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Gip hc sinh t n tp Ton 11 Gii hn hm s (C bn)
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1/7
PHN LOI MT S BI TON GII HN HM S (C BN)

Loi 1: Tnh gii hn hm s ( ) y f x = khi x a
.
Cn lu : x a
+
th x a > (suy ra 0 x a > hay 0 a x < )
x a
th x a < (suy ra 0 x a < hay 0 a x > )

Dng 1: Gii hn hu hn khi x a
.
Cch gii: Thay lim
x a
x a
= ; lim
k k
x a
x a
= . V dng cc nh l (php ton) v gii hn tnh.

V d 1: Tnh cc gii hn sau
2
1 3
1
1
lim
7 3 x
x x
L
x x
+
+ +
=
+
;
( )
2
2
2
lim 2 7
x
L x x
= + + + ;
2
3
2
3
4 3
lim
1 1
x
x x
L
x
+
+
=
+ +

Gii:
2
2
1 1
1 3 3
1 1
lim lim 1
1 1 1 3
1
lim 7 lim 3 1 7.1 3 3
x x
x x
x x
L
x x
+ +
+ +

+ +
+ +
= = = =
+ +

2 2
2
2 2
lim 2 lim 7 2 2 2 7 13
x x
L x x

= + + + = + + + =
2
2
3 3
3
2 2
3
lim 4. lim 3
3 4.3 3 0
0
1 10
lim 1 1 3 1 1
x x
x
x x
L
x
+ +
+

+
+
= = = =
+
+ + + +

Dng 2: Gii hn dng
( )
( )
lim
x a
g x
L
f x
= .
Dng 2.1:
( )
( )
( )
( )
lim
0
x a
g x L
g x
L
f x f x

= =
(ty thuc vo du ca L v du ca ( ) f x ).
Du hiu: Mu s dn v 0; t dn v mt s khc 0.
V d 2: Tnh cc gii hn sau
1
3
1
lim
3 x
x
L
x
+
=
;
2
2
1
3 4
lim
1 x
x x
L
x
+
=
;
3 2
2
3
lim
3 2 x
x
L
x x
+
=
+

Gii:
Vi
1
3
1
lim
3 x
x
L
x
+
=
, ta c ( )
3
lim 1 3 1 4 0
x
x
+ = + = > (1) ,
( )
3
lim 3 3 3 0
x
x
= = . Mt khc, v 3 x

nn 3 x < , suy ra 3 0 x > (2).
Vy t (1) v (2) ta suy ra
1
3
1
lim
3 x
x
L
x
+
= = +

Ta c
( )
2 2
1
lim 3 4 1 3.1 4 2 0
x
x x
+ = + = > (3),
( )
1
lim 1 1 1 0
x
x
= = . Mt khc, do 1 x

nn 1 x < , suy ra 1 0 x < (4).
T (3) v (4) suy ra
2
2
1
3 4
lim
1 x
x x
L
x
+
= =
.
Ta c ( )
2
lim 3 2 3 1 0
x
x
+
= = < , (5) v
( )
2
2
lim 3 2 0
x
x x
+
+ = .
2/7
x
+
x
+
x
+
Mt khc, khi 2 x
+
th 2 x > . Bng cch lp bng xt du tam thc
2
3 2 x x + ta thy
2
3 2 0 x x + > (6) khi 2 x > .
T (5) v (6) suy ra
3 2
2
3
lim
3 2 x
x
L
x x
+
= =
+
.

Dng 2.2:
( )
( )
( )
( )
0
lim
0
x a
g x
g x
L
f x f x

c th kt qu nh Dng 1, hoc Dng 2.1 hoc mt

s xc nh. {Dng ny cn gi l dng v nh
0
0
, tc l c t v mu u dn v 0}
Mt s kin thc cn lu :
Nu tam thc
2
ax bx c + + c hai nghim
1 2
, x x th ( )( )
2
1 2
. a x bx c a x x x x + + = .
V d: Tam thc
2
3 4 x x c hai nghim
1 2
4
1;
3
x x = = .
Nn ta phn tch c ( )
2
4
3 4 3 1
3
x x x x
| |
= +
|
\
( ) ( )( )
3 4
3 1 1 3 4
3
x
x x x
| |
= + = +
|
\
.
Vi a thc
3 2
. . a x b x cx d + + + . Nu
0
x x = l nghim ca a thc ny, ta phi chia thc
cho
0
x x bin i a thc thnh tch dng ( ) ( )
3 2
.
o
ax bx cx d x x f x + + + = , trong
( ) f x l tam thc bc hai.
C th s dng cng thc Horne chia nh sau:
V d: Chng hn, a thc
3 2
3 2 7 2 x x x c nghim 2 x = .
{Tc l khi 2 x th
3 2
3 2 7 2 0 x x x }.
Ta chia
3 2
3 2 7 2 x x x cho 2 x nh sau:
H s a thc
Nghim
ca a thc
3 2 7 2
2 3 4 1 0
Ta c
3 2
3 2 7 2 x x x ( )( )
2
2 3 4 1 x x x = + +
V d 3: Tnh
2
1 2
1
3 2
lim
3 4 x
x x
L
x x
+
+
=
+
;
2
2 2
2
2 10
lim
3 5 2 x
x x
L
x x
+

=
+

Nhp: Dng my tnh, ta tnh c
2
3 2 x x + c hai nghim
1 2
1; 2 x x = = . Nn ta phn
tch c ( )( ) ( ) ( )
2
1 2
3 2 1. 1 2 x x x x x x x x + = = .
Tng t, tam thc
2
3 4 x x + c hai nghim
1 2
4
1,
3
x x = = nn ta phn tch c
( ) ( ) ( )
2
1 2
4
3 4 3 3 1
3
x x x x x x x x
| |
+ = = +
|
\
( ) ( ) ( )
3 4
3 1 1 3 4
3
x
x x x
+ | |
= = +
|
\

Gii:
( ) ( )
( )( )
2
1 2
1 1
1 2
3 2
lim lim
3 4 1 3 4 x x
x x
x x
L
x x x x
+ +

+
= =
+ + 1
2 1 2 1
lim
3 4 3.1 4 7 x
x
x
+

= = =
+ +

Vi bi th hai
3/7
Hng ng thc
Nhp:
2
2 10 x x c hai nghim
1 2
5
2;
2
x x = = . Nn ta phn tch c
( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
1 2
5
2 10 2. 2 2 2 2 5
2
x x x x x x x x x x
| |
= = + = +
|
\
.
Tng t, tam thc
2
3 5 2 x x + c hai nghim
1 2
1
2,
3
x x = = nn ta phn tch c
( )( ) ( )
2
1 2
1
3 5 2 3 3 2
3
x x x x x x x x
| |
+ = = +
|
\
( ) ( ) 2 3 1 x x = +
Gii:
2
2 2
2
2 10
lim
3 5 2 x
x x
L
x x
+

=
+
( )( )
( ) ( )
2
2 2 5
lim
2 3 1 x
x x
x x
+
+
=
+ ( )
2
2 5
lim
3 1 x
x
x
+
=

( )
( )
2 2 5 9
7 3. 2 1

= =
(

V d 4: Tnh
3 2
1
2 1
lim
1 x
x
L
x
;
4
1
5 4 3
lim
1 2
x
x
L
x

=
+

Vi dng ny, ta cn kh cc du cn bng cch nhan, chia thm biu thc lin hp
ca chng. {Dng hng ng thc ( )( )
2 2
a b a b a b + = }
Biu thc lin hp ca a b l a b + v ngc li.
( ) ( )
2
a b a b
a b
a b
a b a b
+

= =
+ +

Biu thc lin hp ca a b l a b + v ngc li.
( )( )
a b a b
a b
a b
a b a b
+

= =
+ +

Gii:

( ) ( )
( )( )
3 2
2
1 1
2 1 2 1
2 1
2 1
lim lim
1
1
x x
x x
x
L
x
x x

+

= =
+
( )
( )( )
2
1
2
1
lim
1 2
1
x
x
x x

+
=
( )( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
1 1
2
1
1
lim lim
1 1 1 2 1 1 1
x x
x x
x
x
x x x x

+
= =
+ + + + ( )
( )
1
1
im
1 1
l
2
x
x x
=
+ +

( )
( )
1 1
4
1 1 2 1 1
= =
+ +

4
1
5 4 3
lim
1 2
x
x
L
x

=
+
( ) ( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )
1
1 2
1
5 4 5 4 3 . 3 .
5 4 3
lim
2 . 2 1
x
x
x x
x
x
x
+ +
+
+ + + +

( )
( )
( )
( )
1
5 4 9
l
5 3
2
i
1
4
m
1 2
x
x
x x
x
+ +
=
+ + (

( )
( )
( )
( )
1
4 4
lim
1
1
4 3
2
5
x
x
x
x
x
+
+

=

( )
( )
( )
( )
1
5 4 3
4 1
li
1 2
m
1
x
x
x
x
x
+
+

=

( )
( )
1
4
l
1
im
5 4 3
2
x
x
x
+
+
=
( )
4. 1 2 1
4
3 5 4 3
+
= =
+ +
.
V d 5: Tnh
3
5 2
1
2 1 1
lim
3 2
x
x
L
x x

=

;
2
6
3
1
1
lim
1 2 1
x
x
L
x
=
+ +

Hng ng thc
4/7
Vi dng ny, ta cn kh cc du cn bng cch nhan, chia thm biu thc lin hp
ca chng. {Dng hng ng thc ( ) ( )
2 2 3 3
a b a b ab a b + = }
Biu thc lin hp ca
3
a b l
( )
2
2 3 3
. a b b a + .
C th:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2 3 3 3
3
3
2 2
2 2 3 3 3 3
.
. .
a b a b b a
a b
a b
a b b a a b b a
(
+
(

= =
+ +

Gii:

3
5 2
1
2 1 1
lim
3 2
x
x
L
x x

=

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
3 3
3
3
1
2
2
3
2 1 1 1. 2 1 1 2
lim
3 2
1
2 1 1 1. 2 1
x
x x
x x
x
x x
(

+ +
+ +
(

=
(

(

( )
( ) ( )
3
1
3 2
2
3
2 1 1
lim
3 2 2 1 1 2 1
x
x x x
x
x
+

=
(
+
(
+
( )
( ) ( )
( )
1
2
3 3
2 1 1 2 1
2 1
lim
1 1
x
x x
x
x x
+ +
=
(
+
(

( )
( )
2
1
3 3
2 1 1 1. 2
2
l m
1 1
i
x
x x x
+
=
(
+
(
( )
( )
2
3 3
2 2 1
2.3 3
1 1 2 1 1 2 1
= = =
(
+ + +
(

2
6
3
1
1
lim
1 2 1
x
x
L
x
=
+ +
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2
2 3 3
2
2
1
3 3 3
1 2 1 1. 1 2
1 2 1 1. 1 2
1
lim
1 2 1
x
x x x
x x x
(
+ + + +
+ + + +
(

=
(
+ +
(

( ) ( )
( )
2
3
2
3 3
1
1 2 1 1
lim
1
1 2
2 1
x
x x x
x
(

+
+
+ +
=
+
+ ( ) ( )
( )
( )
2
1
3 3
1 2 1 1
lim
2 1
1 1 2
x
x x x x
x
(
+
(

=
+ + +
+
+

( )
( )
2
3 3
1
1 1 2 1
i
1
l m
2
2
x
x x x
(

=
+ + + +
( )( ) 1 1 1 1 1
3
2
+ + +
= = .
V d 6: (Dng khuyt s hng vng)
Tnh
3
7 2
1
4 3 2
lim
1
x
x x
L
x
;
2
8 2
1
3 4 2
lim
6 5
x
x x x
L
x x
+ + +
=
+ +

Phn tch:
kh dng
0
0
ta cn kh cn ca t
3
2 1 2 x x . Nu nguyn vy m kh
cn chng ta cn ly tha m 2.3 6 = . Th ny phc tp qu.
Ta nhn thy: Khi 1 x th
3
4 3 1 x , hay
3
4 3 1 0 x .
Vy ta thm - bt s 1 vo t thc:
( ) ( )
3 3
4 3 2 1 3 1 4 2 x x x x = + .
Lc
3
7 2
1
4 3 2
lim
1
x
x x
L
x
( ) ( )
3
2
1
4 3 2 1 1
lim
1
x
x x
x
+
=
3
2 2
1 1
4 3 1 1 2
lim lim
1 1
x x
x x
x x

= +

Hng ng thc
Thm
Bt
5/7
By gi ta s tnh cc gii hn {u c dng
0
0
}:
3
7 2
1
4 3 1
lim
1
a
x
x
L
x
nh V d 5, v
tnh
7 2
1
1 2
lim
1
b
x
x
L
x
nh V d 4.
Vi
8
L , ta nhn thy khi 1 x th ( ) 2 2 1 1 x + = , tc l 2 1 0 x + .
Vy ta s thm - bt s 1 vo t thc.
Khi t thc tr thnh
( ) ( )
2 2
3 4 2 3 4 2 1 1 x x x x x x + + + = + + + + .
Gii:
3
7 2
1
4 3 2
lim
1
x
x x
L
x
( ) ( )
3
2
1
4 3 2 1 1
lim
1
x
x x
x
+
=
3
2 2
1 1
4 3 1 1 2
lim lim
1 1
x x
x x
x x

= +

Ta c
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2 3
3
7 2
1
3
2 3 3
1
3
2
2
4 3 1 4 3 1
4 3 1
lim li
1. 4 3
4 3 1 1.
m
1 4 3
1
a
x x
x x
x
L
x
x
x
x x

(

(

+ +
= =
(
+ +

( )
( ) ( )
2
1
3
3
2 3
4 3 1 4
l
3
4 3 1
im
1
x
x x
x
x
+ +

=
(
(

( )
( ) ( )
( )
1
2
3 3
4 3 1 4 3
4 1
lim
1 1
x
x x
x
x x
+ +
=
(
+
(

( )
( )
2
3
1
3
4
l
4 3 1 4
i
3
m
1
x
x x x
=
(
+ + +
( )
2
4 2
3 1 1 1 1 1
= =
( + + +

.
( )( )
( )( )
7 2
2 1 1
1 2 1 2
1 2
lim lim
1
1 1 2
b
x x
x x
x
L
x
x x

+

= =
+
( )
( )( )
2 1
1 2
lim
1 1 2
x
x
x x

=
+

( ) ( )
( )
1
1
lim
1 1 1 2
x
x
x x x
=
+ + ( )
( )
1
1
lim
1 1 2
x
x x
=
+ + ( )
( )
1 1
4
1 1 1 1
= =
+ +
.
Vy,
3
7 7 7 2
1
4 3 2 2 1 11
lim
1 3 4 12
a b
x
x x
L L L
x

= = + = + =
.
Gii:
2
8 2
1
3 4 2
lim
6 5
x
x x x
L
x x
+ + +
=
+ +
( ) ( )
2
2
1
3 4 1 2 1
lim
6 5
x
x x x
x x
+ + + +
=
+ +

2
2 2
1 1
3 4 1 2 1
lim lim
6 5 6 5
x x
x x x
x x x x

+ + +
= +
+ + + +
(cc gii hn dng
0
0
).
Ta c:
( ) ( )
( )( )
2
8 2
1 1
3 1 1
3 4 1
lim lim
6 5 1 5
a
x x
x x
x x
L
x x x x

+ +
+ +
= =
+ + + +
( )
1
3 1 1
3 1 1
lim
5 1 5 2
x
x
x
+
+
= = =
+ +

8 2
1
2 1
lim
6 5
b
x
x
L
x x
+
=
+ +
( ) ( )
( )( )
2 1
2 1 2 1
lim
6 5 2 1
x
x x
x x x
+ + +
=
+ + + +
( )
( )( )
2
2 1
2 1
lim
6 5 2 1
x
x
x x x
+
=
+ + + +

( )( )
( )
1
1
lim
1 5 2 1
x
x
x x x
+
=
+ + + + ( )
( )
1
1 1 1
lim
4.2 8
5 2 1
x
x x
= = =
+ + +
.
6/7
Vy
2
8 8 8 2
1
3 4 2 1 1 3
lim
6 5 2 8 8
a b
x
x x x
L L L
x x
+ + +
= = + = + =
+ +
.
Dng 3: S tn ti ca gii hn theo gii hn mt bn.
Cho hm s ( ) y f x = .
- t ( )
1
lim
x a
L f x
+
= , {gii hn bn phi ca hm s khi x a , x a > }

- V ( )
2
lim
x a
L f x
= , {gii hn bn tri ca hm s khi x a , x a < }

Nu
1 2
, L L cng tn ti v
1 2
L L = th ta ni hm s ( ) y f x = c gii hn khi x a , v ta
vit ( )
1 2
lim
x a
f x L L
= = .
Nu
1
L hoc
2
L khng tn ti (khng xc nh); hoc
1 2
, L L cng tn ti nhng
1 2
L L th
hm s ( ) y f x = khng c gii hn khi x a , ni cch khc ( ) lim
x a
f x
khng tn ti.
Bi ton: Cho hm s ( )
( )
( )
nu
nu
g x x a
y f x
h x x a
>
= =

<
. Tnh ( ) lim
x a
f x
, nu c ?
Cch gii:
Tnh gii hn bn phi khi x a : ( ) ( )
1
lim lim
x a x a
L f x g x
+ +

= = {khi x a > th hm f cho
bi cng thc ( ) y g x = }
Tnh gii hn bn tri khi x a : ( ) ( )
1
lim lim
x a x a
L f x h x

= = {khi x a > th hm f cho
bi cng thc ( ) y h x = }
Xt s tn ti, so snh
1
L v
2
L Kt lun s tn ti ca ( ) lim
x a
f x
.
V d 7: Cho hm s ( )
2
1 1
1 0
1
0
2
nu
nu
x
x
x
y f x
x x
x
x
+
<
= =

+ +
+
. Tnh ( )
0
lim
x
f x
, nu c ?
Gii:
Ta c ( )
1
0 0
1 1
lim lim
x x
x
L f x
x

+
= =
( )
0 0
1 1
lim lim
2 1 1
1 1
x x
x
x
x x

= = =
+ +
+ +

2
2
0
1 0 0 1 1
lim
2 0 2 2 x
x x
L
x
+
+ + + +
= = =
+ +

So snh ta c
1 2
1
2
L L = = .
Vy hm s gii hn ca hm s cho khi 0 x bng ( )
0
1
lim
2
x
f x
= .
V d 8: Cho hm s ( )
2
1 1
2
3 5 2
nu 2
nu
x
x
y f x
x
x x m x

>
= =

.
Tm m hm s c gii hn khi 2 x .
Gii:
7/7
Ta c ( )
( )
( )
1
2 2 2
1 1 2
lim lim lim
2
2 1 1
x x x
x x
L f x
x
x x
+ + +

= = =
+
2
1 1
lim
2 1 1
x
x
+
= =
+
.
( ) ( )
2 2
2
2 2
lim lim 3 5 3.2 5.2
x x
L f x x x m m

= = + = + 2 m = + .
iu kin cn v hm s cho c gii hn khi 2 x l
2
2 1
2 xc nh

L m
L L
= +

3
1
2 2
2
m
m
m

+ =
.
Loi 2: Tnh gii hn hm s ( ) y f x = khi x (gii hn ti v cc).

giới hạn của hàm số hay

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giới hạn của hàm số hay

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Gip hc sinh t n tp Ton 11 Gii hn hm s (C bn)

Bin son: Cao Long { http://longdocao.co.cc }

th x a < (suy ra 0 x a < hay 0 a x > )

= . V dng cc nh l (php ton) v gii hn tnh.

c th kt qu nh Dng 1, hoc Dng 2.1 hoc mt

= , {gii hn bn phi ca hm s khi x a , x a > }

= , {gii hn bn tri ca hm s khi x a , x a < }

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