Fundamentals of Animal Science, 1st Edition

By: Colin G. Scanes

2014 Update

CHAPTER 1

Table 1-1 (Update)

Year Population
2014 7.2
Projection 8.0
for 2024

Population of the United States (Update)

At the end of 2014, the United States had a population of 320 million

Table 1-2 Maize Production in million metric tons (tonnes)* (Update)

Ranking Country 1990 2010 2013
in 2013
1 USA 201.5 316.2 353.7
2 China 97.2 177.5 217.8
3 Brazil 21.3 56.1 80.5
4 Argentina 5.4 22.7 32.1
5 Ukraine - 12.0 30.9
6 India 8.9 14.1 23.3
7 Mexico 14.6 23.3 22.7
8 Indonesia 6.7 18.4 18.5
9 France 9.4 14.0 15.1
10 South Africa 9.2 12.8 12.4
*(Based on FAO Statistics)

Table 1-3 Comparison of Global Production of Beef, Pork and Poultry Meat in million
metric tons (tonnes)* (Update)
Ranking Source 1995 2010 2012
1 Pork 80.1 109.2 109.1
2 Poultry 54.2 99.0 105.5
3 Beef 54.2 62.3 63.3
*(Based on FAO Statistics)

Page 1 of 21
Table 1-4 The Importance of Animal Products to Human Nutrition (Update)
Region Percentage energy Percentage protein
(calories) from animal from animal
products products
Developing countries 13 33
Developed countries 27 56
World 17 38

CHAPTER 3

Table 3-1 Global Production of All Meat in million metric tons (tonnes)* (Update)
Ranking 2010 2012
World 293 302.4
China 80.8 81.1
USA 42.2 42.5
Brazil 22.3 25.0
*(Based on FAO Statistics)

New!
Global Production of Other Edible Animal Products in million metric tons (tonnes)*
Ranking Source 1990 2000 2010 2012 Percentage
increase
since 2000
1 Cow’s milk 479 490 600 625.8 27.7
2 Buffalo milk 44.1 66.5 97.4
92.5 46.5
3 Eggs 37.4 55.1 71.7
69.6 30.1
4 Goat Milk 10.0 12.7 17.8
16.6 40.2
5 Sheep milk 7.0 8.1 10.1
10.0 24.7
6 Camel milk 1.36 1.5 2.8
2.2 86.7
*(Based on FAO Statistics)

Page 2 of 21
Table 3-2 Relative Size of Meat Production (percentage of global meat production) in
Countries Producing at Least 1% of Global Production of Meat* (Update)
Ranking 2010 2012
China 27.6 26.3
USA 14.4 14.1
Brazil 7.6 8.3
Germany 2.8 2.7
Russian 2.4
Federation 2.7
Mexico 2.0 2.0
France 2.0 2.0
Argentina 1.6 1.6
Spain 1.8 1.8
Canada 1.5 1.5
Italy 1.5 1.5
Viet Nam 1.4 1.4
United 1.2 1.2
Kingdom
Poland 1.2 1.2
Japan 1.1 1.1
*(Based on FAO Statistics)

Table 3-3 Global Production of Beef (cattle meat) in million metric tons (tonnes)*
(Replace)

Ranking Country Production Production Production Production

in 1990 in 2000 in 2010 in 2012
1 United States of 10.5 12.3 12.0 11.8
America
2 Brazil 4.1 6.6 7.0 9.3
3 China (Peoples 1.3 4.8 6.3 6.3
Republic of)
4 Argentina 3.0 2.7 2.6 2.5
5 Australia 1.7 2.0 2.1 2.1
6 Mexico 1.3 1.4 1.7 1.8
7 Russian Federation N.A. 1.9 1.7 1.6
8 France 2.2 1.5 1.6 1.5
9 Canada 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.2
10 Germany 2.1 1.3 1.2 1.1
11 India 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1
Global production of hides in 2012 – 8.06 million metric tons
*(Based on FAO Statistics)

Page 3 of 21
New!
Table 3-4 Milk (cows, water buffalo, sheep, goats?etc.)
Ranking Country Production Production Production Production
in 1990 in 2000 in 2010 in 2012
1 India 53.7 79.7 117.0 124.8
2 United States 67.0 76.0 87.5 90.0
of America
3 China 7.0 12.4 41.1 42.5
(Peoples
Republic of)
4 Pakistan 14.7 25.6 35.5 37.9
5 Brazil 15.1 20.5 31.8 32.4
6 Russian a 32.3 32.1 31.8
Federation
7 Germany 31.3 28.4 29.7 30.5
8 France 26.8 25.7 24.2 24.9
9 New Zealand 7.5 12.2 17.0 20.1
10 Turkey 9.6 9.8 13.5 16.0

Table 3-5 Global Production of Pork in million metric tons (tonnes)* (Replace)

Ranking Country Production Production Production Production

in 1990 in 2000 in 2010 in 2012
1 China (Peoples 24.0 40.8 51.7 49.0
Republic of)
2 United States 7.0 8.6 10.2 10.6
of America
3 Germany 4.5 4.0 5.5 5.5
4 Brazil 1.0 2.6 3.2 3.5
4 Spain 1.8 2.9 3.4 3.5
6 Vietnam 0.7 1.4 3.0 3.1
7 Russian a 1.6 2.3 2.6
Federation
8 France 1.7 2.3 2.3 2.2
9 Poland 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9
10 Italy 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.7
10 Denmark 1.2 1.2 1.7 1.7
*(Based on FAO Statistics)

Page 4 of 21
Table 3-6 Global Production of Chicken in million metric tons (tonnes)* (Replace)

Ranking Country Production Production Production Production

in 1990 in 2000 in 2010 in 2012
1 United States of 8.7 13.9 17.0 17.0
America
2 China (Peoples 2.7 9.1 11.9 12.7
Republic of)
3 Brazil 2.4 6.0 10.7 11.5
4 Russian a 0.8 2.5 3.3
Federation
5 Mexico 0.8 1.8 2.7 2.7
6 India 0.3 0.9 2.3 2.2
7 Iran (Islamic 0.4 0.8 1.6 1.9
Republic of)
8 Indonesia 0.5 0.8 1.6 1.8
9 Argentina 0.3 1.0 1.6 1.7
9 Turkey 0.4 0.6 1.4 1.7
*(Based on FAO Statistics)

Table 3-7 Global Production of Hen (chicken’s) Eggs in million metric tons (tonnes)*
(Replace)

Ranking Country Production Production Production Production

in 1990 in 2000 in 2010 in 2012
1 China 6.6 18.9 23.8 24.5
(Peoples
Republic of)
2 United 4.0 5.0 5.4 5.4
States of
America
3 India 1.2 2.0 3.4 3.6
4 Japan 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.5
5 Russian a 1.9 2.2 2.3
Federation
6 Mexico 1.0 1.8 2.4 2.3
7 Brazil 1.2 1.5 1.9 2.1
8 Indonesia 0.4 0.6 1.1 1.1
9 Ukraine a 0.6 1.0 1.1
10 France 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.85
*(Based on FAO Statistics)

Page 5 of 21
Table 3-8 Comparisons of Global and Chinese Production of Chicken and Other Eggs*
(in million metric tons) for 2012, 2010, 2000 and 1990 (Replace)
Commodity Country Production Production Production Production
in 1990 in 2000 in 2010 in 2012
Hen’s eggs
World 35.2 51.2 63.4 66.4
China 6.6 18.9 23.8 24.5
(Peoples
Republic of)
Other eggs
World 2.3 4.1 5.3 5.5
China 1.6 3.3 4.2 4.3
(Peoples
Republic of)
*Other bird eggs (predominantly duck and goose)

(Update) Importance of Animal Agriculture to US Exports and Imports:

2013
Exports
Pork $4.8 billion
Beef and Veal $4.6 billion
Poultry products $ 4.0 billion
Dairy products (excluding cheese) $3.1 billion
Cheese $1.1 billion

Imports
Beef and Veal $3.4 billion
Cattle $1.8 billion
Dairy products $1.2 billion

CHAPTER 5

New! Economic Impact of Horses:

Horses have a significant effect on the US economy. According to the American Horse
Council and based on a 2005 study, the following summarize the economic impact of
horses:
• The horse industry has a direct economic impact of $39 billion per year and,
applying economic multipliers, an impact of $103 billion per year
o Racing has a $10.6 billion direct impact
o Showing has a $10.8 billion direct impact
• The horse industry directly supports 460,000 full time equivalent jobs
• 2 million people own horses, 70% of whom live in communities of 50,000 people
or less

Page 6 of 21
CHAPTER 6

New! Economic Impact of Companion Animals:

According to the American Pet Products Association, 62% of US households own a pet
with over $56 billion spent on pets in 2013 and this is growing at about 5% per year.
Expenditures can be sub-divided into the following categories:
• Food $22 billion
• Veterinary care $14 billion
• Supplies including over the counter medication (e.g. for fleas and ticks) $13
billion
• Animal Purchase $2.2 billion
• Pet services e.g. grooming, boarding $4.4 billion.

New! Zoonotic Transmission of Toxoplasma gondii from Cats:

Cats are a major source for Toxoplasma gondii that are transmitted to people. There are
large numbers (>106) of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in the feces of an infected cat.
People are infected by ingestion of the oocysts for instance after cleaning the litter box
(and not thoroughly washing hands) or contact with surfaces around the litter box that
have been contaminated. The incidence of Toxoplasma gondii is high in stray or feral
cats and elevated in house cats that are allowed to hunt (eating small rodents that are
infected) or eat raw meat or are former stray cats or if there is also a dog in the
household.

Table 6-2 Most Popular Dog Breeds in 2013* (Update)

Ranking Breed

1 Labrador Retriever
2 German Shepherd Dog
3 Golden Retriever
4 Beagle
5 Bulldog
6 Yorkshire Terrier
7 Boxer
8 Poodle
9 Rottweiler
10 Dachshund
* (Based on registrations to the AKA)

Page 7 of 21
New! Table 6-3 Pet Ownership in the USA (according to the AVMA)
Pet Number in Number of households in
millions millions
Dogs 69.9 43.3
Cats 74.1 36.1
Birds 8.3 3.7
Horses 4.9 1.8
Rabbits 3.2 1.4
Hamsters 1.1 0.9
Guinea 1.4 0.8
pigs
Gerbils 0.5 0.2
Other 0.9 0.4
rodents
Ferrets 0.7 0.3
Turtles 2.3 1.3
Lizards 1.1 0.5
Snakes 1.1 0.7
Other 0.7 0.4
reptiles
Fish 58 7.7

CHAPTER 7

(Update)
Table 7-4 Ranking of the US States by Cattle Inventory in January 1st 2013
Live weight (1000, 000 head):
1. Texas 11.3
2. Nebraska 6.3
3. Kansas 5.8
4. California 5.3
5. Oklahoma 4.2
6. Iowa 3.8
7. South Dakota 3.8
8. Missouri 3.6
9. Wisconsin 3.4
10. Colorado 2.6

Page 8 of 21
(Update)
Table 7-5 Ranking of the US States by Cattle Production in 2012
Live weight (billion lb.):
1. Texas 6.3
2. Nebraska 5.1
3. Kansas 3.8
4. California 2.1
5. Oklahoma 2.1
6. Iowa 1.9
7. Colorado 1.8
8. South Dakota 1.5
9. Missouri 1.2
10. Wisconsin 1.1

Table 7-8 Ranking of the US States by Milk Production in 2012 (Update)

Ranking State Milk production
in billion lb.
1 California 41.6
2 Wisconsin 26.1
3 Idaho 13.3
4 New York 12.8
5 Pennsylvania 10.5
6 Texas 9.6
7 Minnesota 8.9
8 Michigan 8.5
9 New Mexico 8.2
10 Washington 6.2
http://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/Ag_Statistics/2013/chapter08.pdf

CHAPTER 8

(Update)
Table 8-1 Ranking of States in 2012 by Pig Production (in billion lb.):
1. Iowa 10.3
2. Minnesota 3.9
3. North Carolina 3.9
4. Illinois 2.0
5. Indiana 1.8
6. Oklahoma 1.3
7. Missouri 1.3
8. Nebraska 1.3
9. Ohio 1.1
10. Kansas 0.9

Page 9 of 21
(Update)
Table 8-1 Ranking of States in 2012 by Sows Farrowed (in millions):
1. Iowa 4.9
2. North Carolina 4.3
3. Minnesota 3.0
4. Illinois 2.5
5. Oklahoma 1.9
6. Missouri 1.9
7. Nebraska 1.7
8. Indiana 1.3
9. South Dakota 0.9
10. Ohio 0.9
http://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/Ag_Statistics/2013/chapter07.pdf

CHAPTER 9

(Replace)
Tables 9-1

Table 9-1A Ranking of Sheep Meat Production in 2012*

Ranking Country Sheep meat produced in
million metric tonnes
1 China 2.1
2 Australia 0.6
3 New Zealand 0.5
4 India 0.3
5 United Kingdom 0.3
(*Based on FAO Statistics)

Table 9-1B. Ranking of Goat Meat Production in 2012*

Ranking Country Sheep meat produced in
million metric tonnes
1 China 1.9
2 India 0.6
3 Pakistan 0.3
4 Nigeria 0.3
(*Based on FAO Statistics)

Page 10 of 21
Table 9-2 Top 10 Sheep Producing States in 2012 Based on Breeding Sheep (Update)
Ranking State Number of Breeding
Sheep
In 100,000 head
1 Texas 5.6
2 California 3.2
3 Utah 2.8
4 Wyoming 2.7
5 South Dakota 2.2
6 Montana 2.1
7 Colorado 1.9
8 Idaho 1.8
9 Oregon 1.4
10 Iowa 1.3
http://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/Ag_Statistics/2013/chapter07.pdf

New!
Table 9-5 Ranking of Wool Production in 2012*
Ranking Country Wool (greasy) produced
in 100,000 metric tonnes
1 China 4.0
2 Australia 3.6
3 New Zealand 1.6
4 United Kingdom 0.7
5 Russian Federation 0.6
(*Based on FAO Statistics)

New! Table 9-6 Top 10 Sheep Producing States in 2012 Based on Sheep Slaughtered
(live weight)
Ranking State Number of Sheep
slaughtered
in live weight million
lb.
1 Colorado 165.5
2 California 42.0
3 Michigan 23.4
4 Illinois 21.0
5 Texas 6.2
6 Pennsylvania 6.0
7 New York 4.4
8 Indiana 4.0
9 Oregon 3.8
10 Utah 3.7
http://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/Ag_Statistics/2013/chapter07.pdf

Page 11 of 21
CHAPTER 11

Table 11-2 Increasing World Production of Poultry Meat and Eggs (in million metric
tons) (Update)
Commodity 1997 2007 2012
Chicken meat 50.7 75.8 92.8
Turkey meat 4.8 5.4 5.6
Goose and game 1.7 2.3 4.8
bird meat
Duck meat 2.4 3.6 4.3
Chicken eggs 46.6 59.0 66.4
Other eggs 3.6 4.4 5.5
(predominantly
duck and goose)

New!
Table 11-4 Top Chicken Producing States in 2012
Ranking State Chicken
production
billion lb.
1 Georgia 7.6
2 Arkansas 5.8
3 North Carolina 5.7
4 Alabama 5.6
5 Mississippi 4.5
6 Texas 3.5
7 Kentucky 1.7
8 Maryland 1.6
9 South Carolina 1.5
10 Delaware 1.5
http://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/Ag_Statistics/2013/chapter08.pdf

New!
Table 11-5 Top Turkey Producing States in 2012
Ranking State Turkey
production
billion lb.
1 North Carolina 1.2
2 Minnesota 1.2
3 Indiana 0.6
4 Arkansas 0.6
5 Missouri 0.6
http://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/Ag_Statistics/2013/chapter08.pdf

Page 12 of 21
New!
Table 11-6 Top Egg Producing States in 2012
Ranking State Egg produced
in billions
1 Iowa 14.5
2 Oklahoma 7.7
3 Pennsylvania 7.1
4 Indiana 6.8
5 California 5.5
6 Michigan 3.5
7 Ohio 3.1
8 North Carolina 3.1
9 Minnesota 2.8
10 Nebraska 2.7
http://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/Ag_Statistics/2013/chapter08.pdf

CHAPTER 12

(Update) According to the Food and Agriculture Organization for 2012:

• Capture fish 91.3 million metric tons (million tonnes)
• Aquaculture 66.6 million metric tons (million tonnes)

Top Fishery Nations:

• China,
• Peru
• Indonesia

Aquaculture Globally:
• 58% freshwater
• 42% marine (mariculture) (7% marine finfish and 35% marine shellfish)

(Update)
Table 12-5 Top Aquaculture Nations in 2012
1. China 41.1 million metric tons (million tonnes) (62% of global aquaculture
production)
2. India 4.2
3. Viet Nam 3.1
4. Bangladesh 3.1
5. Indonesia 3.0
6. Norway 1.3
7. Chile 1.2
8. Thailand 1.2

Page 13 of 21
(Update)
Table 12-6 Aquaculture in the United States*
Species 2011 production (in Value (in million
thousand metric dollars)
tons)
Finfish
Catfish 157.9 391
Salmon 18.6 104
Striped bass 3.5 29.3
Tilapia 10.0 53.9
Trout 15.1 51.5
Shellfish
Clams 4.7 104.3
Crawfish 53.5 205.7
Mussels 0.4 7.3
Oysters 12.1 98.4
Shrimp 1.6 6.1
*Data from NOAA (http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/aquaculture/aquaculture_in_us.html
accessed November 8, 2014)

(Additional Information)
According to the United States Department of Agriculture, catfish operations produced
300 million lb. of catfish in 2013 with 64,000 acres of land used for catfish ponds.

CHAPTER 20

(Additional Information)
Examples of the Economic Impact of Animal Diseases in the USA:
• Researchers at Iowa State University estimate that Porcine Reproductive and
Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) costs US pork production $560 million per year.
• United States Department of Agriculture estimates that mastitis impacts dairy
production by an average of over $100 per cow in the USA.
• Researchers at Iowa State University estimate that prior to eradication, the
annual loss due to classical swine fever was $364 million.
• Researchers at Iowa State University estimate that prior to eradication, annual
loss due to pseudorabies was $36.3 million.
• Scientists at the US Meat Animal Research Center Clay Center, Nebraska,
estimate that pink eye results in losses to the cattle industry of $150 million per
year.
• Scientists at the US Meat Animal Research Center Clay Center, Nebraska
estimate that Bovine respiratory disease (bovine pneumonia)
o 70% of morbidity and mortality in feedlots
o Over $1 billion in economic losses due to reduced growth rate treatment
costs, depressed meat and hide quality

Page 14 of 21
 o Over $3 billion for prevention or treatment.
• United States Department of Agriculture estimates that the 1983 outbreak of
Avian Influenza cost $413 million.
• Agricultural economists in the United States Department of Agriculture estimate
that if there were an outbreak of foot and mouth, this could cost the USA $3-4
billion.
• The USDA estimates annual losses in USA from mastitis as $2 billion per year
• Animal diseases impact commerce and the price of animal products with
exporting of livestock or animals products restricted when there is a disease
outbreak. For instance, the identification of Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
(BSE) infected cattle in the USA led to the closing of major export markets.

Global Impact of Diseases in Livestock and Poultry

Estimates of the costs of infectious diseases include the following:
• The last major Foot and Mouth disease outbreaks costing the British economy
about $17 billion and the outbreak in Taiwan cost $1.3 billion.
• Due to tsetse flies and trypanosomes, cattle production is either not possible or
its efficiency is severely impacted in Sub-Saharan Africa.
• Newcastle disease in non-vaccinated poultry has wiped out poultry in whole
villages in parts of Africa.

CHAPTER 21

(Additional Information)

Surveillance and Monitoring of Animal Diseases

Among the most effective methods to control the spread of animal diseases are the
following:
• Surveillance by producers for signs of disease such as appearance and
mortalities
• Surveillance and reporting diagnoses by veterinarians,
• Surveillance and reporting diagnoses by the Food Safety Inspection Service
(FIS) personnel at packing plants,
• Surveillance and cooperation between State and Federal government
veterinarians,
• Surveillance at ports and airports to prevent animal disease not in the USA
entering (see table 21-1 for examples of animal diseases not found in North
America)
• Monitoring and testing of livestock, poultry and wildlife that are reservoirs for
specific pathogens.

Page 15 of 21
New!
Table 21-2 Examples of Diseases not found in North America
Disease Species Pathogen Where found Vaccine Zoonotic
available
African Swine Pigs - Tick ASF virus Africa, Sardinia no no
Fever (ASF) borne (island off the
coast of Italy)
Bovine Cattle Prion Europe no yes
Spongiform (eradicated?)
Encephalopathy
(BSE) or “mad
cow disease”
Foot-and-mouth Cattle, sheep, FMD virus Some African yes ?
disease (FMD) pigs and Asian
counties

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)

The United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection
Service (APHIS) provides surveillance (e.g. at airports), monitoring and information
gathering and sharing. Within APHIS, the National Animal Health Surveillance System
(NAHSS) provides the mechanism to integrate monitoring, surveillance, epidemiological
data and analysis of animal diseases.

World Organization for Animal Health (OIE)

World Organization for Animal Health (known globally by its French name - Office
International des Epizooties or the acronym OIE) is an international organization that
monitors and communicates about animal disease to improve the health of livestock.

Eradication of Animal Diseases

The goal of animal (or human) health programs is to completely eliminate the disease.
APHIS also conducts programs to eradicate specific animal diseases. Included in these
are indemnity programs to control and to eradicate brucellosis, tuberculosis, hog
cholera and scrapie (in sheep and goats). Under an indemnity program, producers are
compensated when the Federal government purchases diseased or carrier animals.
This is consistent with part of the Fifth Amendment to the US Constitution “nor shall
private property be taken for public use, without just compensation”.

Diseases Eradicated from the USA

Bovine pleuropneumonia 1892
Foot and mouth disease 1929
Screwworm 1959
Hog cholera 1978

Page 16 of 21
Cusp of Eradication:
Aujeszky’s Disease (Pseudorabies)
Brucellosis (pigs, cattle and bison)
Bovine Tuberculosis (cattle)

APHIS also has an eradication program for the prion disease, scrapie. This is a
degenerative disease of the central nervous system of sheep and goats. The incidence
is about 1 in 17,241 adult sheep in 2011 compared to 1 in 500 sheep in the USA in
2003.

CHAPTER 23

(Update, Table 23-1)

There has been increasing consolidation in grocery stores with the top four companies
having a market share of over 35% in the USA and over 70% in large cities. This is
based on increased bargaining power of the largest companies, efficiencies of scale
and supply-chain management. According to Supermarket news, the top retailers
(grocery chains) in 2011 were the following:
1. Wal-Mart (Supercenters, Neighborhood Markets) Ranked #1 with Sam’s Club.
2. Kroger (also operates under following banners: Bakers, City Markets, Dillon
Marketplace, Food 4 Less, Foods Co., Fred Meyer, Fry's, Gerbes, Jay C, King
Soopers, Owen's, QFC, Pay Less Super Markets, Ralphs, Scott's Food &
Pharmacy, Smith's Marketplace)
3. Safeways (also operates under following banners: Carrs, Dominick's, Genuardi's,
Randalls, Tom Thumb, Vons)
4. Supervalue (also operates under following banners: Acme, Albertsons, Cub
Foods, Farm Fresh, Hornbacher's, Lucky, Jewel-Osco, Save-A-Lot, Shaw's,
Shop 'n Save, Shoppers)
5. Alhold USA (operates under following banners: Giant-Carlisle, Giant-Landover,
Martin's, Peapod, Stop & Shop)

If Costco (arguably a wholesaler) is included it would be ranked as #3.

CHAPTER 24

(Update)
According to the Centers for Disease Control, Foodborne Pathogens Resulted in
the Following in 2010:
• 48 million illnesses,
• 128,000 hospitalizations
• 3,000 deaths.

Page 17 of 21
The Centers for Disease Control Estimates the Pathogens Responsible for
Foodborne Diseases in the USA:
1. Norovirus 5.5 million cases
2. Salmonella 1.0 million cases
3. Clostridium perfringens 960,000 cases
4. Campylobacter 860,000 cases
5. Staphylococcus aureus 240,000

Pathogens Causing Foodborne Diseases Requiring Hospitalization in the USA:

1. Salmonella 19,000 cases
2. Norovirus 14,000 cases
3. Campylobacter (see figure 24-3) 8500 cases
4. Toxoplasma gondii 4400 cases
5. Shiga toxin-producing E.coli O157 2100 cases

Pathogens Causing Foodborne Diseases Resulting in Death in the USA:

1. Salmonella 378
2. Toxoplasma gondii 327
3. Listeria monocytogenes (see figure 24-3) 255
4. Norovirus 149
5. Campylobacter 76

Foodborne bacterial diseases are a significant health problem in the USA. In 2010, the
USDA estimates that infection of people in the USA by the foodborne organism - Shiga
toxin producing E.coli 0157 costs the nation $489 million due to hospitalization and
losses of productivity. Moreover, the cost of another foodborne organism - salmonella is
$2.7 billion per year.

Progress is Being Made with at Least Some Foodborne Pathogens. In 2010

Compared to 1999:
• E.coli O157 down 44%,
• Listeria down 38%
• Campylobacterosis down 27%
• Salmonella up 4%
• Vibrio up 115%

Page 18 of 21
CHAPTER 25

Table 25-1 Statistics on the Export and Import of Meat by the United States in 2013
(Update)
Species Export Import Net
Beef 2.59 2.25 +0.34
Pork 4.99 0.88 +4.11
Sheep and mutton 0 0.08 -0.08
Chicken 7.34 0.12 +7.22
Note: Data are in million tons of dressed carcass
http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/livestock-meat-international-trade-data.aspx
Note: In 2014, the Russian Federation banned imports of US meat.

(Update)
Meat production in the United States of America is a major industry with over $70 billion
production in 2013. The United States of America is a major producer of red meat
annually (based on 2013 figures from the National Agricultural Statistics Service).
• Beef 26 billion lb.
• Veal 111 million lb.
• Pork 23.2 billion lb.
• Lamb and mutton 159 million lb.
• Chicken 37.8 billion lb.

There is high consumption of meat in the USA (see table 25-X) with Americans one of
the top three countries for consumption of meat in the world (see figure 25-X for
example of meat products). Consumption of pork on a per capita basis has stayed
remarkably constant over the last 40 years. Beef consumption is high but trending down
while consumption of poultry and fish is increasing.

New!
Table 25-3 Meat Consumption (boneless lb. per capita per year) in the USA*
Year Beef Pork Lamb Chicken Turkey Fish and
and shellfish
veal
1970 79.6 48.1 2.1 27.4 6.4 11.0
1980 72.1 52.1 1.0 32.7 8.1 12.4
1990 63.9 46.4 1.0 42.4 13.8 14.9
2000 64.5 47.8 0.8 54.2 13.7 15.2
2010 57.3 44.8 0.7 57.6 12.9 15.8
2012 54.8 42.6 0.6 56.6 12.6 14.2
*Data based on availability from Economic Research Service

Page 19 of 21
CHAPTER 26

Table 26-1 Global Production of Cows (cattle) Milk in million metric tons (tonnes) in
2012 (based on FAO Statistics) (Update)
Ranking Country Production in 2012
1 United States of America 90.9
2 India 54.0
3 China (Peoples Republic of) 37.4
4 Brazil 32.3
5 Russian Federation 31.6
6 Germany 30.5
7 France 24.0
8 New Zealand 20.0
9 Pakistan 13.4
10 Poland 12.7

(Update)
Consumption of Milk (2013)
Fluid milk 195 lb. (26.7 % whole milk)
Cheese 35.7 lb.
Frozen dairy desserts 22.2 lb.
Yogurt 14.1 lb.
Butter 5.5 lb.

Breakdown of Fluid Milk Consumption (2013)

Whole milk 23.2 %
2% milk 30.5 %
1 % milk 12.4 %
Skim milk 12.1 %
Flavored milk 7.3 %
Other (cream and yogurt) 13.7 %

Top Cheeses Consumed (per capita) in the US in 2013

Mozzarella 10.8 lb.
Cheddar 9.66 lb.
Other American (Colby, curd, Monterey and Jack) 3.7 lb.
Cream and Neufchatel 2.5 lb.
Provolone 1.1 lb.
Swiss (including imported Emmentaler and Gruyere) 1.0 lb.
Parmesan 1.0 lb.
(http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/dairy-data.aspx)

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CHAPTER 27

(Update)
According to the Economics Research Service in the USDA, sales of organic
agricultural products were about $35 billion in the USA in 2014 with dairy products
accounting for about 15% ($5.2 billion); second to fruits and vegetables as organic
products. Sales of organic meat were about billion dollars in 2014. The number of cows
producing organic milk topped 100,000 in 2010 and continues to rise. This compares to
just under 13,000 in 1997.

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