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Impact of Tutor 1Running head: IMPACT OF TUTOR FEEDBACK ON LEARNER PARTICIPATIONImpact of Tutor Feedback on Learner Participation in Open EducationJennifer MaddrellIndiana University - Bloomington
 
Impact of Tutor 2Impact of Tutor Feedback on Learner Participation in Open Education
Overview of Open Education
A major “open education” movement is underway at numerous educational institutionsaround the world. A key objective of this movement is to make existing educational coursewareand resources available for non-enrolled learners to access for free. At the recent 2007 OpenEducation conference in Logan, Utah, over 150 representatives from major universities andfunding institutions came together to discuss the most efficient and sustainable means of releasing open educational courseware and resources to learners to use free of charge. Whilemotivations vary, most institutions cite support for lifelong informal learning as a major reasonfor releasing their courseware and resources for free (Geser, 2007).Currently, over 200 higher education institutions make available an estimated 2,500 openaccess courses (Wiley, 2007). In addition, open education directories and repositories outside of higher education link learners to thousands of free vetted learning objects, including those foundat Rice’s Connexions (http://cns.org). However, these numbers pale in comparison to the millionsof freely licensed articles, syllabi, web sites, and separate pieces of digital material which alearner can access at any time on the Internet.Open education represents a unique subset of education. Comparison to traditionalinstruction is difficult as open education is self-directed, non-tutored, delivered fully online,delivered outside of traditional educational institutions, participated in by individual learnerswho may or may not choose to participate in learning with peer learners, and undertaken for reasons other than mandates or accreditation. Each independent learner is free to come and goand participate purely for the sake of his or her own learning.
 
Impact of Tutor 3Given these unique features, the effectiveness and sustainability of these massive openeducation projects is being called into question. With millions of dollars of foundation,government, institutional, and personal funding supporting the current development, there isgrowing scrutiny over what open educational resources and practices best support this uniqueform of self-directed, non-credit, online, and informal learning (Geser, 2007). A key concern isthe effect of offering open courseware without the tutor support that is typically made availablewithin the traditional learning environment. Beyond access, what is the usefulness of the opencourseware and resources to learners without tutor feedback and guidance? Does the lack of tutor support matter to self-directed learners in an informal non-credit learning setting? Would tutor support impact learner participation within open education courses?As stated, open education represents a unique subset of education. While there is a lack of research specifically addressing the impact of tutor feedback on learner participation in open,self-directed, non-credit, and online courses, there are points of comparison within 3 separateresearch threads, including self-directed learning, learner self-regulation, and open and distancelearning. As there are few examples of intersecting research across these threads, each thread isexplored separately.
 Self-Directed Learning 
Open education is the ultimate form of self-directed learning. It is learning taken on andcontrolled by the learner for his or her own specific goals, needs, and wants. Over the past 4decades, a vast amount of research has been conducted in the area of adult self-directed learning,including the desired learning and instructional practices to support self-directed learning. In aliterature review of adult education research covering a period of 19 years from 1980 to 1998,about 1 percent of the total articles dealt with self-directed learning, peaking in 1986 at 3 percent,
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