1 Chuyn hm s, n thi i hc nm 2010.

Son: Cao Long

1 2
N THI I HC NM 2009

Chng I: Hm s
Cu trc thi ca B GD&T:
Cu Ni dung kin thc im
I
Kho st, v th ca hm s.
Cc bi ton lin quan n ng dng ca o hm
v th ca hm s: Chiu bin thin ca hm s.
Cc tr. Gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca hm s. Tip
tuyn, tim cn (ng v ngang) ca th hm s.
Tm trn th nhng im c tnh cht cho trc;
tng giao gia hai th (mt trong hai th l
ng thng);...
2,0

NI DUNG N TP
1. Chiu bin thin ca hm s
Kin thc:
Cho hm s ( ) y f x = xc nh v c o hm trn khong ( ) ; a b .
Nu ( ) 0 y x vi mi ( ) ; x a b ( 0 y = ti hu hn im thuc
( ) ; a b ) th hm s ( ) y f x = ng bin trn khong ( ) ; a b .
Nu ( ) 0 y x vi mi ( ) ; x a b ( 0 y = ti hu hn im thuc
( ) ; a b ) th hm s ( ) y f x = nghch bin trn khong ( ) ; a b .
V d 1: Tm m hm s ( )
3 2
2 3 3 2 y m x x x = + lun nghch
bin (trn tp xc nh).
Hng dn:
Tp xc nh: D =
o hm ( ) ( )
2 2
3 2 6 3 3 2 2 1 y m x x m x x ( = =


Hm s lun nghch bin khi v ch khi 0 y vi mi x.
( )
2
2 2 1 0 m x x vi mi x.
2 0 2
3 0 3
m m
m m
< <


= +

3 m .
Kt lun: Gi tr ca m phi tm tha yu cu l 3 m .
V d 2: Tm m hm s
2
2 3
1
x x m
y
x
+
=

ng bin trn khong

( ) 3; + .
Hng dn gii:
Vi mi 3 x > , ta c
( )
2
2
2 4 3
1
x x m
y
x
+
=

.
Hm s ng bin trn khong ( ) 3; + khi v ch khi
( )
2
2
2 4 3
0
1
x x m
y
x
+
=

vi mi 3 x >
2
2 4 3 0 x x m + vi
mi 3 x > . (*)
Vic gii quyt vn ny c 02 cch:
Cch 1: Dng nh l v du ca tam thc bc hai (cch ny kh
vi nhiu hc sinh).
Cch 2: Dng o hm
Ta c (*)
2
2 4 3 x x m + , vi mi 3 x > (**)
Xt hm s ( )
2
2 4 3 y f x x x = = + trn na khong| ) 3; + , ta c:
( ) ( ) 4 1 0, f x x = > vi mi 3 x . Vy hm s ng bin trn
( ) 3; + .
Suy ra ( ) ( )
2
2 4 3 3 9 f x x x f = + > = vi mi 3 x > .
Do (**) c tha mn 9 m .
Kt lun: Gi tr ca m phi tm l 9 m .
2 Chuyn hm s, n thi i hc nm 2010. Son: Cao Long
3 4
Bi tp t luyn:
Bi 1: (H Ngoi thng 1997)
Tm m hm s ( )
3 2
3 1 4 y x x m x m = + + + + nghch bin trn
khong ( ) 1;1 .
Bi 2: (H Lut Dc 2001)
Tm m hm s ( ) ( )
3 2
3 1 3 2 1 y x m x m m x = + + ng bin
trn cc khong tha mn 1 2 x .
2. Cc tr
L thuyt:
1). Gi s hm s ( ) y f x = lin tc trn khong ( ) ; a b cha
im
0
x v c o hm trn khong ( ) { }
0
; \ a b x .
Nu ( ) 0 f x < vi mi ( )
0
; x a x v ( ) 0 f x > vi mi
( )
0
; x x b th hm s t cc tiu ti im
0
x .
Nu ( ) 0 f x > vi mi ( )
0
; x a x v ( ) 0 f x < vi mi
( )
0
; x x b th hm s t cc i ti im
0
x .
2). Gi s hm s ( ) y f x = c o hm cp mt trn khong
( ) ; a b cha
0
x , ( )
0
0 f x = v c o hm cp hai khc 0 ti
0
x .
Nu ( )
0
0 f x < th hm s t cc i ti im
0
x .
Nu ( )
0
0 f x > th hm s t cc tiu ti im
0
x .
V d 1: (CSP TP H Ch Minh 1999)
Tm m hm s
( )
3 2 2
3 3 1 y x mx m x m = + + t cc tiu ti
2 x = .
Hng dn gii:
Tp xc nh: D =
o hm:
( )
2 2
3 2 1 y x mx m = + , ( ) 6 y x m =
iu kin cn v hm s t cc tiu ti 2 x = l:
( )
( )
2 0
2 0
y
y
=

>

( )
( )
2
3 4 4 1 0
6 2 0
m m
m

+ =

<

2
4 3 0
2 0
m m
m
+ =

<

1
3 3
2
m
m m
m
=

= =

>

.
Kt lun: 3 m = .
Nhn xt: Ngoi cch gii trn c th dng iu kin cn (iu
kin cn hm s c cc tr ti 2 x = l ( ) 2 0 y = ) tm m, sau
kim tra li ri kt lun.
V d 2: (H Cnh st 2000)
Tm m hm s
4 2
1 3
4 2
y x mx = + ch c cc tiu m khng c
cc i.
Hng dn gii:
Tp xc nh: D =
o hm:
( )
3 2
2 2 y x mx x x m = = ,
2
3 2 y x m = ,
2
0
0
2
x
y
x m
=
=

=

Xt cc trng hp sau:
1). Nu 0 m = th 0 0 y x = = v ( ) 0 0 y = nn trng hp ny
hm s khng c cc tr.
2). Nu 0 m < th 0 0 y x = = v ( ) 0 2 0 y m = > nn trng
hp ny hm s t cc tiu ti 0 x = .
3). Nu 0 m > th
0
0
2
x
y
x m
=
=

=

,
3 Chuyn hm s, n thi i hc nm 2010. Son: Cao Long
5 6
Ta c ( ) 0 2 0 y m = < , nn hm s t cc i ti 0 x = .Vy
trng hp ny khng tha ycbt.
Tm li: Hm s ch c cc tiu m khng c cc i khi 0 m < .
Bi tp t luyn:
Bi 1: (H, C Khi B, 2005)
Cho hm s
( )
2
1 1
1
x m x m
y
x
+ + + +
=
+
, (m l tham s).
Chng minh rng vi m bt k, th hm s lun c im cc
i, im cc tiu v khong cch gia hai im bng 20 .
Bi 2: (H, C Khi A 2005)
Cho hm s
1
y mx
x
= + c th l ( )
m
C , (m l tham s).
Tm m hm s c cc tr v khong cch t im cc tiu ca
( )
m
C n tim cn xin ca ( )
m
C bng
1
2
.
Bi 3: (H, C Khi A 2007)
Cho hm s
( )
2 2
2 1 4
2
x m x m m
y
x
+ + + +
=
+
(1), m l tham s.
Tm m hm s (1) c cc i, cc tiu ng thi cc im cc
tr ca th cng vi gc ta O to thnh mt tam gic vung
ti O.
Bi 4: (H, C Khi B 2007)
Cho hm s
( )
3 2 2 2
3 3 1 3 1 y x x m x m = + + (1) , m l tham s.
Tm m hm s (1) c cc i, cc tiu ng thi cc im cc
tr ca th cch u gc ta O.
Bi 5: Cho hm s
4 2
4 y x mx x m = + + (1)
1. Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s (1) khi 0 m = .
2. Tm cc gi tr ca m th ca hm s (1) c 3 im cc tr
sao cho tam gic c 3 nh l cc im cc tr nhn gc ta
O lm trng tm.
Bi 6: (D b 2, khi A 2007)
Cho hm s
2
m
y x m
x
= + +

, c th l ( )
m
C .
1. Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s vi 1 m = .
2. Tm m ( )
m
C c cc tr ti cc im A, B sao cho ng
thng AB i qua gc ta O.
Bi 7: (D b 2, khi B 2007)
Cho hm s ( ) ( )
3 2
1 2 2 2 y x m x m x m = + + + + (1)
1. Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s (1) khi 2 m = .
2. Tm cc gi tr ca m hm s (1) c im cc i, cc tiu
ng thi honh im cc tiu nh hn 1.
3. Tip tuyn, tim cn ca th hm s
Bi 1: (H, C khi D nm 2005)
Gi ( )
m
C l th ca hm s
3 2
1 1
3 2 3
m
y x x = +
Gi M l im thuc ( )
m
C c honh bng 1 . Tm m tip
tuyn ca ( )
m
C ti im M song song vi ng thng
( ) : 5 0 d x y = .
Bi 2: (H, C khi B nm 2006)
Cho hm s
2
1
2
x x
y
x
+
=
+
c th ( ) C .
Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca th ( ) C , bit tip tuyn vung
gc vi tim cn xin ca ( ) C .
Bi 3: (H, C khi B nm 2008)
Cho hm s
3 2
4 6 1 y x x = + (1). Vit phng trnh tip
tuyn ca th hm s (1), bit rng tip tuyn i qua im
( ) 1; 9 M .
4 Chuyn hm s, n thi i hc nm 2010. Son: Cao Long
7 8
Bi 4: (D b 1, khi D 2007)
Cho hm s
1
2 1
x
y
x
+
=
+
.
1. Kho st s bin thin v v th ( ) C ca hm s .
2. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ( ) d vi ( ) C , bit rng ( ) d i qua
giao im ca trc Ox vi ng tim cn ca ( ) C .
Bi 5: (D b 2, khi D 2007)
Cho hm s
1
x
y
x
=

.
1. Kho st s bin thin v v th ( ) C ca hm s .
2. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ( ) d vi ( ) C sao cho ( ) d v hai
ng tim cn ca ( ) C ct nhau to thnh tam gic cn.
Bi 6: (D b 2, khi A 2006)
1. Kho st s bin thin v v th ( ) C ca hm s
( )
4 2
1
2 1
2
y x x =
2. Vit phng trnh cc ng thng i qua im ( ) 0; 2 A v tip
xc vi th ( ) C
4. Tm trn th nhng im c tnh cht cho trc. Gi tr
ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca hm s.
Bi 1: (H, C khi B nm 2007)
Cho hm s
2
1
x
y
x
=
+
c th ( ) C . Tm ta im M thuc
( ) C , bit tip tuyn ca ( ) C ti M ct hai trc Ox, Oy ti A, B v
tam gic OAB c din tch bng
1
4
.
Bi 2: Cho hm s
2
3 6
2
x x
y
x
+ +
=
+
. Tm tt c nhng im trn
th hm s ca ta l s nguyn.
Bi 3: Cho hm s
2
2 2
1
x x
y
x
+ +
=
+
. Tm trn th hm s nhng
im c khong cch t im n trc Ox bng 2 ln khong
cch t im n trc Oy.
Bi 4: Cho hm s
4 2
2 3 2 1 y x x x = + + . Tm im M thuc
th hm s sao cho hong cch t M n ng thng
3 6 0 y x = + = l nh nht.
Bi 5: Cho hm s
2 1
1
x
y
x
+
=
+
. Tm trn th hm s nhng
im c tng khong cch n 2 tim cn c gi tr nh nht.
5. Tng giao gia hai th
Bi 1: (H, C khi A nm 2006)
1. Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s
3 2
2 9 12 4 y x x x = + .
2. Tm m phng trnh
3 2
2 9 12 x x x m + = c 6 nghim
phn bit.
Bi 2: (H, C khi D nm 2006)
Cho hm s
3
3 2 y x x = + c th ( ) C . Gi d l ng thng
i qua im ( ) 3; 20 A v c h s gc l m. Tm m ng thng
d ct th ( ) C ti 3 im phn bit.
Bi 3: (H, C khi D nm 2008)
Cho hm s
3 2
3 4 y x x = + (1). Chng minh rng mi
ng thng i qua im ( ) 1; 2 I vi h s gc k ( ) 3 k > u ct
5 Chuyn hm s, n thi i hc nm 2010. Son: Cao Long
9 10
th ca hm s (1) ti 3 im phn bit I, A, B ng thi I l
trung im ca on thng AB.
Bi 4: Cho hm s
3 2
4 y x ax = + (1), (a l tham s).
1. Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s khi 3 a = .
2. Tm a phng trnh
3 2
4 0 x ax m + + = c 3 nghim phn
bit vi mi m tha mn iu kin 4 0 m < < .
Bi 5: (D b 01 khi D 2006)
Cho hm s
3
2
11
3
3 3
x
y x x = + +
1. Kho st s bin thin v v th ( ) C ca hm s cho.
2. Tm trn ( ) C hai im phn bit i xng nhau qua trc tung.