Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Farid khan
Processes
Trickling Filter rotating disk Activated Sludge Suspended and mixed Oxidation ponds lagoons (promote contact between microbes and contaminants)
Processes
Nitrogen removal (Denitrification) bacteria Phosphorus removal precipitation or bacteria Other chemicals adsorption and precipitation
Secondary Treatment
This involves treating the liquid part of the wastewater biologically. It is carried out after primary treatment (which removes some of the solid material). The purpose of this process is to remove the organic matter and the nitrogen from the wastewater. A group of microorganisms called bacteria are employed to do the job.
Secondary Treatment
Two Types (based on growth condition)
1. Suspended Growth Organisms are suspended in the treatment fluid. This fluid is commonly called the mixed liquor. Example: Activated sludge.
2. Attached growth or Fixed Film Organisms attached to some inert media like rocks or plastic. Example: Trickling filter.
Fixed film:
Biomass layered, attached More diverse (snails!), stratified microbiology Frequently relies on draft for aeration Process control is empirically based on organic and hydraulic loading Resilient to shock loads Biomass not typically recycled Low solids production, hard to settle (low floc formers) Lower efficiency Higher DO required unreliable N & P removal
Aerobic reactor
New biomass CO2 , H2O NO3, SO4 , PO4
Secondary settler
Activated sludge
Sludge particle
As bacteria consume BOD, they grow and multiply Treated wastewater flows into secondary clarifier Bacterial cells settle, removed from clarifier as sludge Part of sludge is recycled back to activated sludge tank, to maintain bacteria population Remainder of sludge is wasted
Assumptions:
Effluent bacteria concentration is 0 Concentration of substrate or BOD in sludge is 0 Sludge waste flowrate (Qw) is much smaller than Q
Also termed sludge loading rate (SLR) F traditionally on BOD basis but now often on COD basis M biomass fraction under aeration only (MLSS or MLVSS) F:M typically maintained between 0.1 0.4 kgBOD / kgVSSd
The concentration of biomass, X (mg/L), increases as a function of time due to conversion of food to biomass:
Where m is the specific growth rate constant (d-1). This represents the mass of cells produced/mass of cells per unit of time.
Biomass production
Where kd represents the endogenous decay rate (d-1) (i.e., microorganism death rate).
Substituting the growth rate constant:
Substrate utilization
F So M qX
Food/Microbe Ratio
The higher the waste rate, the higher the ratio. 0.2-0.5 lb/BOD5/day/lb MLSS is normal
Mean Cell Residence Time(c) or Solids Retention Time (SRT) or Sludge Age
Mean cell residence time (MCRT, c) is the mass of cells in the system divided by the mass of cells wasted per day.
Consider the system:
c = VX/QX = V/Q
At SS the amount of solids wasted per day must equal the amount produced per day: c = XV / [Y(dS/dt)V] = X / Y(dS/dt)
hours
Assume that influent and effluent biomass concentrations are negligible and solve
Assume that no biochemical action takes place in clarifier. Therefore the substrate concentration in the aeration basin is equal to the substrate concentrations in the effluent and the waste activated sludge. Solve:
Overall equations
Combine the mass balance equations for food and biomass:
and the hydraulic retention time is,q = V/Qo Substitute and rearrange:
sludge
MLSS
SVI
One-liter graduated cylinder,30 minute settling period SVI = (mL/L)/(g/L) = mL/g, i.e., volume occupied by one gram of settled solids
1-L mL
Settling problem
Definition of BOD
Microorganisms (e.g., bacteria) are responsible for decomposing organic waste. When organic matter such as dead plants, leaves, grass clippings, manure, sewage, or even food waste is present in a water supply, the bacteria will begin the process of breaking down this waste. When this happens, much of the available dissolved oxygen (DO) is consumed by aerobic bacteria, robbing other aquatic organisms of the oxygen they need to live. Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) is a measure of the oxygen used by microorganisms to decompose this waste. If there is a large quantity of organic waste in the water supply, there will also be a lot of bacteria present working to decompose this waste. In this case, the demand for oxygen will be high (due to all the bacteria) so the BOD level will be high. As the waste is consumed or dispersed through the water, BOD levels will begin to decline.
BOD bottles
BOD5 (mg/l) =
D0 D5 P
__________
Sample calculation
Determine the 5-day BOD for a 15 ml sample that is diluted with dilution water to a total volume of 300 ml when the initial DO concentration is 8 mg/l and after 5 days, has been reduced to 2 mg/l.
8-2
120
0.05