Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Several factors influenced the choice for the settlement area and its growth. These are
natural factors and innovations.
‣ Natural factors included protection from natural calamities (fire, flood, volcano
eruptions, etc); presence of fertile soil, bodies of water, and other natural resources;
slope, terrain and other forms of natural defenses; and climate
‣ Innovations included the plow (agriculture), rectilinear town planning, circular and
radiocentric plans
Early Settlements
ANCIENT GREECE ANCIENT ROME
high places as sacred points, fortified political power and organization
hilltop streets were built first, for military
street as leftover space for circulation government, a sense of overpowering
grandeur; buildings came later;
agora: market, place of assembly
forum: open space or market place, the
buildings served as facade to form an administrative and corporate heart of Rome
enclosure
The Roman Forum by Vitruvius
Greek towns followed gridiron layout
neopolis: when a town reaches maximum
size, a “new town” is built
paleopolis: old town
Trends in Settlements
Types of Settlements
ORGANIC PLANNED
organismic, by natural accretion around purposely designed with identifiable core,
source of life nodes, transport network, and edges
dendritic, grows like a feeding fungus result of royal decree (colonial period), statute
(modern legislature), or thorough re-planning
human adaptation by professionals
unplanned addresses “concentration” or “dispersion”
informal process concerns
rural forms formal process
city forms
Principles of Human Settlements Planning
Present-Day Issues in Human Settlements
‣ deterioration of buildings/streets in older areas of large cities
‣ hastened by uncontrolled rural-to-urban migration, people flock to cities in search for better life
‣ results from economic polarization
Urban Blight ‣ slums and shantytowns usually surround old industrial districts
‣ when taxes are not paid by inner city residents, LGUs do not have resources to improve urban cores
‣ visual pollution that undermine overall beauty & architecture of the city
‣ oversized billboards, superfluous signages, political banners, disorderly utility lines
Visual Blight ‣ pose serious hazards to life, limb and property especially during natural hazards
‣ distracting the attention of motorists
‣ scattered development, low-density fragmented use of land for consumptive urban purposes at a scale
Amorphic expanded faster than what population growth requires and occurring along margins of existing
metropolitan areas in a generally amorphic (formless) manner
Sprawl ‣ distances become too great for walking, forcing dependence on cars
‣ discontinuous pattern of urbanization, with patches of developed lands that are widely separated from
Leapfrog or each other and from the boundaries of recognized urbanized areas
Chekerboard ‣ costliest development with respect to providing urban services (power, water)
Development
LEAPFROG
DEVELOPMENT
VISUAL
BLIGHT
SUBURBANIZATION &
AMORPHIC SPRAWL
URBAN
BLIGHT
Urban Design
Is concerned with the arrangement, appearance, and
functionality of whole towns and cities
‣ shape and form of city blocks
‣ uses of urban public space
‣ articulation of physical features in four dimensions
Five (5) basic elements which people use to construct their mental image of a city:
‣ Deals with the management of public space and the way public spaces are experienced and
used
‣ Public spaces and public assembly areas as “anchors”; some aspects of privately-owned spaces
(building facades or domestic gardens) are considered in urban design
Civic- ‣ Form has to meet function
Centered ‣ Open air environments
‣ New Urbanism
‣ Smart Growth USA
‣ Centers on the experience of Nature and the experience of humankind as part of Nature; co-
existence
‣ The natural environment is the basis of all human activities
Eco-Centric ‣ Urban design safeguards natural systems and uses resources efficiently
‣ Environmentally-responsive developments or Green Buildings
‣ Plantation Bay Cebu, Marikina River Park
Formal Urban Design
BAROQUE URBAN DESIGN CITY BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT
1600-1800 1890-1930
symmetry, cohesiveness, grandeur, Golden Age of urban design
monumentality, exuberance
began during the Renaissance
energetic, theatrical, flowing lines
beauty, form & function combined
Civic-Centered Urban Design
Principles
NEW URBANISM SMART GROWTH USA
1. Walkability
Principles
2. Connectivity 1. Mix land uses
2. Take advantage of compact building design
3. Mixed-Use and Diversity
3. Create a range of housing opportunities and choices
4. Mixed Housing 4. Create walkable neighborhoods
5. Quality Architecture and Urban Design
5. Foster distinctive, attractive communities with a strong
sense of place
• Traditional Neighborhood Structure 6. Preserve open space, farmland, natural beauty, and
critical environmental areas
Increased Density
7. Strengthen and direct development towards existing
1. Smart Transportation communities
8. Provide a variety of transportation choices
2. Sustainability
9. Make development decisions predictable, fair, & cost
3. Quality of Life effective
4.OrNeo-Traditionalism 10. Encourage community and stakeholder collaboration in
5.Andres Duany & Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk
development decisions
Customer-Centered Urban Design
TRANSIT-ORIENTED
DEVELOPMENT (TOD)
A mixed-use residential or commercial area
designed to maximize access to public
transport, incorporates features to encourage
transit ridership
Typically has a center with a transit station
or stop (train station, metro station, tram
stop, or bus stop)
In Metro Manila, examples include Trinoma
North EDSA and Gateway Mall Cubao
Eco-Centric Urban Design
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTS OR
GREEN BUILDINGS
A green building is an environmentally sustainable
building, designed, constructed and operated to
minimize the total environmental impacts.
In the Philippines, examples include Marikina
River Park and Plantation Bay in Cebu
Plantation Bay “green” features
‣ locally-sourced/indigenous materials (e.g. bamboo,
banig, Mactan marble, plants, etc.)
‣ avoiding use of plastics
‣ asphalt and gravel for roads to allow water absorption
and generate groundwater
‣ instead of extracting sand, readily available limestone
was used
‣ seaweeds are placed on top of plants to reduce re-
watering
used tea bags/coffee are scattered on ground to drive
away ants/pests
Area Development Planning (ADP)
provides an important link between the Physical Framework Plan and Site Planning for
the individual projects
provides a detailed framework for decisions on Proposals contained in the Long Range
Plan for functional areas of the territory.
was originally focused on ‘economic development’ but now encompasses
‘environmental sustainability,’ ‘social viability,’ ‘cultural vitality,’ and
‘design/architecture’.
Area
Ecological
Profile
Area
Ecological
Profile
Site Planning
“The art of arranging structures on the land and shaping the
spaces between; an art linked to architecture, engineering,
landscape architecture and city planning.” (Site Planning by Kevin
Lynch)
Cultural
a. Existing land use - ownership of adjacent property, off-site nuisances
b. Traffic and transit - vehicular and pedestrian circulation
c. Density & Zoning - legal and regulatory controls
d. Socio-economic factors
e. Utilities - sanitary, storm-water, water supply, power supply, and
communications
f. Historic factors - historic buildings, landmarks, archeology, past & future
Aesthetic
a. Natural features
b. Spatial patterns - spaces and sequences
c. Visual resources - views, vistas
Soil Types and Drainage
“Good drainage”
refers to the soil’s
ability to transfer
gravity water
downward, and that
the soil is not
conducive to
prolonged periods of
saturation.
“Poor Drainage” is when the soil is frequently or permanently saturated and may have
water standing on it. This maybe caused by local accumulation of surface water, or
rise in the level of groundwater within the soil because because the soil particles are
too small to transmit infiltration
Hydrology
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Climate
Four types: cold, temperate, hot arid & hot humid.
Topography, surface materials, plant cover, location of
structures, and presence/absence of water have striking
impact on the microclimate
Solar orientation
Best-facing slopes
Wind flows
Albedo: characteristic of a surface; fraction of total
radiant energy of a given wavelength incident on a
surface reflected back by that surface
Passive Cooling: technology of cooling spaces
through proper siting of structure and use of energy-
efficient materials, with the overall objective of energy
conservaton
Climate and Green Building
Slope
Relatively Flat/ Level to Nearly Level 0-3%
Easy Grades 4-6%
Steep 14-18%
Not alienable and disposable > 18%
•PUD provisions can specify the percentage of land that should be set aside (not subdivided into building lots or
developed).
•The minimum set aside is typically 40% or more of the original parcel.
•PUD standards may include requirements for easements and/or deed restrictions to prevent additional
development.
•Municipalities can require a management plan for open spaces or natural areas to be held in some form of
common ownership.
Clustered Developments
Site Planning
Temple
FOR A SAMPLE
RESIDENTIAL
DEVELOPMENT
Site Planning
Temple
FOR A SAMPLE
RESIDENTIAL
DEVELOPMENT
References
Site Planning by Kevin Lynch
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