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REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
1.0 Sustainability
According to Akadiri, P. (2012). Design of a Sustainable Building: A Conceptual
Framework for Implementing Sustainability in the Building Sector. Sustainable building is
considered as a way for the building industry to move towards protecting the environment.
The promotion of sustainable building practices is to pursue a balance among economic,
social, and environmental performance in implementing construction projects. If we accept
this, the link between sustainable development and construction becomes clear; construction
is of high economic significance and has strong environmental and social impacts. With the
growing awareness on environmental protection, this issue has gained wider attention from
construction practitioners worldwide. Implementing sustainable building construction
practices has been advocated as a way forward in fostering economic advancement in the
building industry while minimizing impact on the environment. In order to reduce these
detrimental impacts of construction on the environment and to achieve sustainability in the
industry, three principles emerge: resource efficiency, cost efficiency and design for human
adaptation. They form framework for integrating sustainability principles into construction
projects right from the conceptual stage.
(www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/2/2/126/pdf)

The researcher would adopt sustainable design as it is widely used by different

designer around the world. The sustainable technique in building design helps through
economic, social, and environmental aspects of a particular building. Since the problem of the
project affect the aspects of sustainable design the researcher in terms of space planning and
overall design of the building should sustainably responsible to its users, environment, and
the building itself.
2.0 Green Architecture
According to Damati, S. (2013). Principles in green architecture: An inquiry into
the evaluation criteria of green awards. In the process of green movement, different
concepts such as ecological design, sustainable development and green design have been
introduced into the practice of architecture. Ecological design is defined as any form of

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design that minimizes environmentally destructive impacts by integrating itself with living
processes116 and sustainable development as meeting the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
But, coming to the more popular concept of green, the critics and theoreticians are skeptical
about it and refrain from defining green or green building, and most of the related
interpretations are approximate ones.
What is now obvious is that, the attempts are toward specifying features and principles that
could assert that a building which is green. Organizations and institutions involved in
environmental issues each provide their own criteria in order to draw a green building. The
organizations holding award programs are also among them, which specify green criteria and
let the nominated buildings compete with each other according to those criteria.
Beside award programs, the certifications such as LEED and BREEAM by environmental
organizations also evaluate the designed and constructed buildings. These programs are
evaluating projects more quantitatively, but they do not compare the buildings with each
other. They just maintain the amount of the succession of the green principles in buildings.
(etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12615893/index.pdf)

According to Rakotondramiaran, H. (2015). Dynamic Simulation of the Green Roofs

Impact on Building Energy Performance, Case Study of Antananarivo, Madagascar.
Although the large island of Madagascar is crossed by the Tropic of Capricorn, the capital
Antananarivo has rather a cool and humid microclimate. Indeed, while comparing CDD and
HDD of this city region, energy needed for heating buildings is much higher than that
required for cooling. Coupling a hygrothermal green roof model with a thermal model of
building has been developed to dynamically evaluate the impact of the green roof on energy
performance and thermal comfort of the building. Our main conclusion is that, considering
energy savings and thermal comfort during summer and winter days, green roofs are suitable.
The fluctuation range of the top face temperature of the roof support is reduced by 28 C
under Antananarivo climate conditions with the use of a green roof. Green roof has almost a
negligible thermal impact in insulated buildings, whereas in the case of non-insulated ones
their impacts are significant.

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(www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/5/2/497/pdf)

It is widely known that green design is one of the solutions in current problems in
building design as it responds to the environment issue. The researcher would adopt this
design technique for the extension of the outside environment to the building interior as it
should be design with nature. Having green areas within the building can help air to filter and
the refresh the interior environment.
3.0 Tropical design
According to Karol, E. (2014). Climatic Design and Changing Social Needs in the
Tropics: A Case Study in Kuching, Sarawak. On the periphery of most urban centres in the
tropics, many new houses are being constructed in previously rural areas. However, the
design of these houses shows little respect for local climate or local lifestyle, as they are now
developer-constructed brick-and-concrete houses on smaller lots rather than community-built
housing on large lots. This paper proposes a set of design strategies that acknowledges the
particular needs related to climate and changing lifestyle in these tropical zones. Using case
study methodology, the design strategies are tested on a prototype for an actual site in Tapah
Village on the periphery of Kuching, Sarawak. In order to gauge the thermal performance of
the prototype it was thermally simulated. The thermal simulation of the prototype showed
that temperatures generally remained within an acceptable range without air-conditioning. An
informal workshop was held in Tapah to gauge social acceptance of the design strategies. The
prototype demonstrated that specific design strategies, some based on traditional designs, are
essential in the tropics in order to minimize the need for air conditioning. These design
strategies were acknowledged as important by the local community, although there was
concern about the potential increase in the capital cost of such housing.
(https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7a6d/71fa7a7ef2c543ff5e285f80c44e63f0a158.pdf)

According to Al-Saffar. M. (2015). Passive Cooling Strategies in Greening Existing

Residential Building in Hot Dry Climate: Case Study in Bahrain. Passive cooling design
techniques in hot arid climate are only successful if all the design elements are able to block
the heat during the summer season. In the case of Bahrain, the aim of passive design
strategies is to reduce the mechanical cooling energy consumption and to keep the indoor
environment within the comfort thresholds as per ASHRAE standards. This paper shows that

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upgrading the building envelop can reduce the energy dramatically up to 21.6% via using the
external insulation system, insulated roof and double-glazing. The study used a typical
existing social housing unit in Bahrain. The case study has been validated by comparing the
energy records given by Electricity and Water Authorities in Bahrain and a simulation model
created in IES software that is the main simulation tool used in this study. Last but not the
least, it can be argued that the results of this study is not limited to Bahrain but can be applied
in any location that has similar local and climatic conditions.
(www.davidpublisher.com/Public/uploads/Contribute/55b6d6ee77bf4.pdf)

According to Deshmukh, N. (2014). Case Study on Building Orientation. Buildings

account for more than 30%of electricity consumption in India being second only to
industries. It has been estimated that the total built space in the country would increase fivefold from 2005 to 2030, and by then more than 60%of the commercial built space would be
air- conditioned. We have made a detailed study on the orientation of building and worked
onit, so that how it can harness maximum daylight and reduce the heat gain by the building.
In this case study we came up with conclusion that instead of existing building orienting 4
degrees from north, if would been oriented 200 degrees from north, the building would have
become more energy efficient and reduction in heat will be up to 7.56% and curtail on cost
consumption.
(https://www.ijsr.net/archive/v5i3/NOV162285.pdf)

Philippines is one of the tropical country in the world that experience summer during
March to May. The researcher would adopt the tropical architecture design and technique to
maximize the natural air and light inside building in terms of arranging the building
orientation properly. Also using passive cooling techniques and solar shading devices can
help the air to enter the building and to minimize the sun light from entering a particular
space.

4.0 Innovative Design

According to Sultana, F. (2012). Rainwater Harvesting for Domestic Consumption in
Bangladesh. Bangladesh has continuously evolving problem with water supplies, not

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adequate to meet even the minimum requirements for potable water. Surface water is being
incessantly contaminated by both industrial and human pollutions; rapidly increasing
demands due to population explosion results in withdrawal of ground water at a faster rate
than it is replenished by recharge. This problem can easily be mitigated through rainwater
harvesting, taking advantage of high quantities of rainfall in the country. This study explores
the possibility of rainwater harvesting for domestic consumption in urban areas of
Bangladesh and proposes some guidelines to compute storage requirements. Based on these
guidelines, computation methods for determining the quantities of rainwater available for
collection in different urban regions of Bangladesh and adequacy of those quantities for
residential consumption have been determined. These tools can be used for (1) determining
the quantities of rainwater required for domestic consumption in urban areas of Bangladesh
and (2) size of cisterns for storage of the rainwater.
(https://journalofbiourbanism.files.wordpress.com/2013/09/jbu-ii-2012-2_choudhurysultana.pdf)

According to Habacon, A. (2014). Mitigating Water Shortages With Greywater

Recycling. Greywater (GW) is wastewater that originates from showers, sinks, dishwashers,
and washing machines. It is normally combined with blackwater (BW), which is wastewater
consisting of organic human waste such as feces and urine, for disposal in a shared sewage
system that transports the water to treatment facilities. Although it may contain the same
contaminants found in BW, GW normally has lower levels of concentrated contaminants and
can be reused to flush toilets and irrigate plants (Allen, Christian-Smith, & Palaniappan,
2010).
GW constitutes 50-80% of the residential wastewater produced in a typical American
household, which equates to approximately 80 gallons of freshwater a day per person (Al
Jayyousi, 2003). In a highly populated county like Los Angeles, which currently has a
population of 10 million people (United States Census Bureau, 2013), an estimated 800
million gallons of GW would be produced on a daily basis.
To decrease the amount of freshwater used, steps were taken to utilize alternative water
sources that were previously deemed unusable (Cohen, 2009). One of these steps is the
implementation of greywater recycling systems (GRS), which may be indoor or outdoor

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systems that recycle GW for non-potable purposes such as toilet flushing, landscaping, and
irrigation.
(http://www.csus.edu/envs/documents/theses/spring%202014/811.mitigating%20water%20shortages
%20with%20greywater%20recycling.pdf)

According to Aghaei, T. (2014). Solar Electric and Solar Thermal Energy: A

Summary of Current Technologies. Statistics indicate that the production, conversion and
consumption of different types of energy are the main factors for destruction and pollution of
the environment among the man-made factors. However, not only the world's energy
consumption will remain constant, but forecasts indicate that consumption will continue
growing due to increasing population, the desire for prosperity and increasing per capita GDP
(gross domestic product) in the world.
Consequences of energy consumption are increasing the amount of carbon dioxide emissions
and also SOX and NOX emissions. Studies show that there are two main solutions to mitigate
this issue (1) Increasing energy efficiency and (2) Increase the share of renewable energy in
the global energy mix.
For many years, the majority of the industry relies on fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas).
Fossil fuels are non-renewable resources that need for thousands of years to create, therefore,
fossil fuels cannot always respond to all human needs and sooner or later it will end.
(http://www.geni.org/globalenergy/research/solar-technology-summary/Solar-energy-andtechnologies-2015-03-11.pdf)

Innovation can help building systems to recycle the water and sun light through the
use of water harvesting, greywater recycling, and solar energy. The researcher will adopt this
technology to help lessen the consumption of electricity from the electrical service and water
from local source. This can help the building system to be sustainable in terms of service and
utility.
5.0 Culture
Acoording to Abaya, M. (2015). I Am-Filipino: A Comparative Cultural Case Study
of Filipino Diaspora in the United States and the Generational Gaps between Filipinos and
Fil Americans. The short-term perspective of Filipino immigrants is that moving to the

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United States is economically beneficial, a means to a better life. However, in the long run, a
possible consequence of this transfer is the severing of ties between Filipino generations
residing in the United States. In this regard, the study seeks to determine if the initial
diasporic movement indeed affects the development of cultural differences between the three
generations of Filipinos and FilipinoAmericans. Another objective is to study the concept of
the Filipino identity living in a foreign land and the impact of transnationality on the
relationship between Filipino-Americans and their motherland. Moreover, the researcher will
provide an analysis on the trends in culture clash and gaps in relation to the sociocultural
development of the three generations, specifically in the Virginia and Maryland states.
Certain cultural indicators are found that can contribute to the analysis. These indicators will
be used in a cultural indicators comparative tool to evaluate the trends, similarities and
differences across the three generations. The research shows negative social implications
caused by the migration, looking into causes of cultural gaps between the traditional first
generation Filipino and the Westernized second and third generations, and its impact on the
Filipino and transnational identity.
(www.dlsu.edu.ph/conferences/dlsu_research_congress/2015/lccs/LCCS-I-007.pdf)

Adopting the Filipino culture would be the one to be considered by the researcher as it
will be the base in planning and designing the building. It can also be an identity to the
location of the proposed project.
6.0 Materials
According to Mokal, A. (2015). GREEN BUILDING MATERIALS - A Way towards
Sustainable Construction. We have studied features of all construction material which are
socially, economically benefits for construction industry and human health. Green
construction material reduces side effects on environment.to make efficient sustainable
structure as well as will lessens the environmental pollution content, and like greenhouse gas
emission, resource depletion, soil pollution , health hazards , ozone depletion etc. Hence there
is an urge to use the eco-friendly materials for the better tomorrow and healthy life of coming
generation.
(www.ijaiem.org/Volume4Issue4/IJAIEM-2015-04-30-86.pdf)

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According to Wahlstrm, M. (2014). Environmentally Sustainable Construction
Products and Materials Assessment of release. The main objectives of sustainable
construction activities are to avoid resource depletion of energy, water, and raw materials and
to prevent environmental degradation caused by facilities and infrastructure throughout their
life cycle. The construction sector consumes yearly about half of all natural resources
extracted in Europe and their transformation into building products has huge energy
demands. Therefore the focus of todays environmental policy is to be on the building end-oflife scenarios and material efficiency. Here waste prevention and recycling /reuse play a key
role by providing huge energy, water and material savings. These issues are also specifically
addressed in the Construction Products Regulation1 (CPR 2011), where health and safety
aspects related to use of construction products cover of the entire lifecycle. Meanwhile the
building sector is moving from new buildings towards maintenance and renovation. This
trend will probably further increase by the energy conservation activities that will be required
to achieve the 20-20-20 goals2 outlined by EC resulting in a need of renovation of a huge
amount of buildings. Until today hardly any construction product is designed keeping
recycling/reuse in mind, the Design for the Environment -concept is one of the key steps
towards increased recycling and reuse and thereby towards minimal environmental impacts
of construction and operations.
(http://www.nordicinnovation.org/Global/_Publications/Reports/2014/Environmentally
%20Sustainable%20Construction%20Products%20and%20Materials_Final_report.pdf)

In terms of choosing materials the researcher would adopt the recyclable material for
sustainable construction and to minimize the environmental impact as it can be recycled for
another purpose.