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Assignment
Potential of export in livestock and dairy sector

Presented to:
Prof. Zafar Hayat

Presented By:
Saleha Sattar Asra Azeem Shazia Javed Faria Aslam Aatiqa Khan 15 19 25 30 49

BBA (Hons.) Afternoon (2008-12) IBA, University of the Punjab, Lahore. Date: 12-12-2011

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AGRICULTURE SECTOR
Pakistan has a rich and vast natural resource base, covering various ecological and climatic zones; hence the country has great potential for producing all types of food commodities. Agriculture has an important direct and indirect role in generating economic growth. The importance of agriculture to the economy is seen in three ways: first, it provides food to consumers and fibers for domestic industry; second, it is a source of scarce foreign exchange earnings; and third, it provides a market for industrial goods.

Agriculture Sector Significance

Agriculture is one of the most important sectors of the Pakistani Economy, contributing 21% to Pakistans GDP and employing 45% of its labor force. Moreover, the single most important subsector of agriculture is livestock; including cows, buffalos and goats which provide milk, meat, hides and other raw materials for the local market. The livestock sector alone contributes 11% of the countrys GDP, with an estimated 42 billion liters of milk produced per annum. As per the Economic Survey of Pakistan 2009, Pakistan has a herd size of around 63 million animals, which is the 3rd largest in the world. About 35 million people are involved in dairy farming, deriving more than 40% of their total income from livestock. For these farmers, dairy animals provide milk for domestic consumption as well as meager income through the sale of milk. In rural Pakistani culture livestock is a store of wealth. It is viewed as important social capital and offers insurance to the owner in times of financial distress.

Livestock Sector in Pakistan

Livestock production is the second biggest economic activity after crop husbandry for rural population in the country. Out of 137 million people in the country, more than 92 million 67% live in the rural areas. Without giving the proper care and attention to rural livestock kept in the villages and remote areas, the dreams of uplifting the socio-economic conditions of the rural masses cant come true and the expected increase in this sector cant
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be envisaged. To develop the livestock sector as a whole, the needs of the small landholders, landless livestock owners or tenants are to be met on time. The package of husbandry innovations for rural farm animals demand that technologies that are cost effective, efficient, practicable and most appropriate to local conditions should be introduced on mass scale, which will enable them to stand on their feet and make the livestock production systems more sustainable and viable in the country.

Impact of Livestock Sector on Pakistan Economy

Pakistan being an Agricultural based Economy has a great potential in Livestock. Livestock has the share of 10.8% of Pakistans total GDP Livestock sector employs 35 million people and produces almost $500 million of products. Vast majority is of small firms /SMEs of less than 2 hectors that maintain herds of 1 to 3 animals. Pakistan is fortunate to be the home tract of some of the finest natural breeds of livestock as compared with other regional countries. There are two buffalo breeds namely, Kundi and Nili-Ravi and eight discrete breeds of cattle. Breed improvement work in Pakistan has mainly revolved around artificial insemination (AI) programmes.

Objectives of dairy and livestock sector:

The rural areas of the country are suitable for livestock rearing and the people, both male and female, have the knowledge of rearing livestock. It is, therefore, necessary that they are provided with facilities to own livestock and rear them properly with the following objectives: To increase milk and meat production provide jobs to unemployed rural people, specially rural women increase income of rural people alleviate poverty in rural and less developed areas help develop rural areas and eradicate social evils provide food security
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increase efficiency of agriculture sector provide security against crop failure reactivate closed milk plants improve milk collection system increase export earning Each farmers family should be provided with a credit facility from agriculture bank/or any other commercial bank on easy terms and condition like takawi loan for purchase of 10 milking animals i.e. six buffaloes and four cows as mixed dairy farming is more profitable. These dairy farms should be provided with required high protein diet so that the milk contains more than six per cent fat.

Production of livestock products:

The per capita per annum availability of milk in the country is 80.5 liters, and meat 16.5 kg which is far below the minimum required level of 27.5 grams of protein daily. Because of the acute shortage of animal protein in diet, people are prone to various diseases particularly in the less developed areas where the poor live.

Rural Livestock Production

Rural livestock production encompasses all phases of the management of rural cattle, buffaloes, sheep, and goat and draught animals in a scientific and desirable way according to the modern husbandry techniques. The latest innovations demand that their management should be understood correctly and should be given due importance if the production from the animals is desired up to their genetic potentials. It also embraces the avenues covering their proper and timely natural breeding or artificial insemination, balanced feeding, their proper and hygienic housing, adequate vaccination programs, proper disease cover and first-aid kits, manure handling and pollution control. Out of 137 million people in the country 92 million 67%live in the rural areas while 45 million 33% dwell in the urban areas. Livestock production is the second biggest economic activity after crop husbandry for rural people in
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the country. The activities of this sub-sector account for 10-25% of the income of small farmers and landless livestock producers. Unless we take care of the rural livestock, the production potential of such a huge number of animals can't be enhanced. The people's land holdings gradually are getting smaller day by day creating a competitive atmosphere between crop and livestock sector, which ultimately ends in another game of food versus increasing human population. The latest situation regarding the number and area of private farms as classified by size has been reported by Census of Agriculture, 1990, which is presented below.

Land Holdings in Pakistan

Size of the Farm in hectares (ha) No. of Farms Number % Private Farms Government Farms All Farms Under 0.5 0.5- <1.0 1- <2 2- <3 3- <5 5- <10 10- <20 20- <60 More than 60 5070963 149 Farm Area Hectare % Av size of Farm Area (ha) 3.8 0.3 0.7 1.4 2.3 3.9 6.6 12.7 28.5 126.0

19149673 103035 -

5071112 100 678538 689233 13 14

19252672 100 193126 510397 1446796 1973800 3309432 4134346 3032872 2613767 1935101 1 3 8 10 17 22 16 14 10

1036286 20 841295 17 857387 623110 237929 91831 15354 17 12 5 2 -

(Adopted from: Agricultural Statistics, 1999-2000)

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Farming pattern has become very critical and poor due to the small land holdings as is evident from the table. As the land holdings get smaller and smaller, the diffusion of new technologies becomes expensive and difficult. So farmers should get the answer of their problems from the scientists keeping in view their socio-economic constraints.

Increase in district productivity:

In the first phase, in each district about 5,000 farmers should be provided with such credit for purchase of 10 milking animals (newly calved) i.e. about Rs0.5 million including money for the purchase of cans, ropes, chains, buckets and other relevant accessories with 15 days ration / fodder etc. Each farmer would thus manage to produce about 40 to 50 liters of milk a time and 100 liters a day. This way each district will produce an extra 0.5 million liters of milk a day. Due to improved management and availability of feed in the area production of milk would increase by 30 to 40 per cent.

Selection of district:
Districts for dairy farming and animal breeding should be carefully selected for the purpose i.e. Malir in Karachi, Hyderabad, Badin, T.M. Khan, Tando Allah Yar, Matiari, half of Sukkur and half of Mirpurkhas, half of Jamshoro, Dadu, Naushehro Feroze, Shikarpur, Larkana, Sukkur and Ghotki in Sindh. This way about 7.5 million liters of milk would be produced daily and about 350,000 male and 350,000 female cow and buffalo calves would be produced yearly with more manure for agricultural land.

Providing farmers with technical facilities:

To purchase milk from farmers and provide them technical facilities, a concept may be adopted based on the pattern exercised in India, where milk collection all required services are provided through one-window

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operation at a centre called dairy development and extension centre.

Dairy development and extension centre:

Every village with a population of about 500 farmers should be provided with a dairy development and extension centre. The centre should register the farmers of the area and provide them with facilities of milk collection; supply of processed feed; artificial insemination service; health services; parasite control; natural breeding services through high pedigreed bulls; supply of multi-cutting, fodder seeds; credit facilities; and arranging cattle shows to create a sense of competition among the farmers. The centre should also arrange training of farmers both male and female on modern farming system.

Free training services:

Animal health, parasite control, breeding and training services should be provided free of charge, where as other services should be provided on noloss and no-profit basis.

Milk plants:
These dairy development and extension centres should be linked with milk plants (at least 30 centers with one milk plant). These milk plants should arrange credit facilities through banks on easy terms and conditions and collect milk / from these centers, through tankers and arrange training of milk collectors and technical persons working at the centres. Modem techniques of livestock management and production, competitions should be arranged among these centres and awards ceremonies held for best workers, milk collectors, farmers and fodder growers.

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Recovery of credit:
The recovery of credit, feed and other service charges should be made from the income of milk on weekly basis with 1-2 per cent additional charge for development of the area like, roads, school buildings, furniture, medical and maternity facilities etc. in consultation with the farmers / members of the centre.

Systems of milk marketing:

New systems of milk marketing on pattern of India may be introduced i.e. sale through milk booths, both in localities of the rich and the poor, with high and low fat contents along with other products like, yoghurt, ice cream, ghee, lassi etc.

High yield:
The program, if introduced, would upgrade the livestock of the country by introducing high yielding animals and specially breeding bulls in the farming system, and modernize the technology of keeping animals healthy and productive. Through this project in addition to other benefits, about 75,000 unskilled and about 25,000 skilled workers may be engaged in dairy jobs.

Prevailing Livestock Production Systems

The main prevailing livestock production systems include: a) Traditional rural livestock production, b) Commercial milk production and c) Desert/rangelands livestock production. Their little detail is presented in the ensuing lines.

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a) Rural Livestock Production

Most rural families rear 3-5 buffaloes and cattle for milk production and try to meet their domestic demand. Some people sell their extra produce to the neighboring families. Due to the improvement of infrastructure and market roads, about 30 % of smallholders are now producing milk for sale in the market. Usually male and female calves suckle the mothers and are retained during the lactation. The best males are kept by farmers for breeding and the remaining males are usually sold for slaughter whilst the females are kept for future replacements. Normally adult females are culled at the age of 8-10 years and every family tries to keep one female in milk every time.

b) Commercial Milk Production

The development of urban or peri-urban commercial dairy farms is something new in livestock production; each dairy farm has about 20 or more buffaloes and cows. The large commercial dairy herds range from 100-500 buffaloes and cattle. The commercial livestock farm owners purchase pregnant animals with calf-at-foot from the open market. They always try to keep 5 % of their animals in production. Male calves are usually sold for beef purpose. Most of the dry and non-descript animals are sold for slaughter and only a few may be returned to rural areas for the next calving. Normally, commercial farmers do not keep milch animals after one lactation but usually sell them in the market for slaughter purposes and replace the herd by purchasing high yielding animals from rural areas when prices are low. This is also a negative practice, which will decrease the number of productive animals, thereby causing a significant reduced milk production. The "Landhi Cattle Colony" is the world's biggest concentration of buffaloes/cattle at one place. This colony usually referred to cattle colony is close to Karachi. In this colony and its vicinity, more than 250000 buffaloes and cattle are kept together for milk production. However, dairy beef is the second biggest product obtained from these animals.
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d) Desert/Rangelands Livestock Production

Of the total 80 million hectare area of the country49 million hectares in under different ranges, which is 62 % of the countrys, total area? In deserts, sheep, goats, cattle and camels are kept for milk production, draught power and transport. The cattle are reared in some base areas where water and grazing facilities are usually available. Sheep, goats and camels are kept in either nomadic system or transhumant system. Nomadic flocks keep on moving constantly in search of grazing. Grazing is generally free of cost, but in winter during shortage of natural grasses, the shepherd may need to buy some feed from some other sources. The nomads sell their animals during the period of feed scarcity; therefore in winter the price of sheep and goats is slightly lower than prevailing in the rainy season. Under the transhumant system, the whole human population with their livestock wealth migrates from desert areas or cold regions of northern parts of the country to the nearest irrigated or low lying lands but this always creates stress towards feed resources and affects the grazing capacity of the lands. This migration also affects the feed and meat prices in the market. Now lets dwell on some of the main measures to alleviate these riddles to uplift the production systems for the enhancement of the production potentials of the livestock.

Types of Ruminants
1. Large Ruminants 2. Small Ruminants 3. Draught Animals

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Large Ruminants
There are 45 million large ruminants in our country including 22.4 and 23.3 million cattle and buffaloes, respectively. Indigenous, Bos indicus (also called humped or zebu cattle) belong mainly to three types based on the purpose and performance viz; milch type, draught type and dual-purpose type animals. Sahiwal and Red Sindhi are recognized as dairy (milch) types, Dajal and Bhagnari are heavy draught, Dhanni a medium draught and Lohani and Rojhan are light draught breeds, while Tharparker bullocks do well as draught animals and their females are good milk providers so this type belongs to the dual-purpose cattle. According to a careful estimate,20%of the cattle population is purebred,5 % crossbred or exotic ones while the rest 75% are no-descript cattle. The increase in crossbred cattle in the past has resulted due to indiscriminate crossbreeding and readily available artificial insemination (AI) services. Conception rates in cattle have been reported as 30-60% depending on weather conditions and during summer months it reaches as low as 10%. Globally there are about 165.72 million buffaloes at present. Out of these 75 % habitat in Asian countries. Although India houses 56 % of the buffaloes and 14 % of the world are found in Pakistan, but best buffalo specimens are available in Pakistan. According to a report, the best buffaloes are available in Pakistan, which has been termed as Black Gold of Asia by FAO (1997). Average yield per lactation has been referred as 1800-2500 liters while few specimens can produce up to 6,000 liters in 305 days.

Types of buffaloes:
There are mainly four types of buffaloes found in the world. 1. Swamp buffalo are found in many paddy growing and marshy areas of Asian countries. 2. Indian buffaloes are called as Murrah Buffaloes 3. While the buffalo available in our country belongs to the class of Water buffaloes. 4. Feral buffaloes are also available in wild state in some countries like Indonesia, Borneo, Brunei, Brazil, Australia and America.
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Cattle and Buffaloes of Pakistan

As mentioned above, Pakistan has been blessed by nature with the best black gold of Asia i.e.; water buffalo. Two famous breeds exist in the country, as Nilli-Ravi a heavy breed found in Punjab and Kundi, a light breed inhabited in Sindh. Both of these breeds are well reputed and are comparatively better yielder than cattle.

Cattle Breeds Milch Breeds Sahiwal and Red Sindhi Draught Breeds Heavy Bhagnari and Dajal Medium Dhanni Light Lohani and Rojhan Dual-Purpose Breed Tharparkar

Buffalo Breeds

Nili-Ravi and Kundi

Small Ruminants
Small ruminants include sheep (24.4 million) and goats (49.1 million). There are about twenty eight (28) or even more sheep breeds which are classified into two groups viz; thin-tailed and fat-tailed sheep. Thin tail sheep are generally found in irrigated areas and fat tail breeds in arid rangelands and mountainous areas of Sindh, NWFP and Azad Kashmir. According to another FAO survey nineteen sheep breeds are classified
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under the thin tail category while twenty-eight sheep breeds come under the fat tailed sheep. However, the total sheep breeds and their distribution in different province in the country are presented in. Usually sheep are kept for wool and mutton production. The wool is of coarse quality and is mostly used in the local carpel industry. Local sheep breeds generally breed once a year and rarely produce twins. Annual lambing rate is about 80% on overall basis.

Various Breeds of Sheep in Pakistan

Goats are kept for milk and meat production and they can be classified into milch and meat categories. Out of total breeds, eleven famous breeds of goats in Pakistan are classified keeping mainly their types in view. The Beetle, Dera Din Panah (DDP) and Kamori are called "poor man's cow" because of their good milk production. Their average milk yield is 250-310liters for a lactation period of 90-100 days. Barbari, Chapper and Teddy are famous for meat while Pak Angora, Bikaneri, Kaghani and Khurrasani are kept for mohair and hair. The Beetle, DDP and Nachi yield good size skins. Goats usually breed more than once a year and twinning is very common (49 %) especially in Teddy breed that often gives 2-3 kids per kidding. Five kids per parturition have also been recorded.

Important Goat Breeds of Pakistan

Milch Breeds Beetle Dera Din Panah Kamori

Meat Barbari Chapper Teddy

Mohair Pak Angora Bilkaneri Kaghani Khurasani

Skin Beetle Dera Din Panah Nachi

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Important Sheep Breeds of Pakistan

Thin Tail Sheep Bakkarwal Buchi Cholistani Damani Kacchi Kaghani Kail Kali Kajli Kooka Lohi Poonchi Sipli Thalli Fat Tail Sheep Balkhi Bibrik Dumbi Gojal Harnai Hashtnagri Kohai Ghizer Michni Pahari Rakhshani Salt Range Tirahi Waziri -

Draughts Animals
There are about 5.2 million draught animals in the country. The principal draught animals include camels, donkeys, horses and mules which are 0.8, 3.9, 0.3 and 0.2 million, respectively. The draught animals in irrigated areas are generally bought while in Barani areas they are farm bred. Cow and buffalo bullocks also provide traction power at the farms and roads. Camels, donkeys and mules are the main pack animals. Horses are usually used for riding and traction power. Traditionally, livestock have been kept for draught purpose and most of the meat and milk produced was consumed by the owner and his family. The average cultivar in the country possesses a pair of bullocks but due to the
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onset of mechanization the draught animals are becoming distinct gradually. The work animals can start their work at the age of three and can go up to 10-15 years depending upon the intensity of utilization, feeding pattern and health care. However, much more scientific work is needed in this sector to find out the relationship of their feeding and management to their work performance.

Importance of livestock sector

Share in value-addition
The share of crops in value-addition in agriculture has gradually declined from 65.1 per cent in 1990-91 to 47.5 per cent in 2005-06, while the share of livestock has increased from 29.8 to 49.6 per cent. Livestock contributes almost 10 per cent of overall export earnings.

Growth:
The livestock sector posted a steady growth of around five per cent in the last decade. However, the growth slowed down to 2.6 per cent in 2003-04 and 2.3 per cent in 2004-05 but it shot up to eight per cent during 2005-06.

Milk production
within this sector, milk is the largest and the single most important commodity. Despite decades of neglect, Pakistan is the 5th largest milk producer in the world. The total value of milk produced is higher than the value of two major crops, that is, wheat and cotton.

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Pakistans share in world milk production (five per cent) is double its share in global population. The increase in production recorded so far is largely due to rise in number of animals rather than an increase in per dairy animal yield. International comparison shows that the productivity (annual yield per dairy animal) of New Zealand dairy animals is three times the Pakistan average. This difference is due to a variety of reasons that include better genetics and technology, animal health services, proper nutrition and etc.

Poverty reduction
With 35 million people engaged the role of livestock in rural economy is critical. On an average each family holds about 2-3 cattle/buffalo and 3-4 sheep/goats and derives 30 to 40 per cent of its income from it. The most effective means of alleviating poverty is introducing measures that target the poor directly. The livestock sector has close links with poverty reduction. Livestock production is one important enterprise in which small scale rural producers can successfully engage to improve their livelihood and obtain a relatively constant stream of income thus moving from subsistence to market orientation. However, low productivity has added to income inequalities of livestock farmers. The majority of poor households, especially landless or small landowners, depend on livestock for income.

Role of women
the role of women as providers of labor is important. Pakistani rural woman spends between one-fifth and one-quarter of her working hours in livestock related activities; the grazing and watering of animals, the sale of products to agents, and the care of sick animals. In cleaning animals and caring for sick ones, the work of both sexes is approximately the same. Women are exclusively responsible for cleaning sheds, manure collection, egg collection and selling produce to villagers.
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 Increasing protein intake

an effective way of increasing the protein intake of poor is by enhancing livestock production. Another approach is to create higher demand for labor and services provided by the poor. The spill-over effects from such growth is limited because large-scale livestock production tends to be capital and energy intensive as opposed to labor-intensive. Growth in large-scale commercial sector is unlikely to generate additional employment opportunities for the rural poor.

Source of employment and income

a preferred approach is to make best use of labor-intensive innovations that make use of surplus family labor and, to a lesser extent, create some local employment opportunities for non-family members. In rural areas farming, livestock, and non-farm activities are major sources of employment and income. The incidence of poverty is higher for those who depend solely on livestock and lower for those who have both crop farming and livestock activities. The majority of non-poor depends on crops while the poor on livestock.

Strengthen economic growth

although, the economics of livestock production is heavily distorted in favour of large-scale producers, yet this sector has enormous potential to combat poverty and strengthen economic growth. Its projected growth in livestock offers a unique opportunity; a rapidly growing market of which many rural people already have the experience and which they can enter without the need for substantial resources and training. Enhancing production doesnt offer a universal solution to rural poverty but for many it represents a practical way to build assets and financial security. Livestock development is imperative for strengthening of the national economy as it has full potential for job creation, meeting food requirements and

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taking a very active part in export drive in globalization.

Higher Livestock, Dairy Export

Pakistan has great potential for livestock and dairy export and it must be tapped if the country is to come out of present economic limbo. Federal Minister for Agriculture, Food and Livestock, Khair Mohammad Junejo stated this during a visit to Zenith Associates - a slaughter house recently cleared by the UAE and Saudi Arabia for export meat to these countries.

Need for new exporters:

This big potential requires new exporters to join the export-run. It is because the prospective market was so big that one or two exporters would feel isolated once their orders expand and supplies shrink. For this reason, there must be at least 20 to 25 exporters tapping the whole world.

Limited market of Pakistani exporters:

Current market of Pakistani exporters is limited to the Gulf States only, and this needed to be expanded to Europe. Due to diseases like Mad Cow and Foot and Mouth, European domestic supplies have dipped drastically; this gap could be filled by the Pakistani exporters if they plan properly. The government had been setting up a laboratory for quality testing. Under the World Trade Organization regime after 2004, it would only be quality that could determine share of any country. For this reason, the government was trying to prepare local exporters to compete at the world level. Though livestock forms 38 per cent of the countrys agricultural economy, its share in the gross domestic product (GDP) was only 11 per cent. The meat exports were still hovering around Rs1 billion only. Minister had asked
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his hosts to facilitate more investors in the livestock export process and help country stabilize economically.

0.320m Animals Exported

3, 20,489 animals had been exported to different countries under the commercial export of live animals through open policy since May, 2009. During last two financial years, 70,440 cattle, 64,849 buffaloes, 1, 84,777 goats and sheep, AND 423 camels are exported. Giving the break-up, a total of 5,515 animals, including 1,260 cattle, 1,825 buffaloes, 2,430 goats and sheep were exported in the year 2008-09. In year 2009-10 the export soared to 3, 14,947 animals, including 69,180 cattle, 63,024 buffaloes, 1, 82,347 goats and sheep and 423 camels. The countries where these animals were exported, included Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Iran, Afghanistan In addition, 6,976 animals were exported during the period through NOC issued by ministry of livestock and dairy development to foreign dignitaries through diplomatic, Oman and Bahrain.

Returns from Goat Farming:

Sheep and goat farming has a great scope in Sindh due to climatic conditions, canal network, forest areas, pastures within valleys, grass along canal and road sides, and efficient labor force.

Advantage of small animals:

The rearing of small animals has greater advantages over other livestock. This business not only supplements the farmers income but also compliments crop production by providing means of subsistence and employment in rural area. The province is home to many important sheep and goat breeds.
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Importance of small ruminants:

Small ruminants for various reasons play an important role in agriculture since they do not require costly inputs. Their meat, milk and the converted dairy products are valuable goods. The products of small ruminant such as wool and skin are of secondary importance. Small ruminant farming is an integral part of agricultural production system. These provide protein, particularly to those living in rural areas.

Maintenance of goat and sheep flocks:

Goat and sheep flocks are maintained through traditional production system. Their feeding requirement is met through grazing. Their main management is climate, vegetation, resources, disease control and feed supplement. In a study, it was found that the majority 59 per cent animals are fed from fields, 20 per cent use stall feeding and 21 per cent grazing as well as stall feeding. About 51 per cent feeding is dependent on tree leaves, cut fodder and kitchen waste - 29 per cent on tree leaves and 20 per cent on cut fodder. The major portion of milk is consumed by kids/lambs and the remaining quantity by the family. A very small quantity of milk is marketed after mixing it with cow and buffalo milk. The sheep producer use traditional method of shearing i.e., cut by simple scissor. A majority of the 92 per cent respondents said that they shear their animal twice a year while eight per cent did it once. About 56 per cent sell wool on per sheep basis while 44 per cent on per kg base. On an average, sheep wool is sold for Rs8 per kg and Rs10 per animal.

Birth rates:
Multiple birth rates indicate that 60 per cent of sheep give single birth while remaining of 40 per cent twin births. Same 60 per cent goat give twin births while 29 per cent single, whereas 11 per cent goat give birth to triplets.

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Diseases:
Small ruminants are affected by bacterial disease with seven per cent reporting viral disease and six per cent, both bacterial and viral diseases in the study area. About 67 per cent get their animals vaccinated while 33 per cent are unaware of it. Almost every household uses family labor for milking. Similarly, for manure gathering 38 per cent use family male labor and 14 per cent hire male, whereas 40 per cent use family female and eight per cent children. Marketing comprises movement of livestock and their products (food and raw material) from the farm to final consumer. In case of products, the marketing continued through processing which changes the nature and form or use of the product. It includes processing, grading and packing.

Mall Piri:
The livestock markets are locally called Mall Piri held weekly in nearby towns where buyers and sellers strike deals. Such markets are held daily in big cities located in consumption areas. These offer good business for brokers and agents of big traders and marginal traders. Producers often hesitate to sell their animals in these markets because of the exploitation by agents, transportation problem, huge expenses involved in the form of marketing charges and feeding and the time consumed during visits.

Simplicity of livestock producers:

There are no standards to weigh livestock and their carcasses. The deal is struck through estimation which becomes the basis of price offered by a buyer. The brokers and agents are clever in bargaining while guessing the helplessness of a seller. Almost all livestock producers are simple and illiterate people.

Markets for livestock products:

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Primary market:
A primary market is a patch of ground near a village where livestock from same or surrounding villages is brought for sale. These are also designated as local or producer market.

Secondary markets:
Secondary markets are located in towns to which livestock traded at village markets are brought for sale. These markets are also called transit markets. Local town committees control these markets.

Tertiary markets:
Tertiary markets are located in large cities where animals are usually brought from secondary or primary markets. These are also designated as regional markets. Import and export of livestock occurs internationally from one country to the other from the national markets. The purchaser directly contacts the seller and negotiates the price without the help of intermediary, while at other times a broker serves as a catalyst for settlement of prices.

Goat farming in Sindh:

In Sindh, sheep and goat wealth is in the hands of poor people. Goat farming is carried out as a way of life instead at commercial scale. The goat farming units are not operated efficiently due to poor knowledge of modern practices. The system needs improvement.

Livestock Constraints
Livestock is a major sector in agriculture. Livestock accounts for 52.2 % of agricultural value added. It contributes 11%to Gross Domestic Products (GDP). About 30-35 million rural people depends directly or indirectly on livestock sector for their livelihoods. It has potential to absorb more rural
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workforce to alleviate rural poverty if proper attention is given to this sector. Pakistan is proud to be worlds fifth largest milk producer. In addition to food products, livestock sector also provide draught power, milk, meat, eggs, manure which is used as fuel or fertilizer, feathers, fiber, hides, and horns. In todays world, it role in food security cannot be overstated. In order to achieve sustained development in agriculture, it is extremely important for the government to give more attention to livestock and dairy sector. Realizing its significance to poverty alleviation, the government has started giving some attention to this sector but no big national or international investment have been seen in dairy, beef, mutton or carpet wool production sub- sectors of livestock. Most of the livestock production system is still orthodox and rural subsistence oriented. Some investment in this sector is appreciable but still there is a lot which need to be done. It is pre-request for the sustainable economy of the country to increase the animal production. There are many issues in the animal production which should be addressed properly. Constraints and problems to increase livestock or animal production are almost similar in Asian countries. The most considerable constraints in Pakistan are nutrition, animal health, animal productivity/genetic make-up of the animals, provision of finance to livestock farmers, livestock extension and marketing. These factors are briefly discussed below.

Nutrition
Adequate nutrition is a major problem in livestock production. Without providing the required nutrition to the animal the genetic potential cannot be exploited. It is yet to be decided that how much nutrients our animals needs to express their full genetic potential of productivity. To develop feeding standards of buffaloes, cattle, sheep and goat, no serious effort has been made. It is difficult for extensions to recommend accurately to livestock farmers that what standard he has to follow to feed
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his cow for cost-effective milk and meat productivity. Some advancement has been made in this regard however there is a lot need to done for revolution in animal nutrition. The availability of green fodder is not sufficient. Fodder availability can be ensured round the year by following the year around fodder availability chart to cultivate fodder. Cotton cake (Khal) was considered a balance diet by the farmers but in fact it is unbalanced diet which leads to less productivity. Wheat and rice straw (toorhi) is commonly used by the farmers for their animals without urea treatment. Urea treatment is strongly recommended because by this practice the nutritional value of straw can be increased up to 70 percent. It was commonly observed that farmers do not know that how to treat the straw. There is need to educate the farmers in this regard. Preservation of fodder can play an important role in nutrition. Silage and Hey making are common techniques to preserve fodder. The preserved fodder has more nutritional value and can be used by animals in the seasonal starvation. But farmers do not practice the silage and hey making which exacerbate the nutritional deficiency. Wanda is considered a complete diet for the animals by the village people and they use to feed it to the pregnant and lactation animals. It is not a good practice because wanda is not a balanced diet and animal need nutrients in addition to this. As farmers do not have awareness about the fact, their ignorance leads under nutrition of animals.

Health
Livestock health is a limiting factor to productivity. A major problem is the lack of knowledge and awareness about the productive benefits of disease control. Those farmers, who are aware of the benefits, have limited access to appropriate vaccines and therapeutic drugs. Animal production systems are affected by different types of diseases with varying capacity. The disease i.e. helminthosis and tick-borne are more important regarding animal productivity. In short the diseases can seriously affect productivity and profitability. Vaccination and treatment for the animals was generally ignored by the livestock farmers which results huge losses regarding productivity and number of heads. Farmers use to inject oxytocin to lactating animals for milk let down which entirely hazardous for reproductive organs and productivity
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as well. Farmers use to practice traditional methods for animal cure which exacerbate the problems for animal health. Lack of diagnosis of diseases is major factor in low productivity. Due to insufficient diagnostic laboratories the doctors use hit and trial methods for diagnose and cure which results inefficiency in the treatment. Mastitis (inflammation of udder) is a major problem in lactating animal. It significantly decreases the milk production. Farmers have no awareness about the diagnosis and cure about this disease. Farmers usually care their diseased animals up to 2-3 days but this disease needs care up to 10 days. External and internal parasites of animals also cause low productivity. It is important to check the fecal sample in every month to diagnose and de worm the animals. But the practice is ignored by the farmers. In Pakistan, quacks (neem hakeem) are very active in curing animals in the villages. These non-technical persons often treat animals with hit and trial methods which some time cause even death of the animal.

Animal Productivity/Genetic Potential

Pakistan has breeds with low genetic potential Sire (bull). The breeds with best potential such as Sahiwal cow and Nili-Ravi buffalo are rarely found at the farms of small and medium farmers who contribute the big share of heads. These pure breeds are in fact in danger. There is need to save and exploit the genetic potential of the high yielding breeds. It is common observation that there is a trend among farmers to cross the animals by imported semen. This practice is a big threat to our local and potential breeds. It is interesting to tell that Australia had demanded the 100 pure Sahiwal breed and Pakistan could not provide. It shows that the country is being lost the breed.

Lack of Livestock Credit

To establish the modern livestock farms, it needs huge investment. Unlike crop sector, livestock sector required more capital. The absence of credit disbursement to small and medium-scale farmers the involvement of poor in the commercialization of livestock production is restricted.
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Poor Livestock Extension Activities

Livestock extension wing in the country is poorly performing and biased toward large farmers tending to neglect poor rural livestock-keepers. Public sector Follow a top-down transfer of technology approach. It is now universally accepted that this approach is not result oriented instead bottom up approach should be adopted in which the participation of the livestock farmers should be ensured. In extension programs only large ruminants are focused and the other species are almost excluded which need to be addressed. The extension services are concentrated in the areas where potential for livestock is high. The services should be evenly provided to the farmers, and neglected areas in fact deserve more. The extension messages are not frequently disseminated through print and electronic media. There is dire need to educate the farmers as without educating there the dream of high productivity cannot be realized.

Poor Marketing System

Proper marketing system encourages the animal productivity. Poor marketing system is also a significant constraint in the animal productivity. Private sector has organized the farmers association for their own interest. These associations collect milk for the organizations. Regarding marketing farmers are on the mercy of beoparies and dodhies. These market players exploit the poor farmers. There should be systematic marketing system which could ensure the profit share of the farmers.

Why Technology Doesn't Reach The Roots?

In the past, many efforts have been launched in this regard but those could not sustain and perished without harvesting the fruitful results. Of the many big reasons, the most significant was that those innovations were not based on the needs of the small landholders, tenants and landless livestock owners. The farmers should get the answer of their problems from
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the scientists and extension workers that are cost-effective, economical, efficient, practicable, adjustable, approachable, and solution oriented. These cheap technologies should also be coupled with economic incentives and services in the public and private sector. Before we discuss the measures of improvement, the prevailing livestock situation would be reviewed firstly.

Livestock Market:
Protecting Animals against Diseases

A very big livestock market is set up in Karachi every year for about a month during Eid-ul-Azha where over one million animals - about 0.4 million large ruminants and more than 0.6 million small ruminants - are brought from various parts of the country.

Over 60 per cent of these animals belong to Punjab, 40 per cent to rural Sindh and 10 per cent to Balochistan. These sacrificial animals which are specially fed and reared are mostly beautiful and fat and fetch high prices.
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The Karachi cattle market set up on the occasion of Eid is one of the largest livestock market in Asia. As far as large ruminants are concerned about 0.5 per cent of them are crossbreed of Frisian and Cherolias which fetch higher prices than local animals. Some animals are sold for more than a few hundred thousand rupees each. Local animals reared specially for sacrifice mainly in Punjab and surrounding areas are Cholistani Dajal and Dhani breeds; in Balochistan are Bhaghnari; and in Sindh are Tharparkar and Kankrej breeds. As these animals come from every part of the country, the owners who are familiar with foot-and-mouth disease and conditions prevalent at the livestock markets get their animals vaccinated. But new farmers or the farmers coming from far-flung areas, where there is no such facility, or the farmers who are not familiar with the disease and its losses, and the traders who purchase animals one to two months prior to the festival do not vaccinate their animals which are prone to the disease. After reaching the market these animals may get infected with the disease and spread it to other healthy animals. Foot-and-mouth is a viral disease which is highly infectious. The main symptoms of the disease is high fever (104oF to 105oF), vesicles on tongue, gums, dental pad, inner side of lips, mammary glands and foot with dribbling of saliva from mouth. Sometimes the saliva is blood-stained and the animal is unable to eat and walk. Especially the foreign crossbreed animals are highly prone to such disease. The conditions which favour the outbreak of this disease are cold weather mainly the months of November, December, February and March, stress on animals, overcrowding of the animals, keeping animals in hard and hilly areas, unsanitary conditions, areas infested with flies and mosquitoes, nonavailability and shortage of fresh and clean water, supply of hard and dry fodder or spoiled green fodder containing fungus and keeping the animals standing for a long period in open space without any shelter.
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Fodder contaminated with concrete and mud inflicts injuries to the tongue and mouth of the animal while consuming food which usually results in the infection. In case of outbreak of the disease, heavy losses are suffered by the cattle traders as the sacrificial animals become weak, lose weight and beauty and do not attract buyers. Many of the animals also die of this disease. The sign of the disease in a bigger market is very clear. If the crossbreed animals show symptoms of the disease first, it is obvious to be a foot-and-mouth disease, and soon the local animals of the market also get infected with this viral disease which, if not controlled, soon assumes epidemic proportion. The disease is contagious and spreads very rapidly. Protection against the disease: A comprehensive plan is needed to control the disease. The area of the market should be separated into blocks and given numbers. Each block should be allowed to accommodate only 1,000 animals to make it technically easy to look after them. At the entry points of the cattle market shallow ditches should be made and filled with formalin solution with a concentration of three per cent to four per cent or copper sulphate solution four to five per cent so that animals and workers while entering into the market pass through this solution which kills the pathogenic organism. The foreign crossbreed animals should be kept away from the local breed; the premises should be kept clean, hygienic and sprayed with disinfectants daily to kill mosquitoes, flies and bugs; clean wooden mangers should be used for feeding the animals and they should be cleaned daily. Animal waste and other garbage should be removed from the premises. The animals and traders should be provided with sheds and clean and fresh water.
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Fodder should be protected against contamination specially mud and concrete particles. The market managers and head of the veterinary department should work in close coordination to control any epidemic. For full animal health cover, one veterinary aid centre fully staffed and equipped with a sick ward per 10,000 animals should be established, and one mobile unit working 24 hours should be set up. In case of any disease, the sick animals should be segregated from healthy one and kept in sick ward and treated accordingly until cured. In case of symptom like foot-and-mouth disease and vesicular stomatitis (same symptoms like foot-and-mouth) the animal in addition to mouth wash with alum solution, should be treated with antibiotic or sulpha drugs. Protection of animals against such diseases at livestock market is necessary to save both the cattle sellers and buyers from losses and preventing the disease to assume an epidemic proportion.

Rural Dairy Farming And Alleviation Of Poverty

There are about 125 million livestock in the country, of which 50 per cent are large ruminants (cattle and buffaloes) and 50 per cent small ruminants (sheep and goats) which is growing at a rate of 35 per cent annually. Punjab and Sindh are the major holders of the livestock i.e. 52 per cent and 26 per cent respectively with the best milch breeds of cattle and buffaloes. The area is suitable for dairy farming with a lot of potential for its growth. The sector is important both from food security point of view and job opportunities for around 10 million people of Sindh. The country is earning about Rs60 billion from dairy export every year.

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About 75 per cent of the rural population is engaged in livestock rearing and its livelihood depends on this important sector. Livestock contributes about 9.4 per cent to the GDP, and 40 per cent value addition to agriculture sector. More than 90 per cent farmers are small holders and possess about 1-4 animals. Hardly five per cent have more than 100 animals and are busy in their farming business at commercial level.

Steps to be taken for improving the sector:

Unabated increase in animal population may not be a solution. The appropriate way to go forward is through increases in yield and not number through better genetic technology, animal healthcare and more nourishing feed for livestock. This strategy can help the lowincome groups in procuring sustainable livelihoods in rural and periurban areas. Another area which needs attention is to improve and extend veterinary services to village level. Production of green fodder should be increased by growing high yielding varieties and following improved agronomic practices. The animal herders at village level should be educated to use urea and molasses with roughages for improved nutritive value. The depleted range lands in desert, arid and semi-arid regions should be improved by adopting well-established technology for each region. Scattered livestock herders should be organized on community basis. Arrangements should be made to collect and take milk to the nearest centre for chilling before transporting the same to a processing plant. The village organizations should be provided advisory services and training for better management of their animals by improving their breeds, feed, and health. Necessary veterinary services should be provided at grassroots level, besides improving their marketing system. Since the livelihood profiles and productivity patterns of the large, landless community of livestock owners and the other community of
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landed livestock owners are different, it is desirable to follow of nuanced and different strategies for the two communities.

Conclusion
The dairy and livestock sector has a huge potential of exports. What it needs is little attention for growth and development by the government. The government should pay a lot of attention to this sector as it will not only increase our productions but the products from this sector can bring a lot foreign exchange for the country. The kinds of livestock that we have in our country are of excellent quality. And the production can be made commercial if government efforts are there. The exports of such quality goods can help us to improve the image of the country in the world market. Thus this good image for the dairy and livestock products would help us to make a market for the other products as well. Hence, overall exports of the country will increase which is beneficial for the country.

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