BY S.

PRIANKA AIT-08-021

Physical -- 4 pairs, Fiber Optics, Coax, Network, Interface Card Data link -- Token Ring, Ethernet Network -- IPX, IP Transport -- TCP, UDP, NetBEUI, SPX Session -- FTP, Telnet, NCP Presentation -- SMB, NCP Applications -- Email, AppleTalk, NFS

Link Layer : includes device driver and network interface card Network Layer : handles the movement of packets, i.e. Routing Transport Layer : provides a reliable flow of data between two hosts Application Layer : handles the details of the particular application

TCP/IP is the communication protocol for communication between computers on the Internet. TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol.

TCP/IP uses 32 bits, or four numbers between 0 and 255, to address a computer. TCP/IP defines how electronic devices should be connected to the Internet, and how data should be transmitted between them.

TCP

specified in 1974 IP standard(RFC -791) published 1981 Defense Communications Agencies established TCP/IP as a suite in 1982 Domain Name System (DNS) introduced in 1984

32 bits addressing. 1 computer byte is 8 bits. So,4 computer bytes. A computer byte can contain 256 different values: 00000000, 00000001, 00000010, 00000011, 00000100, 00000101, 00000110, 00000111, 00001000 .......and all the way up to 11111111.

TCP takes care of the communication between your application software (i.e. your browser) and your network software TCP is responsible for breaking data down into IP packets before they are sent, and for assembling the packets when they arrive

Protocol Stack
App Transport Network Link TCP / UDP IP
Data Hdr

TCP Segment
Hdr

Data

IP Datagram

Protocol

Set up connection Transfer data Close connection

TCP Header Format

Connection - oriented Session is established before exchanging data. Reliable Delivery Sequence numbers Acknowledgements(ACKs) Byte-Stream Communications Uses Port Numbers as Endpoints to Communicate.

A TCP port provides a specific location for delivery of TCP Segments. Port Numbers below 1024 are well-known, and are assigned by Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) Refer to RFC 1170.

(Active) Client

Syn

(Passive) Server

There are three phases: Establish Connection Data Transfer Terminate Connection

Syn + Ack Ack

Phase 1

Connection Setup 3-way handshake

Phase 3

Phase 2

IP takes care of the communication with other computers. IP is responsible for sending the packets to the correct destination. IP forwards each packet based on a four byte destination address

Source IP Address, Destination IP Address, Protocol, Checksum, Time to Live(TTL)

Each computer must have an IP address before it can connect to the Internet. Each IP packet must have an address before it can be sent to another computer. This is an IP address: 192.68.20.50 This might be the same IP address: www.w3schools.com

UNIQUE IP addresses:
Each

Server, workstation, printer, router and other Internet enabled devices

Problem Classes too rigid (C too small, B too big) Solution Subnetting (e.g. within Stanford) Classless Interdomain Routing (CIDR)

Subnetting:
IP Address plus subnet mask (net mask) IP Address: 171.64.15.82 Netmask: 0xFFFFFF00 (111...1100000000) First 24 bits are the Subnet ID (the neighborhood) Last 8 bits are Host ID (the street address) Can be written as Prefix + Length 171.64.15.0/24 or 171.64.15/24

Routing is the process of choosing path over which to send packets. This occurs when a TCP/IP host sends IP packets and routing occurs at an IP router.

IP Version 1 - 3 IP Version 4 - TCP/IP -- 32 bit IP address, IP Version 5 -- Streamed Protocol(ST), a connection-oriented internet-level protocol IP Version 6 -- Designed to Replace IPv4 -128 bit IP address.

 IP

Addresses can be spoofed --snooped and replaced Spamming through incorrect IP addresses Denial of Service Attack ESP encrypts the IP datagram so that the information will not be visible to snoopers.

IP is the basis of Internetworking TCP builds on top of IP adds reliable, congestion-controlled, connection-oriented, byte-stream.