CE63-CONSTRUCTION PLANNING AND SCHEDULING

(FOR VI SEMESTER)

PREPARED BY M.S Britto Jeyakumar Assistant Professor De artment of !i"i# en$ineerin$ T%E I&DIA& E&'I&EERI&' (O))E'E VADA*A&'+)AM

+&IT , I
1. What is pla i !"

P#annin$ aims at formu#ation of a time -ase. #an of a!tion for !oor.inatin$ "arious a!ti"ities an. resour!es to a!/ie"e s e!ifie. o-0e!ti"es. P#annin$ is t/e ro!ess of .e"e#o in$ t/e ro0e!t #an. T/e #an out#ines /o1 t/e ro0e!t is to -e .ire!te. to a!/ie"e t/e assi$ne. $oa#s. It s e!ifies a re.etermine. an. !ommitte. future !ourse of a!tion2 -ase. on .is!ussions an. .e!isions ma.e on t/e !urrent kno1#e.$e an. estimation of future tren.s. #. What is $% st&'$ti% pla i ! T/e !onstru!tion #annin$ ro!ess is stimu#ate. t/rou$/ a stu.y of ro0e!t .o!uments. T/ese .o!uments in!#u.e -ut are not #imite. to t/e a"ai#a-#e te!/ni!a# an. !ommer!ia# stu.ies an. in"esti$ations2 .esi$ns an. .ra1in$s2 estimation of 3uantities2 !onstru!tion met/o. statements2 ro0e!t #annin$ .ata2 !ontra!t .o!uments2 site !on.itions2 market sur"ey2 #o!a# resour!es2 ro0e!t en"ironment an. t/e !#ient4s or$ani5ation. T/e #annin$ ro!ess takes in to a!!ount2 t/e stren$t/s an. 1eakness of t/e or$ani5ations. 3. What a&( th( %)*($ti+(s %, pla i !" Pro er .esi$n of ea!/ e#ement of t/e ro0e!t Pro er se#e!tion of e3ui ment an. ma!/inery in -i$ ro0e!ts2 t/e use of #ar$e !a a!ity #ants are foun. e!onomi!a# Pro!urement of materia#s 1e## in a."an!e Pro er arran$ement of re air of e3ui ment an. ma!/inery Em #oyment of traine. an. e6 erien!e. staff on t/e ro0e!t To ro"i.e in!enti"e for $oo. 1orkers To arran$e !onstant f#o1 of fun.s for t/e !om #etion of ro0e!t To ro"i.e ro er safety measures an. "enti#ation2 ro er arran$ement of #i$/t an. 1ater. -. What a&( th( t.p(s %, p&%*($t pla s" P#annin$ t/e entire ro0e!t from its in!e tion to !om #etion re3uires a "ast !o"era$e2 "arie. ski##s an. .ifferent ty es of #ans. T/e nature of #ans en!ountere. in a ty i!a# !onstru!tion ro0e!t are in.i!ate. -e#o1 T.p(s %, p&%*($t pla s De"e#o ment sta$e In!e tion sta$e En$ineerin$ sta$e Im #ementation sta$e nature of #an ro0e!t feasi-i#ity #an ro0e!t re#iminary #an ro0e!t !onstru!tion #an

/. D(,i ( 0%&1 tas1s" 7ork tasks re resent t/e ne!essary frame 1ork to ermit s!/e.u#in$ of !onstru!tion a!ti"ities2 a#on$ 1it/ estimatin$ t/e resour!es re3uire. -y t/e in.i"i.ua# 1ork tasks an. a ne!essary re!e.en!e or re3uire. se3uen!e amon$ t/e tasks. T/e terms 1ork tasks or a!ti"ities are often use. inter!/an$ea-#y in !onstru!tion #ans to refer to s e!ifi! .efine. items of 1ork. 6. List %'t th( p&%*($t pla Sta!(s P#annin$ time i ! t($h i2'(s" Pla i ! p&%$(ss Breakin$ .o1n ro0e!t 1ork2 .e"e#o in$ time net1ork #ans Fore!astin$ resour!e re3uirements2 #annin$ man o1er re3uirements2 #annin$ materia# re3uirements2 -u.$etin$ !osts2 .esi$nin$ or$ani5ationa# stru!ture Formu#atin$ monitorin$ met/o.o#o$y T($h i2'(s34(th%5s 7ork -reak .o1n2 net1ork ana#ysis2 $nat !/art Man o1er s!/e.u#in$ Materia# s!/e.u#in$ Resour!e a##o!ation (ost #annin$ 8 -u.$etin$ E3ui ment se#e!tion an. s!/e.u#in$

P#annin$ resour!es

P#annin$ im #ementation

Resour!e ro.u!ti"ity !ontro#2 time !ontro#2 !ontri-ution !ontro#2 -u.$etary !ontro#

6. What a&( th( st(ps i +%l+(5 i pla i !" a. .efinin$ t/e s!o e of 1ork to -e erforme. -. re arin$ t/e #o$i! or net1ork .ia$ram to esta-#is/ a re#ations/i amon$ a!ti"ities an. inte$ratin$ t/ese .ia$rams to .e"e#o t/e net1ork mo.e# !. ana#y5in$ t/e ro0e!t net1ork or mo.e#s to .etermine ro0e!t .uration2 an. i.entifyin$ !riti!a# an. non9!riti!a# a!ti"ities .. E6 #orin$ tra.e9off -et1een time to !ost to arri"e at o tima# time an. !osts for !om #etin$ t/e ro0e!t. e. Esta-#is/in$ stan.ar.s for #annin$ an. !ontro##in$ men2 materia#s2 e3ui ment2 !osts an. in!ome of ea!/ 1ork a!ka$e f. Fore!astin$ in ut resour!es2 ro.u!tion !osts an. t/e "a#ue of t/e 1ork .one

$. Fore!astin$ t/e ro0e!t -u.$et a##o!ations for a!/ie"in$ tar$ets assi$ne. to ea!/ or$ani5ationa# unit /. Desi$nin$ a !ontro# system for t/e or$ani5ation i. De"e#o in$ t/e resour!es2 time an. !ost !ontro# met/o.o#o$y 7. What is th( p'&p%s( %, $%5i !" a. To i.entify t/e .ata !onne!te. 1it/ ea!/ 1ork a!ka$e2 as 1ork a!ka$es from t/e .ata-ase for mana$in$ "arious ro0e!t fun!tions. -. To ai. in t/e or$ani5ation of .ata from t/e "ery .etai#e. to t/e "ery -roa. #e"e#s !. To ena-#e t/e ro!essin$2 sortin$2 an. e6tra!tion of information re3uire. at "arious #e"e#s of mana$ement an. fun!tiona# units. .. To !om uteri5e t/e .ata ro!essin$ system 8. H%0 4a . $at(!%&i(s a+aila)l( i $%5i,i$ati% " In !onstru!tion ro0e!ts2 t/e !o.es use. !an -e -roa.#y .i"i.e. in to t1o !ate$ories i.e. ro0e!t interfa!in$ !o.es or sim #y referre. as ro0e!t !o.es an. .e artment s e!ia#i5e. !o.es. P&%*($t i t(&,a$( $%5(s9 T/ese are t/e !ommon !o.es use. for .e"e#o in$ an inter .e artment .ata-ase. E6: a ro0e!t !o.e for t/e foun.ation of a -ui#.in$. D(pa&t4( tal sp($i,i(5 $%5(s9 T/ese !o.es are .e"e#o e. -y t/e .e artmenta# /ea.s for t/eir use. E6: to in.i!ate t/e #o!ation of materia#s in site 1are /ouses 1:. D(,i ( th( t.p(s %, la)(li ! app&%a$h" a. alpha)(t $%5(s ). '4(&i$al $%5(s $. alpha '4(&i$ $%5(s Alpha)(t $%5(s9 A# /a-et #etters A to ;2 sin$#e or !om-ine.2 !an -e use. to re resent a !o.e. An a# /a-et in a sin$#e !/ara!ter s a!e !an re resent <= "ariations as !om are. to numera#s > to ?2 1/i!/ !an .e i!t ma6imum of @> "ariations N'4(&i$al $%5(s9 It is t/e most im ortant form of !o.in$ in numeri!a# !o.es2 ea!/ !/ara!ter !an -e re resente. -y a numeri!a# "aryin$ from > to ? Alpha '4(&i$al $%5(s9 It is t/e !om-ination of a# /a-ets an. numera#s to .e"e#o a ea!/ !o.e. 11. D(,i i ! p&($(5( $( &(lati% ship a4% ! a$ti+iti(s" Pre!e.en!e re#ations -et1een a!ti"ities si$nify t/at t/e a!ti"ities must take #a!e in a arti!u#ar se3uen!e. &umerous natura# se3uen!es e6ist for

!onstru!tion a!ti"ities .ue to re3uirements for stru!tura# inte$rity2 re$u#ations an. ot/er te!/ni!a# re3uirements.

;%& (<a4pl( E6!a"ate Tren!/ #a!e form1ork #a!e reinfor!ement our !on!rete

1#. D(,i ( th( ,%ll%0i ! t(&4s" i. a$ti+it. ii. (+( t A$ti+it.9 a ro0e!t !an -e -roken .o1n in to "arious o erations an. ro!ess ne!essary for its !om #etion. Ea!/ of t/ese o erations an. ro!esses2 1/i!/ !onsume time an. ossi-#y resour!es2 is !a##e. a!ti"ity. T/e a!ti"ities are re resente. -y arro1s. For e6am #e: E6!a"ation < E+( t9 it is t/e state -et1een t/e !om #etion of a re!e.in$ a!ti"ity an. t/e -e$innin$ of t/e su!!ee.in$ one. It /as no .uration an e"ent is s/o1n -y a !ir!#e or e##i se @ 13. D(,i ( a$ti+it. 5i&($t $%st" T/is is t/e !ost t/at !an -e tra!e. in fu## 1it/ t/e e6e!ution of a s e!ifi! a!ti"ity. It !onsists of !osts of .ire!t #a-our2 .ire!t e3ui ment an. ot/er .ire!t !osts. For e6am #e: in t/e a!ti"ity of roof !on!retin$2 t/e fo##o1in$ .ire!t !osts 1ou#. -e in"o#"e.. T.p(s %, $%sts it(4 %, $%sts Dire!t materia#s !ost of !on!rete an. stee# Dire!t #a-our !ost of #a-our em #oye. <

1-. D(,i ( a$ti+it. i 5i&($t $%st" T/is is t/e !ost t/at in!urre. 1/i#e erformin$ an a!ti"ity2 -ut !annot -e tra!e. .ire!t#y to its e6e!ution. In ot/er 1or.s2 a## !osts ot/er t/an t/e .ire!t ones fa## in t/is !ate$ory. T/ese re resent t/e a ortione. s/are of su er"isionA $enera# an. a.ministration !osts are !ommon#y refer to as o"er/ea.s. 16 =AR> ?UESTIONS @. E6 <. E6 C. E6 D. E6 #ain t/e ro0e!t .e"e#o ment ro!essB #ain t/e main !auses of ro0e!t fai#ure. #ain t/e ro#es of a ro0e!t mana$er in .etai#. #ain t/e !o.ifi!ation a roa!/. ASSIGN=ENT ?UESTIONS @. <. C. D. E. =. F. G. Define !onstru!tion #annin$B 7/at .o you mean -y re!e.en!e re#ations/i B &ame t/e !#assifi!ation of ro0e!t -ase. on !ostB E6 #ain t/e -asi! !on!e ts in t/e .e"e#o ment of !onstru!tion #ans. E6 #ain t/e !o.ifi!ation a roa!/. E6 #ain t/e ro0e!t .e"e#o ment ro!ess. Define -ar !/art an. e6 #ain t/e #imitation of -ar !/art E6 #ain t/e main !auses of ro0e!t fai#ure.

UNIT @ II SCHEDULING PROCEDURES AND TECHNI?UES

Re#e"an!e of !onstru!tion s!/e.u#es9Bar !/arts 9 T/e !riti!a# s!/e.u#es9(riti!a# at/ met/o.9

(a#!u#ations for !riti!a# at/ s!/e.u#in$9A!ti"ity f#oat an. s!/e.u#es9Presentin$ ro0e!t at/ s!/e.u#in$ for A!ti"ity9on9no.e an. 1it/ #ea.s2 )a$s an. 7in.o1s9(a#!u#ations for s!/e.u#in$ 1it/ #ea.s2 #a$s an. 1in.o1s9Resour!e oriente. s!/e.u#in$9S!/e.u#in$ 1it/ resour!e !onstraints an. re!e.en!e4s 9+se of A."an!e. S!/e.u#in$ Te!/ni3ues9S!/e.u#in$ 1it/ un!ertain .urations9(ras/in$ an. timeH!ost tra.e offs 9Im ro"in$ t/e S!/e.u#in$ ro!ess , Intro.u!tion to a #i!ation soft1are

PART @ A TWO =AR>S ?UESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1. What is th( %)*($t %, s$h(5'li !". S!/e.u#in$ means uttin$ t/e #an on !a#en.ar -asis. A ro0e!t net1ork s/o1s t/e se3uen!e an. inters .e en.en!ies of a!ti"ities2 t/eir time an. t/eir ear#iest an. #atest !om #etion time2 -ut t/ese nee.s to -e s!/e.u#e. to .etermine !ommen!ement an. termination .ates of ea!/ a!ti"ity. +sin$ o timum resour!es or 1orkin$ 1it/in resour!e !onstraints2 it is a time ta-#e of 1ork. A -asi! .istin!tion e6ists -et1een resour!e oriente. s!/e.u#in$ te!/ni3ues. T/e ro0e!t is .i"i.e. into num-er of o erations. #. List %'t th( a5+a ta!(s %, s$h(5'li !. @. By stu.yin$ of any 1ork an. t/e many a#ternati"e met/o.s of e6e!ution2 1e !an !/oose t/e -est one. <. It $i"es a !#ear i.ea re$ar.in$ t/e re3uire. men2 materia#s an. e3ui ments at .ifferent sta$es of 1ork. C. Resour!e uti#i5ation is o timi5e.. D. A!tua# ro$ress of t/e 1ork is monitore. 1it/ t/e a!tua# #an. If t/ere is any .e#ay2 ro er reme.ia# measures !an -e taken to a"oi. su!/ .e#ays.

3. What is th( p'&p%s( %, 0%&1 s$h(5'li !" T/e -ar , !/art ty e 1ork s!/e.u#e ro"i.es a sim #ifie. "ersion of t/e 1ork #an2 1/i!/ !an easi#y -e un.erstoo. -y a## !on!erne. 1it/ #annin$2 !o , or.ination2 e6e!ution an. !ontro# of t/e ro0e!t. (-) It "a#i.ates t/e time o-0e!ti"es: A 1ork s!/e.u#e s/o1s t/e #anne. se3uen!e of a!ti"ities2 .ata , 1ise 1/i#e uttin$ t/e 1ork #an on a !a#en.ar -asis2 it takes into a!!ount re.u!e. effi!ien!y of resour!es to a."erse !#imati! !on.itions an. ot/er fa!tors. ( !) It e"a#uates t/e im #i!ations of s!/e.u#in$ !onstraints: A 1ork s!/e.u#e -rin$s out t/e im #i!ations of !onstraints an. ena-#es re aration of a #an of 1ork 1it/in t/e frame 1ork of t/ese !onstraints. -. What a&( th( st(ps i +%l+(5 i s$h(5'l( $ha&t"

(a) Se#e!t t/e EST oint of a!ti"ity #ayout on t/e $ra /2 an. .ra1 a #ine s#o in$ e3ua# to its rate of e6e!ution i.e.2 @ unit er .ay. ( -) P#ot t/e #o1est rate s#o1in$ #ine an. mark its interse!tion 1it/ t/e to to foun.ation /ori5onta# #ine. ( ! ) Startin$ from t/e oint of interse!tion2 mo"e for1ar. /ori5onta##y on t/e to #ine an. i.entify #atest !om #etion oint of su-se3uent a!ti"ity as in.i!ate. -y t/e set -a!k. /. What a&( th( ,a$t%&s a,,($ti ! 0%&1 s$h(5'li !" AaB Ti4(9 Most of t/e ro0e!ts !arry time !onstraints in t/e form of im ose. .ates2 t/ese .ates may in!#u.e !onstraints on start an. !om #etion of a!ti"ities. A)B =a p%0(&9 Man o1er is one of t/e main in t/e su!!essfu# e6e!ution of ro0e!ts. T/e i.#e #a-our time is ai. for an. t/e strikes an. -reak.o1n of 1ork are ke t in "ie1 -y man o1er.

A $B =at(&ials9 (onstru!tion materia#s are in!reasin$#y -e!omin$ s!ar!e an. t/eir ro!urement is a time !onsumin$ su ro!ess. T/e s!/e.u#e ai.s in fore!astin$ of materia#s an. t/eir time#y #y .etermines t/e e!onomi!s an. ro$ress 1ork.

6. D&a0 S$h(5'l( hi(&a&$h. $ha&t.

6. What is th( p'&p%s( %, '4)(&i ! (+( ts" i. It sim #ifies t/e i.entifi!ation an. .es!ri tion of a n a!ti"ity in terms of e"ent num-ers. ii. T/e a!ti"ities are !o.e. as i9 0 1/ere i an. 0 are t/e e"ent num-ers as !ommen!ement an. termination of an a!ti"ity. iii. It /e# s in .e"e#o in$ i.entifi!ation !o.e for !om uter a #i!ation. i". It systemati5es t/e !om utations of !riti!a# at/ for ea!/ a!ti"ity as far as ossi-#e2 t/e num-er of t/e ro!ee.in$ e"ent it s/ou#. -e #ess t/an t/at of t/e su!!ee.in$ e"ent.

7. D(,i ( th( ,%ll%0i ! t(&4s9 1. C&iti$al path9 T/e #on$est at/ t/rou$/ t/e net1ork is !a##e. !riti!a# at/ an. its #en$t/ .etermines t/e minimum .urations in 1/i!/ t/e ro0e!t !an -e !om #ete.. #. PERT A P&%!&a44( E+al'ati% a 5 R(+i(0 T($h i2'(B9 PERT is "ent oriente.. It is ara-o#isti! mo.e# i.e.2 it takes into a!!ount un!ertainties in"o#"e. in t/e estimation time of a 0o- or an a!ti"ity. It uses t/ree estimates of t/e a!ti"ity time2 o timisti! time an. essimisti! time an.2 most #ike#y time. 3. D'44. a$ti+it.9 It is su erim ose. a!ti"ity2 1/i!/ .oes not re resent any s e!ifi! o eration or ro!ess. It /as 5ero .uration an. !onsumes no resour!es2 its ur ose is t1o fo#.. (a) To ro"i.e a #o$i!a# #ink to maintain t/e !orre!t. (-) To sim #ify t/e .es!ri tion of !on!urrent a!ti"ities in terms of e"ent num-ers.

T/e .ummy a!ti"ity is .ra1n #ike any ot/er a!ti"ity2 -ut 1it/ .otte. #ines.

8. What is th( si! i,i$a $( %, $&iti$al path" (a) It is t/e #on$est at/ in t/e net1ork2 /o1e"er it is ossi-#e for a net1ork to /a"e more t/an one !riti!a# at/. T/e sum of t/e .urations of !riti!a# a!ti"ities a#on$ t/e !riti!a# at/ .etermines t/e .uration of t/e ro0e!t. (-). It is t/e most sensiti"e at/2 any !/an$e in .uration !riti!a# a!ti"ities a#on$ t/e !riti!a# at/ is -oun. to effe!t t/e .uration of t/e entire ro0e!t. 1:. D(,i ( th( ,%ll%0i ! t(&4s. 1. EST A Ea&li(st Sta&t Ti4(B 9 T/is is t/e ear#iest time an a!ti"ity !an -e starte.2 assumin$ t/at a## t/e a!ti"ities rior to it /a"e taken #a!e as ear#y as ossi-#e. #. LST ALat(st Sta&t Ti4(B 9 T/is is t/e #atest time an a!ti"ity !an start !onsistent2 1it/ t/e !om #etion of t/e ro0e!t in t/e sti u#ate. time. T/e )ST of an a!ti"ity is .etermine. -y su-tra!tin$ t/e a!ti"ity .uration from t/e )FT of su!!ee.in$ e"ent. 3. E;T A Ea&li(st ;i ish Ti4(B9 It is t/e ear#iest time -y 1/i!/ an a!ti"ity !an -e !om #ete. assumin$ t/at a## t/e a!ti"ities rior to it -e$in at t/eir EST. -. L;T ALat(st ;i ish Ti4(B9 It is t/e #atest time -y 1/i!/ an a!ti"ity must -e !om #ete. to ensure t/e !om #etion of ro0e!t 1it/in t/e sti u#ate. time. 11. What a&( th( $lassi,i$ati% %, (t0%&1s" @. Ske#eton net1ork

<. Master net1ork C. Detai# net1ork D. Summary net1ork. 1#. D(,i ( th( ,%ll%0i ! t(&4s9 AaB ;l%at9 T/e .ifferen!e -et1een t/e #atest start time an. ear#iest start time of an a!ti"ity is !a##e. as f#oat. F#oat is a measure of t/e amount of time -y 1/i!/ t/e start of an a!ti"ity !an -e .e#aye. !onsistent 1it/ t/e !om #etion of t/e ro0e!t on time. A)B T%tal ;l%at9 Tota# f#oat of an a!ti"ity is .efine. as t/e .ifferen!e -et1een t/e ma6imum .uration of time a"ai#a-#e for t/e !om #etion an. .uration re3uire. to !arry out t/at .uration. 13. What is 4(a ). &(s%'&$( l(+(li ! a 5 $&ashi !" R(s%'&$( l(+(li !9 T/e aim is re.u!e t/e eak resour!e re3uirements an. smoot/ out erio. to erio. assi$nment 1it/in a !onstraint on t/e ro0e!t .uration. C&ashi !9 %i$/er amounts of .ire!t a!ti"ity !ost 1ou#. -e asso!iate. 1it/ sma##er a!ti"ity .uration times2 1/i#e #on$er .uration time 1ou#. in"o#"e !om arati"e#y #o1er .ire!t !ost. Su!/ .e#i-erate re.u!tion of a!ti"ity times -y uttin$ in e6tra effort is !a##e. (ras/in$. 1-. D(,i ( th( ,%ll%0i ! t(&4s9 1. N%&4al $%st9 &orma# !ost is t/e #o1est ossi-#e .ire!t !ost re3uire. to !om #ete an a!ti"ity. #. N%&4al ti4(9 &orma# time is t/e ma6imum time re3uire. to !om #ete an a!ti"ity at norma# !ost. 3. C&ash ti4(9

(ras/ time is t/e minimum ossi-#e time in 1/i!/ an a!ti"ity !an -e !om #ete. usin$ a..itiona# resour!es. -. C&ash $%st9 (ras/ !ost is t/e .ire!t !ost i.e.2 anti!i ate. in !om #etin$ an a!ti"ity 1it/in t/e !ras/ time. 1/. D(,i ( a$ti+it. $%st sl%p(. A!ti"ity !ost s#o e is t/e rate of in!rease in t/e !ost of a!ti"ity er unit 1it/ a .e!rease in time. T/e !ost s#o e in.i!ates t/e a..itiona# !ost in!urre. er unit of time sa"e. in re.u!in$ t/e .uration of an a!ti"ity. A!ti"ity (ost s#o e I !ras/ !ost , &orma# !ost . &orma# time , (ras/ time

PART @ B SICTEEN =AR>S ?UESTIONS

1. E<plai th( $&iti$al path 4(th%5 0ith (<a4pl(. #. W&it( th( st(ps ,%& &(s%'&$( l(+(li ! a 5 &(s%'&$( all%$ati% . 3. E<plai th( $lassi,i$ati% %, s$h(5'li !. -. D&a0 a (t0%&1 ,%&4 ,%& th( ,%ll%0i ! a$ti+it. a 5 ,i 5 th( $&iti$al path a 5 5'&ati% %, p&%*($t. A$ti+it. 1.# 1.3 #.3.D'&ati% A5a.sB 3: :6 1: ::

3.1: -./ -.7 /.6 6.6 6.7 6.8 7.8 8.11 1:.11 A$ti+it. 1-# 1-3 1-#-3---/ N%&4al 5'&ati% s A5a.sB :8 :7 1/ :/ 1: :#

3: 1#1 1: :6 :: :6 1# 1/ 1/ C&ash 5'&ati% A5a.sB :6 :/ 1: :3 :6 :1 $&ash $%st ARs.35a.B #: #/ 3: 1: 1/ -:

/. A s4all p&%*($t $% sists %, si< a$ti+iti(s 0ith ,%ll%0i ! i ,%&4ati% s.

D&a0 th( (t0%&1 a 5 %)tai

%&4al a 5 4i i4'4 p&%*($t 5'&ati% .

PART @ C ASSIGN=ENT ?UESTIONS 1. W&it( )&i(,l. a)%'t th( p&%*($t $ash ,l%0s. AN%+ #::6B #. What a&( th( +a&i%'s $%sts i +%l+(5 i a $% st&'$ti% p&%*($t. AN%+ #::6B 3. ;%& th( 5ata !i+( )(l%0 %, a $% st&'$ti% p&%*($t s$h(5'l(5 5(t(&4i ( th( $&iti$al path a 5 all ,l%ats. AN%+ #::6B A$ti+it. A B P&(5($(ss%& A D'&ati% 6 6

C D E ; G H I E > L = N O

A B CDD CDD D H ; EDE ; GDI GDI LDN

1 1/ 7 7 3 / 3 1# 6 # 6

-. D(t(&4i ( th( $&iti$al path a 5 (sti4at( th( 4i i4'4 p&%*($t 5'&ati% ,%& th( p&%*($t 5ata !i+( )(l%0. AN%+ #::6B A$ti+it. A B C D E ; G H I t% 3 # 6 / 6 1: # t4 3 7 6 8 1# # / 6 tp / / 1: 7 117 7

/. Dis$'sss th( 5i,,(&( $( )(t0(( CP= a 5 PERT. A=a. #::6B 6. B&i(,l. 5is$'ss th( th&(( ti4( (sti4at( i PERT (t0%&1 a al.sis. A=a. #::6B UNIT-III COST CONTROLD =ONITORING AND ACCOUNTING PART @ A TWO =AR> ?UESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1. D(,i ( th( t(&4 a$$%' ti ! T/e ro!ess of i.entifyin$2 measurin$ an. !ommuni!atin$ e!onomi! information to ermit informe. 0u.$ment an. .e!isions -y t/e use of information. #. W&it( th( %)*($ti+(s %, a$$%' ti !. @. To kee systemati! re!or.s <. To as!ertain t/e o erationa# rofit or #oss C. To fa!i#itate rationa# .e!ision makin$ D. To as!ertain t/e finan!ia# osition of -usiness 3. What a&( th( a5+a ta!(s %, a$$%' ti !" (i) E"i.en!e in !ourt : Pro er#y maintaine. a!!ounts are often treate. as a $oo. e"i.en!e in t/e !ourt to sett#e a .is ute. (ii) (om arati"e stu.y : It ro"i.e. t/e fa!i#ity of !om arati"e stu.y of t/e "arious as e!ts of t/e -usiness su!/ as rofits2 sa#es2 e6 enses et!. (iii) Assistan!e to "arious arties : It ro"i.es information to "arious i.e o1ners2 !re.itors2 in"estors2 $o"ernmenta# mana$ers2 resear!/ s!/o#ars an. finan!ia# osition of a -usiness enter rises from t/eir o1n "ie1 oint. -. D(,i ( $%st a$$%' ti ! (ost a!!ountin$ is .efine. as t/e ro!ess of a!!ountin$ for !ost. It starts from t/e osition at 1/i!/ e6 en.iture is in!urre. or !ommitte. ti## t/e esta-#is/ment of its u#timate re#ations/i 1it/ !ost !entre or !ost unit. It in"o#"es !#assifi!ation2 a!!umu#ation2 a##o!ation2 a-sor tion an. !ontro# of !ost. /. W&it( th( %)*($ti+(s %, $%st a$$%' ti !. @. To ro"i.e unit ro.u!t !ost for in"entory "a#uation an. in!ome measurement. <. To ro"i.e a!tua# fi$ures of !ost for !om arison 1it/ estimates an. to assiat t/e mana$ement in t/eir ri!e fi6in$ o#i!y. C. To as!ertain !ost of ro.u!tion of e"ery unit2 0o-2 o eration2 ro!ess2 .e artment or ser"i!e an. to .e"e#o !ost stan.ar.s. D. To re!or. an. re ort to t/e !on!erne. mana$er /o1 a!tua# !osts !om are 1it/ stan.ar. !ost an. ossi-#e !auses of .ifferen!e -et1een t/em 6. W&it( th( a5+a ta!(s %, $%st a$$%' ti !.

(i) Detai#e. !osts of materia#s2 #a-our an. o"er/ea.s re"ea#s a!tua# an. otentia# sour!es of !ost sa"in$ an. !ost re.u!tion. (ii) Profit #annin$ an. !ontro# -e!omes easier (iii) Market resear!/ an. "a#ue ana#ysis to$et/er 1it/ !ost re.u!tion ro$rammer #ea. to e!onomy. (i") It /e# s in !reatin$ a !om etiti"e s irit -et1een or$ani5ationa# units. 6. D(,i ( $%st $% t&%l. (ontro# of o erationa# in"o#"es monitorin$ a!ti"ate. of t/e or$ani5ation an. re ortin$ .e"iation of a!tua# resu#ts from t/ose -u.$ete.. (ost !ontro# are sou$/t to -e ke t 1it/in #imits -y -u.$ets an. stan.ar. 7. D(,i ( ,i a $ial a$$%' ti !. T/e art of re!o.in$2 !#assifi!ation an. summari5in$ in a si$nifi!ant manner an. in terms of money2 transa!tions an. e"ents 1/i!/ are at #east in art of finan!ia# !/ara!ter an. inter retin$ t/e resu#ts. 8. C%4pa&( ,i a $ial a$$%' ti ! a 5 $%st a$$%' ti !. +sers (ontro# as e!ts Ana#ysis of !osts ,i a $ial a$$%' ti ! It ro"i.e. information to users e6terna# to t/e firm Finan!ia# a!!ountin$ .oes not ro"i.e for a.e3uate !ontro# a"er materia# 1a$es an. o"er/ea. !osts. In finan!ia# a!!ountin$ no .istin!tion is ma.e -et1een .ire!t an. in.ire!t !ost2 fi6e. !ost an. "aria-#e !osts an. !ontro##a-#e !osts C%st A$$%' ti ! It ro"i.es information to users interna# to t/e firm (ost A!!ountin$ in"o#"e an. takes !are of !ontro# o"er a## e#ements of !ost

Fre3uen!y Finan!ia# a!!ounts u-#is/e. annua##y of re orts

are

In !ost A!!ountin$2 !osts are .istin$uis/e. a!!or.in$ to t/eir i.entifi!ation 1it/ !ost units ( Dire!t an. in.ire!t) a!!ountin$ to t/eir "aria-i#ity (fi6e. an. "aria-#e) a!!ountin$ to res onsi-i#ity ( !ontro##a-#e an. un!ontro##a-#e ) !osts $enera##y (ost a!!ounts su #y 3uarter#y2 mont/#y or e"en .ai#y !ost re orts

1:. D(,i ( th( ,%ll%0i ! t(&4s AiB C%st AiiB ;i<(5 $%st AiiiB Fa&ia)l( $%st

Ai+B S' 1 $%st A+B C% t&%ll(5 $%st AiB C%st9 It is t/e -enefits $i"en u to a!3uire $oo.s or ser"i!es AiiB ;i<(5 $%st9 (ost t/at remain t/e same in tota# irres e!ti"e of !/an$es in t/e #e"e# of a!ti"ity AiiiB Fa&ia)l( $%st: (osts t/at !/an$e in tota# in .ire!t ro ortion to !/an$e in t/e #e"e# of a!ti"ity. Ai+B S' 1 $%st9 (osts t/at /a"e a#rea.y -een in!urre. an. are not affe!te. -y .e!isions ma.e in t/e future. A+B C% t&%ll(5 $%st9 (ost t/at !an -e .ire!t#y re$u#ate. -y a $i"en mana$er in t/e or$ani5ation. 11. What is th( p'&p%s( %, ,i a $ial a$$%' ti !" (i) Interna# re ortin$ to ro0e!t mana$ers for .ay to #annin$2 monitorin$ an. !ontro# (ii) Interna# re ortin$ to mana$ers for ai.in$ strate$i! #annin$ (iii) E6terna# re ortin$ to o1ners2 $o"ernment2 re$u#ators an. ot/er outsi.e arties. 1#. D(,i ( p&%*($t )'5!(t. For !ost !ontro# on a ro0e!t2 t/e !onstru!tion #an an. t/e asso!iate. !as/ f#o1 estimates !an !ontro#. For s!/e.u#es2 ro$ress on in.i"i.ua# a!ti"ate. !an -e !om are. 1it/ t/e ro0e!t s!/e.u#e to monitor t/e ro$ress of a!ti"ities. 13. D(,i ( th( ,%ll%0i ! t(&4s AiB B'5!(t(5 $%st AiiB Esti4at(5 t%tal $%st AiB B'5!(t(5 $%st 9 T/e -u.$ete. !ost is .eri"e. from t/e .etai#e. !ost estimate re are. at t/e start of ro0e!t. AiiB Esti4at(5 t%tal $%st9 T/e estimate or fore!ast tota# in ea!/ !ate$ory is t/e !urrent -est estimate of !osts -ase. on ro$ress an. any !/an$es sin!e t/e -u.$et 1as forme.. 1-. W&it( th( a5+a ta!(s %, ,%&($asti ! a$ti+it.. ro"i.e t/e -ase#ine referen!e for su-se3uent ro0e!t monitorin$ an.

(i) Measurements of a!tua# ro$ress s/ou#. -e store. in a!tua# .ata-ase an. t/en ro!esse. for u .atin$ t/e ro0e!t s!/e.u#e. (ii) It is use. to re arin$ 0o- status re orts AiiiB To fin. out t/e future re"enues2 future !osts an. te!/ni!a# ro-#ems. T/e !ost in!urre. to .ata !an a#so -e use. to estimate t/e 1ork ro$ress (ost ratio I (ost in!urre.H tota# estimate. !ost. 16. What is th( p'&p%s( %, s$h(5'l( $% t&%l" (i) Pro0e!t mana$ers must $i"e !onsi.era-#e attention to monitorin$ s!/e.u#e. (ii) It in"o#"es for 1ork !om #etion2 so !ontra!tua# a$reements 1i## for!e attention to s!/e.u#e. (iii) De#ays in !onstru!tion re resent a..itiona# !osts .ue to #ate fa!i#ity o!!u an!y or ot/er fa!tors. 16. D(,i ( )ala $( sh((t. A -a#an!e s/eet .es!ri-es t/e resour!es t/at are un.er a !om any4s on a s e!ifie. .ate an. in.i!ate 1/ere t/ese resour!es /a"e !ome from. 17. What a&( th( 5i,,(&( $( $%4p%' 5s %, a )ala $( sh((t" It !onsists of t/ree ma0or se!tions (i) (ii) Ass(ts 9 Va#ua-#e ri$/ts o1ne. -y t/e !om any Lia)iliti(s9 T/e fun.s /a"e -een ro"i.e. -y outsi.e #en.ers an. ot/er !re.itors in e6!/an$e for t/e !om any4s romise to make ayments or to ro"i.e ser"i!e in t/e future. (iii) Th( %0 (&Gs (2'it.9 T/e fun.s /a"e -een ro"i.e. -y t/e !om any4s o1ner or on t/eir -e/a#f. 1/. D(,i ( $%st &ati%

18. W&it( sh%&t %t( % s$h(5'l( $% t&%l. Pro0e!t mana$ers must a#so !onsi.era-#e attention to monitorin$ s!/e.u#es

It in"o#"es a .ea. #ine for 1ork !om #etion so !ontra!tua# a$reements 1i## for!e attention to s!/e.u#e (osts are !om are. to -u.$ete. !osts2 a!tua# a!ti"ity .urations may -e !om are. to e6 e!te. .urations. On!e estimates of 1ork !om #ete an. time e6 en.e. on arti!u#ar a!ti"ities is a"ai#a-#e estimate !an -e estimate..

PART- B SICTEEN =AR> ?UESTIONS @. E6 #ain t/e finan!ia# a!!ountin$ systems an. !ost a!!ountin$ system. <. E6 #ain t/e fore!astin$ for a!ti"ity !ost !ontro# C. E6 #ain t/e ro0e!t -u.$et ro!e.ure an. !ost !ontro# ro-#ems D. 7rite s/ort note on (i) (ontro# of ro0e!t !as/f#o1 (ii) (om are finan!ia# a!!ountin$ an. !ost a!!ountin$. PART- C ASSIGN=ENT ?UESTIONS @. 7/at are t/e o-0e!ti"es of !ost !ontro# BE6 #ain (MayHJune9<>>F) <. Brief#y .is!uss re#ations/i -et1een estimatin$ an. !ost !ontro# (MayHJune9<>>F) C. D. 7rite -rief#y a-out ro0e!t !as/ f#o1s (&o"HDe!<>>F) 7/at are t/e "arious !osts in"o#"e. in a !onstru!tion ro0e!t. (&o"HDe!<>>F)

UNIT IF ?UALITY CONTROL AND SA;ETY DURING CONSTRUCTION PART @ A

TWO =AR> ?UESTIONS AND ANSWERS 1. D(,i ( t%tal 2'alit. $% t&%l. Jua#ity !ontro# in !onstru!tion in"o#"es insurin$ !om #ian!e 1it/ minimum stan.ar.s of materia# an. 1orkmans/i in or.er to insure t/e erforman!e of t/e fa!i#ity a!!or.in$ to t/e .esi$n. For t/e ur ose of insurin$ !om #ian!e ran.om sam #es an. statisti!a# met/o.s are !ommon#y use. as t/e -asis for a!!e tin$ or re0e!tin$ 1ork !om #ete. an. -at!/es of materia#s. 1. D(,i ( A$$(pta $( ?'alit. L(+(lAA?LB AJ) is .efine. as t/e ma6imum er!ent .efe!ti"es t/at for t/e ur ose of sam #es ins e!tion !an -e !onsi.ere. satisfa!tory as a ro$ress a"era$e. #. D(,i ( 2'alit. $i&$l(. Jua#ity !ir!#e is a sma## $rou of eo #e .oin$ simi#ar 1ork 1/o meet re$u#ar#y i.entify2 ana#y5e an. so#"e ro-#ems re#ate. to t/eir 1ork #a!e. 3. D(,i ( att&i)'t(. 7/en t/e .ata o-taine. for ana#ysis is on#y a num-er of arti!#es !onformin$ an. t/e num-er fai#in$ to !onform to any s e!ifi! re3uirement2 t/e 3ua#ity is sai. to -e an attri-ute. -. D(,i ( +a&ia)l( Varia-#e is t/e 3ua#ity !/ara!teristi! a!tua##y measure. usin$ a measurin$ instrument an. e6 resse. as a num-er on some !ontinuous s!a#e of measurement. A sin$#e measurement 3ua#ity !/ara!teristi! su!/ as .imension2 1ei$/t an. "o#ume is !a##e. a "aria-#e. 6. What a&( th( t.p(s %, statisti$al sa4pli !" @. Sam #in$ -y attri-utes <. Sam #in$ -y "aria-#es

1. Sa4pli ! ). att&i)'t(s T/e a!!e tan!e or re0e!tion of a #ot is -ase. on t/e num-er of .efe!ti"e (-a.) or a non .efe!ti"e item in t/e sam #e .T/is is referre. to as sam #in$ -y attri-utes.

#. Sa4pli ! ). +a&ia)l(s Instea. of usin$ .efe!ti"e an. non .efe!ti"e !#assifi!ations for an item2 a 3uantitati"e 3ua#ity measure or t/e "a#ue of a measure. "aria-#e is use. as a 3ua#ity in.i!ator. T/is testin$ ro!e.ure is referre. to as sam #in$ -y "aria-#es 6. What a&( th( sta 5a&5 4(as'&(s i sa,(t. $% st&'$ti% " a. Re3uirin$ /ar. /ats on site -. Re3uirin$ eye rote!tion on site !. Re3uirin$ /earin$ rote!tion near e3ui ment .. Insurin$ safety s/oes for 1orkers e. Pro"i.in$ First9Ai. su #ies an. traine. ersonne# on site. 7. What a&( th( +a&i%'s t(4p%&a&. sa,(!'a&5s i $% st&'$ti% " It in"o#"es maintainin$ tem orary /ysi!a# safe$uar.s su!/ as @. Barri!a.es <. Bra!es C. 'uy #ines D. Rai#in$s E. Toe -oar.s 8. H%0 5% .%' i4p&%+( i *%)sit( i $% st&'$ti% " Various measures are a"ai#a-#e to im ro"e 0o-site safety in !onstru!tion se"era# of t/e most im ortant o!!ur -efore !onstru!tion is un.ertake T/ese in!#u.e @. Desi$n <. (/oi!e of te!/no#o$y C. E.u!atin$ 1orkers D. Pre93ua#ifi!ation of !ontra!tors 1:.H%0 5% .%' i4p&%+( i t%tal $% t&%l" To im ro"e 1orker ent/usiasm To re.u!e. .efe!ti"e items To in!rease. !osts of ins e!tion To im ro"e. 3ua#ity e"en 7it/out en.orsin$ t/e $oa# of 5ero .efe!ts To insure safe an. effe!ti"e !onstru!tion ro!e.ures are a ma0or e#ement.

To im ro"e. 3ua#ity !ontro# is often forma#i5e. in 3ua#ity !ir!#e A## materia#s s/ou#. -e !ertifie. an. ins e!te. re$u#ar#y 'enera# s e!ifi!ations of 1ork 3ua#ity are a"ai#a-#e fie#.s an. are issue. in

11. What a&( th( 4at(&ial sp($i,i$ati% s a+aila)l( i $% st&'$ti% " u-#i!ations of or$ani5ations su!/ as @. T/e Ameri!an So!iety for Testin$ an. Materia#s ( ASTM) <. T/e Ameri!an &ationa# Stan.ar.s Institute (A&SI) C. (onstru!tion S e!ifi!ation Institute ((SI) D. Ameri!an 7e#.in$ So!iety (A7S) 1#. What a&( th( ,a$t%&s a,,($ti ! i 2'alit. i $% st&'$ti% " @. In!orre!t .esi$n <. Im ro er 1orkmans/i C. )a!k of attention in 1orksite D. Poor !onforman!e materia# 3ua#ity E. )a!k of trainin$ in !onstru!tion 1ork =. Im ro er safe$uar.s 13. D(,i ( 2'alit. Jua#ity is .efine. as t/e fitness for t/e ur ose an. its satisfies t/e !ustomer. 1-. What a&( th( st(ps i +%l+(5 i t%tal 2'alit. $% t&%l" Tota# 3ua#ity !ontro# is a !ommitment to 3ua#ity e6 resse. in a## arts of an or$ani5ation an. ty i!a##y in"o#"es many e#ements @. Desi$n re"ie1s to insure safe an. effe!ti"e !onstru!tion ro!e.ure <. Trainin$ for ersonne# C. S/iftin$ t/e res onsi-i#ity for .ete!ts an. .efe!ts from 3ua#ity !ontro# ins e!tors to 1orkers. D.Materia# su $oo.s #iers are a#so re3uire to insure 5ero .efe!ts in .e#i"ere.

PART- B SICTEEN =AR> ?UESTIONS

@. E6 #ain tota# 3ua#ity !ontro# in !onstru!tion <. 7rite note on (i) Safety in !onstru!tion (ii) Or$ani5in$ for 3ua#ity an. safety C. E6 #ain t/e 3ua#ity !ontro# statisti!a# met/o.s. D. E6 #ain t/e materia# s e!ifi!ation in !onstru!tion PART- C ASSIGN=ENT ?UESTIONS @. Dis!uss -rief#y t/e tota# 3ua#ity mana$ementB (MayHJune9<>>F) <. 7/at are t/e !auses of a!!i.entsB E6 #ain a-out /uman fa!tors 1/i!/ !ause a!!i.ents (MayHJune9<>>F) an. (&o"HDe!<>>F) C. E6 #ain t/e a #i!a-i#ity of .ifferent ty es of !ontro# !/arts in statisti!a# 3ua#ity !ontro# (&o"HDe!<>>F)