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Morphological
transform the original image into another image through the interaction
with the other image of certain shape and size which is known as the
structure element

Mathematical morphology provides a systematic approach to analyze the

geometric characteristics of signals or images, and has been applied
widely too many applications such as edge detection, objection
segmentation, noise suppression

Fuzzy morphological operations

extend the ordinary morphological operations by using fuzzy sets where
for fuzzy sets, the union operation is replaced by maximum operation,
and the intersection operation is replaced by a minimum operation.

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 Dilation
Is used
to produce an image that is brighter than the original and in
.which small, dark details have been reduced or eliminated

 Erosion
produces darker image and the sizes of small, bright features were
reduced

 Opening
decreases sizes of the small bright detail, with no appreciable effect on the darker
gray levels. Generally, the effects of the grayscale opening are to remove small
bright details from an image leaving the overall gray levels and larger bright features
relatively intact

 Closing
decreases sizes of the small darker details, with respectively little effect
.on bright features

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Mathematical Morphology
is a collection of operations which produces useful outcomes in
image processing. It is completely based on set theory. By using
set operations, there are many useful operators defined in
mathematical morphology. For instance erosion, dilation,
opening and closing are these kinds of operations which are
beneficial when dealing with the numerous image processing
problems. Sets in mathematical morphology represent objects in
an image.

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 Fuzzy image processing hasThree : main stages
. Image fuzzification2. modification of membership values 3. Image defuzzification .1

Steps of fuzzy image processing 5

 The fuzzification and defuzzificationsteps are due to the fact that we do
,not possess fuzzy hardware. Therefore
coding of image data = fuzzification
decoding of the results =defuzzification
These two operations are steps that make possible to process images
.with fuzzy techniques
Themain power of fuzzy image processing is in the middle step
(modification of membership values). After the image data are
transformed from gray-level plane to the membership plane
(fuzzification), appropriate fuzzy techniques modify the
.membership values
This can be afuzzy clustering , afuzzy rule-based approach , afuzzy
.integration approach

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7
 Fuzzy Mathematical Morphologyaims to extend the binary morphological operators
to gray-level images. In this lecture, several points of view are taken to define a
Fuzzy
)Mathematical Morphology )dilation, erosion, opening, closing
-: In this point you must deal withthree main terms

The fuzzy sets theory is based on the idea that each element in a certain system can
get one value within the interval 0 to 1. Mathematically, it can be expressed as
-:follows

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 Let We define two fuzzy sets A andB on the universe X for a given element xof the
universe, the following function theoretic operations for the set-theoretic operations of
Union ,Intersection, and Complement are defined for A and B onX

.1

.2

.3

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The main concepts related to the logic of predicates , where aPredicate
.}is a function p defined in a set X that gets its values from set }0, 1
Example:- Given two predicates pand q respectively, the basic operations
used in this theory are as follows
Conjunction: p ∧q
Disjunction: p ∨q
Negation: ~ p
Implication: p q = ~ p ∨q

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 Fuzzy mathematical morphology is studied in terms ofFuzzy Fitting. The fuzziness is
.introduced by the degree to which the structuring element fits into the image

FuzzyErosion and Dilation havemembership functions whose values are within the
.]interval ]0, 1

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Fuzzy Opening and Fuzzy Closing: are described as follows

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The basic operation of fuzzy mathematical morphology by means of the
inclusion grade [1] for fuzzy subsets can be defined. The inclusion grade
operator as a fuzzy relation R :F(x )×F(x)→{0,1} such that

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The Lukasiewicz erosion (dilation) of an imageA by another imageB ,
being A and B fuzzy subset of X, and it is defined by

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, TheLukasiewicz opening )closing) of an image A by another image B
being A and B fuzzy subset of X, and defined by

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Example 1:- This example show the Effect of Basic Morphological Operators in
Images:-
Let A be the digital image and the structuring element be an array 5x5,

B .}= }1,1,1,1,1; 1,1,1,1,1; 1,1,1,1,1; 1,1,1,1,1; 1,1,1,1,1

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 Example 2:- Let A be the one of my digital images and the structuring element be
, an array 3x3
B.}= }1,1,1; 1,1,1; 1,1,1

In examples 1 and 2, we show the erosion-dilation effect with the different digital
images and the different structuring element, andit can be clearly seen that
the smaller the size of the structuring element is, the clearer the
.image

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 In this section, we present the analysis of the dilation-erosion operators by basic
fuzzy logical operators andLukasiewicz generalized operators with thesame image
A anddifferent structuring elementB .and alternating
Table1

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Table2

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The function λ used in the Lukasiewicz Generalized Operator is defined
λ : ]0,1]→]0,1] given by

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 the case in .1Table1 ) fuzzy logical operators) is the special case ofTable 2
))Lukasiewicz generalized operators

the fact that erosion and dilation, basic operations in binary imagery, can .2
beextended to grey level. If the image and structuring element are binary )0
and 1), binary operators, erosion-dilation hold the same effect that the fuzzy
erosion-dilation operation results in overlapping effects of expands/shrink
images

Fuzzy logic and fuzzy set theory provide many solutions to the .3
.mathematical morphology algorithms

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• Yee Yee Htun and Dr. Khaing Khaing Aye, “Fuzzy Mathematical Morphology
approach in Image Processing”, Proceedings of World Academy of Science,
Engineering and Technology. Vol 32, Issn 2070-3740, AUGUST 2008.

.2 Antony T. Popov,”General approach for fuzzy mathematical morphology”,

,Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Mathematical Morphology
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Oct. 10 –13,2007., MCT/INPE, v. 1, p. 39–48

.3Aymeric Gillet, Ludovic Macaire, Claudine Botte-Lecocq and Jack-Ge‘rard Postaire,

“Color image segmentation based on fuzzy mathematical morphology” ,January
. of IEE,2009

END

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