Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Mc tiu
Gii thiu cc m hnh d liu trong GIS
Sau bi hc ny sinh vin c th: M t m hnh d liu Vector v cho v d M t m hnh d liu Raster v cho v d M t m hnh d liu TIN Gii thch topology M t cc nh dng chnh s dng trong GIS
c gi l cc i tng ha
hay cc i tng.
Cc i tng c th l t nhin
hoc do con ngi to ra n.
Cc i tng ha
Vectors
Points or Nodes Lines or Arcs Polygons Images Digital Orthophotography
VECTOR
Th gii thc
Source: Defense Mapping School National Imagery and Mapping Agency
nh v tinh Cc bn qut
c im ca Raster
Trng ging trang bn giy Gi thnh r v d sn xut Chy d dng trn PC
C sn mi ni.
Nhc im:
Mc tnh ton c hoc khng theo h ta WGS84 Khng cho php t ng loi b ch nn hay s tr gip phn tch ca my tnh. Lu tr khng hiu qu
Source: Defense Mapping School National Imagery and Mapping Agency
5
Lake
4 6
30 30 N 040 40 E
30 30 N 040 50 E
S thay i v m hnh
C th nhn thy s khc nhau gia bn giy v bn s (ph thuc vo phn mm) Database cho php truy vn v chn cc layer Phng to cc chi tit Phc tp, t tin v tn nhiu thi gian lm ra sn phm
Source: Defense Mapping School National Imagery and Mapping Agency
Real World
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 G B G G B B BG G B G G B G BK B G B B B B
600 500 400 Y-AXIS 300 200 River 100 100 200 300 400 500 X-AXIS 600 Trees
Trees House
Miu t Raster
Miu t Vector
Source: Defense Mapping School National Imagery and Mapping Agency
Point
Line
Polygon
Points
Point l i tng v hng c v tr v thuc tnh thng tin nhng qu nh c biu din bng vng. T l bn quyt nh mt i tng l im hay khng.
ng dng kiu im
Cc mu t
Kiu PH Cht gy i nhim (Contaminants)
V tr cc ct n
Cc v tr xy ra tai nn Cc trung tm Khi/on a ch Ch s hu
Cc ct n
Cc trung tm
Lines or Arcs
Lines l cc i tng mt chiu, c v tr, c chiu di nhng khng c vng nh ng, sng. Lines c to bi vic kt ni cc im vi nhau. Mt ng bt u v kt thc ti mt im gi l nt (node), v cc im to nn ng gi l nh (Vertices).
Sng sui
Depth Quality Flow Rate
H thng nc
Pipe size Pipe Material Date Installed
ng ph
Polygons
Polygons l i
tng hai chiu, c v tr, c chiu di, v c c chiu rng (hay c din tch)
ng dng Polygons
Cc mnh t
Parcel ID Number Dimensions and Area
ng danh gii
Type Permeability
Vng l lt
Polygons
Polygons
im ng
Vng 11,3;
im: c th hin bng mt cp to ng: c th hin bng mt chui cc cp to Vng: c th hin bng mt chui cc cp to v cp to u v cp to cui trng nhau.
im ng
Vng 11,3;
im: c th hin bng mt cp to ng: c th hin bng mt chui cc cp to Vng: c th hin bng mt chui cc cp to v cp to u v cp to cui trng nhau.
M HNH VECTOR
D liu dng Vector c t chc 2 m hnh:
M hnh Spagheti M hnh quan h khng gian Topology
L m hnh d liu n gin, cc i tng ch c lu tr bng cc cp to . Thng tin v quan h khng gian. Thng tin thuc tnh.
Thng tin v v tr khng gian (Spatial data): Thng tin c th hin theo m hnh vector, bng cc ta m t v tr, hnh dng, ng bin ca cc i tng. Thng tin v quan h khng gian (Relational Spatial data Topology). M hnh d liu Topology th hin QHKG di 3 kiu quan h l: Lin thng vi nhau: th hin di dng file ng im ni (Arc-Node topology) K nhau: th hin di dng file m t ng bao (Polygon-Arc topology) Nm trong nhau, ph nhau.
- Thng tin v v tr trong khng gian + D liu khng gian cc i tng vng l mt tp cc i tng ng nh ngha ng bao vng v mt im nhn. + im nhn nm trong i tng vng c ngha xc nh cho vng ny.
u, cui giao ca ng
Tnh lin tc
Tnh k nhau
Tnh to vng
Sai
Sai
ng
- Cc ng ranh gii tha khng c php giao nhau, phi lun ct nhau ti u hoc cui ng ( ti im nt NODE).
Sai
ng
Sai
ng
D liu Raster
Tp d liu GIS
V s dng t/ bao ph t Cc Ch s thc vt S n nh t
nh s
nh v cc ta nh Khung cnh cc tai ha S thit hi ma v Cc hnh nh v s vn ng
nh trc giao
Cc nh trn khng c chnh sa
D liu Raster
L mt mng hai chiu cc (pixel). Mi c chiu cao v chiu rng c nh v cng kch thc, tri trn mt hnh ch nht.
Rasters c gi tr s nguyn cc nh (s lng cc cng gi tr) c ghi trong bng d liu thuc tnh. Mi bn ghi thuc tnh l duy nht vi mi gi tr ca . Bn c th thm cc trng ti bng d liu
Hin th nhn n
Hin th nhn bi
Vn v phn gii
WHEAT APPLES
WHEAT APPLES
HAY
HAY
Raster v Vector
Phi c cn nhc k
Tnh ri rc ca thc th ang m t ng dng mong i (Cc chc nng) Ngun d liu Quan tm s lu tr
phn gii Mu sc
Mt cu hi t ra: nh dng no l tt nht m t cc i tng trong GIS, raster hay vector. Cu tr li l mt trong hai hoc c hai. l, dng mt trong hai m hnh d liu l tt nht Shoreline trong mi trng hp hoc c hai m hnh u thc hin cc vai tr nht nh trong GIS. Trong v d, ngun d liu vector miu Water t ng b bin xut hin c nhiu chi tit hn, v chnh xc ln hn. D Land liu Vector c th lu tr thng tin trong nhiu nh dang hn d liu Raster, v cng lm vic tt vi i tng thuc v chiu di nh lung cc mng. Tuy nhin, cc m hnh d liu Raster rt tt miu t thng tin lin tc trong Vector Shoreline t nhin nh nhit ni m gi tr Source: Defense Mapping School nhit c th khc vi ni lin k.
National Imagery and Mapping Agency
Nhc im
Cu trc d liu phc tp M phng kh khn Mt vi phn tch khng gian l kh khn hoc khng th thi hnh.
Raster u im v nhc im
u im Cu trc d liu n gin D ph ln nhau C nhiu kiu phn tch khng gian khc nhau Khng thay i kch thc v hnh dng Cng ngh r Nhc im S lng ln d liu Khng p Thay i h quy chiu l kh khn T l khc nhau gia cc lp c th l cn c mng C th mt thng tin nhng vng giao nhau
Cc ng bin ca cc vng c th hin bng hng lin tc cc vect n v theo hng 4 phng, c qui c bng cc s: hng ng = 0, Bc = 1 Ty = 2 Nam = 3. V d trn nu ta bt u t cell ca hng 0 theo chiu kim ng h ta s c dy gi tr sau th hin bin ca vng theo m 1: 02,3,0,1 ,03,32,2,34,02,32,23,1,22,1,22,12,02,32,22,12
Nhc im:
Kh khn trong phn tch chng xp. D tha d liu v ng bin lu tr hai ln.
5,7
Nhc im:
Kh khn trong qu trnh x l v phn tch d liu.
Li Raster c th th hin ton b b mt ca min a l. Nu chng ta mun hin th chi tit th ta phi chia li ny thnh cc nh hn -> nhng vi mt b mt tng i bng phng -> tn b nh Vi TIN chng ta khng phi dng nhiu im trn min bng phng, nhng cng c th thm nhiu im vng dc ni chng ta mun hin th nhiu chi tit hn.
Trong ARC/INFO, TIN c lu tr trong mt th mc gm cc file. Tuy nhin, TIN khng bao cha v khng kt hp vi file thng tin (INFO). Th mc TIN cha 7 file bao gm thng tin v b mt TIN. Cc file ny c m ha theo dng nh phn v khng c c ch hin th vn bn.
Ch gii (Annotation)
L vn bn (text) hoc nhn (labels)
v trn bn m miu t hoc nhn din mt i tng hoc thm thng tin khc ti bn
Ch gii (Annotation)
Text
Thng tin c t trn bn cung cp thm thng tin v mt i tng ha.
K hiu (Symbols)
L cch thc m cc i tng ha hin th trong GIS
K hiu (Symbols)
Cc k hiu gip nhn din cc c im v cung cp thng tin v chng.
qc,PX
Vn v t l trong i tng m t
Ph thuc vo t l m t, mt i tng c th nhn nhiu mu khc nhau
Buildings V cng trnh cng cng building outline USGS Quad Sheet point location City USGS Quad Sheet Polygon of city boundary Rand McNally Map Point representing city location
Topology
Tp hp d liu s miu t r rng cc i tng lin k, cha trong nhau v tnh lin tc gia cc i tng bn m c th lu tr v thao tc trn my tnh.
Topology