!

CALCULUS
( , )
1670 1740

! ANALYSIS
1820 smera
Susthmatik melth: Pwc orzetai o arijmc? Aximata pou
jemelinoun to snolo twn pragmatikn arijmn
ANALUSH

Orismc sgklishc, riou ...

akoloujec, seirc...
Isaac Newton

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

1648-1727

1646-1716

Orismc sunqeiac...
Dhmiourga

I (= ) ,
I (= ),
I lim f (x), , . . .

AUTOSUNEPOUS GLWSSAS

LOGISMOS Mjhma Anlush

xa

I , , ...

Advanced Calculus Elementary Analysis

BIBLIOGRAFIA
- .. , LEADER BOOKS, 2003
, M. Spivak , . . ,

ISTORIKH KATASKEUH PRAGMATIKWN ARIJMWN

Generic Construction
Arqaithta

(Lseic x + n = 0)

, . , .
, THOMAS-FINLEY, . .

Majmata sto dktuo: Majmata M. Papadhmhtrkh (Pan.

Krthc)
http://www.math.uoc.gr/papadim/Apeirostikos1.pdf

N = {1, 2, 3, . . .}

(Indo)

Z = {0, 1, 2, . . .}

Arqaithta

(Lseic qx p = 0)

Q = {p/q, p Z, q N}

Diafneiec: http://users.auth.gr/daskalo
Anagnnhsh

Noi Qrnoi

x2 + x + = 0
= 2 4

Lseic

Aximata

Peano

Prosjetik
Omda

Pukn
pedo (field) /
sma

Tomc

Dedekind

Pukn pedo
me ditaxh
<<suneqc >>

NZQR

Fusiko arijmo
SUSTHMA
AXIWMATA

i) 1 N

ii) n N

iii) n N
iv) n = m

Arq Epagwgc

Peano
Peano

Orismc sunlou fusikn arijmn

Apdeixh me epagwg/ Proof by induction

An P (m) enai mia prtash h opoa exarttai ap to m N
(i) P (1) alhjeei

(ii) gia na n N h prtash P (n) alhjeei

n+1N

sunepgetai ti

n+1>1

h prtash

P (n)

P (n + 1) alhjeei

enai alhjin gia kje

nN

n+1=m+1

v) An na uposnolo M N kataskeuzetai wc exc:


1M
M =N
mM
m+1M

BASIKES TAUTOTHTES

Tpoc Newton
0! = 1
n! = n (n 1)!


n
Sundiasmc n pragmtwn an k
k =

paragontik/factorial

Gewmetrik Ajroisma

1 + t + t2 + + tn =

n
P

k=0

tk =

1tn+1
1t

Tpoc Newton
  
 

n
P
n
n1
n1
=
+
(a + b)n =
k
k1
k
k=0
Tpoi <<Gauss>>

1 + 2 + 3 + + n =

n
k

n(n+1)
2

n (n + 1) (2n + 1)
6
Tpoc <<Bernoulli>>

1 + 2 2 + 3 2 + + n2 =
x 1

(1 + x)n 1 + nx

n
0

ak bnk

= 1,

n
1

n(n 1) n
n(n 1)(n 2)

, 3 =
,
2
3!

n(n 1) (n (k 1))
n
k =
k!

= n,

n! = 1 2 3 (n 1) n
n!
k! (n k)!

n
2

n(n 1) 2 n2
(a + b)n =bn + nabn1 +
a b
+ +
2
 
n m nm
+
a b
+ + nan1 b + an
m
  
 

n


P
n
n1
n1
n k nk
=
+
(a + b)n =
a b
k
k
k1
k
k=0

Eic topon apagwg

To (Z, +) enai abelian omda

Apdeixh <<di th
c ec topon apagwghc>>/ proof by contradiction
Gia na apodexoume thn sunepagwg twn protsewn P Q arke na
apodexoume ti h upjesh { P alhjc kai Q analhjc } sunepgetai
mia antfash (<<topon>>)
Paradegmata

To snolo Z enai to mikrtero snolo, pou periqei to N kai qei

dom abelianc omdac enai to mikrtero snolo to opoo periqei
to N kai tic lseic thc exswshc x + p = 0 pou to p Z.

Z Z 3 (, ) + Z

{ An n N kai n > 2 } n 1 N
{ Metax twn fusikn arijmn n kai n + 1 den uprqei lloc fusikc
arijmc} ! {To snolo N den enai pukn}

A1
A2
A3
A4

+ =+
+0=
+ () = 0
+ ( + ) = ( + ) +

:
Q ( ), R ( ), C ( ),

Pedo/Sma -

Field

Orismc rhtn arijmn

(F, +)
A1
A2
A3
A4

+ =+
+0=
+ () = 0
+ ( + ) = ( + ) +

(F\{0}, )
A5
A6
A7
A8

=
1=
(1 ) = 1
( ) = ( )

- distributivity
A9

( + ) = ( ) + ( )

F n

F, 6= 0;

n = 1

Q / 0, Z

Q qx + p = 0, p q
Z

o
nm
: m Z, n N
Q=
n

2 6 Q ( )



a + b 2 : a b Q
( a2 2b2 6= 0) 0 ( )

0
+ 2
+ 0 + 2
0 = ( + 0 ) + 2 (
+ )0
0
0
0
0
+ 2 + 2 = ( + 2 ) + 2 ( + 0 )

1

2
+ 2
= 2
2
2 2
2 2

n
a+b 2 =1
n=0



To snolo Z2 0, 1 enai pedo. Me qarakthristik 1.

0+0=0
00=0
0+1=1+0=1 01=10=0
1+1=0
11=1


a 6= 0 a = a
1
a =1



Pardeigma Z5 = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4

0 = {0, 5, 10, 15, 20, . . .}

1 = {1, 6, 11, 16, 21, . . .}
2 = {2, 7, 12, 17, 22, . . .}

To snolo Z3 0, 1, 2 enai pedo. Me qarakthristik 2.

3 = {3, 8, 13, 18, 23, . . .}

0+0=0
00=0
0+1=1+0=1 01=10=0
1+1=2
11=1
0+2=2+0=2 02=20=0
1+2=2+1=0 12=21=2
2+2=1
22=1


2
a 6= 0 a = 1
1
1 = 2, 2 = 1, 2 = 2
2+22

4 = {4, 9, 14, 19, 24, . . .}

+
0
1
2
3
4

1=2

To snolo Z4 den enai pedo. (2 2 = 0)

0
0
1
2
3
4

1
1
2
3
4
0

2
2
3
4
0
1

3
3
4
0
1
2

0
1
2
3
4

4
4
0
1
2
3

0
0
0
0
0
0

1
0
1
2
3
4

2
0
2
4
1
3

3
0
3
1
4
2

4
0
4
3
2
1

To Z5 enai pedo/sma qarakthristikc 4

2 + 4 + 3 = 2 + 4 + 3 , 3 = 2, (3)1 = 2

(1) 3 = 2 = 3
4

Orismc:
To snolo X enai olik diatetagmno an mia sqsh ditaxhc

A10 x y : X x y y x
A11 x

x x autopajc idithta

A12 x y kai y x

x = y (anti)summetrik idithta

A13 x y kai y z;

x z metabatik idithta

Paradegmata:

Ta Q kai Z enai olik diatetagmna snola

To X = {(m, n) : m, n N} me thn sqsh ditaxhc


(m, n)  m0 , n0 m m0 kai n n0

den enai olik diatetagmno.

X = Ellhnikc lxeic sto lexik, enai olik diatetagmno snolo.

2 =3 =4 =1
Orismc:
To pedo F, pou enai olik diatetagmno onomzetai
diatetagmno pedo an
A14 x y

x+z y+z

A15 0 x kai 0 y
Paradegmata:

0xy

To Q enai na olik diatetagmno pedo.



To Z2 = 0, 1 enai mh diatetagmno.
(ta peperasmna peda den enai olik diatetagmna !)

AXIWMATA R

AXIWMATIKH JEMELIWSH R

(A1 )
(A2 )
(A3 )
(A4 )

+ =+
+0=
+ () = 0
+ ( + ) = ( + ) +

abelian idit.

prosetairist.

koinc idithtec twn sunlwn

(A5 )
(A6 )
(A7 )
(A8 )

=
1=
(1 ) = 1
( ) = ( )

abelian idit.

Axwma I

(A9 )

( + ) = ( ) + ( )

epimeristikt.

(A10 )
(A11 )
(A12 )
(A13 )

x, y : R x y y x
x
xx
x y kai y x;
x=y
x y kai y z;
xz

(A14 )
(A15 )

xy
0x

kai

oudtero
antjeto

oudtero
antjeto

prosetairist.

autopajc id.

kai

To R enai pedo me qarakthristik 0

Axwma II
To R enai na olik diatetagmno pedo

antisummetrik
metabatik id.

idithta mno tou sunlou

Axwma III

x+z y+z
0y
0xy

Paratrhsh lec autc oi idithtec enai koinc kai gia to Q kai gia
to R

Gia kje nw fragmno snolo A R sup A R

Dom majhmatikc jewrac:
Orismo
Aximata
Protseic (jewrmata)

Infimum

Protseic

Orismc infimum tou sunlou A

inf A = infimum A

Orismc ktw frgmatoc sunlou A

A R
k R : x A

kx

m = inf A

k =

(i)

x A

(ii) r > m, y A : y < r

Orismc infimum tou sunlou A

inf A = infimum A

m = inf A

(i)

x A

mx

(ii) r > m, y A : y < r

mx

m=inf A

Orismc nw frgmatoc sunlou A

Orismc supremum tou sunlou A

To snolo A R enai nw fragmno an

sup A = supremum tou sunlou A To mikrtero ap ta nw

frgmata

` R : x A

x ` pou ` = nw frgma

Orismc supremum tou sunlou A

M = sup A

sup A = supremum tou sunlou A To mikrtero ap ta nw

frgmata

M = sup A

(i)

x A

(i)

x A

xM

(ii) r < M, y A : r < y

r

xM

(ii) r < M, y A : r < y

M=sup A

An inf A A
inf A = min A.
Genik to inf A 6 A dhl. to min A den uprqei p.q.
 


1
3 4 5
A = 1 + , n N = 2, , , , . . .
n
2 3 4

inf A = 1 6 A
An sup A A
sup A = max A.
Genik to sup A 6 A dhl. to max A den uprqei

 
1
1 2
A = 1 , n N = 0, , ,
n
2 3

(Apodexeic dia thc apagwgc se topo)

Ask.(1) inf (A + B) = inf A + inf B
Ask.(2) inf A > 0 kai inf B > 0

Ask.(3) sup (A + B) = sup A + sup B

Ask.(4) A > 0 kai B > 0
Ask.(5) inf A = sup(A)

p.q.

inf (A B) = (inf A) (inf B)

Ask.(6) inf A > 0

(inf A)1 = sup A1


3
,...
4

sup A = 1 6 A
Orismc:

sup (A B) = (sup A) (sup B)

sup R