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STATISTICS a branch of mathematics that has applications in almost every facet of mans daily life. The word STATISTICS is used in two senses: 1. Statistics (singular sense) a field of science that deals with the collection, organization or presentation, analysis, and interpretation of data.
Collection of data refers to the process of obtaining measurements. Data can be gathered using interviews, surveys, experiments, observations, documentary analysis, registration, and other methods. Organization or presentation of data refers to the tabulation of data into graphs or charts, so that logical conclusions can be derived from the collected measurements. Analysis of data involves extracting of relevant information from the given data where numerical description can be formulated. Interpretation of data is referred to as the task of drawing conclusions whether in narrower or broader sense.
Reasons why some knowledge of statistics important to the competence of every professional:
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Statistical literacy is necessary in reading and evaluating reports and other literature critically and intelligently. Statistical literacy is important to professionals if they are going to undertake an investigation that involves the collection, processing, and analysis of data on their own account. Statistics is an important research tool.
LIMITATION OF STATISTICS: Statistics can help an investigator describe data, design experiments, and test the relationships among things or events of interest. It should be noted that statistics never proves anything. Rather, it indicates the likelihood of the results of an investigation being the product of chance.
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS involves techniques concerned with collecting and describing a set of data so as to yield meaningful information.
It includes basic descriptive statistics (percentages, ratios, tables, and graphs). Measures of Central Tendency (mean, median, mode). Measures of Variability or Dispersion (range, standard deviation, variance, coefficient of variation).
Examples: 1. Employees ranks in the final job interview. 2. Tabulating the total scores of students in the final exam. 3. Reporting the incidence of HIV cases among Filipinos. 4. Line graph of companys gross profit for 2012. 5. Average scores of elementary pupils in the district achievement test.
QUANTITATIVE
QUALITATIVE
DISCRETE
CONTINUOUS
VARIABLE is a characteristic that changes or varies over a period of time and/or for different individuals or objects under consideration. Examples:
Blood type Educational attainment Age Sex Religious Affiliation Scores of students in the exam Number of children in the family Occupation Monthly salary, etc.
A UNIVARIATE data results when a single variable is measured on a single experimental unit.
A BIVARIATE data results when two variables are measured on a single experimental unit. A MULTIVARIATE data results when more than two variables are measured on a single experimental unit.
TYPES OF VARIABLES/DATA
QUALITATIVE VARIABLES Measure a quality or characteristic on each experimental unit. These variables produce data that can be categorized according to similarities or differences and therefore also referred to as categorical data. Examples: 1. Sex (Male or Female) 2. School Type (Public or Private) 3. Favorite color of a shirt (black, red, white, blue, etc.) QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES Measure a numerical quantity or amount on each experimental unit. Examples: 1. Age (in years) 2. Score in the exam 3. Weekly allowance (in Php)
DISCRETE VARIABLE/DATA
Can assume only finite or countable (whole numbers) number of values. Examples: 1. Number of pages in a book 2. Number of children in the family 3. Number of balls in a box CONTINUOUS VARIABLE/DATA Can assume the infinitely many values corresponding to the points on the line interval (can take decimal value). Examples: 1. Age 2. Height 3. Grade point average (GPA)