Amniocentesis and CVS

Methods of chromosomal evaluation

Non invasive:

Fetal cells from maternal blood preimplantation embryos (PGD) amniotic fluid (amniocentesis) placenta (chorionic villus tissue) Fetal blood

Invasive:

Invasive techniques

Amniocentesis:

Late second trimester after 15 weeks Early earlier than 15 weeks Abdominal Trans cervical Trans vaginal

Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

Fetal blood sampling

karyotype

fish

PCR

What can be evaluated?

Chromosomal aberrations:

Trisomy, Monosomy, Polyploidy, Marker chromosome, Deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation, ring chromosome .

Genetic aberrations (DNA) Infectious disease Biochemical markers (AFP)

Amniocentesis
First introduced by Serr and Fuchs and Riis in the 1950s for fetal sex determination Only at the late 70th a static ultrasound was used to locate the placenta and amniotic fluid pocket Only In 1983, Jeanty reported a technique of amniocentesis under ultrasound vision

Mid Trimester Amniocentesis

Per coetaneous 20-23g needle Ultrasound guided Usually 20cc amniotic fluid Results 2 to 3 weeks

complications
Pregnancy loss 0.3-1.0%. Increase risk:

Needle larger than 18g Multiple needle insertion Discoloration of the fluid High AFP, multiple late abortions, previous vaginal bleeding Placental perforation recent studies didnt find correlation

Complications
Leakage of amniotic fluid (better prognosis than spontaneous leakage) Amnionitis Vaginal bleeding Needle puncture of the fetus Long term complications:

Respiratory distress?? Isoimmunization??

Amniocentesis and HIV positive women

Increased rate of vertical transmission Chemoprophylaxis previous to amniocentesis appears to be beneficial in preventing vertical transmission

Multiple Gestation

Three methods:

Indigo carmine injection to the first sac A single needle puncture sampling technique
(Jeanty 1990)

Simultaneous visualization of two needles on each side of the separating membrane (BahadoSingh 1992)

Abortion risk probably higher Detailed description of fetus position and placental location

Early Amniocentesis: 9-14 weeks

Introduced at late 80th 10-14 weeks gestation Only the amniotic (inner) sac should be aspirated Approximately 1 cc for gestational age Higher rate of pregnancy loss, talipes equinovarus, and post procedural amniotic fluid leakage laboratory failure op to 20%

Chorionic villus sampling

Was developed in the 80th percutaneous transabdominal with 19-20g needle

Chorionic villus sampling

Was developed in the 80th percutaneous transabdominal transvaginal transcervical

15-30mg each aspiration 20mg ideal for cytogenetic testing 30-40mg for cytogenetic and other direct molecular and biochemical tests

CVS results

Direct analysis examines the trophoblast cells of the placenta (very rapidly dividing cells)

Results in few hours greater vulnerability to mitotic error

Cultured analysis examines the fibroblast like cells of the villus stroma or mesenchymal core.

Approximately 7-10 days Accurately reflect the chromosomes of the fetus.

Risk of invasive procedure

Early amniocentesis:

High High High High

pregnancy loss fetal malformations rate of multiple needle insertions (4.7%) rate laboratory failures (1.8%)

Late amniocentesis:

Low pregnancy loss (0.3-1%) Low rate of multiple needle insertions (1.7%) Low rate laboratory failures (0.2%)

Risk of invasive procedure - CVS

Transabdominal CVS as safe as second trimester amniocentesis Trans abdominal and transcervical CVS are equally safe and efficacious, provided that centers have expertise with both approaches In approximately 35% of cases, clinical circumstances will support one approach over the other Limb reduction not after 9 weeks

mosaicism
True chromosomal mosaicism is when two or more abnormal cells lines are detected in two or more culture flasks from the same individual. Pseudomosaicism is a term used to describe two abnormal cell lines that are found in only one culture flask (not reported to the patient)

mosaicism
Most often involving trisomic cell and normal cells 1-2% of pregnancies undergoing CVS 0.1% of pregnancies undergoing amniocentesis Clinical outcome of chromosomal mosaicism is strongly dependent on the specific chromosome involved and the number of trisomic cells in both the placenta and the fetus

Mosaicism (trisomic cells) in CVS

Option of an additional prenatal diagnostic procedure (amniocentesis or fetal blood sampling)

Mosaicism (trisomic cells) in CVS

Four possible conditions:

Mosaicism only in the placenta not affecting the fetus or placental function. Mosaicism only in the placenta not affecting the fetus but alter placental function (IUGR) Trisomy cells are both in the placenta and in the fetus Trisomy cells in the placenta and uniparental disomy in the fetus

Mosaicism (trisomic cells) in amniotic fluid

Probably there are trisomic cells in the fetus The true level and distribution of trisomic cells cannot be accurately assessed with any prenatal procedure Ultrasound is often the best judge of how a baby is developing

Uniparental Disomy

Arises when an individual inherits two copies of a chromosome pair from one parent and no copy from the other parent

Maternal UPD two copies from the mother Paternal UPD two copies from the father

How does UPD happen?

Loss of a chromosome from a trisomic zygote, "trisomic rescue" Duplication of a chromosome from a monosomic zygote, "monosomic rescue" Fertilization of a gamete with two copies of a chromosome by a gamete with no copies of the same chromosome, called gamete complementation.

Trisomic rescue following an error in meiosis

heterodisomy

Trisomic rescue followed an error in meiosis II

isodisomy

UPD - health concerns in people for two possible reasons:

Parental imprinting in the case of heterodisomy and isodisomy Unmasking of recessive conditions in some cases of isodisomy

Clinical consequences of UPD

molecular UPD testing should be considered for certain chromosomes (including 6, 7, 11, 14, 15) that are known to have adverse phenotypic imprinting effects.

Factors considered when trying to predict the outcome of mosaicism

the chromosome involved

A mosaic finding 18 or 21 is likely to have worse implications

mosaic finding for trisomy 15 or 16 is likely to have less implications (trisomy 15 or 16 cells cannot survive )

Factors considered when trying to predict the outcome of mosaicism

The tissues affected and level of trisomy in those tissues

The tissue affected cannot be evaluated The level of trisomy can be only estimated

Factors considered when trying to predict the outcome of mosaicism

method of ascertainment

CVS shows that the placenta is affected Amniotic fluid suggests that at least one fetal tissue may be affected Fetal blood sampling confirms the diagnosis of chromosomal mosaicism

Factors considered when trying to predict the outcome of mosaicism

ultrasound findings presence/absence of uniparental disomy number of previous case reports known in the literature

Thank you