Fourier Transforms of

Special Functions

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Content
Introduction
More on Impulse Function
Fourier Transform Related to Impulse Function
Fourier Transform of Some Special Functions
Fourier Transform vs. Fourier Series
Introduction
Sufficient condition for the existence of a
Fourier transform
<
}

dt t f | ) ( |
That is, f(t) is absolutely integrable.
However, the above condition is not the
necessary one.
Some Unabsolutely Integrable Functions
Sinusoidal Functions: cos et, sin et,
Unit Step Function: u(t).

Generalized Functions:
Impulse Function o(t); and
Impulse Train.
Fourier Transforms of
Special Functions
More on
Impulse Function
Dirac Delta Function

=
=
= o
0
0 0
) (
t
t
t
and
1 ) ( = o
}

dt t
0
t
Also called unit impulse function.
Generalized Function
The value of delta function can also be defined
in the sense of generalized function:
) 0 ( ) ( ) ( | = | o
}

dt t t
|(t): Test Function
We shall never talk about the value of o(t).
Instead, we talk about the values of integrals
involving o(t).
Properties of Unit Impulse Function
) ( ) ( ) (
0 0
t dt t t t | = | o
}

Pf)
}

| o dt t t t ) ( ) (
0
Write t as t + t
0
}

+ | o = dt t t t ) ( ) (
0
) (
0
t | =
Properties of Unit Impulse Function
) 0 (
| |
1
) ( ) ( | = | o
}

a
dt t at
Pf)
}

| o dt t at ) ( ) (
Write t as t/a

Consider a>0
}

|
.
|

\
|
| o = dt
a
t
t
a
) (
1
) 0 (
| |
1
| =
a
}

| o dt t at ) ( ) (
Consider a<0
}

|
.
|

\
|
| o = dt
a
t
t
a
) (
1
) 0 (
| |
1
| =
a
Properties of Unit Impulse Function
) ( ) 0 ( ) ( ) ( t f t t f o = o
Pf)
}

| o dt t t t f ) ( )] ( ) ( [
}

| o = dt t t f t )] ( ) ( )[ (
) 0 ( ) 0 ( | = f
}

| o = dt t t f ) ( ) ( ) 0 (
}

| o = dt t t f ) ( )] ( ) 0 ( [
Properties of Unit Impulse Function
) ( ) 0 ( ) ( ) ( t f t t f o = o
Pf)
}

| o dt t at ) ( ) (
) (
| |
1
) ( t
a
at o = o
) 0 (
| |
1
| =
a
}

| o = dt t t
a
) ( ) (
| |
1
}

| o = dt t t
a
) ( ) (
| |
1
Properties of Unit Impulse Function
) ( ) 0 ( ) ( ) ( t f t t f o = o
) (
| |
1
) ( t
a
at o = o
0 ) ( = o t t
) ( ) ( t t o = o
Generalized Derivatives
The derivative f (t) of an arbitrary
generalized function f(t) is defined by:
} }

| = | dt t t f dt t t f ) ( ' ) ( ) ( ) ( '
Show that this definition is consistent to the ordinary
definition for the first derivative of a continuous function.
}

| dt t t f ) ( ) ( ' dt t t f t t f
}

| | = ) ( ' ) ( ) ( ) (


=0
Derivatives of the o-Function
) 0 ( ' ) ( ' ) ( ) ( ) ( ' | = | o = | o
} }

dt t t dt t t
0
) (
) 0 ( ' ,
) (
) ( '
=
|
= |
o
= o
t
dt
t d
dt
t d
t
) 0 ( ) 1 ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( n n n
dt t t | = | o
}

0
) ( ) (
) (
) 0 ( ,
) (
) (
=
|
= |
o
= o
t
n
n
n
n
n
n
dt
t d
dt
t d
t
Product Rule
) ( ' ) ( ) ( ) ( ' )]' ( ) ( [ t t f t t f t t f o + o = o
dt t t t f ) ( ' )] ( ) ( [ | o
}

Pf)
dt t t t f ) ( ' )] ( ) ( [ | o =
}

dt t t f t )] ( ' ) ( )[ ( | o =
}

dt t t f t t f t )} ( ) ( ' )]' ( ) ( ){[ ( | | o =
}

dt t t f t dt t t f t )] ( )' ( )[ ( )]' ( ) ( )[ ( | o + | o =
} }

dt t t f t dt t t f t )] ( )' ( )[ ( )] ( ) ( )[ ( ' | o + | o =
} }

dt t t f t t f t ) ( )] ( ' ) ( ) ( ) ( ' [ | o + o =
}

Product Rule
) ( ) 0 ( ' ) ( ' ) 0 ( ) ( ' ) ( t f t f t t f o o = o
) ( )' ( )]' ( ) ( [ ) ( ' ) ( t t f t t f t t f o o = o
Pf)
)]' ( ) 0 ( [ t f o =
) ( ' ) 0 ( t f o =
) ( ) 0 ( ' t f o =
Unit Step Function u(t)
Define
} }


| = |
0
) ( ) ( ) ( dt t dt t t u
0
t
u(t)

<
>
=
0 0
0 1
) (
t
t
t u
Derivative of the Unit Step Function
Show that
) ( ) ( ' t t u o =
}

| dt t t u ) ( ) ( '
}

| =
0
) ( ' dt t
)] 0 ( ) ( [ | | = ) 0 ( | =
}

| = dt t t u ) ( ' ) (
}

| o = dt t t ) ( ) (
Derivative of the Unit Step Function
0
t
u(t)
Derivative
0
t
o(t)
Fourier Transforms of
Special Functions

Fourier Transform
Related to
Impulse Function
Fourier Transform for (t)
1 ) ( o
F
t
}

e
o = o dt e t t
t j
) ( )] ( [ F
1
0
= =
=
e
t
t j
e
0
t
o(t)
0
e
1
F(je)
F
Fourier Transform for (t)
Show that
}

e
e
t
= o d e t
t j
2
1
) (
] 1 [ ) (
1
= o F t e
t
=
}

e
d e
t j
1
2
1
e
t
=
}

e
d e
t j
2
1
e
t
}

e
d e
t j
2
1
The integration converges to

in the sense of generalized function.
) (t o
Fourier Transform for (t)
Show that
}

e e
t
= o
0
cos
1
) ( td t
e
t
= o
}

e
d e t
t j
2
1
) ( e e + e
t
=
}

d t j t ) sin (cos
2
1
} }

e e
t
+ e e
t
= td
j
td sin
2
cos
2
1
}

e e
t
=
0
cos
1
td
Converges to o(t) in the sense of
generalized function.
Two Identities for (t)
}

t
= o dx e y
jxy
2
1
) (
}

t
= o
0
cos
1
) ( xydx y
These two ordinary integrations themselves are meaningless.
They converge to o(t) in the sense of generalized function.
Shifted Impulse Function
0
) (
0
t j
e t t
e
o
F
0
) ( )] ( [
0
t j
e j F t t f
e
e = F
0
e
1
|F(je)|
F
Use the fact
0
t
o(t t
0
)
t
0
Fourier Transforms of
Special Functions
Fourier Transform of a
Some Special Functions
Fourier Transform of a Constant
) ( 2 ) ( ) ( e to = e = A j F A t f
F
e = = e
}

e
d Ae A j F
t j
] [ ) ( F
|
.
|

\
|
t
t =
}

e
dt e A
t j ) (
2
1
2
) ( 2 e o t = A
Fourier Transform of a Constant
) ( 2 ) ( ) ( e to = e = A j F A t f
F
F
0
t
A
A2to(e)
0
e
F(je)
Fourier Transform of Exponential Wave
) ( 2 ) ( ) (
0
0
e e to = e =
e
j F e t f
t j F
) ( 2 ] 1 [ e to = F
)] ( [ ] ) ( [
0
0
e e =
e
j F e t f
t j
F
) ( 2 ] [
0
0
e e to =
e t j
e F
Fourier Transforms of Sinusoidal Functions
) ( ) ( cos
0 0 0
e + e to + e e to e
F
t
) ( ) ( sin
0 0 0
e + e to + e e to e j j t
F
F
to(e+e
0
)
0
e
F(je)
to(ee
0
)
e
0
e
0
t
f(t)=cose
0
t
Fourier Transform of Unit Step Function
) ( )] ( [ e = j F t u F Let ) ( )] ( [ e = j F t u F
) 0 for (except 1 ) ( ) ( = = + t t u t u
] 1 [ )] ( ) ( [ F F = + t u t u
) ( 2 )] ( [ )] ( [ e to = + t u t u F F
) ( 2 ) ( ) ( e to = e + e j F j F
F(je)=?
Can you guess it?
Fourier Transform of Unit Step Function
) ( 2 ) ( ) ( e to = e + e j F j F
Guess
) ( ) ( ) ( e + e o = e B k j F
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( e + e + e o + e o = e + e B B k k j F j F
) ( ) ( ) ( 2 e + e + e o = B B k
t = k



0
B(e) must be odd
Fourier Transform of Unit Step Function
Guess
) ( ) ( ) ( e + e o = e B k j F
t = k
) ( ) ( ' t t u o =
) ( )] ( [ e = j F t u F
1 )] ( [ )] ( ' [ = o = t t u F F
) ( )] ( ' [ e e = j F j t u F
)] ( ) ( [ e + e to e = B j
) ( ) ( e e + e teo = B j j


0
e
= e
j
B
1
) (
Fourier Transform of Unit Step Function
Guess
) ( ) ( ) ( e + e o = e B k j F
t = k
e
= e
j
B
1
) (
e
+ e to
j
t u
1
) ( ) (
F
Fourier Transform of Unit Step Function
e
+ e to
j
t u
1
) ( ) (
F
F
to(e)
0
e
|F(je)|
0
t
1
f(t)
Fourier Transforms of
Special Functions
Fourier Transform vs.
Fourier Series
Find the FT of a Periodic Function
Sufficient condition --- existence of FT
<
}

dt t f | ) ( |
Any periodic function does not satisfy this
condition.
How to find its FT (in the sense of general
function)?
Find the FT of a Periodic Function
We can express a periodic function f(t) as:
T
e c t f
n
t jn
n
t
= e =

=
e
2
, ) (
0
0
(

= = e

=
e
n
t jn
n
e c t f j F
0
)] ( [ ) ( F F

=
e
=
n
t jn
n
e c ] [
0
F

=
e e to =
n
n
n c ) ( 2
0

=
e e o t =
n
n
n c ) ( 2
0
Find the FT of a Periodic Function
We can express a periodic function f(t) as:
T
e c t f
n
t jn
n
t
= e =

=
e
2
, ) (
0
0

=
e e o t = e
n
n
n c j F ) ( 2 ) (
0
The FT of a periodic function consists of a sequence of
equidistant impulses located at the harmonic frequencies
of the function.
Example:
Impulse Train
0
t
T 2T 3T T 2T 3T

=
o = o
n
T
nT t t ) ( ) (
Find the FT of the
impulse train.
Example:
Impulse Train
0
t
T 2T 3T T 2T 3T

=
o = o
n
T
nT t t ) ( ) (
Find the FT of the
impulse train.

=
e
= o
n
t jn
T
e
T
t
0
1
) (

c
n
Example:
Impulse Train
0
t
T 2T 3T T 2T 3T

=
o = o
n
T
nT t t ) ( ) (
Find the FT of the
impulse train.

=
e
= o
n
t jn
T
e
T
t
0
1
) (

c
n

=
e e o
t
= o
n
T
n
T
t ) (
2
)] ( [
0
F

e
0
Example:
Impulse Train
0
t
T 2T 3T T 2T 3T

=
e e o
t
= o
n
T
n
T
t ) (
2
)] ( [
0
F

e
0
0
e
e
0
2e
0
3e
0
e
0
2e
0
3e
0

2t/T
F
Find Fourier Series Using
Fourier Transform

=
e
=
n
t jn
n
e c t f
0
) (
}

e
=
2 /
2 /
0
) (
1
T
T
t jn
n
e t f
T
c
T/2 T/2
f(t)
t
T/2 T/2
f
o
(t)
t
}

e
= e
t j
o o
e t f j F ) ( ) (
}

e
=
2 /
2 /
) (
T
T
t j
e t f
) (
1
0
e = jn F
T
c
o n
Find Fourier Series Using
Fourier Transform

=
e
=
n
t jn
n
e c t f
0
) (
}

e
=
2 /
2 /
0
) (
1
T
T
t jn
n
e t f
T
c
T/2 T/2
f(t)
t
T/2 T/2
f
o
(t)
t
}

e
= e
t j
o o
e t f j F ) ( ) (
}

e
=
2 /
2 /
) (
T
T
t j
e t f
) (
1
0
e = jn F
T
c
o n
Sampling the Fourier Transform of f
o
(t) with period
2t/T, we can find the Fourier Series of f

(t).
Example:
The Fourier Series of a Rectangular Wave
0
f(t)
d
1
t
0
t
f
o
(t)
1
dt e j F
d
d
t j
o
}

e
= e
2 /
2 /
) (
|
.
|

\
|
e
e
=
2
sin
2 d

=
e
=
n
t jn
n
e c t f
0
) (
) (
1
0
e = jn F
T
c
o n
|
.
|

\
|
e
e
=
2
sin
2
0
0
d n
Tn
|
.
|

\
|
e
t
=
2
sin
1
0
d n
n
Example:
The Fourier Transform of a Rectangular Wave
0
f(t)
d
1
t

=
e
=
n
t jn
n
e c t f
0
) (
) (
1
0
e = jn F
T
c
o n
|
.
|

\
|
e
e
=
2
sin
2
0
0
d n
Tn
|
.
|

\
|
e
t
=
2
sin
1
0
d n
n
F [f(t)]=?

=
e e o t = e
n
n
n c j F ) ( 2 ) (
0
) (
2
sin
2
) (
0
0
e e o
|
.
|

\
|
e
= e

=
n
d n
n
j F
n