Thu vien Hoc Lieu Mo Viet Nam module: m30972

Khi nim v kin trc h phn tn

H Quang Huy
This work is produced by Thu vien Hoc Lieu Mo Viet Nam and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License

Tm tt ni dung Khi nim v kin trc h phn tn

1 Gii thiu
Nh c trnh by trong chng trc, HH hin i thng tp trung vo chc nng my tnh o, nhn mnh mc dch v h thng v v vy thun tin hn quan nim HH phn tn nh mt b tch hp cc dch v h thng cho php trnh din ci nhn trong sut ti h thng my tnh vi ti nguyn v iu khin phn tn (t ti nhiu v tr a l khc nhau). C th ni HH phn tn l HH kt ni cht v phn mm trn nn tng kt ni lng v phn cng. Theo mt cch ni khc, HH phn tn cung cp cho ngi s dng cch thc lm vic nh vi mt HH tp trung trong iu kin phn tn c phn cng ln phn mm. Mt vn t ra cho chnh khi nim HH phn tn. Tn ti nhiu cch hiu v HH phn tn, song c rt him ti liu cho mt nh ngha chnh thc v HH phn tn. Trong nhiu ng cnh, ngi ta cn s dng khi nim "h phn tn" thay th cho khi nim "HH phn tn". Chng ta chp nhn nh ngha c a ra trong [8]: H phn tn l t hp bao gm cc my tnh c lp vi trnh din h thng nh mt my tnh n trc ngi dng. HH phn tn c pht trin trn c s mt s tin sau y: -Th nht, do nhu cu tng khng ngng vic chia x ti nguyn v thng tin m cc HH c t trc khng p ng c. Trong qu trnh trin khai ng dng Tin hc vo i sng, cc mng my tnh c pht trin khng ngng, cc ti nguyn ca cc my tnh trong mng (phn cng, phn mm) ngy cng c m rng v nng cp, gi tr cc ti nguyn ny cng tng nhanh dn n s tng trng vt bc nhu cu chia x ti nguyn v thng tin trong mt h thng thng nht. HH tp trung v HH mng thun ty khng p ng c nhu cu i vi s tng trng . -Tin th hai lin quan n vic gi cc trm lm vic gim nhanh chng. Vic gim gi cc trm lm vic lm cho chng c s dng ph dng hn, s lng v cht lng cc trm lm vic cng tng khng ngng m t lm tng yu cu x l phn tn. iu ny to ra nhiu v tr c kh nng x l v lu tr thng tin hn m t cn thit phi phi hp chia x tt hn tim nng lu tr v x l ca cc v tr . -Vic s dng rng ri cc mng Trn c s vic kt ni mng trin khai HH mng to nn mt c s k thut h tng (phn cng, kt ni mng, phn mm) lm nn tng pht trin HH phn tn.
Version

1.2: Jul 11, 2011 11:03 pm GMT+7

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-Tnh thun thc v k ngh phn mm ca cc chuyn gia pht trin HH. Kinh nghim xy dng HH trc y (HH tp trung, HH mng) cho php nng cao trnh nng lc xy dng HH phn tn.

2 Cc mc tiu thit k h iu hnh phn tn

2.1 c im ca h phn tn H phn tn c cc c im c bn l Tnh chia x ti nguyn, Tnh m, Kh nng song song, Tnh m rng, Kh nng th li, Tnh trong sut. 2.1.1 Tnh chia x ti nguyn Thut ng ti nguyn c dng ch tt c mi th c th c chia x trong h phn tn, bao gm t cc thit b phn cng (a, my in ...) ti cc i tng (file, cc ca s, CSDL v cc i tng d liu khc). Trong h phn tn, chia x ti nguyn c hiu l ti nguyn ca h thng c cc QT chia x (s dng chung) m khng b hn ch bi tnh trng phn tn ti nguyn theo v tr a l. Vic chia x ti nguyn trn h phn tn - trong ti nguyn b l thuc v mt vt l vi mt my tnh no - c thc hin thng qua truyn thng. chia x ti nguyn mt cch hiu qu th mi ti nguyn cn phi c qun l bi mt chng trnh c giao din truyn thng, cc ti nguyn c th truy nhp, cp nht c mt cch tin cy v nht qun. Qun l ti nguyn y bao gm lp k hoch v d phng, t tn cc lp ti nguyn, cho php ti nguyn c truy cp t ni khc, nh x tn ti nguyn vo a ch truyn thng ... 2.1.2 Tnh m Tnh m ca mt h thng my tnh l tnh d dng m rng phn cng (thit b ngoi vi, b nh, cc giao din truyn thng ...) v phn mm (cc m hnh HH, cc giao thc truyn thng, cc dch v chia x ti nguyn ...) ca n. Ni mt cch khc, tnh m ca h thng phn tn mang ngha bao hm tnh d dng cu hnh c phn cng ln phn mm ca n. Tnh m ca h phn tn c th hin l h thng c th c to nn t nhiu loi phn cng v phn mm ca nhiu nh cung cp khc nhau vi iu kin cc thnh phn ny phi theo mt tiu chun chung (lin quan n HH l tnh a dng ti nguyn; lin quan n nh cung cp ti nguyn l tnh chun). Vai tr ca ASP v SPI trong HH c trnh by trong chng 1. Tnh m ca H phn tn c xem xt theo mc b sung thm cc dch v chia x ti nguyn m khng ph hng hay nhn i cc dch v ang tn ti. Tnh m c hon thin bng cch xc nh hay phn nh r cc giao din chnh ca h phn tn v lm cho n tng thch vi cc nh pht trin phn mm (tc l cc giao din chnh ca HH phn tn cn ph dng). Tnh m ca HH phn tn c thi hnh da trn vic cung cp c ch truyn thng gia cc QT v cng khai cc giao din c dng truy cp ti nguyn chung. 2.1.3 Kh nng song song H phn tn hot ng trn mt mng truyn thng c nhiu my tnh, mi my tnh c th c mt hoc nhiu CPU. Trong cng mt thi im nu c t hai QT tr ln cng tn ti, ta ni rng chng c thc hin ng thi. Vic thc hin cc QT ng thi theo c ch phn chia thi gian (mt CPU) hay song song (nhiu CPU). Kh nng lm vic song song trong h phn tn c thi hnh do hai tnh hung: - Nhiu ngi s dng ng thi a ra cc lnh hay tng tc vi chng trnh ng dng (ng thi xut hin nhiu QT khch). - Nhiu QT phc v chy ng thi, mi QT p ng yu cu ca mt trong s cc QT Khch. T iu kin a x l, kh nng song song ca h thng phn tn tr thnh mt thuc tnh ca n.
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2.1.4 Kh nng m rng H phn tn c kh nng hot ng tt v hiu qu nhiu mc khc nhau. Mt h phn tn nh nht c th hot ng ch cn hai trm lm vic v mt phc v file. Cc h ln c th bao gm hng nghn my tnh, nhiu phc v File v phc v my in ... Kh nng m rng ca mt h phn tn c c trng bi tnh khng thay i phn mm h thng v phn mm ng dng khi h thng c m rng. iu ny ch t mc no i vi h phn tn hin ti (khng th hon ton nh nh ngha trn). Yu cu m rng khng ch l m rng v phn cng hay v mng trn h thng bao trm m cn cn phi c phn tch, nh gi trn tt c cc kha cnh khi thit k h phn tn. Mt v d n gin l tnh hung tn sut s dng mt file qu cao xut hin nh kt qu ca vic tng s ngi s dng trn mng. trnh tnh trng tc nghn xy ra nu nh ch c mt phc v p ng cc yu cu truy cp file , cn nhn bn file trn mt vi phc v v h thng c thit k sao cho d dng b sung phc v. C th tnh n cc gii php khc l s dng Cache v bn sao d liu. 2.1.5 Kh nng th li Kh nng th li th hin vic h thng khng b sp bi cc s c do cc li thnh phn (c phn cng ln phn mm) trong mt b phn no . Vic thit k kh nng chu li ca cc h thng my tnh da trn hai gii php sau y: - Dng kh nng thay th m bo vic hot ng lin tc v hiu qu. - Dng cc chng trnh m bo c ch phc hi d liu khi xy ra s c. xy dng mt h thng c th khc phc s c theo cch th nht th c th chn gii php ni hai my tnh vi nhau thc hin cng mt chng trnh m mt trong hai my chy ch Standby (khng ti hay ch ). Gii php ny kh tn km v phi nhn i phn cng ca h thng. Gii php khc nhm gim bt ph tn l dng nhiu phc v khc nhau cung cp cc ng dng quan trng cc phc v ny c th thay th nhau khi s c xut hin. Khi khng c s c th cc phc v chy bnh thng (ngha l vn phc v cc yu cu ca khch). Khi xut hin s c trn mt phc v no , cc ng dng khch t chuyn hng sang cc phc v cn li. Vi cch th hai th phn mm phc hi c thit k sao cho trng thi d liu hin thi (trng thi trc khi xy ra s c) c th c khi phc khi li c pht hin. Ch rng vi cch thc ny, mt mt th cng mt dch v c th c sn sng trn nhiu my v mt khc, trn mt my li c sn mt s dch v khc nhau. H phn tn cung cp kh nng sn sng cao i ph vi cc sai hng phn cng. Kh nng sn sng ca h thng c o bng t l thi gian m h thng sn sng lm vic so vi thi gian c s c. Khi mt my trn mng sai hng th ch c cng vic lin quan n cc thnh phn sai hng b nh hng. Ngi s dng c th chuyn n mt trm khc nu my h ang s dng b hng, mt QT phc v c th c khi ng li trn mt my khc. 2.1.6 Tnh trong sut Nh c trnh by trong chng 1, tnh trong sut l tnh cht cn bn ca h phn tn. Tnh trong sut ca h phn tn c hiu nh l s che khut i cc thnh phn ring bit ca h thng my tnh (phn cng v phn mm) i vi ngi s dng v nhng ngi lp trnh ng dng. Ngi s dng c quyn truy cp n d liu t ti mt im d liu xa mt cch t ng nh h thng m khng cn bit n s phn tn ca tt c d liu trn mng. H thng to cho ngi dng cm gic l d liu c coi nh t ti my tnh cc b ca mnh. Cc th hin in hnh v tnh trong sut ca HH phn tn c trnh by trong phn sau. 2.2 Mc tiu thit k h iu hnh phn tn Cc c im ca h phn tn cn c tnh n khi thit k HH phn tn. Mc tiu thit k HH phn tn tng ng vi mc tiu thit k HH ni chung v cn c xem xt theo hai gc : gc ca ngi

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s dng v gc ca nh cung cp HH. Trong thit k HH phn tn, nhng mc tiu chung nht theo c hai gc ny l cung cp mt m hnh n gin hng ti mt h thng hiu qu (efficient), mm do (linh hot - flexible), nht qun (consistency), mnh m (robust). Ni dung ca bn mc tiu thit k ny cng bao gi c phn ln cc tnh cht ca h phn tn m c gii thiu trong mc trc. Do tnh cht "phn tn" vt l (ti nguyn phn tn, truyn thng mc cao, a dng hn cc li thnh phn) cho nn HH phn tn hot ng phc tp hn, cng c ngha l vic thi hnh cc mc tiu trn y l phc tp v kh khn hn. 2.2.1 Tnh hiu qu Tnh hiu qu tr nn phc tp hn so vi HH tp trung do phi tnh n chi ph phi tr cho bi ton truyn thng m trc y trong HH tp trung b qua yu t ny. Truyn thng CT trong mi trng phn tn a l dn n tr ti hng micro giy, mili giy thm ch l hng giy v to ra mt yu t phc tp trong vic nh gi mc hiu qu ca h thng. Ngun gc ca " tr" l do b sung nhiu yu t mi vo HH phn tn so vi HH tp trung, l tr do nhn bn d liu, tr do tnh ton n tng ph theo cc giao thc truyn thng cc mc khc nhau v s phn tn ti ca h thng. tr do nhn bn d liu l kh r rng v hin nhin. Nhn bn d liu l vic to thm cc bn sao d liu t ni khc ti v tr x l nhm mc ch tng tc truy nhp d liu. Tuy nhin nhn bn d liu cng i hi chi ph phi tr gm thi gian sao d liu v thi gian m bo yu t nht qun ca d liu c nhn bn. Khng th t ra gii php nhm hn ch nhn bn d liu. Tuy nhin, vic truyn thng mc ngn ng hay HH nn lm tht hiu qu v giao thc truyn thng mc mng nn lm cho tht tt. Khi lu n phn b ti h thng th nhng vn nh hin tng tht c chai hoc tc nghn hoc trong mng vt l hoc trong thnh phn phn mm bt buc phi c a ch ha. Cc ng dng (h thng hoc ngi dng) c th tin thm mt bc l QT phn tn cn c cu trc tt chng hn nh tnh ton v truyn thng c th c cn bng ti v gi ln nhau mt cch hp l. Mt thut ton lp lch ti u trong HH tp trung c th khng tr thnh thut ton tt khi p dng trong HH phn tn. Vic phn tn cc QT sao cho h thng c cn bng: cc CPU dng cho x l, cc ng truyn thng c pht huy cao nht c th c. Hai thng s quan trng nh gi hiu qu h phn tn l tng tc v thng lng h thng. tng tc (speedup ) c hiu l thi gian hon thin QT l nhanh hay chm. Thng lng (throughput) c hiu l s QT ng thi c x l ti mt thi im. Vic nng cao hai thng s ny thng qua vic lp lch cc QT phn tn, chia x ti v h thng truyn thng cn c thit k tt. 2.2.2 Tnh mm do Theo cch nhn ca ngi s dng, tnh mm do c th hin thng qua tnh thn thin ca h thng, tnh t do ca ngi dng khi s dng h thng. Tnh thn thin c hiu rt rng nh d dng s dng giao din h thng, kh nng nh x qu trnh tnh ton trong khng gian bi ton ti h thng. Tip cn hng i tng l chin lc ph bin hon thnh mc tiu ny. Tnh thn thin cng lin kt vi cc tnh cht nht qun v tnh tin cy. Cc h thng nht qun v ng tin cy khng c nhng hn ch v l. N cn cung cp mi trng hot ng thch hp trong cc tool v dch v mi d dng c xy dng. Theo cch nhn ca h thng, tnh mm do l nng lc ca h thng tin ha v di tr. Cc tnh cht mu cht l mun, co gin, kh chuyn v lin thao tc. Trong nhng trng hp khc, cc tnh cht ny c quan trng ring trong h phn tn do hu ht cc h thng s dng cc thnh phn phn cng v phn mm hn tp. Mt mt, chng ta mong mun c mt quyn t tr a phng, nhng mt khc, chng ta li mun cng cng tc thnh mt h lin kt cht ch, v chnh iu ny dn n hn ch no ti chng ta. Chnh t hai mong mun c v i lp nhau ny a n gii php dung ha trong vic gii quyt tnh mm do ca h phn tn.

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2.2.3 Tnh nht qun Tnh nht qun tr nn kh khn hn khi thi hnh trong h phn tn: thiu vng thng tin ton cc, tim tng nhn bn v phn hoch d liu mnh, kh nng xy ra li thnh phn, mi lin quan phc tp cc mun thnh phn; tt c cc iu u tham gia vo s thiu nht qun ca h thng. Theo phng din ngi dng, mt h thng l nht qun nu nh c c tnh ng nht khi s dng v ng x h thng c th khng nh trc. Hn na, h thng phi nng lc duy tr tnh trng ton vn nh c ch iu khin ng thi chnh xc v cc th tc kim sot li v khi phc. iu khin nht qun trong d liu v file (hoc CSDL trong h thng nh hng giao dch) l nhng vn cn c bn lun trong h thng file phn tn. 2.2.4 Tnh mnh m Bi ton tnh mnh m cng tr nn quan trng hn trong h thng phn tn: li kt ni truyn thng, li ti nt x l v li trong cc QT Client/Server l thng xuyn hn so vi h thng my tnh tp trung. Quy tc no cn c h HH tun th trong nhng trng hp, chng hn nh mt thng ip hi/p b mt hoc nt x l hoc phc v b v ? Tnh mnh m v kha cnh th li c hiu rng h thng nng lc t khi ng li ti trng thi m ti tnh ton vn ca h thng c bo qun m ch vi mt gim st hiu nng mt cch hp l. c tnh mnh m, h thng nn c trang b c ch kim sot c tnh hung khc thng (thm ch cha phi l li r rng) v li, chng hn nh thay i tp h thng, tr thng ip ln, hoc s bt lc khi nh v phc v. Tnh mnh m cng nn c m rng ph c kha cnh an ton i vi ngi dng v h thng. Tnh tin cy, bo v v iu khin truy nhp l trch nhim ca HH phn tn.

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