SOCIAL AND

PSYCHOLOGICAL
CONSIDERATIONS
Group 1
 SITE VALUES / SOCIAL
01 IMPACT
02 BEHAVIOR SETTINGS

03 USER REQUIREMENT
CULTURAL /
04 HISTORICAL
SIGNIFICANCE
COMMUNICATION
05 LINKAGES
 SOCIAL AND
PSYCHOLOGICAL
CONSIDERATIONS
Social and psychological theory may present constraints or
positive direction in decision making and the development of
form at all scales of landscape architecture.
 SOCIAL AND
PSYCHOLOGICAL
CONSIDERATIONS
Understanding of human needs, environmental perception
and attitudes to design and planning in the hope of providing
more satisfactory, conflict-free, and socially appropriate
environments.
 SITE VALUES /
SOCIAL
IMPACT
01 Understanding of behavior and
perception by considering various forms
of recreation and leisure time behavior and
cogitating the social context of the design
and plan.
 SITE VALUES /
SOCIAL
IMPACT
01 There are two ways to know every
aspect of behavior and environment:
• Observation and direct consultation with
the supposedly user
• Become familiar with the general
principles or “universals” of behavior
and perception
SOCIAL ANALYSIS

In order to know more about the needs and attitudes of

the public client, one method of gathering attitudinal
information is the questionnaire or attitude survey.
Factual questionnaire surveys provide an indication of
the actual use of facilities. The extent to which particular
features have significance or the “image ability” to the
majority of the people can also be measured through
interview techniques.
SOCIAL ANALYSIS
Questionnaires may also be employed in the so-called
feedback or user study. A series of user feedback studies
provides useful information and opinion about a specific
environment and may reveal patterns and recurring
problems.
Direct observation of behavior in particular use or
activity areas reveals another level of information like the
way in which the environment is used or misused. Findings
about a type of space in a certain place may not be applicable
to other places.
SOCIAL ANALYSIS

The other way to match the needs and desires of the

people who will use it is for them to build it themselves. The
project is more likely to reflect the expressed need and
interest of the users.
One must be cautious of the adaptability of people to
environmental situations. Attitudes change and there is
always the dilemma that what the people seem to want or
need at one moment may be in conflict with long term goals
or the needs of others.
 BEHAVIOR
SETTINGS
02 The interaction between human
behavior and the nonhuman environment
is a two-way process
 BEHAVIOR
SETTINGS

Behavior is the result of a complex interaction between two main sets of

variables:
• Environment that surrounds and affects the individual.
• Second is the inner condition of the individual, which has two parts:
o Physiological, related to the body’s biological mechanisms
o Psychological, related to the cultural background, motives, and
experiences of the individual and his basic needs.
 BEHAVIOR
SETTINGS
PHYSICAL PHYSIOLOGICA
FACTORS L FACTORS
Human physiological needs are also
Analysis of average measurements and
relatively easy to specify. They result
postures, movement, and growth results
from interaction of the inner biological
in a set of dimensions for parts of
condition of an individual with the
building and detailed landscape design.
surrounding environment.

PSYCHOLOGICA
L FACTORS
Human psychological needs and perception of the
environment differ according to a multitude of
variables including age, social class, cultural
background, past experience and motives, and daily
routine of the individual.
PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS

The basic human inner condition may be classified into

five generalized groupings of motivational forces and
psychological needs: (1) social, (2) stabilizing, (3)
individual, (4) self-expression, and (5) enrichment. There is
inevitably overlap and potential conflicts among categories.
 PSYCHOLOGICAL
STABILIZIN FACTORS
ENRICHMEN
G NEEDS
We have a need to be free from fear,
T NEEDS
People, especially children, have a thirst for
anxiety and danger. And we have a need knowledge. It seems to require the provision of
for clear orientation, a need to develop information about the environment so that our
and to hold a clear philosophy in life. understanding of what we see may be increased
in detail.

SOCIAL
INTERACTION
Together with these go the more
NEEDS
subtle need to be needed and to
be sustained by others and by
implication the need for the
protection of other people.
INDIVIDUAL
NEEDS
There is a strong need for a certain
amount self-determination, for an
identity and sense of personal
uniqueness in the environment, and
related to this a need to be able to
choose or make individual decisions
about one’s life.
PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS

There is variety of component needs making up

the self-expression group. They include the need for
self-assertion and exhibition, for dominance and
power. There is also a need for accomplishment and
achievement, for prestige, and to be held in esteem
by others.
PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS

There is a clear relationship between space and

territory and animal survival. We must be interested
in the relationship between space and behavior.
PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS

There is a clear relationship between space and

territory and animal survival. We must be interested
in the relationship between space and behavior.
ENVIRONMENT PERCEPTION AND
BEHAVIOR
Our sensitivity to the environment and our adaptability or response
to environmental conditions can result in specific behavior. It has been
demonstrated that behavior and social interaction can be influenced by
the arrangement of furniture in room. It has also been suggested that
architectural arrangements can result in conditions alien to man.
The value of understanding the mechanics of visual sensation is
knowing how the eye works and transforms retinal images of constantly
shifting light patterns into the visual world makes it possible for the
designers to eliminate distracting situations which makes life difficult.
 USER
REQUIREMENT
03 User needs describes what the user
does with the system, such as what
activities that users must be able to
perform.
ANTHROPOMETRICS

Anthropometrics is the comparative study of

the measurements and capabilities of the human
body. It derives from the Greek words 'anthropos'
(meaning human), and 'metron'
(meaning measure).

The study of human body measurement for

use in anthropological classification and
comparison.
Ambulant Disabled People

Ambulant disabled people are

disabled people whom does not need
a wheelchair. The spaces shown for
them are for forward movement,
although in practice ambulant people
such as these are as a rule able with
their mobility aids to turn to the side
to negotiate narrow openings.
Ambulant Disabled People
In the context of universal design they do not therefore have the same
significance as for example wheelchair users, pushchair users or electric scooter
users, and they are comfortably accommodated by circulation spaces suitable for
independent wheelchair users.
Self-propelled Wheelchairs

In Britain, on early 1960s, it has been the rule that a

standard self-propelling wheelchair must have main
wheels at the rear and castor wheels at the front. Other
standard features of the kind of wheelchair are pneumatic
tires, detachable armrests, swing-away detachable
footrests that are adjustable in height, tipping levers at
the rear and a folding cross-brace.

These have domestic armrests, allowing the user to

approach closer to tables, wash basins and many more
than where the armrests. The height of the center of the
seat is typically at about 470 mm above floor level.
Attendant-pushed Wheelchairs

These have fixed armrests, fixed footrests,

pneumatic rear wheels diameter 310 mm and solid front
castor wheels diameter 205 mm.

In and around public buildings the wheelchairs that

people use more often have large rather than small
wheels; wheelchair users who are seen being pushed
along streets in wheelchairs with large main wheels as in
2.2 may be able to move around independently inside
buildings.
Powered Wheelchairs

In and around public buildings,

small powered wheelchairs are more
commonly seen than large powered
chairs. A small powered chair may
have length and width dimensions of
the order of 890 -630 mm, a large one
1170 -680 mm.
Shower Chairs

The mobile shower chair has a

perforated seat for drainage and
brakes on all four castor wheels.
Electric Scooters

Assuming that the turning space

dimensions will remain reliable for
the architect’s purposes; the design of
features of electric scooters is
continuingly being refined and
improved, one of the effects of which
may that the turning space needed by
typical scooters in future years is less
than.
Child Pushchairs

These are small easily foldable

lightweight chairs of a kind convenient
for taking on buses, and are typical of the
type of pushchair commonly seen in
shopping centers.

The single buggy has a width of 480

mm, enabling it to pass through narrow
doors
Building Users: Mobility Equipment

Client’s Needs: The figure below shows Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs.
The theory of self-actualization. He stressed the importance of focusing on the
positive qualities in people, as opposed to treating them as a "bag of symptoms”.
 CULTURAL AND
HISTORICAL
SIGNIFICANCE
04 The key concept in determining
the value of cultural heritage.
 CULTURAL AND
HISTORICAL
EXISTING EXISTING SIGNIFICANCE
HISTORY
LAND USE BUILDINGS
Community Facilities, residential, commercial, Existing buildings will strongly The history of projects should be
industrial, and recreational are listed to denote influence the physical layout of the investigated and shown
overall trends in development that may have new site plan and will help to graphically so that the relevant
bearing on uses of land adjacent to and establish the grading and drainage influences may be considered in
including the site under study. patterns on the site. the design phase.

SOCIOECONOMIC
FACTORS
Social Factors have a broad
range of effects on community
facilities and services.
DEMOGRAPHIC
FACTORS
Population is the base of many land
use planning decisions and it is
dissented into characteristics.
 COMMUNICATI
ON LINKAGES
05 While studying the location of the
site and its relation to adjacent properties
and to the community, all existing ties or
linkages, if any, should be specified.
COMMUNICATION LINKAGES

In planning terms, the aim in creating any

communications system, whether for the movement of
people and freight, the transport of materials through
pipelines, or the transmission of power by cable, is to obtain
maximum coordination and maximum socio-economic
benefit with minimum disturbances to the environment.
COMMUNICATION LINKAGES

In planning terms, the aim in creating any

communications system, whether for the movement of
people and freight, the transport of materials through
pipelines, or the transmission of power by cable, is to obtain
maximum coordination and maximum socio-economic
benefit with minimum disturbances to the environment.
 COMMUNICATION
LINKAGES
TRAFFIC AND TRANSIT
Purpose, time of the day, and volume should be considered in
inventorying existing vehicular networks, trips; including
their origin and destination.

DENSITY
Density is an important sociological and legal element in
most types of development. It may also influence privacy,
freedom of movement, or social contact among people.
REFERENCES
Margallo, A. Social and Psychological Considerations in Site Planning. 2015.
Lovejoy, D. Land Use and Landscape Planning.
Rubenstein, H. A guide to Site planning and Landscape Construction.
Louri, M. Introduction to Landscape Architecture.