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2
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3
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pmq&mrsm;u owfrw S cf -Jh uygonf?
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4
1958 ckEpS rf sm;twGi;f wGif jrefrmEkdiif o H wif;axmufrsm; toif;(BRA)ESifh
jrefrmEdik if o H wif;pmq&mrsm;toif;(BJA) wdk@u ud, k f@toif;ESiu fh , kd f owfrw S x f m;onfh
usi0fh wfpnf;urf;rsm; &Scd yJh gonf? pme,fZif;tm;vk;H tusK;H 0ifonfh pnf;urf;usi0fh wfqo kd nfudk 1962
ckEpS wf iG zf GJ@pnf;onfh BPC (Burma Press Council) “jrefrmedik if pH me,fZif;aumifpD ”
vufxufusrS ay:ayguv f mjcif;jzpfygonf? 4if;pme,fZif;usi0fh wf 11 yg;onf
pme,fZif;orm;rsm;tm;vk;H twGurf jzpfraeapmifx h ed ;f vku d ef m&rnfph nf;urf;csurf sm;jzpfygonf?
owif;pmorm;rsm;onf trSew f &m;udk apmifah &Smuforl sm;jzpfaoma-umifh trSew f &m;udak pmifah &Smuf
zdk@twGuf wjcm;trSew f &m;udak pmifah &Smufonfh tzGJ@tpnf;w&yfjzpfonfh
w&m;&k;H rsm;ESix fh yd w f u dk af wG@vmonfh tjzpfrsK;d -uHKawG@&avh&ySd gonf? Oyrmtaejzifh jy&ygv#i=f
&efuek w f uUov kd f ausmif;om;armifatmifqef; t,f'w D marmifatmifqef;onf “i&JacG;-uD;vGwaf eonf”
qdo k nfah qmif;yg;a&;oludk raz:xkwo f nft h wGuf ausmif;xkwcf o H mG ;&jcif;
jzpfonf?owif;pmvGwv f yfcGiq fh o kd nfrmS owif;pmrsm;. tusK;d pD;yGm;twGurf so S mr[kwf
u|eyfk w f dk@tm;vk;H .tusK;d pD;yGm;twGuv f nf;jzpfayonf[w k &m;vGwaf wmfcsKyfu
pD&ifx;kH jyKcJo h nfrsm;&Syd gonf? udv k edk iD &JacG;ukd wdu k cf o Jh nfh armifatmifqef;rSm uGES ykf w
f dk@.
trsK;dom;vGwaf jrmufa&; acgi;f aqmif-uD;OD;atmifqef;yifr[kwyf gavm?owif;pme,fZif;rsm;onf
jynf-uD;vuf&;kH qko d nfo h abmu Ekid if &hH efp, G f &efajimifrh eS o f rsu S dk jynfov l x l ak &S@u rm;rm;rwfrwf
&yfwnfjyD; &ifqidk -f uzdk@jzpfygonf?
trSew f &m;udk az:xkww f ifjyjcif;onf owif;pmorm;wdk@. t"du wm0efjzpfonft h wGuf
wykid ;f wptrSeu f odk m wifjyEdik jf cif;onfwm0efraus&m jzpfvmygonf// owif;trSeq f wdk m
jzpfonft h wdik ;f jrifonft h wkid ;f -um;onft h wkid ;f wifjy&rnfqadk omfvnf; wcgwavwGif jzpfwmjrifwm
-um;wm rsm;. aemufu, G f wGif wu,fo h wif;jrSKyfaewmrsK;d &Sw d wf-uygonf? awmfvnf;awmf
aumif;vnf;aumif;wJ o h wif;axmuf awG[m jrSKyfaewJt h csut f vufawGudk tjrJowd&zSd kd@vt dk yfygonf?
Oya'&Jt h xufrmS b,forl rS &dSb;l qdw k Jh usi0fh wfpnf;urf;csufawGut dk jrJEv S ;kH oGi;f zkd@vt kd yfygonf?
pme,fZif;rD', D mrsm;. wm0efrmS tjzpftysuu f jdk zpf&ifjzpfwt Jh wdik ;f jrif&ifjrifwt Jh wdik ;f rSew f m
udjk yefa&;jyzdk@wm0ef&ySd gonf? t"duta&;t-uD;qk;H rSm&k;d om;rSK&Szd kd@jzpfonf?TonfrmS tjzpftysut f csuf
tvuf TonfrmS xifjrif,q l csuf [k&;dk om;rSeu f efpmG a&;om; xkwaf z:jyozdk@jzpfygonf? qifajc
aygiu f sKd ;rsm;ay;jyD; rSm;onfrsm;ukd umuG,&f ef rnfonft h cgrsm;rS r-udK;pm;oifyh g? r-udK;pm;tyfyg?
owif;"mwfyakH z:jyrSKESiyfh wfowfIvnf; cGijfh yKcsuaf wmif;&efvt kd yfonfrsm;&So d vkd atmufygupd P
rsm;wGicf iG jfh yKcsuaf wmif;&efrvdt k yfbJ vGwv f yfpmG "mwfy&kH u kd ,f cl iG fh &Syd gonf =[k,rkd , D &lS ;D &Si;f bGe;f owif;pm
wdu k f wGif 1982 ckEpS u f csrw S x f m;wJh vrf;nGecf suw f iG f az:jyxm;ygonf?
(u) trsm;jynfov l x l Ek iS fhqufpyfywfowfrKS wenf;r[kww f enf; &So d rl sm;(Ekid if aH &;acgi;f aqmif
rsm; /pD;yGma&;vkyif ef;&Sirf sm; / tzGJ@tpnf;acgi;f aqmifrsm;)
(c) jynfov l x l t k rsm; pdw0f ifwpm;&S-d uonft h jypftysurf sm;ESifh ouf qdik f ywfoufr+ &Sdorl sm;
(ab;qd;k uyfq;dk rsm;&mZ0wf r+cif;rsm;)
(*) rdru d , kd w f idk f urdr. d yk*v ~ u d vGwv f yfciG u fh pdk eG f@vw G x f m;okrsm;?
(Oyrm=vltrsm;a&S@wiG af [majymwwforl sm;/Zmwfobifrsm;)
(pme,fZifi;f usi0fh wf=vlxOk ;D pde0f if;/ pm=121)
b,fvkd tajctaersK;d yifjzpfygap ck;d a-umifc;dk 0Sujf zifh "mwfy&kH u kd , f jl cif; /Oya'udk
csK;dazmufI"mwfy&kH u dk f ,ljcif;ponfrh sm;ukrd jyKvky&f ef vdt k yfonf[ak z:jyxm;onfuadk wG@&&Sd ygonf?

5
"mwfyrkH sm;udk oufaocHOya'wGiyf 'k rf = 62t& rlvoufaocHcsurf sm;tjzpfw&m;&k;H rsm;uvufcH
xm;-uygonf? oufaocHOya' yk'rf = 63 wGiv f nf; 'kw, d wqifo h ufaocHcsut f jzpf“rl&if;wckr&S u kd u f ;l
xm;aom "mwfykH onf 4if;&dku, f x l m;aom t&mrSmrl&if;jzpfa-umif; xif&mS ;vSsif rl&if;wGiyf g&aSd omtcsuf
rsm;. 'kw, d wqifah xmufcHcsujf zpfonf? rSeu f efa-umif;oufaocHvufrw S af &;xk;d xm;aom rdwLW rsm;
onfvnf;'kw, d wqifo h ufaocHcsurf sm;jzpfonf[Ok ya't&vufc&H ygonf?
“armifoed ;f ZHEiS jfh ynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if ”H pD&ifx;kH = 1956 rwp w&m;v$waf wmf pm=303wGif
“rl&if;pmuko d ufaoxif&mS ;rjyEkid v f Ssif rl&if;rS"mwfy&kH u dk x f m;aom rdwLW onf oufaocHr0if[”k qk;H jzwf
xm;ygonf? owif;rD', D mvkyif ef;vkyu f idk af eolrsm;taejzifh xdu k o Jh kd@aomOya'rsm;udt k av;xm;&efvt kd yf
ygonf?
“vdrv f nf&eftvdk@imS vdrv f nftwkjyKrSK ”udk usL;vGev f Ssif jypfrKS Oya' &mZowf-uD; yk'fr 468t&
(7)ESpx f ad xmif'%fcsrw S jf cif;udk cH&ygrnf? olwyg;. *k%u f dk xdcu dk ef pfemap&ef tvdk@imS
vdrv f nftwkjyKrSKukd usL;vGev f Ssif axmif'%f 3 ESpf ESifhaiG'%fvnf;csrw S Ef idk o f nf[jk yXmef;xm;ygonf?
olwyg;.*k%o f a&udx k cd u kd ef pfemapvsiv f nf;jypfrKS Oya'yk'rf = 499t"dy`g,o f wfrw S cf suw f iG af z:jyxm;;&m
“toa&zsurf KS t*Fg&yfEiS n fh n D w G v f siS f toa&zsurf KS twGujf ypf'%f yk'rf = 501 t& (2)ESpx f t d vkyrf Jh
axmif'%fjzpfap aiG'%fjzpfap '%fEpS &f yfv;kH jzpfap csrw S cf H&rnfjzpfygonf?
jypfrKS Oya'yk'rf =499 wGirf nforl qdk ESKwfjzifjh zpfap / pmjzifjh zpfapzwf&aSk p&ef-uH&, G o f nfph um;
jzifjh zpfap/ trSwt f om;jzifjh zpfap xif&mS ;aomyko H ¾mefjzifjh zpfap vlwOD;wa,muf.toa&udk epfemap
&eft-uHjzifah omfvnf;aumif; xdo k El iS pfh yfvsO;f aom pGypf jGJ cif; xko d . l toa&udx k cd udk ef pfemaprnf[o k d
vsuEf iS fh xdo k dk@vnf;,k-H unf&ef ta-umif;&Sv d suEf iS hf xdo k El iS pfh yfvsO;f aom pGypf cGJ suu f jdk yKvsiS f
odk@wnf;r[kwf a-unmvSsif xdo k o
l nf (atmufyguif;vGwcf surf sm;rSwyg; )tqdyk gv. l
toa&udzk suo f nfrnf.? [kaz:jy xm;onfuo dk &d &Sd ygonf? uif;vGwcf surf sm;rSm=yxruif;vGwcf surf S
'\ruif;vGwcf suf txd yg&ySd gonf?
xdk@jyif toa&zsurf KS udx k ak csEidk af omtcsu(f 3)csu&f o Sd nf?
1/ rSeu f efa-umif;
2/ oabm&d;k jzifw h &m;rsw S pGma0zefa-umif;
3/ a&;om;ykid cf iG &fh Sad -umif; wdk@ut dk xift&Sm;oufaojyEkid yf gu toa&zsu&f mra&mufay?
a&;om;ykid cf Giw fh iG =f
1?w&m;&k;H ESiw fh &m;&k;H a&mufonft h rSw k dk@.pD&ifq;kH jzwfrKS wdk@udk rSeu f efwu d spmG owif;a&;om;ykid cf Gifh
2?Ekid if 0H efxrf;jzpforl KS xrf;&mxrf;wdk@utrsm;jynfol@0wW&m;aqmif&u G af epOf ,if;0wW&m;aqmif &Guf
&efjyKrlyEkH iS fh tusipfh m&dwW wdk@udk oabm&k;d jzifjh ynfol@tusK;d iSm w&m;rSswpGma&;om;cGifh
3?w&m;&k;H wGi*f sL&Dwdk@.qk;H jzpfcsuaf y;ykH w&m;vkd w&m;cHoufaoESit fh rSKud, k pf m;vS,w f dk@udk a0zefa&;om;
ykid cf iG fh ponfwdk@jzpfygonf?
owif;axmufwdk@taejzifh &Jpcef;/ w&m;&k;H wdk@u&kd &J w J if;wif; 0ifxu G o f mG ;vmcGi&fh ySd gonf?&Jpcef;&Sd
yxrowif;ay;wkid cf suyf gtcsuftvuftm;vk;H ud&k ,lyikd cf Giafh y;cJo h nfv h yk x
f ;kH vkyef nf;rsm;&Syd gonf?
&mZ0wfrKS cif;rSK&mudprP sm;wGif owif;orm;rsm;yg0if ywfoufco Jh nft h wGuf owif;axmuf
em*gtd udk ppfwyfu ajymifajymifwif;wif; ypfowfco Jh nfhtjzpfuvnf; owif;orm;wpfO;D .&ifeifzh , G &f m
tjzpfuadk wG@&ESd idk yf gonf?,ae@tcsed t f cgwiG v f nf; yxrowif;ay;wkid cf suu f o dk wif;axmufrsm; -unfch iG &fh
xdu k o f jzifx h t dk cGit fh a&;udak wmif;qdo kd ifyh gonf?owif;orm;rsm;yxrowif;ay;wkid cf sufu&dk jyDqv dk Ssif xdk
trSKESiyfh wfowfI &Jpcef;u azsmufzsuI f r&Edik af wmhouJhodk@ jyKjyifajymif;vJIvnf;r&Edkiaf wmhyg?xdu k J@okd@
-unf&h cSk iG rfh ay;ygu vmbfpm;rSKrsm;/tusiyfh surf KS rsm;udv k rf;zGiafh y;ovkjd zpfaeygonf?

6
csi;f ausmif;om; refb;l cddu D dk vla0;jzif0h idk ;f 0ef;owfjzwfco Jh nft h rSKwGi0f ikd ;f 0ef;owfjzwfolrsm;udk
jypf'%favsmah ygah y;&ef/vlaor+omjzpfap&ef(1)&JrKS ;-uD;xGe;f qif/h (2)w&m;ol-uD;a':EGJ@EGJ@tek f; ESiafh ': arav;
wdk@onf usyo f ed ;f (70)udv k mbf,u l sL;vGecf aJh -umif; wdik ;f w&m;ol-uD;ESifh aq;&kw H m0ef&o Sd rl sm;udk usyaf iG
(63)ode;f vmbfx;dk xm;a-umif; od&&Sd onfrmS t*wdvu dk pf m;r+ uif;pifyaysmufa&;ESifh rSeu f efwu d s
aomw&m;pD&ifa&; qk;H jzwfcsujf zpf&ef vktd yfa-umif; owif;orm;rsm;u
rD;armif;xk;d jyvdu k jf cif;yifjzpfygonf/
jrefrmEdik if w H iG f t*wdvu dk pf m;rSKrsm;&Sad ea-umif;udk ppftpd;k &0ef-uD;csKyf Akv d cf sKyf-uD;ode;f pdefu2008
ckEpS f Zefe0g&v D rS pufwifbmv txd tpk;d &0ef-uD;Xmeaygi;f pkrH S t*wdvu dk pf m;onft h rSKaygi;f 448 rSK&Sd
a-umif; 0efcaH jymqdx k m;jyD;jzpfonf? odk@&mwGirf nfonf0h ef-uD;Xmeu rnfrSsvmbfpm;onf rnfonf&h mxl;
tqif&h o Sd rl sm;urnfodk@vmbfpm;onf ponfwdk@urdk t l wdtusxw k jf yefa-unmxm;jcif;r&Sad cs?t*wdvu dk f
pm;rSKrsm; bma-umifjh zpf&onf rnfuo Jh kd@t*wdvu dk pf m;rSKrsm;udk usL;vGe-f uonfudk rD;cd;k -uGuaf vsmuf
vdu k v f aH z:xkwaf xmufvrS ;f ok;H oyfjyD; jynfol@vx l k xHokd@ wifjy&efu f dk owif;orm;rsm;taejzifh
wm0efw&yfuo Jh kd@ xrf; aqmifoifyh gonf?
wcsed u f 0ef-uD;csKyf Akv d cf sKyf-uD;cifneG f@. aemufvu dk pf pfaxmufvrS ;f a&;t&m&S(d 300)ausmt f rSKudk
,ae@rpS jyD;tif;pdet f usO;f axmiftwGi;f wHcg;ydwpf pfaq;aeonf[o k &d ygonf? xdt k rSKrsm;udw k ikd ;f ESicfh &kid tf
qif&h w Sd &m;ol-uD; 16a,mufO;D pD;onfah xmifwiG ;f w&m;&k;H 16&k;H wGipf pfaq;aejcif;jzpfa-umif;vnf;od&&Sd yg
onf?txl;l ck&H ;kH 30 zGiv fh pS I f 45 &uftwGi;f tjyD;owfppfaq;rnf[v k nf;qd-k uonf? oufaoxGuq f &dk ef
vlaxmifaygi;f rsm;pGmukq d ifah c:xm;aomfvnf;/ owif;axmufrsm;udrk 0l ifciG rfh ay;a-umif; od&onf? trSKppf
aq;rnfuo dk o d nft h wGuf owif;axmuftrsm;tjym; tif;pdeaf xmifa&S@omG ;a&mufpak 0;cJah omfvnf;
tm%mykid rf sm;u0ifciG rfh ay;cJah y? xkd@a-umifh ,ck&;kH xkwpf pfaq;cH&ol ppfaxmufvrS ;f a&;rsm;onf
a&S@aeiSm;cGihf &r& qdo k nfEiS fh tr+omG ;tr+vm tajctaeudk tao;pdwrf od&ao;[k qko d nf?
( 'DAb GD D = tifwmeuf owif;pmrsuEf mS 24 Zefe0g&v D 2008)
xkd@jyif “ 0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif; Akv d cf sKyf}uD;cif!e$ f@udk t*wdvu kd pf m;r+/ tm%mzDqefr/+
wyf_zdKcJrG r+ sm;ESifh pJcG suw f ifxm;_yD; ZeD;jzpfol a':cif0if;a&$uv dk nf; t*wdvu dk pf m;r+/ trsK;d orD;&efyaHk iGrsm;udk
tv$o J ;Hk pm;r+#EiS fh pJcG suw f if&efppD Ofxm;a-umif;od&ygonf? Adv k cf sKyf}uD; cif!e$ f@udk tif;pdeaf xmifxrJ S
ac:xkwpf pfaq;cJah omfvnf; axmifxw J iG f xm; rxm; twdtusrod&-umif; txl;w&m;&k;H
w&m;a&;0efxrf;wOD;u ajymygonf? (12/ 7/ 2005) &ufae@ 'Dru dk &ufwpf jrefrmtoHEiS fh azmfjyxm;onf
udo k mawG@&ygonf?
ekid if w H ck. owif;Xmersm; owif;pmq&mrsm;/ owif;axmufrsm;/ pme,fZif;orm;rsm;onf
‚if;ekdiif . H tpk;d &u usio fh ;Hk cGijfh yKonfh pme,fZif;vGwv f yfciG afh y:wGif rlwnfI v+y&f mS ;-u&ygonf? odk@jzpfI
etz ppftpd;k &u usio fh ;Hk aeaom tajctaetm;vH;k udk xkwaf zmfjy&efvt kd yfygonf?
tpd;k &csKyfuidk rf a+ tmufwiG f jrefrm&kyjf rifo-H um;ESifh jr0wD&yk o f q H o dk nfh &kyjf rifo-H um;owif;Xme 2 ckEiS fh
a&'D,dk toHvi$ Xfh me 8 ck&_Sd yD;/ yHEk ySd o f wif;pm taejzifjh refrmbmomjzifh xkwaf 0onfh jrefrmhtvif;ESiafh -u;
rHak e@pOfowif;pm}uD; 2 aqmif/ t*Fvyd o f mbmjzifh xkwaf 0onfh The New Light of Myanmar
ae@pOf owif;pm (1) apmif r+cif;ESifh tjrifopf [kac:qdo k nfh jynfxaJ &;Xme rS
xkwaf 0onft h ywfpOfowif;pm 2 apmif pkpak ygi;f owif;pm 5 apmif&aSd omfvnf; yk*v ~ u d
ydik xf w k af 0cGiafh y;onfh owif;pm[lI ,ae@csed t f xd wpfapmifr# r&Sad o;acs?
tifwmeuf0ufbq f udk f tydik f;wGiv f nf; etz ae@pOfowif;pmrsm; 0ef}uD;Xmetvdu k 0f ufbq f u dk f
rsm;ESifh }uH@zGH@EiS fh trsKd;orD;toif;ponfh toif;tzJG@rsm;. 0ufbq f u dk rf sm;vnf;awG@&&Sd onf?
ppftpd;k &ydik rf 'D , D mrsm;taejzifrh l t"dutm;jzifh ‚if;wkd@. tkycf sKyfa&;aumif;rGefa-umif;ESifh
ppfAv kd cf sKyfrsm; wkid ;f jynftwGut f m;}udK;rmefwuf tvkyv f yk af ea-umif; tom;ay;azmfjyonfh

7
0g'jzef@owif;rsm;ESifh twku d cf yH gwrD sm;ESifh twdu k cf aH cgi;f aqmifa':atmifqef;pk-unftm;
jypfwif&KS wfcsa&;om;xm;onfh aqmif;yg;rsm;/ umwGe;f rsm;om wzufowfazmfjyavh&o Sd nf?
yk*v ~ u
d pme,fZif;bufwiG -f unfv h #if ,cktcg jrefrmekid if w H iG yf EHk ySd o f rl sm;/ xkwaf 0olrsm;/
rSwyf w Hk ifEiS f pmaypdppfjzef@csda&;vkyif ef;rsm; }uD;-uyfr+ A[kt d zJG@u pmayavmu zHG@_zKd;wk;d wufa&;twGuf
pmayESifh pme,fZif;qkid &f m bmom&yf trsK;d tpm; 10 rsK;d udk xkwaf 0cGijfh yKxm;&m vuf&w Sd iG f *sme,f (118)
rsK;d ESifh r*~Zif; trsKd; (150) xkwaf 0aeayonf? xkd@jyif uk, d af &;ud, k x f w k f 189 ck/ taxGaxG324 ck/ &kyjf y
76 ck/ bmoma&;qkid &f m 9 ck wkd@uv dk nf;rSwyf w Hk ifciG jfh yKxm;onf? 2008 'DZifbmvwGif *sme,ftopf 6
apmifEiS fh r*~Zif;opf 6 apmifwkd@udk yHEk ySd x f w k af 0cGijfh yKcJo h nf?
(Northern Star trSwf 1/ 29 Zefe0g&D 2009)
4if;wdk@txJrjS refrmbmomESit fh *Fvyd b f momESpb f momjzifx h w k af 0cJo h nf?
The Myanma Time tywfpOfxw k *f sme,fonf tpk;d &ESit fh pk;d &vkv d m;olwoD;yk*~vrsm;uzufpyf
xkwaf 0onfh pmapmifjzpfonf?tvm;wl tvJAif;rD', D m/ ay:jyLvm*sme,fEiS fh &efuek rf 'D , D m*&kk
ponf*h sme,f wdu k rf sm;rSmvnf; ppftpk;d &ESiyfh v k eJ mroifo h nfh *sme,fwu dk rf sm;jzpfonf?
jrefrmEdik if pH me,fZif;vGwv f yfciG t fh ajctaeudk etz.pmaypdppfa&;ESiq fh ifqmjzwfawmufrKS udk
-unfI h odomEdik af yonf? ppfaxmufvrS ;fa&;rsm;csKyfuidk x f m;onfh etz pmaypdppfa&;uqifqmOya'
t& 4if;wdk@rvdv k m;onfph myk'd rf sm;tm; aiGriS o f w k jf cif;/rSief ufjzifzh ek ;f tkyyf pfjcif;/ pm&Gurf sm;qkwjf zJypfjcif;ESifh
xkwaf 0cGiw fh m;jrpfyw d yf ifjcif;ponfwkd@udk rxifvSsirf xifovdjk yKvky-f uonf?Oyrm = Edikf fiw H umpme,fZif;
rsm;wGit f xifu&az:jyyg&o Sd nfah ':atmifqef;pk-unf EdAk ,fqk &&So d nfh owif;udyk ifrnfonfh
jynfwiG ;f pme,f Zif; owif;wGirf S az:jycGirfh &&Syd g?
jynfwiG ;f &Sd owif;orm;rsm;twGuf t-uD;rm;qk;H aomtcufcrJ mS
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8
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pdrSsapmif;yg;&dyaf jcrSsyif a&;om;cGirfh jyKbJ ydwyf ifxm;onf?Oyrm 2008 'DZifbmvu uk, d [ f efjyr,f
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wckwnf;uomaz:jycJjh cif;jzpfonf?
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rsuEf mS zk;H wGif a&mifpjHk zifah zmfjycdik ;f onf? uk, d u hf , kd yf idk tf &if;ES;D ESix fh wk of nfh yk*v ~ u d *sme,fwikd ;f wGif tpk;d &
. ay:vpD aqmif;yg;rsm;ukd pmrsuEf mS wpfrsuEf mS tjynfh tcrJh xnhaf y;&onf? 2007 ckEpS pf ufwifbm
a&$0ga&mif awmfveS af &; jzpf_yD;ump umvu jrwfcikd . f v#yw f jywf *sme,frS twku d t f cHrsm;tay:
qef@usiaf &;0g' jzef@urfyed ;f vkyo f nfh etz tmabmftwdik ;f aqmif;yg;a&;ay;&ef
zdtm;ay;ckid ;f jcif;jzpfonf?

9
owif;pmrsm;udk ppftpk;d & u vuf0g;}uD;tkycf sKyfuidkf x f m;_yD; yk*v ~ ud ydik f owif;pmrsm; ukd
xkwaf 0cGirfh jyKay? jrefrmwkid ;f / tDvAJ if; rD', D m/ ay:jyLvmESifh &efuek rf 'D , D m *&k wdk@udk r-umrDvydik ;f
twGi;f u ae@pOfowif;pm xkwaf 0cGiafh y;&ef tmrcHco Jh nf[k w&m;0ifr[kwaf o;onfh owif;rsm; -um;
ae&onf? jrefrmwkid ;f onf -opaw;vs edik if o H m; a&mhp'f efuav u ppfaxmufvrS ;f a&; ESifh
wJzG ufxal xmifc_Jh yD; ppfaxmufvrS ;f a&; ajcrSek ;f cH&_yD;aemuf jyef-um;a&;0ef}uD; OD;ausmq f ef;ESifh eD;pyfol
okwpG,pf Hk pmtkyw f u kd yf idk fqidk of l a'guw f mwifxeG ;f OD;udk &S,, f m,lap_yD; tpk;d & u yHpk w H rsK;d jzifh
csKyfuidk x f m;onfh *sme,fwu dk f jzpfonf?
tDvyJ if; rD', D monf etz ppftpd;k & tzJG@xrJ S tm%m&So d nfh Adv k rf LS ;}uD;wOD;u &S,, f m0if
xm;_yD; tqdyk g t&Sed t f 0gjzifh pmaypdppfa&;wGif txl;tcGifhta&;&v#u&f o Sd nfh *sme,fwpfapmifjzpfonf?
ay:jyLvmESihf &efuek f rD', D m*&krS q&m [de;f vwfEiS f u h dkudk (pufr)+ wkd@uvnf; jyef-um;a&;0ef
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-uojzifh etz . ,H-k unfpw d cf s&olrsm;jzpfonf? udu k dk (pufr)+ rSm *smrefowif;Xme 'DyaD t . jynfwiG ;f
owif;axmufwOD;vnf;jzpfonf? r-umao;cifu ‚if;. etz tvku d s tzJG@csKyfr0l g'ESifh ywfouf_yD;
wvJw $ acsmf jzpfatmif zef;wD;;vky}f uH 0g' jzef@owif;wpfy'k ef iS fh ywfoufI owif;q&m}uD; OD;0if;wiftm;
uef@uu G f &SKH@csowl pfO;D jzpf&m xko d wif;rSm;ESifh ywfoufI awmif;yefc&Jh olwpfO;D vnf;jzpfonf?
ay:jyLvm*sme,frmS aoqH;k oGm;onfh etz twGi;f a&;rSL; (3) Adv k cf sKyf0if;jrif.
h orD;ykid f
*sme,fjzpfonf?
jynfwiG ;f &Sd *sme,f 11 apmifEiS fh r*~Zif; tapmif 20 udv k nf; ESppf Of oufwrf;rwd;k awm h
aoma-umifh 2008 'DZifbmv twGi;f pmaypdppfa&;u xkwaf 0cGiv fh idk pf ifrsm; jyefvnf &kwo f rd ;f cJoh nf?
wcdsew f nf;wGif jynfwiG ;f &So d wif;orm;rsm;udk tm%mydik frsm;u wif;usypf mG apmif-h unfch o Jh nf?
e,fpnf;rjcm; owif;Xme xkwjf yefcsut f & 2008 ckEpS t f wGi;f wGif zrf;qD;cH&onfh rD', D morm; 11 OD;&S_d yD;
9 OD;rSm axmifcsc&H onf? usew f pfO;D udk csKyf&uf 6 vausm-f umonfw h ikd f pD&ifcsurf csao;a-umif;od&onf?
(e,fpnf;rjcm; owif;axmufrsm;tzJG@. 2008 tpD&ifcpH m)
2008 ESpq f ef;ydki;f u jzpfay:cJah om tif;,m;vrf; 5 avmif;_ydKifvo l wfrE+ iS fh ywfoufI psmye
tcrf;tem;aqmif;yg;udk a&;om;cJah om qJAif;a'; e,l; *sme,frS t,f'w D m r_idr;f _idr;f ekdirf mS ac:,lppfaq;
_cdr;f ajcmufccH &Jh onf? ydawmufyiG o fh pfr*~Zif;onfvnf; tk;d a0 OD;!KdjrESifh ywfoufI rsuEf mS zH;k owif;
aqmif;yg;a&;om;cJah oma-umifh xkwaf 0cGifh ,m,D ydwyf ifcHc&Jh onf?
e,fpnf;rjcm; owif;Xme xkwjf yefa-ujimcsut f & 1998 azazmf0g&v D 18 &ufae@rS 2008 ckEpS f
ek0d ifbmv 5 &uftxd jrefrmedik if w H iG f zrf;qD;cH&onfh owif;pmorm; pkpak ygi;f 16 OD;ESifh
Cyberdissident wdk@EpS Of ;D / pkpak ygi;f rD', D morm; 18 OD;jzpfonf? xkt d xJwiG f urBmo h wif;toif;csKyfrS
cs;D jrSio fh nfh 2001 ckEpS f vGwv f yfonfh a&$uavmifqk &&So d l jrefrm owif;pmavmu wGif txif&mS ;qH;k
owif;pm q&m}uD; OD;0if;wifEiS fh om,m0wD pef;pef;EJ@G wdk@vnf;yg0ifonf?
'Drudk &ufwpfjrefrmhtoH ('DAb DG )D jynfwiG ;f tajcpku d f owif;axmuf 9 OD;udv k nf; ppftpk;d & .
vsKd@0u S f csurf sm;udk ekid if w H umu od&aSd p&ef xkwaf zmfaoma-umif[ h k pGypf u JG m zrf;qD;vku d of nf? 2007
a&$0g a&mifawmfveS af &;umv twGi;f u *syefowif;axmuf em*gtd ypfo f wfccH &Jh onf?
bavmha&;om;jcif;/ jynfy toHvi$ Xfh me rsm;ESifh qufo, G rf u + v dk nf; [ef@wm;aESmif, h u S rf &+ _Sd yD;
tcsKd@bavmha&;olrsm;ESifh qufo, G o f rl sm;ukd zrf;qD;ta&;,lrr+ sm;&So d nf? em*pfavab; ulnu D ,fq,f
a&;aqmif&u G af eol armifo&l ac: Zm*emtm; tm%mydik rf sm;u 2008 ckepS f ZGev f wGif zrf;qD;_yD; yk'rf 7
ckjzifh pkpak ygi;f axmif'%f 59 ESpf csrw S cf o
Jh nf? uAsmq&m bavmh*g aebke;f vwfrmS vnf; bavmh
a&;om;r+twGuf axmif'%f tESpf 20 ESifh 6 v csrw S cf &H onf?

10
First Eleven *sme,f. t,f'w D ma[mif; aZmfoufaxG;onf ukZd m*emESit fh wlem*pf
qdik uf vH;k 'kuo Q nfrsm;udk uln_D yD;aemuf axmif'%f 19 ESpf usc&H onf? "mwfyo Hk wif;axmuf
udo k ef@ZifatmifrmS em*pfqikd u f vH;k eSifh ywfoufonfh "mwfyrHk sm;udk xkid ;f ekid fio H dk@ ,laqmifomG ;onf[k
qkud m r*Fvm'Hk avqdyYf tzrf;cH&_yD; axmif'%f 18 ESpu f sccH &Jh onf? tvGwo f wif;axmuf
udak usmaf usmo f ef@onfvnf; em*pfqidk u f vH;k 'kuo Q nfrsm;ukd oGm;a&mufvLS 'ge;f onfudk yg0ifcI Jh
tzrf;cH&um axmif'%f 7 ESpu f sc&H onf? 2008 ckEpS f azazmf0g&D 15 &ufu jrefrmae&Si;f tywfpOf
t,f'w D mcsKyf OD;oufZifEiS fh tkycf sKyfa&;rSL; OD;pde0f if;armifwkd@uv dk nf; pufwifbmawmfveS ;f a&;vSKyf&mS ;r+
"mwfyrHk sm;yg0ifonfh pD't D csyfrsm;awG@&aSd oma-umif[ h q k ukd m axmif'%f 7 ESppf cD srw S cf o Jh nf? txufazmfjy
ygcsurf sm;udk -unfjh cif;tm;jzifh etz ppftpd;k &onf pme,fZif;rD', D morm;rsm;udk &efou l o Jh kd@ oabmxm;
aea-umif; xif&mS ;ay:vGiaf eonf? owif;vGwv f yfciG fhr&Sdonfh rD', D m acwfopfarSmifwu kd w f ckudk zefw;D ae
ayonf?
jynfot l rsm;odoifo h x d u kd af om ppftyk pf 0k ef}uD;csKyfESifh ppfwyft}uD;tuJrsm;. tr+rsK;d udyk if
owif;axmufrsm;tm; owif;,lciG rfh ay;onfrmS ppftyk cf sKyfa&;tm%mykid w f kd@. cg;ydu k x f w J iG f w&m;&k;H rsm;
udk xnfx h m;onfrmS xif&mS ;ygonf? w&m;&k;H tjzpftysut f r+wJG tjzpfreS u f dk rod&Sd&v#if rnfuo Jh kd@
w&m;pD&ifxm;a-umif; jynforl sm; od&cSd iG rfh &awmhyg? xdt k r+wrJG sm;tm;awmif;ac:azmfxw k of ifyh gonf?
rnfodk@r# r& &Sed ikd fcyJh gv#if w&m;pD&ifa&;pepf}uD;wckv;Hk ukd tarSmifcsxm;onfEiS fh wlaeayawmhrnf?
pD&ifx;Hk pD&ifcsuf rSww f rf;rSw&f m wckwav r#xu G rf vmjcif; rxkwaf zmfjcif; rjyojcif;onf EsL&ifbwf
ppfc&kH ;kH uJo
h dk@ tjzpfreS rf sm; wGiu f se&f pfrnf pd;k &draf oma-umifjh zpfygvrd rfh nf? jzpf&yfreS f orkid ;f rSeu f dk
b,fae&mwGif rqdk &SmazGay;onfh tavhtusiu fh dk arG;jrLxm;-uonhf owif;rD', D morm;rsm;taejzifh
ppftyk pf k r[kww f m vkyo f r# azmfxw k _f yD; vGwv f yfaom w&m;pD&ifa&;twGuf wdu k yf w GJ iG f yg0ifI r¾dKif 4
ck tzJG@0ifjzpfonfEiS t fh nD ud, k w fh m0ef uk, d af us&rnfjzpfygonf?
yk*v ~ ud vGwv f yfciG u fh dk owif;rD', D morm;rsm;u av;pm;vku d ef m&ovkd jynfov l xl . k
“od&ySd ikd fciG ”fh udv k nf;OD;xdyf yefqifxm;&rnf jzpfygonf? jynfov l xl . k ,H-k unfu;dk pm;r+onf
rD', D morm; tm; vH;k . touf0n d mOfjzpfygonf? jynfol@,-Hk unfu;dk pm;r+udk &&Srd o S mv#if ekid if Hh pwkwˆ
r¾dKif. wm0efudk ausyeG pf mG xrf;aqmifeikd rf nfjzpfygonf? owif;pme,fZif;vkyif ef;onf jynfov l xl u k dk
0efaqmifra+ y;&onfh vkyif ef;jzpfaoma-umifh jynfov l x
l . k rsuEf mS udo k m -unf&h rnfjzpfygonf?
r¾dKifav;&yf wzufapmif;eif; tcsKd;rusbJ ,ckavmavmq,fjrefrmekid if . H Edik if aH &;wnf_idrrf +
vk;H 0uif;rJah eonfh tcgor, rsK;d wGif pwkwrˆ ¾dKif. wm0efrmS a&S@q;Hk wef;u yg0ifaeyga-umif;
rD;armif;xd;k jytyfygonf?

OD;rsKd ; (Oya')

18 = 2 = 2009

11

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