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Chapter 8
Its Origins…
• Many new elements were being discovered in the
19th century.
• Chemists noticed patterns among the elements.
– Metals lithium, sodium and potassium all look and
reacted in similar ways.
• They arranged the elements in a line according to
atomic mass.
• They noticed that elements with similar properties
occurred at regular intervals.
• They divided the line of elements at the intervals
and stacked them up to form the Periodic Table.
2
Today’s Periodic Table
• Elements are arranged in group no. name (if any)
order of proton number.
I alkali metals
• A horizontal row of
elements is called a period. alkaline earth
II
They are numbered 1, 2, 3 metals
etc. III (no name)
• A vertical column of
elements is called a group. IV (no name)
They are numbered in V (no name)
Roman numerals. Some
groups have names. VI (no name)
• Elements between Group II VII halogens
and Group III are all metals
transition metals 0 noble gases
3
halogens
Advantages of the Periodic
Table
• The arrangement of elements in the Periodic Table
helps us to understand them better.
• Elements in a period and also within a group have
similar properties.
• We can use properties of some elements in a group
or period to make predictions about other
elements.
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Pattern 1: Electronic
Structure
• ACROSS THE PERIOD...
Mg S Ar
18 p
6
Pattern 1: Electronic
Structure
• DOWN THE GROUP...
Be
Mg Mg Ca
20 n
20 p
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Pattern 3: Metals & Non-
metals
• Metals are on the left side of the Periodic Table.
• Non-metals are on the right side.
• From left to right in the period, elements change
from metal to non-metal.
– Elements with small numbers of valence electrons
are metals.
– Elements with large numbers of valence electrons
are non-metals.
• A diagonal line divides metals and non-metals.
Elements close to this line are metalloids (have
properties of both metals and non-metals).
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metalloids
Pattern 4: Changes in a
Group
• Down a group, proton number increases.
• Properties of elements are similar, but they still
change down a group.
• At the sides of the Periodic Table, the changes
down the group are gradual.
• The change is greater in the middle of the Table,
where elements change from metals to non-metals.
11
Using the Periodic Table
• The Periodic table can be used to predict the
properties of elements from what they know of
other elements in the same group.
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Predict: Formula and
Structure
• Fluorine, bromine and iodine are found in Group
VII of the Periodic Table.
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Predict: Properties of
Elements
• Physical properties of
elements change melting boiling
element
down a group. point (°C) point (°C)