
55-64 48%
65+ 36%
AB 28%
C1 39%
C2 41%
DE 44%
North 41%
ASDA 37%
Sainsbury's 31%
Half of the women we interviewed have paid for a carrier bag at the checkout.
Penetration is also higher among 45-64s, it is lower among ABs, and among those
who rarely or never recycle (generally).
y/:jn2094/2094rep 19 Andrew Irving Associates
Reasons for Purchasing a B4L
Q13a What were the main reasons why you decided to buy these bags?
PROBE What other reasons?
Main All
Reason Reasons
Base: purchased a B4L (437) (437)
% %
Wanted a stronger bag to use for my shopping 66 73
The bags are more attractive 6 8
The bags are cheap / inexpensive 1 8
They are bigger 1 4
Other reasons 3 5
DK / NA 1 1
While half of women and 30% of men have paid for a carrier bag at the checkout, most
simply wanted a stronger bag for their shopping on that occasion. Only one-in-four talked
about wanting a bag they could reuse in the supermarket (and even two-thirds of these
talked about some other reason for purchase before they mentioned reuse). In total 13%
of those who have bought a bag at checkout tell us their main reason was to be able to
reuse the bag in the supermarket (8%) or because of various environmental / ecological
concerns (5% – when we add in their other (i.e. non-main) reasons for purchase this rises
to 16% of purchasers, the proportion is higher among ABC1 purchasers than C2DEs).
y/:jn2094/2094rep 20 Andrew Irving Associates
Other Uses for a B4L
Q13b After you’ve bought these bags and used them once to take your shopping home,
what do you mainly use these bags for? PROBE What else do you use them for?
Other uses 1 6
Keep / put into cupboard 1 1
Do not have a use for them 11 11
Use for my Avon
Carry my hairdressing stuff in
Use for car booting
Store bills in
Store motor cycle parts in them
Keep paperwork dry in the car
Archaeological storage
While the main motivation for purchasing a B4L may be to obtain a stronger bag, most
purchasers tell us they do reuse these bags for supermarket shopping; relatively few
of these bags go straight into household rubbish. The bags are also used for other
(i.e. non-supermarket) shopping, and for storage. In total 65% tell us the main use is
for shopping, compared with 9% who mainly use these bags for rubbish.
Sometimes 26
Rarely 14
Never 28
Two-fifths have three or more of these bags, while one in six have bought a B4L in
the past but no longer have one.
Only one-third of those who have bought a bag at the checkout tell us they regularly
reuse their bag for grocery shopping, the proportion ranging from just one in five of
purchasers aged under-35 through to 45% of the 65+. In total we have 68 people
who use their B4L every time they shop for groceries (i.e. 7% of all supermarket
shoppers), a further 70 who use their B4L most of the time (13% of all supermarket
shoppers claim to use a B4L every time or most times they shop).
y/:jn2094/2094rep 22 Andrew Irving Associates
Remembering / Forgetting B4L
Q13e How do you make sure that you remember to take the bags with you?
Q13e Why do you not re-use these bags for grocery shopping more frequently? Any other
reasons? DO NOT PROMPT
How Remember
Base: use their B4L every time / most times (138)
%
Keep in handbag / pocket 28
Keep in trolley / car 28
Just do / it’s a habit 25
Keep in the same place (by the front door etc) 8
With my shopping list 4
Others 4
DK / NA 9
The main problem is simply that you forget to take the bag with you, unless you keep
it handy in your pocket / handbag or in the car.
When we initially described these bags we did not mention free replacement as part
of the concept. Of course bags purchased from discounters may not be replaced
free, but given the relatively small market share of these stores, it must be the case
that most purchasers have indeed bought a B4L. However most do not realise their
supermarket would replace a worn-out bag.
Only a third of purchasers realise the bag would be replaced free, and only a third of
these have actually asked a supermarket to replace a bag (this is 54 people, 12% of
purchasers, which equates to 5% of all supermarket customers – 30 of them are
aged 55+, 20 mainly shop Tesco, 12 ASDA, 10 JS).
Have not 37
DK 2
We now showed (and read out) a full description of a B4L to all our respondents,
including the term ‘Bag for Life’ and including reference to free replacement.
Three-fifths of supermarket shoppers recognise the term ‘Bags for Life’ in this
context. Just over half of those who had not purchased recognised the term, while a
quarter of those who had purchased a bag at the checkout appear not to know that
these are called ‘Bags for Life’.
y/:jn2094/2094rep 25 Andrew Irving Associates
Recognise the Term ‘Bag for Life’
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%
Male 51%
Female 70%
18-34 61%
35-44 68%
45-54 65%
55-64 66%
65+ 46%
AB 60%
Aware C1 65%
of B4L C2 61%
DE 59%
North 54%
ASDA 59%
Sainsbury's 60%
70% of women recognise the term ‘Bags for Life’. The 65+ and those who rarely or
never recycle are less likely to recognise the expression.
We have now explained the concept of a Bag for Life, which most people were
already familiar with. But still only one in three are interested in purchasing a B4L
(definitely + probably), while a higher proportion say they will not buy. Overleaf we
examine the extent to which those from different demographic groups are receptive
to the concept.
y/:jn2094/2094rep 27 Andrew Irving Associates
Definitely + Probably Use ‘Bag for Life’
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
Male 30%
Female 37%
18-34 30%
35-44 30%
45-54 32%
55-64 39%
65+ 40%
C2 38%
DE 37%
North 36%
ASDA 33%
Sainsbury's 36%
There is most widespread interest among women, the 55+ and C2DEs. Those who
rarely or never recycle are less likely to be interested in a B4L. Three-fifths of those
who have bought in the past are interested in using a Bag for Life in the future.
y/:jn2094/2094rep 28 Andrew Irving Associates
‘Bag for Life’: Reasons for Interest
Q15b Why do you say that? PROBE What other reasons?
Those who pick the mid-point of our scale saying simply that they ‘might’ buy are in
reality unlikely to buy a B4L. On the plus side it’s a stronger bag, but some wonder
whether they would remember to take it with them.
y/:jn2094/2094rep 30 Andrew Irving Associates
‘Bag for Life’: Reasons Would Not Buy
Q15b Why do you say that? PROBE What other reasons?
44% would not buy a B4L. We hear that it is easier and free to use ordinary vest
bags, and in any case you’d never remember to take a B4L with you when you go
shopping.
I think I should be given free bags for groceries – they cost enough
They’ve got a cheek asking you to pay for something that advertises them
A good idea, but I would need quite a few and would I remember to take them with me
I think it’s a good idea, but free ones are always there and the assistant prepares them for you
I like to put different things in different bags – meat, veg and soap
Like my shopping to be packed and chatted to … if I have my own bag I have to pack
It’s easy to get them from the supermarket each week and there’s nowhere to store them at
home and they don’t last for life
(I am already) more eco friendly and practical – I reuse all free bags
They would be too heavy when they were full- we break the shopping up into small amounts
and would need a lot of them
Have to remember to take it with you and buy bin liners as well
Would have to take it round the shop with me
Could lose it or forget to take it- put it away – difficult enough to remember your Club Card
I’d never remember to take it with me, and its too big for lunchtime when I get 2 or 3 items
Go shopping after work and wouldn’t want to take the bag to work with me
I think ideally a material bag or basket type bag is better, not plastic at all. My mum and
granny use them for all their shopping
I’m a 28 year old lad and would feel embarrassed
Look girly
Look awful – it’s a pensioners thing – goes with the shopping trolley
Its gets worn and scruffy looking
They would accumulate germs
I can’t see how you can get something so strong that it can last a lifetime
I haven’t got much life left
Three-quarters of our respondents tell us they will not use a B4L, or that at best they
just ‘might’ use one. Above we have selected a number of the reasons they give for
resisting use of these bags, to illustrate the barriers that need to be overcome.
We now prompted with a number of arguments for buying a B4L and asked which
are most persuasive (and which are irrelevant or untrue – see overleaf). See the
appended questionnaire for the full wording of each statement.
Above we have resequenced the statements with the most powerful arguments at
the top, the least relevant at the bottom.
Within our list of reasons we have included a mix of functional and ecological /
environmental arguments. 34% of DE supermarket shoppers through to only 13% of
ABs think that the most important reason to purchase is that the bags are stronger.
However 29% of ABs through to just 13% of DEs think that the most important
reason is that a B4L is better for the environment. Clearly both aspects need to be
stressed; this is a product that benefits both the consumer and the environment.
43% find that at least one of these arguments is irrelevant to them, indeed in
response to a direct question one-in-five tell us that at least one statement is actually
untrue. However the one statement which is most likely to be deemed irrelevant
relates to the attractiveness of the bags.
No Not
Most persuasive
interest true
1st 1st+2nd All
Base: all (1048) (1048) (1048) (1048) (1048)
% % % % %
Select any of these 90 90 90 43 20
The above data formed the basis of the charts on the preceding pages. Note that we
have abbreviated the statements for the table and charts; see appended
questionnaire for full versions.
y/:jn2094/2094rep 35 Andrew Irving Associates
Ideas for Promoting B4Ls
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
We now show various options for promoting B4Ls, to establish which would be most
likely to encourage their use (irrespective of whether or not the consumer actually
approves of the introduction of each measure). Again we have abbreviated the
statements for our charts, see the appended questionnaire for the full wording.
Certainly charging for vest bags would encourage the purchase of B4Ls. If
supermarkets started charging for vest bags they would doubtless need to give some
explanation, however it is surprising that only around one in five (all SEG groups)
think they could be persuaded by being told about the environmental damage
caused by vest bags. Certainly those who do not recycle are very unlikely to want to
hear any ecological arguments.
y/:jn2094/2094rep 36 Andrew Irving Associates
Ideas for Promoting B4Ls
Q17a SHOWCARD F
Which one of these would be most likely to encourage you to start using ‘Bags for Life’?
Q17b And which other ideas would encourage you to start using ‘Bags for Life’?
Most
persuasive
Most All
Base: all (1048) (104
% 8)
%
Select any of these 87 87
The above data formed the basis of the chart on the previous page.
Statements are shown in full here, but were abbreviated for the chart.
A fabric bag with a rigid base A fabric bag that folds away into
Stronger plastic bags
Approx 30cm / 12" wide a small pouch
approx 43cm / 17" wide
Approx 23cm / 9" deep (shown on left)
Available in various designs
Available in a variety of colours Bag approx 38cm / 15" wide
and colours
Available in a variety of colours
100%
90%
80%
70%
definitely
not buy &
60%
use
probably
50% not buy &
use
40%
might buy
30% 21% & use
17%
20% 16% 16% 14%
probably 15%
buy & use
10% 21% 17%
13% 11% 12% 11%
0% definitely
buy & use
Green Current Folding Green Current Folding
Bag Bag
For Main Shop For Top-Up Shop
We showed three examples of reusable bags. There is slightly more interest in each
for a main grocery shop than for a top-up shop, and there is most widespread
enthusiasm for the (Irish) Green Bag, which 48% of women and 34% of men say
they would use on their main supermarket shop.
y/:jn2094/2094rep 38 Andrew Irving Associates
Definitely + Probably Buy
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%
Male 46%
Female 72%
18-34 60%
35-44 55%
45-54 63%
55-64 63%
65+ 57%
AB 57%
Def /
Prob C1 57%
buy C2 58%
ANY DE 63%
North 65%
ASDA 62%
Sainsbury's 56%
Here we have combined all the various parts of this question, to examine the extent
to which each demographic group would (definitely or probably) use at least one of
these examples of bags, either for their main grocery shop or for a top-up shop.
Overall 59% would use one of these bags, with more interest among women, least
interest among those who rarely or never recycle. All ages and SEGs express an
interest (and there is little variation by age and SEG in the response to each bag).
y/:jn2094/2094rep 39 Andrew Irving Associates
B4L: Alternative Designs
Q18a SHOWCARD G I would like to show you some designs for Bags for Life.
Please tell me how interested you are in each for your main grocery shop.
Firstly…
Q18b SHOWCARD G And how interested are you in each when you go for just a few grocery
items. Firstly…
The above data formed the basis of the charts shown earlier.
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Having established the use of vest bags and B4Ls and the salient issues, we now prompt
with various attitudinal statements, which we show in full on the above chart. This is the
penultimate question on the survey (before the question on recycling, data for which we
showed earlier.) The order of reading out the various statements was rotated.
Above we have resequenced the statements according to the extent to which supermarket
shoppers agree with each. By now respondents will have realised the purpose of our
survey, and some may start to give more socially desirable responses.
Of course people do not want to risk damaging supermarket purchases, and two-thirds
agree they will use extra bags at the check-out to protect items (71% of under 45s, 63% of
over-45s, 73% of C2DEs). It is not inconsistent to say that you also use as few bags as
possible at the checkout, which 70% claim to do (from 64% of under-35s through to 82% of
the 65+). However three-fifths admit that they do not even think about recycling while at
the supermarket checkout (two-thirds of under-35s and of DEs).
Agree Disagree
Base: all (1048) strongly slightly slightly strongly DK
Supermarkets should do more to 47% 36% 8% 4% 4%
encourage customers to return
waste packaging to the store for
recycling
The above data formed the basis of the chart on the previous page.
.....................…….....……….......................... .....................…….....………...................................
Q3a Do you usually drive to the supermarket for your main grocery shop? PROMPT
Q3b And do you usually drive when you go for just a few grocery items?
Q5 Is there anything at all that you dislike about the free plastic carrier bags? PROBE What else?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
Q8 What do you mainly use them for? PROBE What else do you use them for?
RECORD MAIN & OTHER Mainly Other
(38) (40)
Reuse for supermarket shopping 1 1
Reuse for other shopping 2 2
Use as a bin-liner in kitchen 3 3
Use as a bin-liner in other rooms 4 4
Put rubbish into it then throw it away (but not using it to line a bin) 5 5
For packed lunches 6 6
For dog / cat / pet mess 7 7
To store things at home 8 8
(47)
I have bought 1
ASK Q13a
I have not bought personally, but others in my household have bought 2
Q13b After you’ve bought these bags and used them once to take your shopping home,
what do you mainly use these bags for? PROBE What else do you use them for?
RECORD MAIN & OTHER Mainly Other
(52) (54)
Reuse for supermarket shopping 1 1
Reuse for other shopping 2 2
Use as a bin-liner in kitchen 3 3
Use as a bin-liner in other rooms 4 4
Put rubbish into it then throw it away (but not using it to line a bin) 5 5
For packed lunches 6 6
For dog / cat / pet mess 7 7
To store things at home 8 8
Q13d How frequently do you re-use these bags for your grocery shopping?
(57)
Every time 1
Most of the time 2
ASK
APPROPRIATE
Sometimes 3 a
VERSION OF Q13e
Rarely 4 a
Never 0 a
Q13f Some stores replace bags free of charge when they wear out. Thinking of the bags that you
have bought, do you know for sure whether any of these would be replaced for free?
(61)
Yes – they would be replaced free 1 ASK Q13g
No – they would not be replaced free 2 SKIP TO
Don’t know 3 Q14
Q13g Have you ever asked a supermarket to replace one of these bags without charge?
(62)
Yes 1
No 2
(63)
Have seen / heard the expression ‘Bags For Life’ 1
Have not 2
DK 0
Q15a SHOWCARD D How interested are you in using a ‘Bag for Life’ for your supermarket
shopping in the future?
(64)
I will definitely use these bags 1
I will probably use these bags 2
I might use these bags 3
I will probably not use these bags 5
I will definitely not use these bags 4
……………………………………………………………………………………………………… (65)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………… (66)
Q16a SHOWCARD E On this card are a number of possible reasons for buying a ‘Bag for Life’.
Please read out the letter next to the one reason that would be most likely to persuade you
to buy and use one of these bags in the future.
And which is the second most important reason? And the third most important?
Q16b Which of these reasons are of no interest or relevance to you at all? Any others?
Q16c Looking again at all of these reasons, are there any that you think are untrue? Any others?
Q16a Q16b Q16c
1st 2nd 3rd No interest Untrue
(67) (68) (69) (70) (71)
The bags are stronger and unlikely to split A 1 1 1 1 1
It is better for the environment B 2 2 2 2 2
The bags can be reused many times C 3 3 3 3 3
This will help reduce the use of natural resources D 4 4 4 4 4
The handles are wider and more comfortable to carry E 5 5 5 5 5
Less plastic waste will go into landfill sites F 6 6 6 6 6
These are more attractive than ordinary supermarket bags G 7 7 7 7 7
This helps to reduce the litter from ordinary plastic bags H 8 8 8 8 8
This helps to protect wildlife J 9 9 9 9 9
None of these 0 0 0 0 0
SKIP 72-80 dup 1-8 card 2 (9)
Q18a SHOWCARD G I would like to show you some designs for Bags for Life.
Please tell me how interested you are in each for your main grocery shop. Firstly…
ASK FOR EACH IN SAME SEQUENCE AS THEY APPEAR ON THE CARD
Q18b SHOWCARD G And how interested are you in each when you go for just a few grocery items.
Firstly…
Q18a Main grocery shop Q18b A few grocery items
R S T R S T
(12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17)
I would definitely buy and use these bags 1 1 1 1 1 1
I would probably buy and use these bags 2 2 2 2 2 2
I might buy and use these bags 3 3 3 3 3 3
I would probably not buy and use these bags 4 4 4 4 4 4
I would definitely not buy and use these bags 5 5 5 5 5 5
Q19 SHOWCARD H Taking your response from this card, to what extent do you agree or disagree
that… READ OUT IN TURN
Agree Agree Disagree Disagree DK
strongly slightly slightly strongly
I prefer to use extra free bags to make absolutely sure my
shopping is safe, than to use fewer and risk damaging items 1 2 3 4 0 (18)
Supermarkets should all charge a small amount for their
carrier bags, to encourage customers to use fewer 1 2 3 4 0 (19)